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OM
multidisciplinary nature. However, its functions form the lynchpin of businesses the world
over and success can often rest squarely on its shoulders. The MBA in operations
management is a common specialization among leading business schools worldwide. So,
what is operations management and what makes a good operations manager?
Examples of the types of duties or specialist positions this encompasses are procurement
(acquiring goods or services from external sources), managing relations with those involved
in processes and improving a company’s sustainability with regard to their use of resources.
There are two key terms that can help answer the question of what operations management
is more precisely: supply chain management and logistics. Operations management
has firm foundations in both areas. For example, understanding global trends in supply
chain management in order to meet client demand is often critical. With logistics the careful
and considered use of resources, as well as cost-effectiveness, has become increasingly
important in an era in which resources can often be in short supply and customer
expectations have skyrocketed.
One must be able to understand the series of processes within a company to get them to
flow seamlessly, and in this sense the role is directly related to supply chain management.
Meanwhile, the coordination involved in setting up these processes in practice represents
logistics; the combination of understanding and coordinating the work of a company are
central to becoming a successful operations manager.
The MBA in operations management
An MBA in operations management or a specialization in a related field, such as logistics or
supply chain management, should help students to enter the industry by developing the
requisite skillset or to help those already in the industry to widen their knowledge and push
on into a business leadership role.
Operations management roles within say, a pharmaceutical company fall under the
category of production. Planning and coordinating the use of resources to ensure products
are designed, created and dispatched to hospitals, chemists and so on, ensure not only that
these products are prepared, but also that they are available to customers.
Meanwhile, an airline company will often see the operations manager focus on services –
transporting passengers and/or cargo from one place to another.
In addition, it is likely that a manufacturing focus on the delivery of a tangible product will
involve less direct contact with customers than a services role.
These examples illustrate the clear distinction between the roles of an operations manager
in two distinct industries.
However, in reality most companies will not fit easily into one category or the other in the
entirety of its operations. A car company doesn’t simply manufacture cars, it also services
them. A café serving coffee might very easily also produce their own coffee. There is also
what is known as quasi-manufacturing organizations, which seem more like
manufacturing firms, but are clearly providing a service, such as an automated warehouse
dispatching goods.
The more one analyses the question of what operations management is, the more one sees
how integral the position can be to any given company, be it small or large. There can be
strong overlap with supply chain management, logistics or engineering, but there are many
other industries and areas where operations functions and the skills of an effective
operations manager are strongly tied to an organization’s lasting success.
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📄 Contents
␡
1. Defining Operations Management
2. Organizational Decision Levels
3. Key Terminology
4. Critical Processes
5. Measuring Productivity Levels
6. Inventory Determination
7. Inventory Policy Choices
8. Inventory Policy in a Fixed-Order Quantity System
9. Independent Versus Dependent Demand
10. ABC Inventory Classification
11. Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI)
12. Challenges Facing the Modern Operations Manager
13. Discussion Questions
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The authors of The Definitive Guide to Manufacturing and Service Operations define
operations management and explain why it's critical to the success of any company.
Definitive Guide to Manufacturing and Service Operations, The: Master the Strategies and Tactics
for Planning, Organizing, and Managing How Products and Services Are Produced
Operations management (OM) is the business function responsible for managing the
process of creation of goods and services. It involves planning, organizing, coordinating,
and controlling all the resources needed to produce a company’s goods and services.
Because operations management is a management function, it involves managing people,
equipment, technology, information, and all the other resources needed in the production of
goods and services. Operations management is the central core function of every company.
This is true regardless of the size of the company, the industry it is in, whether it is
manufacturing or service, or is for-profit or not-for-profit.
At a manufacturing plant the transformation is the physical change of raw materials into
products, such as transforming steel into automobiles, cloth into jackets, or plastic into toys.
This is equally true of service organizations. At a university OM is involved in organizing
resources, such as faculty, curriculum, and facilities, to transform high school students into
college graduates. At an airline it involves transporting passengers and their luggage from
one location to another.
The transformation role of OM makes this function the “engine room” of the organization. As
a result it is directly responsible for many decisions and activities that give rise to product
design and delivery problems. The design and management of operations strongly influence
how much material resources are consumed to manufacture goods or deliver a service,
making sure that there is enough inventory to produce the quantities that need to be
delivered to the customer, and ensuring that what is made is in fact what the customer
wants. Many of these decisions can be costly. It is for this reason that OM is a function
companies go to in order to improve performance and the financial bottom line.
Finally, in addition to pure manufacturing and pure service, there are companies that have
some characteristics of each type of organization. It is difficult to tell whether these
companies are actually manufacturing or service organizations. An excellent example is an
automated warehouse or a mail-order catalog business. These businesses have low
customer contact and are capital intensive. They are most like manufacturing organizations
yet they provide a service. We call these companies quasi-manufacturing organizations.
The operational requirements of these two types of organizations are different, from labor to
inventory issues. These differences are shown in Table 1-1. As a result, it is important to
understand how to manage both service and manufacturing operations.
Manufacturers Services
Operations must also work closely with purchasing to understand availability of materials,
cost and quality issues, availability of sources of supply, and lead times. Operations links
marketing—with its ties to customers—to sourcing—with links to sources of supply.
Operations must understand exactly what customers want and be able to ensure that
sourcing can get the materials needed at the right price and at the right time to support
product designs, or offer alternative material options.
Ensuring that OM fits in with the other organizational functions is necessary but not
sufficient. The reason is that each company depends on other members of its supply chain
to be able to deliver the right products to its customers in a timely and cost-effective
manner. In the upstream part of a company’s supply chain, a company depends on its
suppliers for the delivery of raw materials and components in time to meet production
needs. If deliveries of these materials are late, or are of poor quality, production will be
delayed, regardless of how efficient a company’s operations process is. On the downstream
side, a company depends on its distributors and retailers for the delivery of the product to
the final customer. If these are not delivered on time, are damaged in the transportation
process, or are poorly displayed at the retail location, sales will suffer. Also, if the operations
function of other members of the supply chain is not managed properly, excess costs will
result, which will be passed down to other members of the supply chain in the form of higher
prices.
The bottom line is that companies that comprise a supply chain need to coordinate and link
their operations functions so that the entire chain is operating in a seamless and efficient
manner. Just consider the fact that most of the components Dell uses are warehoused
within a 15-minute radius of its assembly plant, and Dell is in constant communications with
its suppliers. Dell considers this to be essential to produce and deliver components in a
timely fashion.
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Buy 2 or more eligible titles and save 35%*—use code BUY2. Shop now.
📄 Contents
␡
1. Defining Operations Management
2. Organizational Decision Levels
3. Key Terminology
4. Critical Processes
5. Measuring Productivity Levels
6. Inventory Determination
7. Inventory Policy Choices
8. Inventory Policy in a Fixed-Order Quantity System
9. Independent Versus Dependent Demand
10. ABC Inventory Classification
11. Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI)
12. Challenges Facing the Modern Operations Manager
13. Discussion Questions
⎙ Print
+ Share This
< Page 2 >
Strategic decisions set the tone for the other more specific decisions. They ask questions
such as: What market are we in (and not in)? What are our unique strengths? How do we
compete (and not compete)? These decisions are important as they define exactly how a
company competes in the marketplace and exactly in what markets using specific strengths.
Tactical decisions focus on more specific day-to-day issues, such as the quantities and
timing of specific resources, and how specific resources are used. They are bound by
strategic decisions. Tactical decisions must be aligned with strategic decisions because
they are the key to the company’s effectiveness in the long run. Tactical decisions provide
feedback to strategic decisions, which can be modified accordingly. Without the direction
provided by strategic decisions, companies may pursue competition in areas that do not
directly contribute to the business plan and waste resources. Consider for example a
company such as Southwest Airlines, which has always had a clear strategic direction to
compete on cost. This has directly impacted tactical decisions, such as pursuing cost
cutting efforts in operations in the form of no frills and one aircraft to minimize scheduling
costs.
+ Share This
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Related Resources
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Articles
Prescriptive Analytics: The Final Frontier for Evidence-Based Management and Optimal Decision
Making
By Dursun Delen
Book $39.99
Prescriptive Analytics: The Final Frontier for Evidence-Based Management and Optimal Decision
Making
By Dursun Delen
eBook (Watermarked) $31.99
Definitive Guide to Warehousing, The: Managing the Storage and Handling of Materials and Products in
the Supply Chain
By CSCMP, Scott B. Keller, Brian C. Keller
Book $76.49
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It involves resources from staff, materials, equipment, and technology, converting these inputs into
efficient and effective outputs on both day-to-day and strategic levels within an organization.
If you think that sounds super theoretical, we agree – it does. As with most business buzzwords, it can
be a bit hard to understand in terms of REAL practice. And that’s what we’re going to simplify – how to
use operations management to improve your business.
How to put operations management into practice with 4 of the most popular methodologies
Operations management is basically people management. Most business departments focus on very
specific goals – marketing means getting more sales for your business, HR keeps your employees happy,
and so on.
Operations management, on the other hand, involves getting the most out of your company resources.
These can involve your employees (doing more work that creates value), technology (maximum
efficiency in manufacturing, for example), equipment (help employees do more work), and so on.
As you’ve probably figured, operations management involves dealing with a lot of different areas.
Hence, it’s important for your COO (chief operations officer) to have a background in all sorts of
disciplines, from manufacturing to people-management.
Depending on the organization, an operations manager can be responsible for a lot of different things.
Unlike other executive positions, operations management is cross-department. A CMO specifically works
with the marketing department, CFO with finance, and so on. A COO, on the other hand, might need to
work with just about every department (if there’s need for it).
Process Design – Figuring out the exact steps needed to be carried out so that the organization meets its
business goals. This can mean helping plan out a one-time project or creating procedures for repeatable
work. A real-life example of operations in projects would be, for example, creating a timeline for
developing some software for the client. For a process example, the COO could create a structured
employee onboarding procedure to make the whole onboarding more efficient.
Standard Management – Helping create and optimize budgets, scheduling equipment maintenance,
ensuring that the employees are following standard procedures, etc.
Process Improvement and Optimization – Most businesses have a “don’t fix what’s not broken” policy
towards their processes. More often than not, though, you could potentially get a lot more from your
business if you constantly check on your processes. The COO is supposed to make sure that all your
processes are as efficient as they can be.
In smaller companies, operations are very simple and straightforward. Everyone takes part in managing
the processes, and more or less, things go smoothly.
The same, however, doesn’t apply to companies with 20+ employees. That’s when things start getting
complicated. You can’t just rely on your employees to do work right – you need to have standardized
procedures to ensure that everything as efficient as possible.
Better Output – The operations manager optimizes and improves processes that have a heavy impact on
the product or service. This usually leads to higher output, lower defect rates, lower costs, and so on.
Competitive Advantage – Better output leads to a better product or service. This allows your
organization to stand out from the competition, gaining new customers.
Higher Profits – As a combination of the first two, you end up improving the company bottom line and
making more profits.
Sadly, there’s no step-by-step guide to operations management. Unlike most fields, it involves knowing
a lot of different things, from finance to HR.
Knowing your way around process management, though, will make operations significantly easier.
While there are a lot of different approaches there, the following 4 are the most popular.
BPM is something every operations manager should have a good hang of. Chances are, you’ve heard the
term before – and no, it’s not just another buzzword.
Business process management is the methodology of constantly analyzing, improving and automating
processes. It’s not something you do just once, though – you need to be on a constant lookout for
potential improvements.
Putting that into practice, you should have a general idea of what the BPM lifecycle consists of. i.e, the
exact steps you need to take to work on any given process.
Design – Every company has processes. Not all of them, however, are really outlined. More often than
not, they’re implicit. The “design” part means identifying a process and figuring out where it starts, what
it consists of, and where it ends. To learn more about business process design, check out our guide.
Modeling – Once you’ve identified a process, you need to put it down on paper. Without something to
look at, the analysis part can be quite hard. Usually, you’d go for a workflow diagram if the process is
simple, or one of the many business process mapping techniques, if it’s not. To learn more about
business process modeling, check out our guide.
Analysis – Now that you have a workflow diagram ready, you can start analyzing it. Are there any steps
within the process that don’t really add value? Are there any ways to remove them? Are there any steps
you could just automate using software? To learn more about business process analysis, check out our
guide.
Monitoring – You can’t improve a process without knowing how well it’s performing as-is. Plus, you
should also be able to figure out whether the changes you’re making have a positive impact or not. So,
gather the benchmark data for the process as-is and compare it to the data you get post-improvements.
Improving or Automating – Use the insights you’ve identified in the “analysis” step to make changes to
the process. You can either improve it by working with the process steps or automate certain steps using
software or hardware. To learn more about business process improvement or automation, check out
our guides.
Sometimes, improving processes isn’t the most efficient thing you can do. Instead, you want to re-
engineer it (not just a business buzzword, we promise!). Meaning, instead of improving a process, you
re-create it from scratch.
In most cases, this is done with the help of technology. After all, you can’t really change something
fundamentally just like that.
To give you a better idea of how this works, we’ll look into an example of how Ford completely re-
engineered their accounts payable department.
The major problem was that the department was significantly overstaffed. They employed 500 people,
as opposed to 5 in the same department at Mazda (a partner company).
Ford launched a BPR initiative to figure out why they were underperforming. The old process worked as
follows…
The purchasing department receives a purchase order. The copy is forwarded to the accounts payable
Material control receives the goods & send a copy of the delivery document to accounts payable
The accounts payable matches the three separate documents, and only then is the payment issued
Realizing this, Ford completely re-engineered the process. Instead of doing everything manually, they
created an online database which was used to match the different documents.
Accordingly, an operations manager can use business process reengineering to make significant
improvements to company processes.
Six Sigma
The two methodologies we’ve mentioned until now dealt with business processes.
Six Sigma, on the other hand, focuses on manufacturing processes. The main idea behind it is minimizing
defect rates – for every million opportunities, you shouldn’t have more than 3.4 inefficiencies.
While there are a lot of Six Sigma tools out there, DMAIC is one of the most popular ones. The
methodology helps perfect your manufacturing processes & consists of 5 steps…
Define – Outline what the issue with any given manufacturing process is. Decide on the improvement
goal & which tools or resources you’re going to use
Measure – Look at the process as-is and measure its performance. Once you know what the metrics are,
you’ll have a better idea on how to improve them.
Analysis – Find the root cause of the issue. Why is the process underperforming?
Improvement – Once you’ve identified the problem, try finding potential solutions.
Control – Implement the new process on a small scale and benchmark the new results to the old.
Keeping the supply chain healthy and moving is in the interests of everyone involved, but there are
many factors that can slow things down.
Compared to some of the other aspects of operations management mentioned so far, supply chain
management is relatively recent, with the term only originating in 1982 and not becoming commonly
used until the 1990s.
Supply chain management oversees each touch point of a company’s product or service, from its
creation to the sale, and this makes it an important aspect to manage as getting it right or wrong affects
efficiency, costs, and profits.
As we’ve already discussed, one of the biggest aspects of operations management is process
improvement.
Your employees won’t always follow the best practice with the process
Let’s finish up here by talking about how people actually run operations. It used to be via BPM software.
“Old BPM” software is tired and broken. It never worked for business users. Here’s why:
Users are now deciding to buy software themselves. Old BPM was bought by your IT department, who
didn’t generally care about user experience – as long as it was made by a large/boring company.
Cloud tools are now free to try by anyone, anytime. With Old BPM you had to call sales and wait for 50
questions just to look at it and finally decide it sucks.
People want to share workflows with clients. With Old BPM you were stuck with trying to automate
internal processes only. Your clients would be very scared and run a mile from it.
People expect to integrate cloud tools without IT. With Old BPM you had get engineers to write code to
make a simple integration. That’s now become a drag-and-drop service.
People expect to work on phones. This means giant, clunky flowcharts in Old BPM are dead – because
they don’t fit on your phone’s screen – and only define “the perfect process”.
People are tired of flowcharts. Old BPM was all about the high priest telling you how a process can/will
be done, and you would obey. Now – modern workers and teams are paid to collaborate.
People expect all the benefits of the cloud. Old BPM was never cloud-born and was never designed for
the cloud. And that creates a massive bunch of missed opportunities.
Companies of all sizes need process management – and never had it. Since Old BPM was so expensive
and complicated, only large companies could afford it. The rest of us were left out.
People are excited about AI – but confused about where to begin. With Old BPM you have zero chance
of using AI without an army of engineers. With cloud-born systems like Tallyfy – it’s childs’ play to use
any AI you like to run amazing automations for photos, voice, video and more.
To make your life as an operations manager easier – try using Workflow Management Software.
Tallyfy is a central hub for all of your company processes – you can see how well each process is going,
whether there are any delays, and so on. This makes process management and improvement
significantly easier.
Why bother documenting processes in flowcharts if nobody will ever follow them?
Onboard new clients smoothly Simplify multi-step approvals Train new employees faster Learn more!
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