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” Egyptian temple archives, and later the
famous, huge library of Alexandria, contained
impressive astronomical records, - a knowledge
combined with advanced geometry was
integrated into the architecture of
pyramids and temples. “
” The world's oldest star map is also the

oldest scientific 'report'. This in Egyptology
well-known star map had been produced by
Queen Hatshepsut's vizier Senmut who
also was the calendar manager of Egypt
during its 18th dynasty. “
” With the star-gazers of the past, the

world of stars was connected to religion. But the
ancient Egyptians’ knowledge and understanding
of astronomy proves to be more advanced than
usually assumed - and was even used
also in more surprising ways. “
2
OVE VON SPAETH
Star Knowledge from

Ancient Egypt .
.
Astronomy is often called the “mother of all sciences”.
With their systematic astronomy the ancient Babylonians
had contributed much in this field. Hitherto, research had
not found such large amounts of astronomical material
from Egypt, however, also with the ancient Egyptians
a basis for some of the world’s later developed
knowledge areas has now been found.
ZENITH IC
.
..
www.moses-egypt.net
3
Ove von Spaeth : Star Knowledge from Ancient Egypt
e-book - online - ISBN 978-87-89171-09-8 - EAN 9788789171098

Copyright © 2012 by: Ove von Spaeth
Zenith IC Publishers, (Copenhagen) 2012. - Zenith e-book 1300EN
www.moses-egypt.net - The projects are supported by free donation.
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Copyright © 2012 (& 2002):
Concerning pictures, diagrams, maps, etc. belonging to the author: copyright © 2012 (& © 2002).
In case of other illustrations: only free-ware items, sampling, or being over 100 years were chosen.
Publishing permissions from writers of letters have been granted the author.
Cover: sampling, by Ove von Spaeth - for Zenith IC Newscience - www.moses-egypt.net
(The book is also available in Danish: “Stjernekundskab fra det gamle Egypten”).
*
Backtrack, bibliographical:
Updat. from publ. in Swedano Journal, Feb.2003 (2n year, no.6, pp.47-59).
Copyright © 2012 - & backtrack © 1984 - by: Ove von Spaeth.
The texts also contain several extracts from the author’s book:
”The Enigmatic Son of Pharaoh’s Daughter” 2000 (vol.2 of author’s series on the historical Moses).
*
Distribution of Ove von Spaeth’s other books in print:
by: Bog & Mystik, DK-2500 Valby, kontakt@bog-mystik.dk - online-sale: www.bog-mystik.dk
- & by: Lemuelbooks, Mejlgade 28, DK-8000 Aarhus C - online-store: www.lemuelbooks.com
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Donation:
Click: The presented books and articles were made possible by the support of readers like you !
This project for free scientific, historical research and information is supported by donations.
Info:
Ove von Spaeth’s books and articles, - and on reviews, debate, archive, donation: www.moses-egypt.net
4
CONTENTS Introduction
PART 1, Tracing Egypt’s Impressive Astronomy 9

4
Star Knowledge from Ancient Egypt

Early knowledge on the stars in Egypt
Egypt’s temple libraries with advanced astronomy
Astronomical tradition far back in time
Decoding the Senmut map - dates back to the time of Moses
Observations of planets “traveling backwards”
The World-axis
Forgotten in history
PART 2, The Starry Sky as the Area of Knowledge 21

The world's oldest known ”horoscope”?
Concept of the Senmut map copied on many later star maps
Ancient astronomical observations from a well shaft - is no myth
The Gebel Barka stela tells about enigmatic sky phenomenon
PART 3, Egyptian stars - for calendars and astrologers 31

The Starry Sky and the Development
Egyptian astrologers - Petosiris and Ptolemy
Tycho Brahe admiring Egyptian astronomers
Summary
PART 4, Galleries I-II, - Summaries I-II 45

x Summary I, - Egyptian astronomy
Gallery I, on Egyptian astronomy through ages
Summary II, - on dating of the Senmut star map
Gallery II, on Senmut’s star map
Statements, on the dating of the Senmut star map
PART 5, Comments 59
Comments -
letters and opinions
PART 6, Bibliographies 69
Bibliography
and Extensive bibliography
a large-scale literature collection on Egyptian astronomy
PART 7, New Research 81

Relateded reading
Project
* * *
5
Top: Nut, goddess of the sky. - Centre: The Pleiades on photo of the Moon’s passage 14th April 2005.
The stars of the Pleiades cluster as depicted on ancient Egyptian vezire Senmut’s
star map. These stars are designated “the watery bodies”, “the humids”,
- and this group is marking the season of rain or flood.
Egyptian astronomy appears often less clear due to today's somewhat limited approach because there is
found relatively small quantities of records, and because these are often shrouded in a religious cosmology.
* * *
6
INTRODUCTION.
With all star-gazers of the past, the world of stars was always connected to religion. But the
ancient Egyptians’ knowledge and understanding of astronomy proves to be more advanced
than usually assumed - and was even used also in more surprising ways.
Astronomy is often called the 'mother of science'. Ancient Babylonians have with their
systematic astronomy contributed much in the area. However, Egyptian astronomy has by
modern investigation been placed in the shadow since only less information was found and
because this often is woven into religious cosmology. But in reality, the ancient Egyptians
provided also a basis for some of the world’s later heavily developed areas of knowledge.
As can be demonstrated on the star map by Senmut, the ancient ‘Grand Vezire’, ca. 1,500 BC
- and documented by other similar star maps of the epoch of 18th and 19th dynasties,
regarding that a planet "... is traveling backwards ..." - this was a familiar phenomenon with
a so-called backward, i.e. 'retrograde' motion of a planet. On Senmut's map such one is to be
found as located opposite to the Sun all of which was precisely correct for the planet Mars.
Egyptian temple archives, and later the huge library of Alexandria contained impressive
astronomical records, - a knowledge combined with advanced geometry to be integrated into
the architecture of pyramids and temples. Astronomy has been studied thoroughly
scientificly by other researchers (not least by the renowned Otto Neugebauer), - and the
Egyptian culture's astronomy through more than 3,000 years is a huge area, therefore mostly
an orientating survey of chosen items are presented in this book.
Ove von Spaeth 2012 (orig. February 2003) - www.moses-egypt.net - Zenith IC Project
This is not a book intended for only academic readers; it is neither constructed as a
work for popularized history, nor for providing hard-core evidence. Rather, the book
introduces findings, discoveries, and facts to be known from the annals of history but
often presented for the first time here, reframed in new ways and larger contexts.
Deductions from the extraordinary material are intended to be gathered into a larger
picture by means of the investigated clues and indications brought to light here. It is
hoped that the presented facts will contribute to more new and independent research.
Thanks are due to everyone who assisted in the project. - OvS..
* * *
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PART 1
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Tracing Egypt’s Impressive Astronomy
9
Illustration on previous page:
With the Egyptians the major stars and planets'

radiating points, as light centres in the vast universe,
were described mythological as the star gods but
were in the cultic teachings understood more
realistically and philosophically.
Part 1
Tracing Egypt’s Impressive Astronomy
Observations of planets “traveling backwards”
The World-axis with the Egyptians
Forgotten in history - the World-axis
* * *
10
By OVE VON SPAETH
Copyright © 2012 - www.moses-egypt.net
.
With the star-gazers of the past, the world of stars was connected
to religion. But the ancient Egyptians’ knowledge and understanding
of astronomy proves to be more advanced than usually assumed - and
was even used also in more surprising ways.
.
Egyptian temple archives, and later the library of Alexandria contained

impressive astronomical records, - a knowledge combined with advanced
geometry to be integrated into the architecture of pyramids and temples. The
Egyptian culture’s astronomical area is large, thus only a survey for now.
Egyptian star god (Horus). Late period: 300 BC.

Page top: Star map of Pharaoh Seti I, 1290 BC.
11
Traces of more than 5,000-year-old detailed sky observations in the Middle East can still be
seen. Along with the observational astronomy the “knowledge of stars” was already known
early in Babylonia, while it has been scarce finding a greater number of solid traces from the
older times of Egypt. Later, in the 1400’s BC, at least 43 constellations were defined by the
Egyptians.”
After the Persian conquest of Egypt in 525 BC, the Egyptians became interested in using also
the Babylonian version of the zodiac. The special dividing in zodiacal images can in
particular be seen under the Greek ruling of Egypt after 332 BC. It should be noted, however,
what has been ignored by science that parts of this kind of astro-symbolism also seem to
have been in existence farther back in Egyptian history.
The unique star map of Pharaoh’s Grand Vezire, Senmut, for instance, (will be mentioned
later) from approx. 1500 BC has an image of Selkit (Serqet), the scorpion goddess, in the exact
celestial place, where the constellation Scorpio is located according to Babylonian tradition.
A similar situation applies for the Leo (constellation), and also a number of non-zodiacal
constellations, which were also known by the Babylonians and can be found together with
the Egyptians’ own constellations, which, outside the Egyptian culture, may seem quite
exotic.
Compared to the considerable amount of material with Babylonian highly qualified celestial
knowledge, only a few Egyptian records about astronomy and star knowledge is known to
have been preserved from the rightly so esteemed Egyptian culture.
A comprehensive survey can be found in Otto Neugebauer & Richard A. Parker’s “Egyptian
Astronomical Texts” (vols. 1-3, London 1962-1969).
In these volumes everything essential known - up to the time of the publication - are all
registered and debated of Egyptian astronomical records, star maps, and almanacs in
inscriptions and manuscripts etc. - in total 131 cases including 50 star lists, of 2,000 years.
In ancient cultures all over the world also eclipses were considered extremely important
phenomena. Among researchers frequent lack of finds of such material in Egypt has caused
an understandable, but as we shall see, less justified doubt as to whether ancient Egyptians
were able to calculate by precision the eclipses in advance - as well as the very exact course
of the planets.
Star map with Egyptian constellations and planets on the exterior of the ceramic container of
an astronomic water clock - a clepsydra - from the time of Pharaoh Amenhotep I, ca. 1550 BC.
12
Almost one sixth of Ancient Egypt’s era of more than 3,000 years was dominated by a Greek
(and in the latest part Greek-Roman) rule. The Greeks have preserved a lot about Egyptian
circumstances also prior to Greek influence on the country and the culture.
The oldest known copies of an almanac date from 1220 BC at the time of Ramses the Great.
And in 1100 BC a priest Amenhope wrote "Catalogue of the Universe" in which he identified
major, known constellations.
Greek historian Diodorus Siculus stated (ca. 50 BC) categorically that the ancient Egyptian
astronomers possessed the ability to predict solar eclipses . .
Greek author and scholar Plutarch (46-125 AD) related that the ancient Egyptians explained
solar eclipses by the passage of the Moon between the Sun and the Earth in daylight hours. .
The famous “Vienna Papyrus”, copied during the Alexandrian era, describes lunar and solar
eclipses and their implications, and presents great knowledge of the Egyptian astronomy.
More so, Greek-Egyptian scholar and Father of Church, Clement of Alexandria (150-215 AD),
relates to temple libraries containing a 50-volume book-series (or 36, or 42 volumes) “of
Thoth” - preserved by the priests of ancient Egypt - four of them treating astronomical
subjects.
Their contents are expressed very precisely: one book dealt with the “constitution of the Sun
and Moon”, and another “the conjunctions and variations of the light (phases) of the Sun and
Moon (and the syzergies)”; and ”On Risings (Settings)”, and even one “On the Disposition of
Fixed Stars and Stellar Phenomena”.
According to these books it was axiomatic that it was a valued skill of the ancient Egyptian
astronomer-priests to predict eclipses.
More than a millennium after Senmut, the Egyptian King Ptolemy II around 280 BC had
started collecting the ancient temple libraries and archives from all over Egypt for his new
large library of Alexandria - actually two legendary libraries, "Serapeion" next to the Serapis
temple, and "Mouseion" (Latin: Museum) in the large ground floor storey of the giant
lighthouse at the harbour.
All of the library contents would contain "all knowledge of the civilized world", and several
hundred thousand scrolls and books were stored there. - Thus it is important to notice that
the contents of these books were often from traditions far more ancient than any early Greek
influence.
This King Ptolemæus II’s Egyptian-Greek historian Manetho - had from 280 BC in the soon
very huge Alexandrian library had also access to the collection of much older temple
archives.
According to Manetho it could also be seen described in old Egyptian documents that Moses
had plundered many temples for their treasures. These have inevitably included some
particular things, namely the temple libraries’ protected documents with valuable, hidden
knowledge of special kind.
By his access to similar ancient Egyptian sources and, of course, later Greek sources, the
Egyptian-Greek historian, hieroglyph scholar, and stoic philosopher, Chaeramon of
Alexandria - who from ca. 40 AD was the chief librarian of the Alexandrian Library in its
Serapis-temple department - wrote several treatises on the stars and about comets. See also
Pieter Willem van der Horst's book “Chaeremon, Egyptian Priest and Stoic Philosopher, The
fragments collected and translated” (publ. E.J. Brill, Leiden 1984).
13
.
Ceiling of Ramesses VI's tomb displays the Sun's night-route

through the sky goddess Nut. From the 19th dynasty, the 1100's BC.
.
.
A small temple from Debod - in an area of Lower Nubia (Sudan) since 1960's permanently
flooded - was originally constructed in 200 BC, conditioned to completely adapt the very old
traditions of Egyptian temple architecture (today it is saved from flooding and reconstructed
in Madrid, Spain). Unlike most other buildings in Egypt the temples were built of stone "for
eternity". In order to preserve what was a treasure of highest value also this temple had a
special room, the temple library: pr mDAt, the 'house of books', - many contained astronomy!
Like other known similar temple libraries, for example in Denderah and Philae, the Debod
temple library contained texts of sacred contents, as well as of astronomy, medicine, and
administration papers, inventory lists, etc. On the walls of the room for the books ancient
graffiti shows astronomical notes, diagrams and geometry, the golden ratio, etc. - a further
physical proof of this culture's wide-spread organized astronomical knowledge.
The very existence of the precise planetary positions on what we now know as the world’s
oldest star map established 1,500 BC by Senmut, the ancient Egyptian Grand Vezire, and on
other star maps of that era, demonstrates an expertise concerning the knowledge of
planetary positions.
It is a fact that Senmut’s star map also includes such details as a location for a solar eclipse.
By modern astronomical calculations it turns out that it has occurred in the sky exactly as
indicated on the map. All this eliminates possibilities of coincidence of the statements made
on the map.
A thousand years before the time of Senmut the astronomer-priests were developing their
methods and experience by constant observation of the firmament, which will have
necessitated the keeping of accurate records, especially with regard to calculating celestial
positions and cyclic phenomena. The data were used for the sun- and star-related calendars
14
.
Vezire Senmut’s star map (ca. 1500 BC). - Lower panel: The world's axis. - Top: Stars and planets in the decans
which are the slender columns with hieroglyphs. Each decan is 10 degrees in the sky and is counted from right.
as well as the "star clock". Records of such astronomical calculations, however, do not seem
to have survived, although there are examples of very ancient calendars.
In 1930 some Italian archaeologists found an Egyptian temple library containing around 500
volumes, all beneath the 2,300-year-old temple ruins in Tebnutis (Umm el-Baragat) in the
Fayum Oasis. Again, considerably many of the books concern astronomy and astrology.
.
Tebnutis is the only temple library of ancient Egypt of which substantial remains are
preserved. (Today, most of the extensive literary material is preserved at the Berkeley and
the Michigan Universities, British Museum, and the Carlsberg Collection in Copenhagen).
15
The knowledge of the ancient Egyptians has proved surprisingly more comprehensive than
assumed hitherto. In this connection it can be mentioned that the present author has been
able to disclose and documentate that the world’s oldest known star map - in a tomb in at the
Thebes - contains information about a concrete event in the real celestial world. The map was
produced by Senmut, the highly gifted “Grand Vizier” of Egypt, at approx. 1500 BC.
Thus, the earliest exact great records of accurate planetary positions are now documented as
built-in on the star map. It is demonstrated in detail in the treatise by Ove von Spaeth:
“Dating the Oldest Egyptian Star Map”, published in “Centaurus International Magazine of
the History of Mathematics, Science, and Technology” (42:3, 2000, pp. 159-179):
http://www.moses-egypt.net/star-map/senmut3-treatise_en.asp .
The exact time, hereby disclosed by the Senmut map, is computed on a modern objective
astronomical basis founded on approved Egyptology data.
In addition, consequences have appeared that corresponding information in a number of

reports on ancient sources about Moses may be related to the mention of the sources of rare
celestial events - in particular in the ancient Rabbinical Writingsand by authors from
Antiquity.
The result is especially decisive for the fixation of time, which may contribute to proving if
Moses has been living in Egypt and to the establishment of his historical existence at all.
Observations of planets ”traveling backwards”

The very existence of the precise planetary positions on the vizier Senmut star map, and on
other star maps of that era ca. 1500-1300 BC, demonstrates an expertise concerning the
complex work of calculations of planetary positions in the sky.
The fact that these maps include such details as a retrograde planet - Mars - and a solar eclipse
position (proven to be exactly as stated on the Senmut map), excludes any possibility of
coincidence.
A thousand years years before Senmut around 1,500 BC, the astronomer-priests of Egypt had
developed great skills by constant observation of the firmament, which will have
necessitated the keeping of accurate records, especially with regard to calculating celestial
positions and cyclic phenomena. The data were used for sun- and star-related calendars as
well as the “star clock” (a belt of stars moving across the night sky was read as a timekeeper).
Records of complicated astronomical calculations do not seem to have survived in Egypt -

yet, there are examples of very ancient calendars.
As have been documented by the descriptions on this and other maps from that epoch
regarding that a planet "... travels backwards ..." - it was a well-known phenomenon with a
so-called backwards, ‘retrograde’, movement of a planet. On Senmut’s map it is to be found
placed opposite to the Sun which is exactly correct for the planet in question, Mars.
But such could never be the case with Venus and Mercury because they have their orbits
within the orbit of the Earth. Again, this shows no casual circumstances on the map.
One of the oldest known Egyptian presentations of a planetary position, places Jupiter close
to the decan (ecliptical sector of 10-degrees) of the most bright star Sirius. This dates back
some 4.200 years, and is recorded on a fragment of a star clock-diagram depicted inside a
coffin-lid (on Heny’s coffin) - also one of the traditional methods of recording.
16
Sight line of the World-axis on Senmut’s star map leads from the stars Canopus via Sirius
to Lyra at the north. The Senmut map's “mast” with the revolving constellation Meskethiu
(Great Bear) which is connecting with Horus and his harpoon.
Above is placed the star goddess of the Scorpion stars (which in the real sky also is
placed exactly here, and thus being near the exposed constellation Cygnus-Swan).
The World-axis with the Egyptians

The oldest known Egyptian image of the World-axis is on the exceptional star map from ca.
1500 BC - the time of Queen Hatshepsut - in the tomb of the vizier Senmut in Thebes.
The latest known World-axis image in Egypt is dating from ca. 45 AD - the time of Emperor
Claudius, and it can be seen - although still unknown or un-identified by science - on the
famous 2.5 metres wide star map on the Denderah-temple’s ceiling (the original is now in the
Louvre in Paris).
It has been an enigma why this star map is positioned obliquely in relation to the corners of
the world, and so far it has not been noticed that: its bearings are exactly according to the
World-axis, shown here as an Egyptian pillar - a mooring post for the travelling celestial
bodies depicted as placed in small boats - placed correctly in relation to all the constellations.
17
The Egyptian text collection titled “The Book about Day and Night” dating from the time of
Ramses IV, calls the axis menit (mnj.t), the ‘mooring post' of the celestial boats for the planets’
travelling. Another text, “Papyrus Harris”, calls it:
“... a column from the Earth up to the sky ...”.
This version of the axis as mooring post is so far unknown to the Egyptologists. In the 4,500
years old texts, called the “Pyramid texts”, this pole is hailed clearly in its role as the World-
axis:
“... Heaven’s gates are open for you, the mooring woman is called for as Isis. ...”
Here the coherence is very obvious, as the goddess Isis was always identified with the Sirius-
star at the World-axis’ root or lower end.
The Denderah-temple’s relief with a zodiac is orientated to the World-axis:

“the mooring post”, the perch on which the Horus-falcon is placed. - Right: the details.
Forgotten in history - the World-axis

In the ancient Egyptian religious tradition the highest god Amun(-Re) was considered as
being the father of the king, and the king himself was seen as a god. The religious doctrines
presented one god of creation, Amun in the Thebes in Upper Egypt - and in Memphis in
Lower Egypt this god was Ptah.
Regarding the aspects of cosmology the Egyptian religion was like, in principle, all the other
major, ancient religions - and thus it also included knowledge of the stars.
A certain concept appears again and again in ancient religious cults - “the World-axis”. From
cultures simultaneous with the Egyptian culture there are several traditions of which some
can refer to it as a certain pillar - often in a temple where it represents the World-axis in a
cultic form.
Early in ancient Egypt the World-axis is referred to in the world's oldest known star map -
made by Queen Hatshepsut’s famous vizier Senmut.
Although Senmut's star map contains history’s oldest known picture anywhere of the World-
axis, it is merely called “a mast” by the few Egyptologists who have at all noticed it. But
otherwise this axis has so far not actually been described.
Probably the first person hitherto known to have recognized or identified the tall mast as the
World-axis on the Senmut star map was the above mentioned Ernst Zinner, the German
astronomer and astronomy historian, and the director of the Bamberg Observatory.
In his treatise, “Die Sternbilder der alten Ägypter” in the “Isis” Science Magazine (1933, Vol.
16, pp. 92-101), Ernst Zinner mentions it directly as “the World-axis on the Senmut star map”
- few years after the finding of the Senmut tomb containing the map.
18
The Horus, here as the sun-related sacred falcon, is connected to the World-axis which (now
as the Horus' perch) is the very mooring post (cf. section) for Isis' celestial barge (to
the left, and carrying the sky-cow goddess Hathor) - these of older Egyptian tradition.
The Denderah temple's celestial relief showing a mixture of ancient Egyptian
tradition and Babylonian-Greek influence from a late part of Egyptian history.
The World-axis can be observed by plotting the celestial positions of the said three most
brilliantly shining stars of the sky - Canopus, Sirius, and Lyra/Vega (cf., by instance, “The
Suppressed Record” by Ove von Spaeth, the chapter 10 is dedicated to these facts).
Still, this axis phenomenon should not be mixed up with another factor, the axis of the Earth.
When together the mentioned three stars establish the straight line along the shining Milky
Way across the sky, this line of sight was used as a stabile factor, for example, by measuring
stellar mutual distances.
The World-axis is thus a forgotten item in works of present-day research literature on world
history as well as the history of astronomy. The latest known use in practice of this celestial
phenomenon was carried out by Danish astronomer Ole Roemer, discoverer of the speed of
light.
Around the year 1700, by means of a measuring technique for certain star relations, Roemer
used this distinctive axis - but only from the star Lyra to Sirius because Canopus in the south
cannot be seen from north of the Mediterranean area.
A so far almost complete lack of knowledge of circumstances relating to the World-axis has
created many enigmas and often naive interpretations among researchers concerning
cosmology in ancient religion, ways of thinking, and perception of the world.
19
PART 2
>|<
20
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The Starry Sky as the Area of Knowledge
21
Details from the incredibly accurately drawn

sky diagram and star map on the ceiling of
Grand vezire Senmut’s secret tomb in a long
tunnel beneath the great temple of Hatshepsut
at Thebes. Established ca. 1495 BC.
Part 2
he Starry Sky as the Area of Knowledge
* * *
22
The Starry Sky as the Area of Knowledge

Regarding both place and time - around 1500 BC - Senmut lived in focus of an expansion in
many levels within religion, especially a version emerging from the Thebes.
The concept of religion included also a special celestial relation of the cosmology and its
arrangement - again in many levels - with which Senmut has been very much acquainted.
However, even if Senmut also in this field showed much intelligent ability, he has not
himself invented the division system of the celestial maps - they are known to be a result of a
long tradition of star based chronometry known as the “star clock”. But apparently he has
invented decisive improvements with extensions.
For details, see Ove von Spaeth's book, “The Enigmatic Son of Pharaoh’s Daughter“, where
the entire Appendix 2 is dealing with this star map.
The text is from Ove von Spaeth's above mentioned treatise “Dating the Oldest Egyptian Star
Map”, publ. in “Centaurus International Magazine of the History of Mathematics, Science,
and Technology", 2000 (vol. 42;3, pp. 159-179):
http://www.moses-egypt.net/star-map/senmut3-treatise_en.asp
This first, complete star map installed in Senmut's secret tomb had set a fashion of which, in
principle, was copied during the following 1,500 years in Egypt.
However, a special motive - which on other star maps in the tombs of later pharaohs and in
the temples was gradually less emphasized and sometimes being disappeared completely - is
originally the most dominant in the Senmut map version: the World-axis.
Senmut's star map is constituting a veritable celestial portrait and is in fact the world's oldest
known 'horoscope' in original understanding of this term expressing to “read the sky” - thus
in order to determine the time based on the changing stellar figurations in the horizon.
Left: Senmut, Grand Vizire, architect, chief of the national and religious calendar, - the mightiest person in Egypt
next to Pharaoh. From his first tomb (71), - in the artist’s grid on a pot sherd his portrait made by an ink-drawing.
Right: Quarry with modern entrance to Senmut’s second and secret tomb (TT353) - from where its hidden, long
tunnel continues through deep underground beneath Hatshepsut's temple, at Thebes, Luxor. The ceiling of the
tomb is adorned with the incredibly accurately prepared star map with a celestial diagram. Establ. ca. 1495 BC.
23
A close analysis of the inscriptions of Senmut's star map reveals that almost all planets are
gathered around the Sirius star at the World-axis. This indicated a certain date:
- The position of the planets and their special succession at the Sirius section of Senmut's
star map is such a rare combination that this individual form has only appeared four times in
several thousand years in the celestial sector in question - e.g. in the case of Senmut: in May
1534 BC.
The arrangement concerns all the years between 2200 BC and 200 AD having been examined
(cf. analysis in the big table in Ove von Spaeth's treatise about the star map, or in the author’s
book-series' vol. 2, in its Appendix 2 on Senmut).
Research, however, has not noticed this ability in the Senmut map so far. The very planets
have long ago been identified by the Egyptologists, but apparently nobody has examined if
the said arrangement concerning the planets on the map has existed - although such a special
group of planets in fact could be seen in the sky exactly at the era of Senmut.
Left: Some of Egyptian tradition’s constellations on a star map from Ramses III.
The World-axis is shown with the Scorpion constellation’s goddess at top, and
the constellation Great Bear (“oxen thigh”), and below: the Leon.
Right: Egyptian constellations on the sky, e.g. the hippopotamus with the
crocodile on its back: the Draco.

With the discovery of the Senmut map’s message concerning its own dating, some precise
chronological tracks have been uncovered which may also contribute to shed light on that
Senmut probably had also a more unknown, extra status.
First a further discovery: several other Egyptian star maps exist with hitherto undiscovered
information of the same kind of dating. .
By Ove von Spaeth’s researching a number of very precise studies of other Egyptian star
maps has revealed that in the 1,500 years to follow, the versions of star maps were made
according to the Senmut map as a model in those later cases where most of the planets in a
similar way, often with only small differences, were gathered around Sirius.
These differences show in what way the planets were individually placed in the sky at the
exact times to which these later star maps were made. Only in the more late periods of
Egypt's history, circumstances as regards time may seem a bit more incidental.
24
Star gods before Horus, in Tuthmosis III's tomb, ca. 1450 BC. The tiny characters
are copied directly from illustrations in The Book of the Death, and first time used
in a royal tomb as a religious mural, thus being of the book's style.
From the huge star map in Pharaoh Seti I's tomb, ca. 1290 BC. - A series of
star gods and the planet gods in small boats. The gods are here depicted in
the beautiful classical form like earlier on the Senmut star map.
However, the time correspondence in each of the earliest maps is exact. Consequently, the
dating of the Senmut map might be able to establish more correctly the period of Senmut and
his contemporaries: Hatshepsut and the Tuthmosis-kings.
These maps’ different dating determined in different ways by different researchers, however,
seems also passing trends. Cf. that in the more than 200 years of 'history' of Egyptology
(from when the special, scientific part of Napoleon's staff starting off their task in 1799) it has
often been tried to improve the dating which have thus been moved and redefined after
intervals of approx. twenty years.
Every time twenty years had passed and a new generation of researchers has arrived, a new
dating was suggested - but still without a confident result in terms of enhanced precision.
Evidently this period in Egyptian history of the 18th dynasty is often determined with a
dating being 20-30 years too late in many of those cases as well in the works of many
Egyptologists, where the so-called low-dating have been used.
According to this method, Tuthmosis III only ruled from the year 1479 BC - instead of the
real time of his coup d'état in 1486 BC (also in relation to dating based on the star map).
Other differences among these later maps show that the visual appearance in later times of
the World-axis, as already noted, was not so much emphasized as in the case of the original
Senmut map.
25
Star gods for the 12 zodiacal constellations, from a big relief in the ceiling of
the Hathor temple at Denderah. Of the late period with Greek influence. From the 200’s BC.
It is understandable that the eternal stars were regarded with great awe by the Egyptians of
the past. Cosmos was connected with temples and pyramids and shrines by letting major
celestial lines of sight integrate into their designs.
Such conditions were included in religiously philosophical ideas widespread in Antiquity’s

mystery cults - many showing interrelated, amazing matches - and were considered as signs
of a special cosmos-order of a synchronicity connection with heaven and earth, both
concerning all living creatures and physical conditions.
In contrast to later time several important parts of the ancient religions were intimate
connected with the celestial world.
Left: The so-called star-clock sectors - where the constellation meshkitu ('ox loin'), Great Bear, is
recognized. Approximately 1600 BC. Records in this form were not uncommon at the mummy coffin lid.
Right: The god Osiris as the constellation Orion on the starry ceiling of the Hathor temple, at Denderah.
The Horus-falcon is perched on a lotus-pillar which is - from other star maps - known as the World-axis.
26
.
The precise positioning of planets by observing them, even in bright daylight, from the
bottom of deep wells or shafts directly (thus, probably less by the often oblique mirror
reflection of the sky in the water surface in the well), was a widely known practice in all
ancient cultures.
It has been doubted - under the modern time's drawback of historical knowledge - and has
even been called “a myth” that the astronomers of ancient times used wells/shafts at all, in
order to make observations from them.
.
Left: Eratosthenes’ arc measuring method: The shadow of the Pharos, the famous, tall Alexandrian lighthouse,
was ca. 7 degrees of arc and was compared to no-shadow at Syene’s (Aswan’s) well, from where the
exact vertical position of the sun was measured. - Right: Nilometer, catching the sun, here at Kom Ombo.
Plato (428-348 BC) mentions that the philosopher Thales of Miletus (c. 640-547 BC) had fallen
down into a well while observing the stars. - And the Greek author Aesop (in the 500’s BC)
states similarly concerning another astronomer in a well-shaft.
An ancient apocryphal text, ca. 100 AD, from Syria which at that time was influenced by
Christianity, tells about the magoi, i.e. some Babylonian astronomers and astrologers, who by
observing a certain star (later called “the Bethlehem Star”) by the mirroring water surface in
a well in Northern Palestine, were able to calculate and find a certain local direction. None of
these events would be understood by contemporaries if this practice was not well known.
One of the most learned and respected Greek scholars, Eratosthenes (276-194 BC), director of
the great Alexandrian Library, calculated the circumference of the Earth by also using a huge
well shaft to observe the true lack of shadows by the sun's meridian passage at summer
solstice at a particular geographic location. This well, with a staircase to the bottom - is a still
existing Nilo-meter for water level observation, from ancient pharaonic times, situated on the
Elephantine Island in the Nile at Syene (Aswan) in Upper Egypt.
However, today this event and the method are being claimed a myth by some academics. But
on the contrary, the main thing is that a very ancient knowledge existed regarding the
existence of the measure of the Earth’s circumference. Eratosthenes was thus able from the
said temple depots of knowledge to catch the information on the concept and the method to
prove it, as the measuring of sun-shadow angles was a very old practise in Egypt.
Nilometer-wells are situated over thousand kilometres along the Nile, often near the temples
where priestly astronomers knew the data of such shadow angles in the well at their local
latitude. Shadows in the many wells were always known to be less and less the more to the
south the well is located.
27
The upper part of the Gebel Barka stela, erected by Pharaoh Thutmosis III ca. 1470 BC,
is describing an observation of an enigmatic phenomenon in the sky.
A very old astronomically related inscription appearing on an a granite stela (a flat stone
with inscriptions) erected by Egyptian Pharaoh Tuthmosis III, ca.1470 BC at the Amun
temple in Gebel Barkal near the kingdom's southern border in Nubia (today’s Sudan). The
visually not insignificant stele is 173 cm high, 97 cm wide and has a thickness of ca. 15 cm.
On this stela he listed a number of his campaigns and victories in the north and south. With
one of these war expeditions that went to Asia (Syria) an astrological omen is mentioned.
Prior to a battle, where he then won one of its most important victories, a star appeared
miraculously in the sky. The stela’s lines 34 and 35 referring that:
"... the guards were about to arrive to meet in the night and perform the regulations (shift)
of the guard. There were two watchmen (seated facing each other), and a star came out to the
south of them. Something similar has ever occurred. It went down again - in the direction
opposite to them - directly "opposite to themselves" (i.e. descending in the north) ...".
This almost 3,500 years old record is history's hitherto oldest known showing a mysterious
celestial phenomenon.
When the inscription on the Gebel Barka Stele also mentions that during the Syrian wars "a
star appeared from the south and did some harm to the enemy, so that nobody was able to
stand on his foot," - researchers speculate that the star may have been a meteor that fell or a
bolide that shot across the sky, "throwing the enemy into a panic."
From the Gebel Barka stela, here with the lines of Tuthmosis III’s inscription on an astronomical phenomenon.
28
It was assigned a special power since the word for the star here, as often, is written with the
sign for a god as determinative.
What is frequently forgotten now is the fact that through the entire era of Antiquity much of
the important knowledge was, quite normally, conveyed and preserved by presenting the
very facts and data of the information as a dialogue or a mythically formed narrative.
Astronomical data proved extremely important for not least the calendar, and it was
important to be in possession of them.
A great civilization, like the Egyptian culture, had naturally accumulated a huge knowledge.
If it wasn’t so, then we should be surprised instead of somewhat arrogantly claiming that
things we, in the present, do not fully understand are just mythical - as in the case of
accounts about the great knowledge of the ancients! But their mathematical and astronomical
skills may only represent a fraction of what they really could have known.
.
Egyptian priest astronomers, reconstruction.
.
Everything was about stars, cosmos, and life cycles. Here is a 4,500 years old statue of Pharaoh
Djoser found in a ritual observation post, a Serdab, the construction being tilted so that the king's
line of sight leading through the wall is precisely directed to an important North Star, Alkaid.
* * *
29
PART 3
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30
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Egyptian stars - for calendars and astrologers
31
The ancient Egyptian temple from Debod (rescued in the 1960's

from the artificial flood at Wadi Debod in modern Sudan, the building
now re-established in Madrid, Spain). In one of the most safe or
protected rooms, it contained a library, a true treasury in any temple. -
It is known from finds in other temple ruins that the books, i.e. scrolls and
documents, were considered as a real treasure including, especially, the
many books on astronomy, mathematics and geometry. On the walls of the
library room old graffiti with mathematics and astronomy is still to be seen.
Part 3
Partly an Egyptian basis for Moses' new calendar
Astronomical dating can improve the dating of the pharaohs
Tycho Brahe, admiring Egyptian astronomers
Summary
* * *
32
Egyptian calendar
- with the system of only 3 seasons (of 4 month each) of each year.
Months
No. Seasonal Names Middle Kingdom New Kingdom Greek Coptic Egyptian Arabic
Latin script Arabic script
I First of Akhet Tekh Dhwt Thoth Thout Tout ‫ت وت‬
II Second of Akhet Menhet Pa-n-ip.t Phaophi Paopi Baba ‫ب اب ه‬
III Third of Akhet Hwt-hwr Hwt-hwr Athyr Hathor Hatour ‫هات ور‬
IV Fourth of Akhet Ka-hr-ka Ka-hr-ka Choiak Koiak Kiahk (‫كهيك( كايك‬
V First of Peret Sf-bdt Ta-'b Tybi Tobi Touba ‫طوب ه‬
VI Second of Peret Rekh wer Mḫyr Mechir Meshir Amshir ‫أم ش ير‬
VII Third of Peret Rekh neds Pa-n-amn-htp.w Phamenoth Paremhat Baramhat ‫ب رمهات‬
VIII Fourth of Peret Renwet Pa-n-rnn.t Pharmouthi Paremoude Baramouda ‫ب رموده‬
IX First of Shemu Hnsw Pa-n-ḫns.w Pachon Pashons Bashans ‫ب ش نس‬
X Second of Shemu Hnt-htj Pa-n-in.t Payni Paoni Ba'ouna ‫ب ئون ه‬
XI Third of Shemu Ipt-hmt Ipip Epiphi Epip Abib ‫أب يب‬
The Sirius star's ascending on the morning sky - after having been out of sight for 70 days - opens
the season (the 4-month-long autumn) of the Nile flood. With the Egyptian New Year which is
always in the summer the year's first new month Thot starts.
Western calendar is based on Egyptian features with 12 months of 30 days each plus 5 fixed
extra days. Through Egyptian-Greek astronomers influence an intercalary day every 4th year
was introduced in 238 BC.
This calendar by astronomer Sosigenes in Alexandria was introduced by Julius Caesar for
use in Rome. The extra 5 days were spread to ca. bimonthly and the intercalculary day was
added to the end of February (Roman year always began inside the month of March).
This Julian calendar came 1 day behind regular time each 128th year. - But in 1582 Pope
Gregory XIII introduced a reform: 10 days of that year were deleted in order to achieve
the correct time and a fine tuning was introduced by omitting the intercalary day in the years
ending with 00 (the turn of a century).
This solution, however, was known already as an idea by certain astronomers in Egypt
(Alexandria) at the time of Julius Caesar. The Julian calendar was still in use in Russia and
Bulgaria until ca. 1920, and is still used by these countries churches.
33
In Egypt the calendar was directly associated with starry world and the heavenly bodies to maintain
time measuring - the vast cosmic clock. The calculations of the astronomical cycles and their religious
harmony were in the hands of the priest astronomers. For several thousand years until Roman time
the system remained in use in Egypt. - Above: the author presenting a large temple relief with such
an Egyptian calendar on a wall of the great temple at Kom Ombo, more than 700 km south of Cairo.
Partially Egyptian basis for Moses' new calendar

The superstructure of the ancient great civilizations was like a fusion between religion and
science and, inevitably, politics. In addition to these factors the mark of the ancient star
knowledge on the religion and politics seems less than sufficient emphasized in research. But
if the topic of star knowledge is being concretely involved and with serious illumination of
important details, many hitherto less comprehensible texts and conditions from the older
history will now show a real and logical basis. When ancient societies was so preoccupied
with star knowledge comprising astronomy and astrology, these categories were in those
days functioning as one unified whole when managing the calendar and the celestial omens.
The ancient Egyptian star map by Senmut from about 1.500 BC and even older fragmentary
celestial reproductions from before 2,000 BC show the positions of planets and mythological
constellations. They appear in a form of astrology being somewhat different from the
Babylonian which only after the 600’s BC could be seen stronger introduced or in an open
mixing with Egyptian tradition. By early pharaohs inscriptions will be seen that far back in
the history of Egypt astrology there was used by trained priests - the further educated so-
called Web priests - to mete out as well as taking omens of the stars.
A significant number of traditions about the Egyptian educated Moses as being an expert of
star knowledge is in the Jewish tradition to be found in the Rabbinical Writings, and also in
the traditions of old Christian tradition, including writings by Fathers of the Church, and in
the Arabic tradition, and in a still living tradition of the Samaritans. There seems herein to be
realistic features. The consistency in the material set in relation to today's increased
knowledge of history corroborates and supports the accounts as often being logical plausible.
The Bible refers to Moses' introduction of the Israelite calendar at the start of the Exodus.
34
Also the ancient Rabbinical Writings mention his introduction of the 7-day week. The
Egyptian calendar year was divided into 10-day weeks. In principle, the pyramid workers had
a day off every 10th day. But later, according to Rabbinical Writings, Moses had introduced a
day off in the 7-days week for the Hebrew workers in Egypt. The he used this system in he
newly created calendar. The Jews call their day off (on Saturday) for the sabbath, and denotes
also that day still as the "gift from Moses". According to the Bible, When Moses wrote the
Law it was herein directly commanded the Israelites to rest in the week’s 7th day, Saturday.
When Moses with the title of the Son of Pharaoh's Daughter was the administrator of Lower
Egypt, he introduced the mentioned calendar for Hebrew workers already in Egypt. This move
had a rational basis: - In Egypt, the workers constantly had days off because of numerous
public holidays when it was allowed for them to "go out" and worship their gods, and
among the workers this often took place in the open air. This tradition can then be seen
behind Moses' demands to Pharaoh that the Israelites had to “go out into the open and
celebrate their god” in three days (at the Easter full moon at the spring equinox).
Egyptian calendar had 54 "holy days" scattered in the year. In 18th and 19th dynasty (ca.
1580-1200 BC) these holidays, especially for workers, were every 10th day of the year’s 36
Egyptian weeks of 10 days; and 5 holidays at the Egyptian New Year, plus 1 extra day at
each of the year’s 13 new moons: a total of 36 +5 +13 = 54 days.
Moses division of the year with having one day off for resting every 7th day - in a whole year
it was 52 fixed, computable days - that was just a simple distribution for better administration
of the time of working. The work under his Lower Egyptian administration could thus be
optimized considerably by better organization and planning when the holidays did not get
too close together but were in a fixed pattern. With the manageable number "7", a holy
number among Semitic peoples, it has been better accepted by the Hebrew workers.
The introduction of the 7-day week seems to have involved knowledge that included
Babylonian astronomy and its calendar factors: In Babylonia the year division was periods of
7 days associated with the 7 celestial bodies and especially the lunar months (of approx. 29
days) with their subdivision into four lunar phases of approximately 7 days.
Sun and Moon plus the then only five known planets named the 7 days from the original
Babylonian pattern, which later spread to many parts of the world, for example Sunday
means 'sun day' Monday 'lunar day', etc. Similarly practice is seen in northern Europe, for
example Wednesday means 'Odin's day ', and French Mercredi, 'Mercury day', the god Odin
identified with the (planet) god Mercury. And Saturday - so often wrongly claimed to mean
laundry day, but is associated to Loki, the Nordic Saturn (cf. English Saturday, ‘of Saturn’).
But the Israelite calendar does not contain the Babylonian planet names influence. On the
other hand, there are the clear traces of Moses' Egyptian background, namely the system of
numbering the weekdays. When in later times the Gospel of John (2.1) says that the wedding
took place in the town of Kana on "the third day", it means that it was a Tuesday, because the
first day is Sunday - while the seventh week-day is Saturday, the day for resting. Since then
the Catholic Church made changed in Moses' calendar - which also Christians used – so that
Sunday, "solar day", was devoted to Jesus, the "Lord's Day", which became the day of rest.
To the early ideas among writers of Antiquity tregarding that Plato "imitated" Moses, also
belongs that Plato, too, suggested a time distribution with a week of 7 days, one of which
was the day of resting. Prior to Plato also Greek poets such as Homer and Hesiod (800-600-
BC) used in their texts the same system as in Moses' calendar. This was known by Church
Father, Clement of Alexandria, 2nd century AD - according to Eusebius's work "Evangelica
Praeparatio" (13; 12.1 to 16). So this, that increasing parts of the world have a fixed day off in a
week of 7 days, can especially via Western church tradition be traced back to aforementioned
"gift from Moses" in his astronomically based calendar rules given 3,500 years ago in Egypt.
35
Astronomical dating can improve the dating of the pharaohs
An important period for a more precise dating is Egypt’s 18th dynasty, which has so far been
rather indeterminable. In their chronology the Egyptians had no firm starting point such as,
for instance, our (Western) use of the birth of Christ as a mark of time.
A number of Egyptologists have made individual hypotheses regarding royal periods of rule
- with many major mutual differences - used in a time scale constructed for Egypt. The
extreme and the middle points of this scale are designated high, middle, and low dating which
are based on strained compromises and a lack of factors to determine if they are correct. In
dating prior to 900 BC, it was necessary to use relative chronologies, i.e. non-absolute dates.
In the “Cambridge Ancient History”, a standard work, articles by Egyptologists state that
there are many indefinite year numbers, some even inconsistent from volume to volume of
that work. As already presented, astronomical dating is among the most exact methods of
dating. Among other methods are, for example, dendrochronology, i.e. dating based on
annual rings of ancient trees; and glacier chronology, i.e. based on deposits in snow layers of
many thousand years in arctic inland ice. The C-14 method is less exact in some cases and
may have to be calibrated.
Martin Noth, the German theology researcher, was a supporter of the hypothesis that the
Bible consists of patchwork sources of quite a recent date - but yet he emphasizes in his
work, “The Old Testament World” (1966, p. 272) that:
“... astronomical confirmation can convert a relative chronology (only showing the row of
historical events) into an absolute chronology able to specify (the time of the events) to a
system of dates related to our calendar ...”.
It is a problem that astronomical information in ancient sources is quite rare. But in the cases
where they exist, there must be sufficient of the often few data in order to compute the
material. And a common error made by several of the rather few researchers who actually
use astronomical dating, is their assumption regarding solar and moon eclipses that people
in ancient times were mostly or only interested in total eclipses. Consequently a part of the
surviving data is excluded instead of contributing to the results.
About every 20 years various Egyptologists’ trends have moved the time frame. At present
(around the year 2000) many Egyptologists use a low dating, fixing the accession of
Tuthmosis III to 1479 BC - and often they forget that this is a temporary assumption and so
far only a relative dating. However, at an international scientific convention in 1987 about
“absolute chronology” it was proved that astronomy supports a previous high dating frame -
and this is the most exact method. (Kitchen et al., International Colloquium, 1987).
Astronomically, the starting point of the Egyptian calendar is based on the Sirius star, which
every year - after having been invisible for 70 days - reappears in the sky shortly before
sunrise at the Egyptian New Year, approx. on July 20.
Also here Egyptologists and historians have many different understandings and many
misunderstandings, because much of their dating so far seems to have been based upon a
less precise Sirius cycle with insufficient regard to the astronomical long-range factors, for
instance that the so-called precession movements of the earth’s axis are irregular, also the
considerable proper motion of this star, and especially the accumulating inaccuracy of the
Julian calendar.
Although many researchers theoretically consider relative specification of dates to be a
temporary working model and thus its background as vague, it is nevertheless often seen
used in practice as if it were a truth. But the fact is that no exact proof for low dating has
ever been produced!
Many Egyptologists, who have allowed themselves to be limited by an artificial upper limit
at around 1530 BC of the high/low dating, failed to see that Amenhotep I’s year 9 - as one of
the main points in Egyptian dating research - has its starting point in special Sirius star year
1545 BC according to Alan H. Gardiner’s “Egyptian Grammar” (3rd rev. ed., 1965, p.205).
36
.
Besides astronomy a particular part of the star knowledge was through thousands of years
included in the wisdom training that took place in connection with the cultic initiations.
During the later Greek and Roman rule of Egypt this became more widespread. For the cultic
practice there was not at least an astrology-like instruction in use, based on doctrines of the
large and small cycles of the universe as well of the life process.
Astronomy is known with much right to be “the mother of all sciences”. And not least, the
ancient Babylonians with their systematic astronomy - well-known and preserved in
archaeological finds - contributed very much in the area.
Present accessibility to Egyptian astronomy stood in the shadow of this, both because only
small quantities have been found and because these are often woven into religious
cosmology. But in reality, with the ancient Egyptians there can be seen a fine foundation for
some of the world later heavily developed areas of knowledge.
The great cultures’ historical interest in space and the stars goes back into the older civili-
zations of history but also on to the future of our own age - the last part where some fasci-
nating and unusual paths having accomplished scientific, new thinking in relation to
exploration of the space.
For the purposes of timekeeping by the stars the Egyptian and thus measuring the skies, the
priest-astronomers used this simple star aiming instrument, merkhet, with its plumb line.
‘Star clock’ used by Egyptian priest astronomers: diagrams of star positions

bove the horizon at definite times. Valley of the Kings, Tomb 6 for 20th
dynasty Pharaoh Ramses IX, ca. 1129-1111 BC.
37
Egyptian star names and -pictures and star deities, on the star map in Pharaoh Seti I's tomb, approx. 1290 BC.
Egyptian constellations (in Pharao Seti I’s tomb, ca. 1290 BC), - some
of which, e.g. the Leon and the Scorpio, were also known in other cultures.
Egyptian religion and astronomy were always inseparable parts of the same whole.
Here: the air god Shu, connecting the earth god, Geb, with the starry sky goddess Nut.
38
.
The images of the zodiacal constellations were in principle known long ago in Egypt's
history, and is especially depicted in the later Greek-ruled Egypt from 332 BC onwards.
The illustration shows some of the constellations in a section of the 2.5 meter large star map in
the temple ceiling in Denderah - e.g. Leo, Virgo with the ear, Libra (the scales), and Big Dipper
(Ursa Major) which in the Egyptian version is meshket and appears as the thigh bone of an oxen.
Regarding the perception of the starry sky and the cosmos it is possible to observe a special
pattern of connections to history and religious history; and by this also how, not least, the
understanding of space and our place in it had influenced up to modern Western thinking.
Based on the development line reaching from ancient Egypt till today's West-world
somerelevant and conclusive phases to be referred here:
--- 2,500 BC: With an immense, factual celestial knowledge the orientation lay-out of
building sites of the largest Egyptian pyramids and temples - and parts of the interior - were
created based on a number of lines of sight (checked by modern astronomers) to certain
stars. At this time ideas about one creator god were known.
--- 1,500 BC: Senmut, Egyptian Grand Vizier and Master of Calendar, had carried out an
advanced star map, a task requiring a thorough knowledge of the firmament and cycles of
celestial phenomena.
The Senmut star map in question is from the times of Moses. Many circumstances known in
Egyptian astronomy can also be found in the Bible's "Book of Job" of which Moses
traditionally is considered as its author. At the same time, here in the Moses era, a revival is
appearing concerning ancient Egyptian ideas about one creator god - a principle and
inspiration also to Pharaoh Akhenaton a couple of generations later.
--- 800-300 BC: The Babylonians are exploring and "recording" the sky analytically, and their
knowledge is received also in neighbouring countries. Many religions are appearing at this
time, e.g. the Zarathustra religion, Buddha's teaching, and also some of the most influential
Greek philosophers.
39
--- 300 BC-100 AD: By using hundreds of Babylonian star data bases, the Greek mathema-
ticians and astronomers develop and expand different celestial models - and convey this
knowledge to Egypt, Persia, and India. The sky was no longer a unilaterally understood
constant. Due to the rise of different religions and philosophies in the Middle East at that
time, it was with leading groups no longer given that the religion of the ancestors was to be
preferred. The period reached its climax at the same time as Christianity had its beginning
here.
Science pioneer Tycho Brahe mentioned respectfully the Egyptian Petosiris who, together
with the last dynasty's last pharaoh, Nechepso II, were great astrologers. Being praised by
the Gnostics and then by Greek and Roman intellectuals, their reputation continued for a
long time in Europe although there was no longer writings from their hand. Internationally
renowned Danish scientist Ole Worm in the 1600’s also dealt with his ideas.
--- 1400-1500’s AD: For fifteen hundred years up till the Renaissance, clerical influence on
the perception of the world had in reality the population confined to extremely narrow
dimensions, a "small world" with a severely restricted frame of comprehension. In the next
sequence the veritable culture shock appeared during the Enlightenment in the 1600-1800’s
and surprised with a series of astronomical discoveries: other worlds were in existence!

The influence from scientific knowledge of ancient Egypt, historians have for some time been
able to prove special traces (also within the medical field) can be followed all the way up till
today's Western Europe: for instance, often via a less noticed connecting line known to us as
the work of Antiquity, "Corpus Hermeticum", of Egyptian roots actually giving decisive
contributions to later European philosophy and very way of thinking.
Petosiris (Ankhefenkhons) was also known for a kind of numerology related to horoscopes
and calendars, He lived as a Thoth-priest in 300's BC in Hermopolis Magna, Tuna el-Gebel,
the border between Upper and Lower Egypt. His impressive tomb is also situated here.
.
Egyptian astrologer Petosiris, d. 350 BC, was much admired in late Antiquity and up till the European
Renaissance. Illstr.: his tomb in Hermopolis Magna, Tuna el-Gebel - in the Egyptian late-period temple style.
40
.
Above: Portrait from Petosiris’ tomb. - Right: from his costly sarcophagus with delicately shaped hieroglyphs.
.
The later so famous Egyptian-Greek astronomer Ptolemy lived in Alexandria, in Roman
dominated Egypt during the period before introduction of Christianity.
Ptolemy, i.e. Claudius Ptolemaeus (90-168AD), is believed having been born in the Egyptian
city of Ptolemais Hermiou at Thebaid. He was a mathematician, astronomer, geographer,
astrologer, and poet known by his epigram in the Greek anthology.
With his special arrangement of the planetary system and his many works, Ptolemy exerted
strong influence in the Middle East and in Europe until the Renaissance.
Ptolemy's so-called epicycles were his way to present our sky system in a manner that could
also accommodate its cyclical nature regarding intermittent backward movements by several
of the celestial bodies. The layout is a 2-dimensional geometric explanation model, helping a
lot in the calculations of the planets’ periodically backwards (retrograde) motion.
At a time the methodology/model seems erroneously perceived as being a concrete part of

the classical world view on the sky. This error image was later sanctioned by the church and
was very hard to get rid of again, not until the Renaissance rebellion against the religion.
41
.
Left: Antiquity’s Egyptian-Greek astronomer Ptolemy’s so-called epicycles influenced
the world through 1300 years., (Byzantine manuscript from before 1300 AD).
Right: Ptolemy’s works were still in use in the Renaissance (illstr. from the1500’s).
Tycho Brahe - admiring Egyptian astronomers

.
It is important to bear in mind that ancient pioneer Moses was born and educated in Egypt
where he spent most of his life. Basically, Moses' Egyptian embossed teachings and the Bible
present no restrictions (restrictions were set by later interpreters) as to which perception of
cosmos should be valid.
In the long run this has proved to be an advantage to development of western scientific
perception, progress, and research (of space).
In addition to his immense research and discoveries throughout his entire life Isaac Newton
had studied biblical texts thoroughly. His firm idea was that Moses understood many
advanced circumstances of the structure of the universe. - Still the possibility prevails that
such kind of knowledge could very well provide modern science with extensive inspiration
if the archives and treasures which Moses according to Egyptian-Greek records carried off
from Egyptian temples, might be found in his concealed tomb at Mount Nebo.
42
Pharaoh Nechepso (left) and Pharaoh Nectanebo II (right). According to Greek and Roman astrologers Vettius
Valens and Firmicus Maternus, an astrological system was handed down continuingly and thus to Nechepso II
(Egyptian Nakau, ca. 600 BC). He is plausibly mistaken for the last Egyptian pharaoh, Nectanebo II.
Co-author was the priest Petosiris who was a contemporary with Nectanebo II (ruled 360-343 BC), when the
phararoh and Petosiris is said to have written several major textbooks explicating the system. These texts
were soon used by Hellenistic astrologers and quoted directly - and even inspired much in later times.
Orion Osiris. The boat, he is located, symbolizing the

star god’s slowly sliding movement across the sky.
This is to be seen in the light of the incredible ancient work, the "Corpus Hermeticum" - with
its strongly Egyptian influenced previous history - which during its re-discovery in the
Renaissance was a genuine inspiration to European pioneers. Especially concerning a
different perception of the space - and the consequences of this.
Also on the background of this ancient, inspiring work it is demonstrated how Danish
astronomer Tycho Brahe developed his new revolutionary research methodology.
By the way, he always wanted to go to Alexandria in Egypt for measuring his ancient
colleague Ptolemy’s precise location. Tycho Brahe established a scientifically expanded
perception of the space of our surrounding cosmos. A step simply to be the conclusive
turning point of the world's evolution of science and technical development.
* * *
43
PART 4
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44
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Gallery - Summary - Bibliography
45
Star knowledge was always more than astronomy for the ancient
peoples - they felt a true relationship with the celestial spheres.
The relief is from Hatshepsut’s Deir el-Bahari temple at Thebes,
Egypt, ca. 1.500 BC. Sky goddess Hathor in bovine form is giving
milk, in fact nesau, the Milky Way, to Queen/Pharaoh Hatshepsut
showing her divine rulership connected with the cosmos.
Ancient Greeks became inspired by the same idea and their highest
god Zeus (Jupiter) was presented as having been nourished by the
Milky Way - as well as the primordial giant in Nordic mythology,
Ymir, was fed by the milk stream from the celestial cow.
Part 4
Summary I, - Egyptian astronomy
Gallery I, on Egyptian astronomy through ages
Summary II, - on the dating of Senmut star map
Gallery II, on Senmut’s star map
Statements about the dating of the Senmut star map
* * *
46
Summary I - some quotations by Ove von Spaeth from the book
Star Knowledge from Ancient Egypt (1300EN)
” Traces of more than 5,000-year-old detailed sky observations in the Middle East can still be
seen. Along with the observational astronomy the “knowledge of stars” was already known early
in Babylonia, while it has been scarce finding a greater number of solid traces from the ancient
times of Egypt. Later, in the 1400’s BC, at least 43 constellations were defined by the Egyptians.”
.
(1301EN) .....
” A thousand years years before Senmut, who 1,500 BC established the world's oldest star map,
the astronomer-priests of Egypt developed great skills by constant observation of the firmament,
which will have necessitated the keeping of accurate records, especially with regard to calculating
celestial positions and cyclic phenomena. The data were used for sun- and star-related calendars
as well as the “star clock” (a belt of stars moving across the night sky was read as a timekeeper). “
.
(1302EN) .....
” A small temple from Debod - in an area of Lower Nubia (Sudan) since 1960's permanently
flooded - was originally constructed in 200 BC, conditioned to completely adapt the very old
traditions of Egyptian temple architecture (today it is saved and reconstructed in Madrid, Spain).
Unlike most other buildings in Egypt the temples were built of stone "for eternity". In order to
preserve a treasure of highest value all temples, and also this temple, had a special room, the
library: pr mDAt, the 'house of books' - considerably many books here contained astronomy. ”
.
(1303EN) .....
” Greek author and scholar Plutarch (46-125 AD) related that the ancient Egyptians explained
solar eclipses by the passage of the Moon between the Sun and the Earth in daylight hours.
And the famous “Vienna Papyrus”, copied during the Alexandrian era, describes lunar and solar
eclipses and their implications, and presents great knowledge of the Egyptian astronomy. ”
.
(1304EN) .....
” Contrary to recent times many important parts of the old religions were inextricably linked
to the starry world. In the religious philosophical ideas prevalent in mystery initiation cults,
important lines of sight to the stars were integrated into constructions of temples and pyramids
- many with mutually amazing matches, were signs of a special cosmos-order of 'synchronicity'
relationship with heaven and earth, both for all living beings and physical conditions. "
.
(1305EN) .....
” It is understandable that the eternal stars were regarded with great awe by the Egyptians
of the past. Cosmos was connected with temples and pyramids and shrines by letting major
celestial lines of sight integrate into their designs. ”
.
(1306EN) .....
” A great civilization, like the Egyptian culture, had naturally accumulated a huge knowledge. If
it wasn’t so, then we should be surprised instead of somewhat arrogantly claiming that things
Which we, in the present, do not fully understand are just mythical - as in the case of accounts
about the great knowledge of the ancients! But their mathematical and astronomical skills
may only represent a fraction of what they really could have known. ”
.
(1307EN) .....
” Many Egyptologists, who have allowed themselves to be limited by a ’consensus’ on an artificial

upper limit at around 1530 BC of the high/low dating, failed to see that Amenhotep I’s year 9 - as
one of the main points in Egyptian dating research - has its starting point in the special Sirius-star
year 1545 BC, according to Alan H. Gardiner’s “Egyptian Grammar” (3rd rev. ed., 1965, p.205). ”
(1308EN) .....
47
Gallery, I - on Egyptian astronomy through ages
1) Starry connections from the deceased to heaven. 2) The mythological constellations. 3) There was an
astronomy library in the Debod temple (drawing, 1819), 4) a huge book collection in Alexandria's library; the old
inscription of 56 BC, refers to Alexandria's library, 5)-6) Egyptian astronomical instruments through 3,500 years.
48
Astronomical aim instrument (same type as found in the pyramid shaft)
with a plumb line - simply and efficiently.
Temple ceiling in Denderah: Egyptian constellations with Babylonian-Greek zodiac – a fashion after 300 BC..
Around sky images informative descriptions are added. See the partially restored images on the following pages.
49
From the astronomical ceiling of the hypostyle hall of the Temple of Hathor at Iunet (Denderah).
The Astronomical ceiling - here, the Leo Zodiac sign standing on a (water-)snake (the constellation Hydra).
The celestial gods (planets and major stars) are placed in barques representing sliding movement in the sky.
50
From the astronomical ceiling of the hypostyle hall of the Temple of Hathor at Iunet.
The constellation Meskitiu (Greater Bear) is skewered. Astronomical ceiling of the Temple of Hathor at Iunet.
At left, Netjer-Duau, ‘the God of the Morning’, surrounded by stars, in his boat, is the God of the Planet Venus.
51
Night sky diagram from the tomb of Ramses VII in the Kings’ Valley shows special constellations,
celestial subdivisions and the Sun's night path. Perceived as a parallel to the deceased pharaoh to
be going through the night-world of darkness and forward for getting out into the light again and
now from his higher world to support Egypt's luck and happiness. From the 19th dynasty.
The image was reproduced by French scientists at the beginning of the 1800’s. - At that time European
scholars mostly saw the mythology and did not understood how developed Egyptian astronomy was.
Sky diagram from a pharaonic tomb. A very detailed division of the sky in relation to night time
zones and the many related gods. From the New Kingdom dynasties or later. The above modern
copy-version from the 1800's is a simplified version.
* * *
52
Summary II - about the Senmut star map, with quotations by Ove von Spaeth from his treatise
Dating the Oldest Egyptian Star-map (1000EN)

” Ancient Egyptian astronomy updated: The knowledge of the ancient Egyptians has proved
surprisingly more comprehensive than assumed hitherto. According to scientific documentation
and analysis in the treatise by Ove von Spaeth, the world's oldest known star map - in a tomb at
the Thebes from 3,500 years ago - includes information on a specific incident in the real sky. On
this map there is, In addition, t raced the earliest exact records of a rare celestial phenomenon. “
.
(1001EN) .....
“ The star map was mostly considered to contain a star-mythological setting but reveals a precise
representation of a specific gathering of planets in the sky. This implies information about a
specific time. The reassessment of the map, and even several subsequent maps, therefore, by
their actual data generate new orientation perspectives, because that specific period of time’s
highly disputed chronology can now be applied to a substantially greater precision. “
.
(1002EN) .....
” The map, eventually well-known in Egyptology, was established by Queen Hatshepsut's vizier,
Senmut, who also was Egypt’s calendar registrar during the country's 18th dynasty (the1500s BC).
Essential astronomical features in the new-decoded material are tested objectively by calculation
based on modern astronomy. And on this basis, it was clear that the Senmut map does not
portray a random collection of planets or copying a pattern from possible predecessors “
.
(1003EN) .....
” On Senmut's star map, providing information about a particular planetary conjunction within
a defined sky sector, has an associated, unmistakable point of time been calculated as May 1534
BC. This dating is further supported by the map's recording of a solar eclipse (not visible in Egypt).
Today's astronomical dating methods are able to verify these data with the greatest possible
precision and show the world’s oldest star map is then to be described as one of history's
oldest known scientific Achievements, the oldest scientific ‘report’. “
.
(1004EN) .....
” The study concludes: The Senmut map depicts an exceptional event in the sky. This seems
to have produced a prototype for all later pictures of similar celestial events. So far has been
determined: 1) The Senmut maps contain a cosmological and astro-mythological expression
not only as decoration - as hitherto assumed - but also as a picture of a particular and unique
situation in the sky. 2) This configuration of the sky can be exactly dated: 1534 BC.”
(1005EN) .....
” As demonstrated on Senmut’s star map, and documented on other similar maps of the epoch
of the dynasties 18-19, regarding that a planet "... is traveling backwards ...", it was a familiar
phenomenon: the so-called backward, i.e. 'retrograde' motion of a planet. On Senmut's map such
is to be found located opposite to the Sun all of which was precisely correct for the planet Mars. ”
.
(1006EN) .....
” Forgotten tradition: - Younger Egyptian star maps were prepared for several pharaohs up to 400
years after the first map and also showing here, in principle, the Senmut prototype of depicting
a particular planet conjunction - but with one exception: In the first version, at Senmut's time,
the planet Mars is retrograde (backward motion as seen from Earth) in the west while the other
planets gather around the star Sirius in the east. There seems to be a tradition now forgotten, as
the younger star maps are only listed in those Pharaohs' reigns - including by Ramses II - where
the analog versions of this type of conjunction de facto took place. “
.
(1007EN) .....
” The basic shape of the planets’ graphical arrangement on the Senmut map seems to have been
created with his idealized, yet unique, representation of a particular celestial configuration, and
is outstanding evidence: Mars is retrograde in west and, here, almost appeared only at Senmut’s
time (4 times in 2.000 years). The basic pattern became normative for subsequent depictions. ”
(1008EN) .....
53
Gallery, II - about the Senmut star map
Left: Graffiti with a portrait of Senmut, in his second tomb, where the star map is found, too. Approx. 1495 BC.
Right: On star map a bull with inscription meskuito, ‘the ox loin’: Big Dipper constellation. Scorpio is seen behind.
Senmut’s star map, here a number of star gods on a section of the map to the left of the World-axis,
Plan of Senmut’s second tomb, No. TT353, at Hatshepsut's temple at Deir el-Bahari, outside Luxor (Thebes).
54
Senmut map shows that in the sky in 1534 BC (of the Gregorian calendar style: years listed as normal
for historians, i.e. without a "year 0") - the planets had grouped around the star Sirius: May 1534 BC.
The Senmut star map, in tomb No. TT 353, also showing some specifics in Seba-en-Sah, i.e. Orion constellation.
The Sirius star (left), by the Egyptians Sopdet, ‘she who is sharp’ referring to its brightness. She is the consort
of Sah, the constellation of Orion (right), located in the next 10-arc-degrees celestial sector (decan).
* * *
55
. Senmut’s stars - info on Ove von Spaeth’s paper on dating the oldest Egyptian star-map
Ove von Spaeth: "Dating the oldest Egyptian Star Map", Centaurus International Magazine
of the History of Mathematics, Science and Technology, vol. 42:3, July 2000, pp.159-179.
The treatise on dating of Senmut star map has been prepared so that it can be analyzed
by experts from different exact sciences, like astronomers and mathematicians, as well as
from the humanities, e.g. Egyptologists and historians. This could not be solved without
both directions in interaction. Astronomers gave statements, now one by the humanities:
(1300EN#01)
Discovering the star map research - 9 October 2011 - Review :
A closely-reasoned scientific article - this thoughtful and reflective leap
brings new light on Senmut's star map.
Dating the Oldest Egyptian Star Map
In this treatise, 'Dating the Oldest Egyptian Star Map', Ove von Spaeth developed the
implications and significance of a configuration of planets and stars represented on the
most ancient Egyptian star-map - the 'Senmut Star Map' - from the reign of Queen Hatshepsut
(ca. 1500 BC) during the 18th Egyptian dynasty. By drawing upon the resources of modern
astronomy and mathematics, von Spaeth computed and verified the presence of distinctive
planetary conjunctions represented on the Senmut map as a factual occurrence in the skies.
By doing so, he was able to indicate a more exact dating of its time and period in Egyptian
history and of the reign of Queen Hatshepsut. His approach - a combination of modern
astronomy, statistics of rare planetary conjunctions, mathematics, archaeological materials,
and Egyptology - allowed for a fuller understanding of Egyptian history dating and shed light
on the place of ancient astronomy I n its cultural contexts.
On detail and perspectives
In all: a closely-reasoned scientific article that explores the implications and significance
of an unusual configuration of planets and stars represented on an ancient Egyptian star map -
the Senmut Star Map established 3,500 years ago - the world's oldest star map.
Earlier scholarship on the Senmut star map by Egyptologists focused mainly on identifying
the planets and stars depicted on the map and analyzing its principal features but the
significance of the ac tual configuration of these stars and planets remained unrecognized.
By drawing upon the resources of modern astronomy, the author, Ove von Spaeth, has
here been able to compute and verify the presence of the distinctive planetary conjunctions
represented on the Senmut map as a rare and factual occurrence in the skies and so also
to indicate a more exact dating of its time and period in Egyptian history.
His approach - a combination of modern astronomical and mathematical evidence with
archaeological materials and Egyptology - allows for a fuller understanding of the development
of astronomy in ancient Egypt and to provide important chronological evidence about the
reign of Queen Hatshepsut.
As well, it reveals that ancient Egyptians were not concerned merely to represent astro-
mythological features in star maps as aspects of their cosmology but to mirror concrete and
specific events in the sky as and when they occurred. Such usage of star maps in ancient
Egypt, interpreted as here with support from modern astronomical computational methods,
opens up areas of research and investigation that have remained largely unexplored for lack
of interdisciplinary approaches and perspectives derived from critical relations between
modern science, archaeology, and Egyptology.
Ove von Spaeth's treatise takes a thoughtful and reflective leap in this direction and
brings startling new light upon the skies of the Senmut star map.
:: Anu Kumar, Ph.D. in English Literature, Pittsburgh University, - M.A. in Sanskrit Studies,
Copenhagen University, - Associate Professor in Hindi at Aarhus University, - (9.Oct.2011).
56
Statements - on Ove von Spaeth’s Treatise on Dating of the world’s oldest star map (the Senmut map)
. (1300DA#02)
"... the findings are very ingenious and admirable, and quite surprising considering the
apparent lack of interest of the Egyptians in this sort of astronomy ...I have visited and
photographed the Senmut tomb several times, and I find it quite fascinating. Thus I find the
paper especially interesting. ..."
:: Owen Gingerich, Research Professor in Astronomy and the History of Science, The Harvard-
Smithsonian Institution, Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge Mass. - (11 October 2001).
_
"... the article on the Senmut ceiling, with so many interesting observations. ..."
:: Erik Hornung, Professor Dr., Ägyptologisches Seminar der Universität Basel - (24 Oct.2001).
_
"... We congratulate for the discovery and we wish the author good luck with the further
investigations. ..."
:: George V. Coyne, S.J., Director of Specula Vaticana (Vatican Observatory), Città del Vaticano;
- & Gustav Teres, S.J., astronomer, Vatican Observatory, Castel Gandolfo, Italy - (12 Oct. 2001)
_
"... this important and fascinating paper - many congratulations on the research ...and it is
a major advance. - (Years ago I did an English translation - not published so far - of E.M.
Antoniadi's book on Egyptian astronomy). ..."
:: Sir Patrick Moore, D.Sc.,Astronomer, CBE, FRAS, Science editor at the BBC, - (15 Sept.2000).
_
"... The resulting date of Senmut's star map, objectively proven by the author on an
astronomical basis, adds, in my opinion, a considerable contribution to the debate concerning
the Egyptian chronology. ..."
:: Kristian Peder Moesgaard, D.Sc., Professor, History of Science Department, Aarhus
University;- Director of the Steno Museum, Denmark's National Museum for the History
of Science, Aarhus - (10 February 1997).
_
"Dear Colleague, - dating the Egyptian star map conveys materials we would not otherwise
have, we appreciate it. (Will be passed on later to the Oriental Institute library). ..."
:: Robert D. Biggs, Professor, Ed., Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Oriental Institute,
University of Chicago - (12 October 2001).
_
"... a pleasure to announce that the work on Dating The Oldest Egyptian Star Map has just
been published by Anistoriton - providing the readers of this Journal a selection of the news of
the article published in the electronic version (Vol. 6/2002, Issue V 021) ... Congratulations and
thank you for the permission. ..."
:: D.I. Loizos, Professor in History, Editor-in Chief, Anistoriton History, Archaeology, & ArtHistory
Journal, (ISSN 1108-4081), www.anistor.co.hol.gr/english/enback/v021.htm - (7 March 2002).
_
"... Without any knowledge of astronomy I am nevertheless convinced that from an
Egyptological point of view the paper by Mr. Ove von Spaeth contains new and valuable
information concerning the date of Senmut's star map. ..."
:: Erik Iversen, Dr.Phil.h.c. Egyptologist, formerly at Copenhagen University, - (20 Jan. 1997).
_
"... I have read your article "Dating the Oldest Egyptian Star Map" with great interest. I agree
with your conclusions as to the general positions in the sky of the planets, the sun and the moon
and the general dating of the configuration. - I find that there is really a solar eclipse at a time
that is very close to the one you state, but provided the time is ephemeris time. - Actually there
is no safe way of extrapolating that far back in time but the correction (ephemeris time to
universal time) would be accurate to within +/- some hours. ..."
:: Lars Gislén, D.Sc., Professor, Dep. of Theoretical Physics, University of Lund (12 Sep.2000).
57
PART 5
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58
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Comments - letters and opinions
59
By hammering down golden poles to attach

measuring cords, the goddess Seshat performs
a pedj-shes, 'Ceremony for the stretching of
the cord' - used for astronomical orientation
of the temple construction.
Part 5
Comments
- letters and opinions
* * *
60
Comments - letters and opinions
(1300EN#03)
Early Astronomy and Beginnings of Math Science
Millennium Mathematics Project, University of Cambridge. -
NRICH is part of the family of activities in the Millennium Mathematics Project, which also
includes the Plus and Motivate sites. - email: nrich@damtp.cam.ac.uk
Early Astronomy and the Beginnings of a Mathematical Science - The History of
Trigonometry - Part 1 The Egyptians divided the 360 degrees of the ecliptic into 36
sections of 10 degrees each. [see Note 1 below]. This division was known before 2300 BCE.
Each ten degree section (called a decan from the Greek for ten) contained a constellation
of stars lined up along the ecliptic. Since the Earth makes a full rotation in 24 hours, the
stars in a new decan will rise above the horizon about every 40 minutes. The system of
decans was used for determining the night hours and the seasons.
- This site shows some of the oldest star diagrams from prehistoric times:
http://www.spacetoday.org/SolSys/Earth/OldStarCharts.html
- This is a site on Egyptian Astronomy: www.egyptologyonline.com/astronomy.htm
- Here you can find the 'Decan' chart:
http://www.moses-egypt.net/star-map/senmut1-mapdate_en.asp
Notes. 1. The radius of the circle depends on the time of year. The truest E - W direction
will be achieved by marking the end of the shadow at sunrise and sunset (possibly at the
equinoxes). As long as the times of marking the shadow after sunrise and before sunset are
the same, the true E - W direction could still be found. In the surviving documents, there are
no diagrams, and the instructions are somewhat ambiguous. These ancient people knew
that the diagonal of any rectangle was the square root of the square on the hypotenuse
of a right triangle by at least 2,000 BCE. The square root of the square on the hypotenuse
was conceived of as the length of a rope i.e. the side of the square, not a numerical result.
:: NRICH, University of Cambridge, - NRICH is part of the family of activities in the
Millennium Mathematics Project, which also includes the Plus and Motivate sites, -
@damtp.cam.ac.uk - http://nrich.maths.org/6843 - (1.Oct.2007).
(1300EN#04)
BBC Home on The Calendar and Astronomy of Ancient Egypt
http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A73516197 - BBC Homepage
Everything/History & Politics/Dynasties, Monarchies, Races & Empires/Ancient Egypt
BBC - Guide ID: A73516197 - Edited Guide Entry - Ancient Egypt Calendar - Created: 25th
October 2010: The Calendar and Astronomy of Ancient Egypt - Stars and Moon Calendar
Representations of the earliest calendars in history have been found on tomb ceilings
and sarcophagus lids from the 9th Dynasty onwards. Some of the surviving artwork inside
the tombs of the most important (or wealthy) Egyptians consists of stars and celestial
figures we'd recognise as constellations. - The Egyptian astronomers (usually priests)
divided the year into 12 months within three seasons:
• Akhet (Inundation: flooding of the Nile by which all life in Egypt depended) I, II, III and IV
• Peret (Emergence of the Land) I, II, III and IV
• Shemu (Harvest) I, II, III and IV
Each of the 12 months had a name, for example Akhet III was called Hwt-Hrw, Peret IV
was Renwett and Shomu II was Hnt-htj. The months were divided into 'decans', a decan
being a ten-day week. The 36 decans were heralded by the rise of a particular star, e.g.
Akhet I was announced by the heliacal rising of Sopdet - 'the star of Isis' (known as Sirius).
Decan stars adorn the ceiling of the temple dedicated to the goddess Hathor at Denderah.
The total year of 360 days did not match the solar year, so to balance their calendar
61
they spent five days - known as epagomenals - in celebration of five important gods: Osiris,
Horus, Seth, Isis and Nephthys. As they had no leap year equivalent, every four years their
calendar fell out of sync with the rising of the stars, so they attempted to make everything
fit by creating a lunar (moon) calendar as well.
The astronomer priests observed a calendar of lunar phases in order to calculate when
certain rituals needed to be performed, and that particular process was presided over by
Khonsu the lunar god. The lunar calendar was represented by 12 large circles (one complete
moon cycle or 'synodic month') each of which was divided into segments. The lunar month
has 29.5 days, which meant that some years were short when there were 12 new moons,
or long when there were 13. The lunar calendar was used for religious festivals only, for
administrative purposes the 360+5 day calendar was used. - Referenced Sites:
# Gemstone guide: Turquoise (http://www.bbc.co.uk/go/dna/h2g2/A73516197/ext
/_auto/http:/www.gemstone.org/gem-by-gem/english/turquoise.html )
# The Senmut Star Map, by Ove von Spaeth ( http://www.moses-egypt.net/star-
map/senmut-files_survey_en.asp )
# Ancient Egypt calendar (http://www.ancient-egypt.org/index.html )
Please note that the BBC is not responsible for the content of any external sites listed.
BBC, Edited Guide Entry - Ancient Egypt Calendar -
http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A73516197 - (25.Oct.2010).
(1300EN#05)
The ancient Egyptian astronomers
Forum Ateista.pl > Filozofia i światopogląd > Ateizm a inne koncepcje > Hitchens vs.
McGrath - View Full Version : Hitchens vs. McGrath
np przypisuje egipskim astronomom z czasów faraonów umiejetność przewidywania
zacmień słońca.
hmm a nie potrafili? To taki mit kulturowy? W sensie wiesz, jakos tak powszechnie
sie uwaza ze potrafili...
W necie znalazlem na szybko:
Diodorus Siculus (50 BC) stated categorically that the ancient Egyptian astronomers
possessed the ability to predict solar eclipses.
edit: e cos tu bezsensu jest, Siculus nie zyl wcale 50 BC...
edit: ok, inna strona podaje ta sama wiadomosc z data 50 BC :) ( - spójrz na to) :
http://www.moses-egypt.net/star-map/senmut2-faq_en.asp#II
:: Kilgore Trout, - http://ateista.pl/archive/index.php?t-3301.html - 23:54 (23.Oct.2007).
(1300EN#06)
How did Ancient Egypt knew so much about the stars
I suppose one of the greatest mysteries about Ancient Egypt is how they knew so
much about the stars. Like many I had thought that it was only through visual observation.
In that case how did they know that the Pleiades had seven stars when one is not
visible? Loren may be able to throw some light on this problem? I picked this up when
reading about Senmut's Star Map more carefully - see:
http://www.moses-egypt.net/star-map/senmut4-history_en.asp
How too is it that the Great Bear looks nothing like a bear yet this constellation was
called 'The Bear' by North American Indians before Columbus - and also by Greeks, and
Europeans. Egyptian Sun God, Ra or Re has the same name in China and same hieroglyph.
It was thought that the Lens is recent so the idea of telescopes in Egypt quite impossible.
Now, it seems that an ancient Lens has been found. - See Temple's "The Crystal Sun" - in
the book review: http://www.amazon.co.uk/Crystal-Sun-Rediscovering-Technology-
Ancient/dp/0099256797 . - We then get a typical Christian critic: - "Temple's other
62
remarks on theory and religion should be taken with a pinch of salt, too much is left out for
the average reader to be able make an informed choice. This is a difficult subject tackled in
a format that makes it accessible to many, however I feel that Temple lets himself down by
his anti-historian stance and the inclusion of too much subjective theorizing."
There it is again. Anything that could possibly harm their ingrained beliefs and they go
straight into the attack without due consideration of facts being presented to them.
I haven't read the book, so perhaps shouldn't pre-judge. That I do so, is only because
I am so used to this kind of reaction from the religious.
:: Calum 33, blog,The EgyptianTelescope, Feb 5, '09 3:01AM, http://home.austarnet.com.au
/calum/Concliffe.html - & - http://calum33.multiply.com/journal/item/28 - (5.Feb.2009).
(1300EN#07)
The Celestial Hall of Records
Have you ever wondered who mapped the constellations, when and why? Come with
me to the Celestial Hall of Records and discover the 16,000 year old Celestial Sphinx, Hu,
who was the blueprint for the Sphinx at Giza. - Gaze upon the face of the Creator, the
"Giver of Life in the Beginning". Learn the Lost Word. Discover the greatest of the Lost
Secrets of the remote Ancient Egyptians, including their knowledge of Precession which
they encoded into their mythology, art, and the Narmer Plate.
The remote Ancient Egyptians mapped the constellations, discovered Precession and
invented hieroglyphs. It was they who introduced the arts and sciences to the rest of the
world. - Astronomers agree that the Constellation of Orion is keeping the Constellation
of Taurus the Bull at bay with his bow and arrows. The two long spikes above Orion's Bow
are the horns of Taurus. In Ancient Egypt Orion was known as The Soul of Osiris.
Traditionally Osiris is considered to be the Lord of the Two Lands; Lord of the Heavens
and Lord of the Earth. He was also considered to be Lord of the Dead and in this capacity
was always represented in mummy wrappings and wearing the White Crown of Egypt.
The White Crown is as synonymous with Ancient Egypt as is the River Nile, the Sphinx
and the Pyramids ... and the Red Crown of Ancient Egypt enjoyed the same renown.
Egyptologists associate the White Crown with Upper Egypt and the Red Crown with
Lower Egypt due to a misinterpretation of the Narmer Plate. They also incorrectly associate
the Double Crown with the Unification of Upper and Lower Egypt around 3200 BCE.
No other civilizations had Red Crowns, White Crowns, Osiris beards and a Sphinx!
Remember also that in the Osiris Legend, Thoth is credited with having introduced all the
arts and sciences, including astronomy and hieroglyphs, to the Ancient Egyptians. He was
the Keeper of the Records. It was Osiris who was the source of all Knowledge.
The Ancient Egyptians kept their Secrets well. There is really no need to look beneath
the Sphinx for the Hall of Records or the Pillar of Knowledge. We need only look up to the
heavens! The veil has been lifted. Nothing was wanting but the Key. - Links :
# Ancient Egyptians and the Constellations ( http://ancientegypt.hypermart.net/ )
# World Axis, Senmut and Sky Tradition ( http://www.moses-egypt.net/star-
map/senmut5-world-axis_en.asp )
# Futhark Runes & the Constellations ( www.geocities.com/futhark_runes/index.html )
:: Audrey Fletcher, - The Celestial Sphinx, - © WebRing Inc. Ancient Egypt Online, -
http://www.geocities.com/celestialsphinx/ - (21.Mar.2008).
(1300EN#08)
Geschichte der Astronomie
wikipedia.org : Die Geschichte der Astronomie umfasst zeitlich die gesamte
Kulturgeschichte der Menschheit.
63
Die Astronomie wandelte sich von der bloßen Kunde der Beobachtung des Sternenhimmels
und seiner Zyklen über die klassisch-geometrische Astronomie, deren älteste Teilgebiete
die Positionsastronomie und Ephemeridenrechnung sind, bis hin zur modernen Astrophysik.
- Die Astronomie bestimmt das Selbstbild des Menschen und seine Auffassung von
seiner Stellung im Universum mit, heutzutage vor allem durch die Diskussionen über die
Entstehung des Universums und die Suche nach bewohnbaren Planeten und Leben
außerhalb des Sonnensystems der Erde. - Weblinks [Bearbeiten] :
• NASA/Goddard SFC: Sonnenfinsternisse 600–501 v. Chr.
• Der Maya-Kalender
• Ove von Spaeth: Auswahlbibliographie zur antiken Astronomie:
( http://www.moses-egypt.net/book-series/moses_bibliography_en.asp#11 )
:: Wikipedia, http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschichte_der_Astronomie (1.Dec.2009).
(1300EN#09)
Egittophilia - archeoastronomica Egizia
egittophilia.freeforumzone.leonardo.it
EgiTToPhiLìa » - Il mondo degli Egizi: natura, Stato, valori - Archeoastronomica Egizia
Diciamo che l'artista dell'epoca egizia potrebe aver "stilizzato' il tutto, cosa sovente
nelle varie civilta' antiche (a parte i cinesi che hanno fatto delle mappe spettacolari!!
ma li il culto dell'astrologia/astronomia era al amssimo livello).
A propsoito conoscete per caso questo libro/dati e il tizio che l'ha fatto? (oddio ma
perche' maledizione non mi fa incollare un indirizzo internet? ) :
www.moses-egypt.net/star-map/senmut3-treatise_en.asp
:: Ras-Algehu, - 16.08 - http://egittophilia.freeforumzone.leonardo.it/newpost.aspx?a=
quote&c=66845&f=66845&idc=329021&idd=8722215&idm=96156292&p=1 (27.Aug.2009).
(1200EN#10)
Star Knowledge in Ancient Egypt
There are more than 5,000 years’ old traces of detailed celestial observations in the
Middle East. Along with astronomy knowledge must have been known early in Babylon -
but are there any clear traces of this to be found from Egypt's earliest times?
The ancient Egyptians astronomical knowledge has proved surprisingly larger than
hitherto thought. Extensive astronomical knowledge combined with advanced geometry
were included in the architecture of pyramids and temples. And Alexandria's famous
library housed impressive astronomical records.
The article’s author Ove von Spaeth (www.moses-egypt.net) has succeeded in
uncovering that the world's oldest known star map contains information about a specific
incident of a rare celestial phenomenon. The map is made by Egypt's gifted 'Grand Vezire'
Senmut, ca. 1,500 BC. You may download the e-book "Star Knowledge in Ancient Egypt".
:: VisdomsNettet.dk, - http://www.visdomsnettet.dk/a-252/ - (summer 2005).
(1200DA#11)
The Egyptians and the stars
OR-valuation: His books are considered well-done research! From Wikipedia, the free
encyclopedia - Ove von Spaeth's analysis of Egyptian star maps from 1534 BCE:
- "New Discovery In the World's Oldest Star Map", requires some analysis of von Spaeth
himself, his books and how he is received in the relevant academic branches.
- Google on "Ove von Spaeth" 10,080 hits for the dbl blip delimited (") Ove von Spaeth,
which indicates some genre-related reknownedness.
64
- My OR (operations research) valuation: he is an independent scholar specialized in
the historical existence of Moses, and claims that he was a pure Egyptian of the royal family
who lost in the power struggles and allied with the Hebrews in Egypt, this in connection
to Ahmose I:s campaign against Hyksos (= Hebrews), his books are considered well done
research, acceptable according to academic measures, but probably a little sweeping
regarding details and extra theories irrelevant for the main picture.
Von Spaeth himself expresses an interest in following mainstream academic patterns
before subjective and religiously colored thinking, for which he have received criticism
from fundamentaloid Christians and some such creatures ... I've independently speculated
in Hyksos = Hebrews, and this connection seems to occur now and then among historians,
so my OR valuation says that von Spaeth argues validly, although maybe speculatively ...
:: Rursus, - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia –
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Rursus/Phragmentes - (22.Dec.2008).
(1300EN#12)
Geschichte der Astronomie
Die Astronomie bestimmt das Selbstbild des Menschen und seine Auffassung von
seiner Stellung im Universum mit, heutzutage vor allem durch die Diskussionen über
die Entstehung des Universums und die Suche nach bewohnbaren Planeten und Leben
außerhalb des Sonnensystems der Erde.
Weblinks: Ove von Spaeth : Auswahlbibliographie zur antiken Astronomie -
http://www.moses-egypt.net/book-series/moses_bibliography_en.asp#11
:: Die Chemie-Schule, - Geschichte der Astronomie - http://www.chemie-
schule.de/KnowHow/Geschichte_der_Astronomie - (Nov.2012).
(1300EN#13)
Ancient Egyptian Astronomy
Information from the Ancient Egyptian astronomy & medicine Department including
Independent Researchers on Academia.edu .
Category: Science, - Content: Astronomy had a practical purpose and was used for
the development of a solar calendar. - Bibliography: - ancient Egyptian astronomy in 120
years of literature: http://www.moses-egypt.net/star-map/senmut_bibliography_en.asp -
behind Ove von Spaeth's treatise on the dating of the Senmut star map.
:: universalwaste.org, - http://www.universalwaste.org/sysa/ancient-egyptian-
astronomy.html - (Oct.2010).
(1300EN#14)
Your books on star knowledge
Your books on star knowledge: “Dating Egypt's Oldest Star Map” - and - “Star
Knowledge from Ancient Egypt”, - I am really delighted to carry on with the reading.
There is, as you probably know, a group of researchers, called "pyram-idiots". You do
certainly not belong to such group! - Many greetings,
:: Claus Thykier, Writer, former Museum Director (and founder) of Ole Roemer Museum
(now Kroppedal Museum) - 4 February 2010 20:53 - smaalandsbyen.dk, - (4.Feb.2010).
(1300EN#15)
Saturnian Cosmology
Saturnian Cosmology --Jno Cooklop0+k - Appendix: Notes on the chronology - Copyright
© 2007 Jno Cook - URL of this page: http://saturniancosmology.org/chron.php . This page
last updated: Sunday, August 5th, 2007.
65
On Saturnian Cosmology. The Egyptians had apparently established a calendar after
2349 BC, and in this era divide the dome of the stars into 36 segments to mark time (at
night), which later became known as "decans" by the Greeks, because they are 10 degrees
apart across a 360 degree sky. These are first shown in the tomb of Senmut, 1473 BC, the
Calendar Registrar and Vizier to Queen Hatshepsut. [note 32]
For an analysis of the images see Ove von Spaeth: "Dating The Oldest Egyptian Star
Map", Centaurus, V42 (2000). Von Spaeth notes that the rock cut tomb was abandoned
during construction in 1493 BC. The central portion depicts the circumpolar constellations.
The circles represent 12 months (of 24 divisions each). A portion of the decans and planets
are shown on the bottom. Von Spaeth suggests the planets show a conjunction of all the
planets, except Mars, in 1534 BC. Later tombs duplicate this arrangement when the
conjunction is repeated (with Mars).
:: jno Cook, - Saturnian Cosmology - Appendix: Notes on the chronology, -
saturniancosmology.org/chron.php - & - jno@saturniancosmology.org - (5.Aug,2007).
(1300EN#16)
The precession half the way around is 12,960 years
www.ciamarra.com/cctop.html : -
Egyptians told Greeks about earth getting rocked at repeated predictable long intervals.
Atlantis last hit was around 9500 BC and science confirms earth rocked then. 1 illusion
precession backward orbit cycle round our visible zodiacs in Milky Way takes 25,920 years.
Our solar system is affect by a binary orbit - 2 suns. 2 points on ecliptic are closest every
1/2 precession cycle which currently is 12,960 years is the base cycle of the biggest diasters
occur here (this phd confirms it here) in our orbit in this precession cycle, depending where
the poles are on nutation and ellipse eccentricity a cycle called Milankovich which is above
precession.
Concerning ancient Egypt: hall of records ; osiris ;
senmut map ( http://www.moses-egypt.net/star-map/senmut5-world-axis_en.asp );
senmut map2 ( http://www.moses-egypt.net/star-map/senmut4-history_en.asp ) .......
Email me if you have any questions at: Clemente@Ciamarra.com
:: Clemente, - www.ciamarra.com/cctop.html - Clemente@Ciamarra.com -
(Spring.2007).
(1300EN#17)
Horrible event and heliacal Sirius on Pharmuthi 26th
In a book printed in 1982, I found a statement that something horrible occurred in Egypt in a
year when the heliacal rising of Sirius occurred on the date Pharmuthi 26. Yes, I have tried to
contact the author.
When Persia invaded Egypt, the heliacal rising of Sirius presumably occurred on
Pharmuthi 26. But I have the impression that the story is older. Which would mean that the
horrible event occurred in the mid or late 19th century BCE.
Some early printed books mention either a comet or the Greek god Phaethon at this
time, but none mention month or day. I have checked Manetho, and for dynasty 12 he
makes clear that there was one king which later became legendary. But, not any text to my
knowledge mentions Pharmuthi 26.
I checked on the internet, but only found that many early Christians in Egypt believed
that Jesus was born or alternatively died on Pharmuthi 24, 25 or 26. Since you are so familiar
with the relevant literature, I guessed you have seen the "Pharmuthi 26" story somewhere.
From Pharaoh Sesostris III an indication exists that Sirius had its heliacal rise during the
month of Pharmuthi.
:: Göran Johansson, - Astronomer, Sweden. - Sun 23 May 2010 19:41 - (23.May.2010).
66
###
-- Thanks for the interesting information. - Preliminarily I can say that the dates of Pharmuthi
24, 25, or 26 certainly have to do with Easter (and thus the crucifixion of Jesus - obviously
correct, according to the early Christians of Egypt) since the Pharmuthi is the eighth months
in the Coptic calendar (being Pa-n-mn-t or Renwet as the Egyptian eighth month) and is
placed from approx. 27th March till 25th April.
Regarding the incident in the 1800's BC, I am having this examined by Egyptology. But it
was hard to find something here in this case. I will let you know if more can be discovered.
But is your source correct? Sirius rises heliacally (with the Sun rising) after the famous 70
days ("the dog days"), i.e. in August and probably not in April. We should obtain more
information.
In a later part of Egyptian history, when Parmuthi was a spring month, an existing source
has 27th Parmutit as: "End of the World by Sekhmet".
It seems that the "terrible day" is a festival of the dreaded goddess with lion's head,
Sekhmet. Maybe in this context it's just the featuring of the expression "terrible" that could
have made some misunderstanding to develop.
Regarding Pharaoh Sesostris III: -- Khakhaure Senusret III (also written as Senwosret III or
Sesostris III) was a Pharaoh of Egypt ruling from 1878 BC to 1839 BC.
:: Ove von Spaeth -
###
Thank you very much. I tried to find the book you wrote about ancient Egyptian
astronomy but unfortunately had no Swedish research libraries bought it.
I think you have largely solved the problem. My source of Pharmuthi 26th has ccidentally
pict the wrong day. So instead he should have written Pharmuthi 27th.
If the festival was known and practised in 1800 BC, or earlier, the event would of course
be related to the year when Sirius had his heliacal rise on that particular date.
:: Göran Johansson, - Astronomer, Sweden. - Mon 24 May 2010 20:23 -
(24.May.2010).
* * *
67
PART 6
>|<
68
>|<
>>>>>>>|<<<<<<<
Bibliography - and Extensive bibliography
69
The goddess Isis in two aspects - as a goddess

for the Sirius Star and the sky goddess
Hathor - they sit on their thrones in heaven
in her celestial barque, which also carries the
Horus child. - Decoration on the star ceiling in
the Hathor Temple, Denderah, of the 200’s BC.
Part 6
Bibliography
and Extensive bibliography - a large scale
literature collection on Egyptian astronomy
* * *
70
Bibliography
Bibliography intro
The sources stated in the texts can also be found in the bibliography (in its small first part), which
has been extended with secondary and background literature - and is the so far one of the most
comprehensive collections about the subject. It includes some ancient astro-religious texts.
The supplementary works of the bibliography especially about Egyptology, anthropology,
history of religion, archaeology, and astronomical dating are contributing to a necessary
interdisciplinary general impression. The presented bibliography is part of a larger bibliography
concept, published in Ove von Spaeth's book-series about the historical Moses, “Assassinating
Moses, Vols. 1-5”, cf. - www.moses-egypt.net/book-series/moses-survey_en.asp .
In case you cannot find a special item - try for instance Gary D. Thompson's excellent
collection: "An Annotated Bibliography Of Studies of Occidental Constellations and Star Names
to the Classical Period", - cf. http://members.optusnet.com.au/~gtosiris/page4.html .
Concerning a special field, i.e. the so-called Star of Bethlehem, a huge amount of literature
exists. Already hundred years ago, in F.K. Ginzel: Handbuch der mathematischen Chronologie,
Band 1-3, Berlin 1906-1914, there is published a large list.
The growing amount of relevant literature is carefully listed by astronomer Robert Harry
van Gent, Professor in Historical Astronomy, at the Institute for History and Foundations of
Mathematics and the Natural Sciences, at Utrecht University, Holland. His comprising "Star
of Bethlehem Bibliography" is to be found on this address:
http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/stellamagorum/stellamagorum.htm .
Last update of the presented Bibliography: January 2005
CONTENTS: Standard abbreviations for international scientific works and journals
1: Ancient Astronomy and Star Mythology: Egyptian astronomy tradition
2: Chronology and Astronomical Dating:
I: Egyptian chronology - & - II: Egypt - astronomical dating and calendars
Standard abbreviations for the following international scientific works and journals:
AJSL : American Journal of the Semitic Languages and Literatures, (Chicago U.P.).
ASAE : Annales du Service des Antiquités de l'Egypte.
ATD : Das Alte Testament Deutsch, (Göttingen).
BASOR : Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, (Jerusalem / Baghdad).
BMMA : Bulletin of The Metropolitan Museum of Art, (New York).
CAH : The Cambridge Ancient History, vols. 1-12, 3rd edition (Cambridge 1969-1988).
IDB : The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible, vols. 1-4, (Nashville 1962) + Suppl. (1976).
JAOS : Journal of the American Oriental Society.
JARCE : Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt.
JBL : Journal of Biblical Literature, (Philadelphia).
JEA : The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, (London).
JNES : Journal of Near Eastern Studies, (Chicago U.P.).
JSOT : Journal for Study of The Old Testament, (Sheffield).
HTR : Harvard Theological Review, (Harvard U.P., Cambridge, Mass.).
LA : Lexicon der Ägyptologie, (Eberhard & Helck) Band 1-7 + Suppl. (Wiesbaden 1975-1992).
PSBA : Proceedings of The Society of Biblical Archæology, (London).
PW : Pauly-Wissowa's Real-Enzyklopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, Band 1-84,
(Stuttgart 1894-1980).
RGG : Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart, Band 1-7, (Tübingen 1960).
VT : Vetus Testamentum, (Leiden).
ZÄS : Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde, (Berlin).
ZAW : Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft.
ZDMG : Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, (Leipzig).
71
Bibliography - referenced works, but not all mentioned in the larger collection (below)
Lockyer, Norman: The Dawn of Astronomy, London (1895), repr. 1964.

Robins, Gay, & Charles Shute: The Rhind mathematical papyrus : an ancient Egyptian text, incl.
bibliographical references, British Museum Publications, London 1987, repr. Dover, New York 1990.
Spaeth, Ove von: Dating the Oldest Egyptian Star Map, "Centaurus International Magazine of the
History of Mathematics, Science, and Technology", Vol. 42;3, 2000, pp. 159-179.
- - : The Enigmatic Son of Pharaoh’s Daughter; Moses' Identity and Mystery Re-evaluated, "Assassinating
Moses", II, Copenhagen 2000.
- - : Star knowledge in ancient Egypt, Swedano Journal, no.6, 2nd yr., Feb.2003, pp.47-59.
Spence, Kate: Ancient Egyptian Chronology and the Astronomical Orientation of Pyramids, Nature, Vol. 408,
16 Nov. 2000, pp.320-324.
Wide-ranging bibliography - large-scale literature collection on Egyptian astronomy
Ancient Astronomy and Star Mythology

I: EGYPTIAN ASTRONOMY TRADITION
Abraham, George: The Motion of Mars in Egyptian Planetary Tables, Archive for the History of Exact
Sciences, 30, 1984, pp. 1-6.
Allen, David H.: An Astronomer's Impression of Ancient Egyptian Constellations, Sky & Telescope, 54, 1977,
pp. 15-19.
Allen, E. Brown: A Coptic Solar Eclipse Record, JAOS, 67, 1947, pp. 267-269. .
Anthes, Rudolf: Orion, Fuss und Zehe, in: Festschrift: Siegfried Schott, 1968, pp. 1-6.
Assmann, Jan: Das Doppelgesicht der Zeit im altägyptischen Denken, in: Die Zeit, Schriften der Carl Friedrich
von Siemens Stiftung, 6, (Oldenbourg), Wien, 1983, pp. 189-223.
Badawy, Alexander: The Stellar Destiny of Pharaoh and the So-Called Airshafts of the Cheops' Pyramid,
Mitteilungen des Instituts für Orientforschung der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaft zu Berlin, Band
10, 1964, pp. 198-206.
Badawy Barguet, Paul: Le cycle lunaire d'après deux textes d'Edfou, Revue d'Égyptologie, 29, 1977, pp. 14-20. .
Barta, Winifred: Funktion und Lokalisierung der Zirkumpolarsterne in den Pyramidentexten, ZÄS, 107, 1980,
pp. 1-4.
Barton, Tamsyn: Ancient Astrology, Sciences of Antiquity, London 1994.
Bauval, Robert G.: The Master Plan for the Three Pyramids of Giza based on the Configuration of the Three
Stars of the of Orion, Discussions in Egyptology, 13.
- - & Adrian Gilbert: The Orion Mystery, London/New York 1994.
Bigel, Rebekha Aleida: Zur Astrognosie der Alten Ägypten, Inaugural-Dissertation, Zürich Universität, 1921.
Borchardt, Ludwig: Altägyptische Sonnenuhren, ZÄS, vol. 48, 1911.
- - : Altegyptische Zeitmessung, Berlin 1920.
- - : Ein altägyptisches Instrument, ZÄS, vol. 37, 1899, pp. 10-17.
Brugsch, Heinrich: Thesaurus inscriptorum aegyptiacarum, Abteilung 1: "Astronomische und astrologische
Inschriften altägyptischer Denkmäler", Leipzig 1883.
- - : Über ein neu entdecktes astronomisches Denkmal aus der Thebanischen Nekropolis, Zeitschrift der
Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, 14, 1860, pp. 15-28.
Bruins, E.M.: Egyptian Astronomy, Janus, 52, 1965, pp. 161-180.
Bull, Ludlow S.: An Ancient Egyptian Ceiling-Decoration, BMMA, vol. 18, 1927, pp. 283-286.
Böker, R.: Über Namen und Identifizierung der ägyptischen Dekane, (edited by F. Schmeidler), Centaurus 27,
1984, pp. 189-217.
Capart, J.: Tables astronomiques d'Assiout, Chronique d'Égypte, No. 15, Bruxelles 1933, pp. 69-77.
Cerny, Jaroslav: A Possible Egyptian Word for "Astronomer", JEA, 49, 1963, p. 173.
Chadwick, Robert: The So-Called 'Orion Mystery', KMT 7,3, (fall) 1996, pp. 74-83.
Chatley, Herbert: Egyptian Astronomy, JEA, 26, 1940, pp. 120-126.
- - : The Egyptian Celestial Diagram, The Observatory, No. 790, May 1940, pp. 70-73.
Cook, Robin J.: The Horizon of Khufu: The Pyramids of Giza and the Geometry of Heaven, London 1996.
- - : A Note on the Geometry of the Star-Shafts in the Pyramid of Khufu, Discussions in Egyptology, 36, 1996,
pp. 21-23.
- - : The Stellar Geometry of the Great Pyramid, Discussions in Egyptology, 29, 1994.
Cumont, Frans: L'Égypte des Astrologues, Bruxelles 1937.
Dalgas Christiansen, H.: Decanal Star Tables for Lunar Houses in Egypt?, Centaurus, vol. 35, 1992, pp. 1-27.
72
Daressy, Georges: Une ancienne liste de decans égyptiens, ASAE, vol. 1, Le Caire 1900, pp. 79-90.
- - : Deux clepsydres antiques, Bulletin de l'Institut d'Égypte, sér. 5,9, 1915, pp. 5-16.
- - : L'Égypte céleste, Bulletin de l'Institut francais d'archaéologie orientale du Caire, 12, 1915, pp. 1-34.
Davis, Virginia Lee: Identifying Ancient Egyptian Constellations, Achaeo-Astronomy, No. 9 (The Journal of
History of Astronomy, vol. 16), 1985, pp. S102-S104.
Desroches-Noblecourt, Christiane: Le zodiaque de Pharaon, Archeologia, Dijon, 292, 1993, pp. 20-45.
Festugière, A.-J.: L'Astrologie et les Sciences Occulte (La Révélation d'Hermès Trismégiste, vol. 1, 1950), Paris
(1945-)1950-1954.
Flechenstein-Gallo, Joachim-Otto: Papyrology and Sources in Astronomical History, Vistas In Astronomy, vol.
9, 1966, pp. 151-155.
Fourier, Jean-Baptiste Joseph: Premier mémoire sur les monumens astronomique de l'Égypte, Description de
l'Égypte, (tome 2, Paris 1818, pp. 71-86), 2. ed., vol. 9, Paris 1829, pp. 43-74.
Gensler, F.W.C.: Thebanischen Tafeln Stündlicher Sternaufgänge, Leipzig 1872.
Gingerich, Owen: Ancient Egyptian Sky Magic, Sky and Telescope, vol. 65, 1983, pp. 418-420.
Goyon, Georges: Le grand cercle d'or du temple d'Osymandyas, BIFAO, 76, 1976, pp. 289-300.
Gundel, Wilhelm: Dekane und Dekansternbilder. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Sternbilder der Kulturvölker,
Studien der Bibliothek Warburg, 19, Glückstadt 1936.
- - : Neue astrologische Texte des Hermes Trismegistos, Abhandlung der Bayerische Akademie Akademie der
Wissenschaften, Philologisch-historische Abteilung, Neue Folge: Heft 12, München 1936.
- - : Sirius, PW, 2. Reihe, Band II.A.1, Stuttgart 1927, col. 314-351.
Henne, Willibald: Bemerkungen zum heliakischen Aufgang der Sothis, ZÄS, 119, 1992, pp. 10-21.
Hornung, Erik: Zur Bedeutung der Ägyptischen Dekangestirne, Göttinger Miszellen, 17, 1975, pp. 33-37.
Hönig, Werner: Cheopspyramide: Der Sonnenweg an 12 Stunden des Tages, Discussions in Egyptology, 36, 45-
47.
Jones, Alexander: More Papyrus Horoscopes, (from Egypt), (review: "Oroscopi Greci", Messina 1992), The
Journal of History of Astronomy, vol. 28, 1997, pp. 89-90
Kàkosy, Làszlo: Sothis, LA, vol. 5, 1984, col. 1110-1117.
Krauss, Rolf: Astronomische Koncepte und Jenseitsvorstellungen in den Pyramidentexten, Wiesbaden 1997.
Krupp, Edwin: Egyptian Astronomy: A Tale of Temples, Tradition, and Tombs, in: Edwin Krupp (Hrsg.):
"Archaeoastronomy and the Roots of Science", AAAS Selected Symposium Series, 71, Westview Press,
Boulder (CO), 1984, pp. 289-329.
Krupp, E.C.: From Here to Eternity, Sky & Telescope, February 2000, pp. 87-89.
Lange, H.O., & Otto Neugebauer: Papyrus Carlsberg No. 1. Ein hieratisch-demotischer kosmologischer Text,
Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Historisk-filologiske Skrifter, Bind 1 Nr. 2, København
1940.
Lauer, Jean Phillipe: Review of Zbynek Zába: L'orientation astronomique dans l'ancienne Égypte, et la
précession de l'axe du monde, BIFAO, 60, 1960, pp. 171-183.
Legon, John A.R.: The Orion Correlation and Air-Shaft Theories, Discussions in Egyptology, 33, 1995, pp. 45-
56.
- - : Robin Cook: The Horizon of Khufu... the Geometry of Heaven, Discussions in Egyptology, 37, 1997, pp.
119-126.
Leitz, Christian: Studien zur Ägyptischen Astronomie, Ägyptologische Abhandlungen, 2. verbess.Auflage, Band
49, Wiesbaden (1989) 1991.
- - : Tagewälerei: Das Buch "h3t nhh ph dt" und verwandte Texte, Ägyptologische Abhandlungen, Band 55,
Wiesbaden 1994.
Locher, Kurt: A Conjecture Concerning the Early Egyptian Constellation of the Sheep, Archaeoastronomy, 3, -
Suppl. to Journal for the History of Astronomy, 12, 1981, pp. 173-175.75-76.
- - : The Ecliptic in Ancient Egypt, (review: Rolf Krauss "Astronomische Koncepte..."), Journ.of History of
Astronomy, vol.30, 1999, p75-76
- - : A Further Coffin-Lid with a Diagonal Star-Clock from the Egyptian Middle Kingdom, Journal for the
History of Astronomy, 14, 1983, pp. 141-144.
- - : Probable Identifications of the Ancient Egyptian Circumpolar Constellations, Archaeo-Astronomy, No.
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Chronology and Astronomical Dating

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1937, pp. 188-197.
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Kairo, 28, 1972.
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Altertumskunde Ägyptens, 18. Band, Berlin 1956.
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Band 2, Wiesbaden 1964.
James, T.G.H.: Egypt: From the Expulsion of the Hyksos to Amenophis I, CAH, 3rd. ed., vol. 2, part 1, 1973, pp.
289-313 (p. 308).
Kemp, Barry: Egyptian Radiocarbon Dating: A Reply to James Mellaart, Antiquity, vol. 54, 210, 1980, pp. 25-
28.
Kitchen, Kenneth A., & Wolfgang Helck & Erik Hornung et al.: High, Middle or Low?, I-II, Acts of
International Colloquium on Absolute Chronology Held at the University of Gothenburg 20th-22nd August
1987, Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology and Literature, Book 56, Gothenburg 1987.
Krauss, Rolf: Das Kalendarium des Papyrus Ebers und seine chronologische Verwertbarkeit, Ägypten und
Levante, 3, 1992, pp.75-96.
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ägyptologische Beiträge, Nr. 7, Hildesheim 1978.
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Hildesheim, 1985.
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Langmann, Gerhard, & Gunther Hölbl, & Maria Firneis: Die ägyptische Wasserauslaufuhr aus Ephesos,
Jahreshefte des Österreichischen archäologischen Instituts, 55, 1984, pp. 4-67.
Leitz, Christian: Die Nacht des Kindes in seinem Nest in Denderah. ZÄS, 120, 1993, pp. 136-165 & 181..
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1976, pp. 30-48.
Luft, Ulrich: Die Chronologische Fixierung des ägyptischen Mittleren Reiches nach dem Tempelarchiv von
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von Mackensen, Ludolf: Neue Ergebnisse zur ägyptischen Zeitmessung: Die Inbetriebnahme und Berechnung
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Macnaughton, Duncan: A Scheme of Egyptian Chronology, London 1932.
Manetho: Aegyptiaca, - see: Manetho, group 2a.
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76
Mellaart, James: Egyptian and Near Eastern Chronology: a Dilemma?, Antiquity, vol. 53, 207, 1979, pp. 6-18.
Meyer, Eduard: Ägyptische Chronologie, Philosophische und Historische Abhandlungen der Königlichen
Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin 1904.
Murnane, William J.: Ancient Egyptian Coregencies, SAOC, 40, 1977, pp. 8-23, 117-123.
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ColumbiaUniv., vol.3, 1970-1971.
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Civilization, No. 39, 1976-77, pp. 166-167.
Nims, Charles F.: The Date of the Dishonoring of Hatshepsut, ZÄS, 93, 1966-1967, pp. 97-100.
Petty, William: Redating the Reign of Hatshepsut, KMT, A Modern Journal of Ancient Egypt, vol. 13, No. 4,
2002-2003, pp.49-57.
Read, John G.: Chronological Placement for Thutmose III, Amenhotep II, Rameses II, and the Third
Dynasty, Discussions in Egyptology, 36, 1996, pp. 103-117.
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87-113.
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Redford, Donald B.: The Coregency of Tuthmosis II and Amenhophis II, JEA, vol. 51, 1965, pp. 108-121.
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Rowton, M.B.: Comparative Chronology of at the Time of Dynasty XIX, JNES, 19, 1960, pp. 15ff.
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Schott, Siegfried: Altägyptische Festdaten, Akademie der Wissenshaften und Literatur, Jahrg. 50, No. 10,
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Sethe, Kurt: Altes und Neues Geschichte der Thronstreitigkeiten unter den Nachfolgern Tuthmosis' I, ZÄS,
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Spalinger, Anthony J.: Dates in Ancient Egypt, Studien zur altägyptischen Kultur, Band 15, Hamburg 1988, pp.
255-276.
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II: EGYPT - ASTRONOMICAL DATING AND CALENDARS
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Dawson, Warren R.: Some Observations on the Egyptian Calendars of Lucky and Unlucky Days, JEA, 12, 1926,
pp. 260-264.
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Fotheringham, D.R.: Some Considerations Regarding Professor Petrie's Egyptian Chronology, PSBA, vol. 18,
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Helck, Wolfgang: Erneut das angebliche Sothis-datum des Pap. Ebers und die Chronologie der 18.
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Huber, Peter J.: Dating by Lunar Eclipse Omina. With Speculations on the Birth of Omen Astrology, Essays on
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Leitz, Christian: (Datierung:) Das Grab des Senenmut - se group 11,I: Leitz' "Studien zur Ägyptischen
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Lortet, M.: Calendrier Cophte, Mémoirs de l'Académie des Sciences... de Lyon, Nouvelle Série, Classe des
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Civilization, No. 39, 1976-77, pp. 166-167.
O'Neil, W.M: The Egyptian Civil Year: Its Possible Origins and the Sothic Cycle, Australian Journ.of Biblical
Archaeology, 2, 1973, p.3-15.
van Oosterhout, G. W.: Sirius, Venus and the Egyptian Calendar. DE, 27, 1993, pp. 83-96
Nims, Charles F.: The Date of the Dishonoring of Hatshepsut, ZÄS, 93, 1966-1967, pp. 97-100.
Neugebauer, Otto: Die Bedeutungslosigkeit der 'Sothisperiode' für die älteste ägyptische Chronologie, Acta
Orientalia,vol.17,1938, 169-195
- - : The Origin of the Egyptian Calendar, JNES, vol. 1, 1942, pp. 346-403.
van Oosterhout, G.W.: Sirius, Venus and the Egyptian Calendar, Discussions in Egyptology, 27, 1993, pp. 83-
96.
78
von Oppolzer, Theodor: Über Sothisperiode und das Siriusjahr der Aegypter, Wien 1884.
Parker, Richard A.: The beginning of the Lunar Month in Ancient Egypt, JNES, vol. 29, 1970, pp. 217-220.
- - : The Calendars and Chronology, in: J.R. Harris (ed.): "The Legacy of Egypt", 2nd ed., (Clarendon), Oxford
1971, pp. 13-26.
- - : The Calendars of Ancient Egypt, Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilisation, vol. 26, Chicago 1950.
- - : The Lunar Dates of Tuthmosis III and Ramses II, JNES, vol. 16, 1957, pp. 37-43.
- - : The Name of the 16th Day of the Lunar Month, JNES, vol. 12, 1950.
- - : Once Again the Co-regency of Tuthmosis III and Amenhotep II, Studies in Honor of John A. Wilson,
Studies of Ancient Oriental Civilizations No. 35, Chicago 1969, pp. 75-82.
- - : The Problem of the Month-Names: A Reply, Revue d'Égyptologie, 11, 1957, pp. 85-107.
- - : Sotic Dates and Calendar 'Ajustment', Revue Égyptologie, 9, 1952, pp. 101-108.
- - : The Sothic Dating of the Twelfth and Eighteenth Dynasties, Studies in Honor of George R. Hughes, Studies
in Ancient Oriental Civilization, No. 39, 1976-77, pp. 177-189.
Pellat, Ch.: Cinq calendriers égyptienes, Texte Arabes et Études Islamiques, 26, Le Caire 1986.
Pochan, André: Les datations dans l'Égypte ancienne: Leur exploitation chronologique, Discussion of Egyptian
Calendrical Systems, BSFE, 55, 1969, pp. 12-23.
Pogo, Alexandre: Calendars on Coffin Lids From Asyut. (Second half of the third millennium), Isis, vol. 17,
1932, pp. 6-24.
- - : Der Kalender auf dem Sargdeckel des Idy in Tübingen, (W. Gundel:) "Dekane und Dekansternbilder",
Studien der Bibliothek Warburg, 19, 1936, pp. 22-26.
- - : Three Unpublished Calendars From Asyut, Osiris, vol. 1, Brussel 1936, pp. 500-509.
Posener, Georges: Sur quelques erreurs dans les calendriers des jours fastes et néfastes, Revue d'Égyptologie,
24, 1972, pp. 142-146.
Reese, Ronald Lane: Midwinter Sunrise at El Karnak, Sky & Telescope, March 1992, pp. 276-278.
Renouf, Peter le Page: Calendar of Astronomical Observations Found in Royal Tombs of the XXth
Dynasty, "The Life-Work of Sir Peter le Page Renouf", vol. 3, Paris 1905, pp. 97-119.
Rose, L.E.: The Astronomical Evidence for Dating the End of The Middle Kingdom of Ancient Egypt to the
Early Second Millenium: A Reassesment, JNES, 53, 1994, pp. 237ff.
Schoch, Karl: Die Länge der Sothisperiode, Berlin-Steiglitz 1928.
- - : Syzygientafeln von K. Schoch, (rev. P.V. Neugebauer), Astronomische Abhandlungen, Ergänzungshefte zu
den Astromischen Nachrichten, Band 8, Nr. 2, Altona 1930.
Serjeant, R.B.: Star-Calendars and an Almanach from South-West Arabia, Anthropos, 49, 1954, pp. 433-459.
Sethe, Kurt: Die Zeitrechnung der alten Aegypter im Verhältnis zu der anderen Völker, Eine
entwicklungsgeschichtliche Studie. NGWG, 1919, pp. 287-320; & 1920, pp. 28-55, 97-141.
- - : Die Zeitrechnung der alten Aegypter im Verhältnis zu der anderen Völker, Quellen und Forschn. zur
Zeitbestimmung, II, Kairo 1935.
von Spaeth, Ove: Dating the Oldest Egyptian Star Map, Centaurus International Magazine of the History of
Mathematics, Science, and Technology, vol. 42;3, 2000, pp. 159-179.
von Spalinger, Anthony: Notes on the Ancient Egyptian Calendar, Or, 64, 1, 1995, pp. 17-32.
Till, Walter C.: Die Wochentagsnamen im Koptischen, Publications de l'Institut d'Etudes orientales de la
Bibliothèque patriarcale d'Alexandrie, 2, 1953, pp. 101-110.
van der Waerden, B.L.: Aegyptische Planetenrechnung, Centaurus, vol. 16, 1974, pp. 65-91.
- - : Egyptian 'Eternal' Tables, Proceedings: Koninklijke Nederlandsche Akademie v. Wettenschappen, No. 50,
1947, p536-547 & 782-788.
- - : Greek Astronomical Calendars. IV.: The Egyptians and Their 'Perpetual Tables', Archv. for History of
Exact Sciences, vol. 32,II, 1985.
- - : Tables for the Egyptian and Alexandrian Calendar, Isis International Review Devoted to the History of
Science, 47, 4, 1956, p387-390
- - : The Motion of Venus in Greek, Egyptian and Indian Texts, Centaurus, 31,2, 1988, pp. 105-113.
Wassef, Cérès Wissa: Le calendrier copte, de l'antiquité à nos jours, JNES, 30, 1971, pp. 1-48.
Weill, Raymond: "L'année dérangée" et "l'année correcté" dans la littérature, Revue d'Égyptologie, 5, 1946, pp.
255-256.
- - : Double datation calendérique, en année mobile et année sothiaque fixe, dans les documents religieux
officiels de l'époque grecque, Revue d'Égyptologie, 6, 1951, pp. 224-225.
Winlock, Herbert E.: The Origin of the Ancient Egyptian Calender, Proceedings of the American Philosophical
Society, 83, 1940, p447-464.
Winter, E.: Zur frühesten Nennung der Epagomenentag und deren Stellung am Anfang des Jahres, Wiener
Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenländes, 56, 1960, pp. 262ff.
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PART 7
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Related books - Extended reading
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Double representation of sky-goddess Nut, exerpts

from religious text, the Book of the Sky – a ceiling
decoration in Pharaoh Ramses VI's tomb (KV9), from
the 19th dynasty, in Kings Valley, Theben.Luxor.
Part 7
Related books
Extended reading
Project
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82
OVERVIEW - the author and his works
Ove von Spaeth is a scholar, historian, writer and researcher; also an artist and graphic
designer. He was born and lives in Copenhagen, Denmark. In the 1970’s, Ove von Spaeth
began studying ancient history and religions and ancient astronomy. And in the 1980’s, a
study in depths of the world’s oldest star-map from Egypt - the ‘Senmut star-map’ - he
published in 1984 the first investigations, and in 1999-2000 he published some ground-
breaking results in Centaurus, the international history of science journal, vol.42.
The author’s treatise reveals that ancient Egyptians were not concerned merely to
represent astro-mythological features in star maps as aspects of their cosmology but also
to mirror specific events in the sky as and when they occurred. Supported by modern
astronomical computational methods, it opens up areas that have remained unexplored.
From the start this venture led him also to further studies on ancient Egypt resulting
in 1999-2005 in his five books on the historical Moses and the Egyptian background. The
books and the historical material develop the Egyptian context of Moses in greater detail
and outlines and deals with existing literary and extra-textual sources on the life of
Moses, the role of this biblical prophet as a military and religious leader, philosopher,
pioneer, and formulator of a code of law.
Von Spaeth's method also consists of bringing together ancient Hebrew texts, such as
ancient Rabbinical Writings and Egyptian inscriptions and manuscripts for comparing the
accounts for cross-references with regard to specific events in Egyptian history. From this
as well from the astronomical records, the author suggests that these sources (including
Josephus and Manetho) complement each other in supporting the view that Moses was
an exiled prince, while mostly official records of his existence were systematically erased.
The Book-series on researching the historical Moses:
• "De Fortrængte Optegnelser : Moses' ukendte egyptiske baggrund" (The Suppressed
Record), Assassinating Moses, Vol.1, Copenhagen, 1999, & 2004, - (ISBN 87-7876-124-7).
• "Gåden om Faraos Datters Søn : Moses' identitet og mysterium revurderet" (Enigmatic
Son of Pharaoh's Daughter ), Assassinating Moses, Vol. 2, 2000, - (ISBN 87-7876-195-6).
• "Den Forsvundne Efterfølger : Moses' skjulte krig før og under Exodus genopdaget" (The
Vanished Successor), Assassinating Moses, Vol.3, Copenh., 2001, - (ISBN 87-7876-259-6).
• "Den Hemmelige Religion : Moses og arven fra Egypten i fortid og nutid" (The Secret
Religion), Assassinating Moses, Vol.4, Copenhagen, 2004, - (ISBN 87-7876-240-1).
• "Profeten som Ukendt Geni : Ny viden om Moses' avancerede pionergerning" (Illumina-
ting Moses the Advanced Pioneer), Assass. Moses, Vol. 5, 2005, - (ISBN 87-7876-393-2).
Treatises and other Papers:
• "Dating the Oldest Egyptian Star Map", (Aarhus University and) Blackwell/Munksgaard,
Copenhagen, 2000, - pp.159-179, - (ISSN 0008-8984).
• "Astronomical code key for exact dates in Tycho Brahe’s 'Urania Titani': Et digt om Sophie
Brahe" (in'Urania Titani': a poem about Sophie Brahe), a critical edition with translation by
Peter Zeeberg, Museum Tusculanum, Copenh., 1994, pp.311-321, (ISBN: 87-7289-278-1).
• "Historiske stjernekort" (Historical Star Maps), Nord.Astronom.Tidsskr.13-14,1980,179-180
• Critical notes with Introduction and Glossary for Gunnar Raman's scientific Danish version
of "Patanjalis Yoga Sutras" including the classical comments, Strubes Publishers, Copenh.,
1968, pp.9-13, 91-95.
Other Books and E-books:
• "Billeder af Byer" (Images of Cities), Strubes Forlag, Copenhagen, 1966, reprint 1969.
• "Psychedeliske '67" (Psychedelic '67), Strubes Forlag, Copenhagen, 1967, extd. ed. 1969.
• Internet based: over 30 e-books on history, astronomy, art, religions: www.moses-
egypt.net
:: Anu Kumar, Ph.D. in English Literature, Pittsburgh University; M.A. in Sanskrit Studies,
Copenhagen University; Associate Professor in Hindi, Aarhus University, - (30.Nov.2011).
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Relates e-books of the Ove von Spaeth's series
.
www.moses-egypt.net
Star cults and the World-axis

By OVE VON SPAETH e-book-1500EN | ISBN 978-87-89171-46-3
The World-axis and cosmology: In the ancient cultic societies a particular concept
in the context of religion and star knowledge emerges time and again - the World-axis,
the World Tree, or World pillar - known by the Babylonians, Philistines, Indians,
Chinese, and Celtic, Norse, Germanic and Samic - people.
Hitherto, historians have not really discovered or studied the old ideas about the
World-axis and the importance of its context in history.
Star Tradition from a Mysterious Past

Even today it is possible to find many clear traces of a very early knowledge of
the stars. The traces can now be presented with contexts which were not possible to
show previously.
It seems that there was once a prevailing world-wide astro-mythological knowledge
which was based on several common ideas in a cosmological system. This was
often infused with religious significance.
Regents, Admirals and the Royal Astrologers

All through history, until the 1800's, astrology played a significant role behind
politics and economics. It was also related in natural ways to everyday life almost as
a religion.
Astrology was also an element in philosophy. Often astrology is hardly mentioned
in the history books, which would be like excluding significant parts of the Catholic
Church's role and presence in cultural history.

Religious ideas about the stars were infused with astronomy in Babylonia, but how
far-reaching or integral were the original understandings of the starry skies in Egypt's
5,000 year-old culture? Scholars have doubted whether the ancient Egyptians were
able to predict eclipses.
In all early civilizations, eclipses were considered important. We discover that
Egypt's astronomical knowledge is far more integral than expected.
Entrance to Knowledge of "All Existing Things"

Astronomical knowledge and sciences of the ancient Egyptians prove to be both
highly developed and accordant, in unexpected ways, as a real factor in their religious
and spiritual domains. The teachings for initiates included the art of astronomy,
architecture, and especially advanced geometry.
Among all stargazers of the past, the starry world was a sacred science. In their
temples, the Egyptians had impressive archives on astronomy.
The book series were made possible by support by free donation, but a fee is mandatory for institutions and business. - Info :
84
Appendix
Extended reading
A Source of Wealth - Extended Admission

The presented subjects are exponents of Ove von Spaeth's books and articles which open up -
and are continuously documenting - essential aspects of our heritage and its adhering spiritual
resource. Here are many valuable sources of information hitherto underexposed but are
absolutely indispensable for our historical insight and the yields from the values.
In the modern society under rapid change it is of vital importance that connections with
the ancient cultures are maintained and appreciated, and that perception is expanded, so both
today and in future we can use and further develop the surviving heritage of knowledge. The
Bible, the worldwide basis of many religions and philosophical lines, is in the new millennium
subject to increasing debate. Often the historical-biblical events are dismissed as myths.
Behind this, however, knowledge exists based on a rich culture of the past, which should
not be neglected or lost: an immediate risk because much of the ancient information preserved
till present times has often been confused with myths. In order to present yet more new know-
ledge from the many diversified fields the author has carried out his special project.
About Advanced Ancient Knowledge, Onward to New Knowledge

By Ove von Spaeth's presentation of valuable, often neglected materials, not least on ancient
Egypt and the historical Moses - often left behind by conventional research - the material now
became a challenging factor by its very existence. Profusion of the material results in a critical
mass with the effect of comprising, strong confrontation against common, habitually based
theories. It resulted in an open clinch with ruling ideas in these fields, e.g. by the theologians.
According to the author, the "two cultures" of the present - i.e. the spiritual and the
physical sciences - after their separation introduced during the Age of Enlightenment as a
necessity for the later modern development - now have to get into interaction again and into
redefinition on the basis of the new knowledge of human beings.
“… the author is also able to prove a very close connection between the ancient Egyptian
perception of the world and a modern perceived realistic initiation psychology, this breathing new
life and meaning into the gradually sectarian, petrified Christianity. In fact, via Ove von Spaeth
the Moses of 3,500 years ago becomes a life-giving source for modern people …”
- Jurij Moskvitin, philosopher, writer, compositor, mathematician.
Also Important in History of Ideas

The author’s work is not only spurred on by a huge knowledge, but also by an inspiring
enthusiasm and culture-historical horizon with far-reaching perspectives - and the works
are also mentioned as being important in relation to decisive concepts and traditions within
common religion phenomenology and the very history of science and learning. Many of
these subjects in the cultural history he disseminates also through meticulously worked
out e-books.
http://www.moses-egypt.net
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Ancient and present wisdom on man and universe in interaction
During the oldest ages, cosmology with time and space and the starry world was a part
of the religion, and stellar observatories were also sacred cult places. The sun with power
and heat as the basis for life's blooming, and the Moon with its changing phases and with
the impact on water supply and likewise a basis for biological life - both were the subjects
of worship. And the great philosophers, from Plato to Kant and Einstein, were always
interested in the starry universe and the entire cosmos.
Astronomy is known with much right as 'the mother of sciences'. And not least, astronomical
studies carried out in Antiquity’s great cultural nations contributed much in this field. Up
to the Renaissance, an almost unbroken tradition had been in existence. On the whole the
topics about celestial science and knowledge of the stars were together included in the world
picture from far back in ancient times. But several thousand years later the new science
and ideas in the Renaissance gradually extended the understanding. However, almost
simultaneously it also scattered the unified whole picture into a vigorous polarization, i.e.
in a physical world and a spiritual world - with still more weight put on the first item.
However, a world as being only a physical and bio-mechanical “machine” would necessarily
have to appear with a much too narrow picture of reality and explanation potential. A
major part of the ancient knowledge, not least about a special comprehension from the
star observations as a hereditary knowledge from Antiquity, became less understandable
on that new background and sometimes rather worthless - and easier forgotten.
Experience and knowledge arisen from studies of the firmament have been an extremely
important contribution to most of the spiritual knowledge of most the oldest cultures in
religious and secular fields from cosmology to advanced mathematics. From the ancient
Egyptians, Babylonians, and Greeks this legacy became our basis. If the overall continuity
erodes, the broadness of our idea of life and world will be limited. However, extensively
future science will be able to correct this and renew this important dimension.
Insight in the ancient knowledge is essential in order to understand many things in our
cultural heritage in the Western world. Ove von Spaeth has brought to light many of the
old data of the ancient astro-spiritual perceptions. He presents them in their larger context
in a series of works and e-books that can contribute to the renewal this important topic.
Among his works on the ancient star knowledge and history, the following are available:
From the ancient Egyptian world connection points with the Old Testament universe - and
in a continued stretch further through ancient, medieval and in particular the Renaissance
up to our time - the reader is experiencing a fascinating and captivating journey through
the book's unique themes. From a new angle the books reveal important traces of an early
spiritual culture. Recognizable features are still in existence today in everyday language,
customs and laws. A continuously vibrant heritage which also delivers a more unusual
material that in itself challenges later tradition.
The author's works on the history and the old star knowledge: about 30 e-books available.
The works are accessed at the on-line pages for the author’s e-books: www-moses-egypt.net
"... This is a recommendation, a recommendation of an unusual piece of work, and the adjective
'unusual' should be taken in the most positive sense of the word imaginable. - This is an essential book
about Moses, truly a revolutionary work. - A stringent, disciplined work - and it reads like an exciting
novel; an epoch-making interpretation! ..."
Jes P. Asmussen, Ph.D. in Theology et h.c., Professor, The Carsten Niebuhr Institute for Near East
Studies, University of Copenhagen.
(the book’s appendix on discussions of sources:) "... I read the presentation with great interest. It is
logically and soundly structured and has many things to tell along the way - my compliments for that...”
Bent Melchior, former Chief Rabbi of Denmark, and Rabbi for the Jewish Community, Copenhagen.
---
Online lager: Lemuel-Books,www.lemuelbooks.com -&- Online netboghandel: Bog & Mystik: bog-mystik.dk
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The author’s project for history research - and his works
New Research - on the historical Moses, Egyptian cults, and pharaoh's astronomy
New knowledge behind history - Ove von Spaeth has carried out interdisciplinary research on
enigmatic Egypt and written a fascinating work providing new orientation on the historical
Moses’ exceptional life. The books bring to light unique insights previously not possible to show.
The enigma of Moses - re-evaluated! Historical Moses, his fate and mystery are presented
for the first time with its rich course of events. New data and discoveries regarding Moses’
true status and era. Amazing findings influence history with important extensions all the way
up to present time. The author’s books reveal Moses from new, unusual angles and give a
keen insight into ancient Egyptian mystery cults and initiation rituals and the traces of Egypt's
spiritual impact on the laws of architecture and pictorial arts. A convincing, appreciated work.
"... with unusual insight and understanding he explains the religious rationale behind innumerable phenomena
of history and present time … in a vivid yet logically structured and easily understood manner …"
- Jens-André P. Herbener, M.A. in Comparative Religion and Semitic Philology; Project leader, at The Royal
National Library of Denmark, of the New Scholarly Translation into Danish of the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament)
Online store: Lemuel-Books, www.lemuelbooks.com -&- online bookshop: Bog & Mystik: bog-mystik.dk
* * *
Ove von Spaeth's book-series about the historical Moses comprises:
The Suppressed Record: Moses' Unknown Egyptian Background
The book calls attention to a significant material depicting Moses as an Egyptian prince and
heir to the throne but deprived of his future position as pharaoh and forced into exile as a result
of complex intrigues and coups at the royal court of the pharaohs Hatshepsut and Thutmosis III
(ca. 1500 BC). Ove von Spaeth reveals the revolutionary attack on Moses and documents how
his life and his position were surprisingly different than previously thought.
New information and rare information are brought to light from Egyptian, Jewish, Greek,
Latin, Arabic and Indian sources. With particular focus on ancient Egyptian conditions
juxtaposed with archaeological investigations and astronomical dating in a grand synthesis.
(Ove von Spaeth, 1999 & 2004) - C.A. Reitzel Publishers, Copenhagen, - (ISBN 87-7876-124-7).
The Enigmatic Son of Pharaoh's Daughter: Moses' Identity and Mystery Re-evaluated
New reality behind the myth of Moses as an Egyptian pharaoh prince who was ousted in a
coup, had his reputation destroyed, and mysteriously disappeared. Important sources especially
from Egyptology and rabbinical Talmudic texts can demonstrate that Moses was born to Queen
Hatshepsut 3,500 years ago and rose to power as a high-ranking leader among the country's elite.
But when he, like his mother shortly after, was overthrown in a coup, most of the records of his
existence were systematically erased.
Von Spaeth brings to light a significant material that uncovers a starling great number of
parallels between Moses and Queen Hatshepsut's vizier, Senmut. More attention-arousing
findings, for the first time in an overall presentation, provide important clues to verify the
existence of Moses in Egypt 3,500 years ago.
(Ove von Spaeth, 2000) - C.A. Reitzel, Copenhagen, - (ISBN 87-7876-195-6).
The Vanished Successor: Moses' Hidden War before and during the Exodus
Rediscovered
In an important phase of the life of Moses as an exiled prince, he tries repeatedly to regain his
87
claim to the throne of the Pharaohs. He excellently exploited Middle East’s early historical field of
tension by coordinating a series of strategic uprisings in the Egyptian empire’s neighboring areas.
Finally in Egypt a crucial rebellion was staged by Moses supported by the Hebrew immigrant
groups. When the revolution failed, these groups start striving to have their own land and
sovereignty. The knowledge about the "forgotten feud" before and during their exodus, adds new
understanding of unclear circumstances behind Moses' dramatic role in Egyptian and Hebrew
history.
The Secret Religion: Moses and the Egyptian Heritage in the Past and Present
Moses is the first known founder of a religion, his teachings characterize several religions
in the world. Prehistoric Sources reveal that it also originally contained 'the mystery gold'
from Egypt and the secret of God's name. Exclusive cultic knowledge from a mystical and
cosmological superstructure of Moses' religion is traced.
An initiated elite maintained through the ages this secret, partly Egyptian teachings that
Moses had passed on to the Israelites - showing extended connection between ancient Egyptian
mystery cults and early Hebrew spiritual traditions. Many of the cults were politically active and
intervened in specific historical events with traits later leading to influencing Western culture.
Prophet and Unknown Genius: New Knowledge about Moses' Advanced Pioneer
works
The Bible greatest prophet, with a past as a highly educated Egyptian prince, created an
advanced law - while the rest of his visionary innovations were later forgotten. Several of his
laws having modern principles: environmental laws, social laws, and the right of asylum.
With his skills Moses could unify the people of Israel and provide them with law, philosophy,
religious and political knowledge, a calendar, and the development of a written language system
with its own alphabet enabling a formation of the biblical texts. New knowledge about the man
behind the myth and his continuing significant influence culturally on the present world.
Antiquity greatly esteemed Moses for his versatile talents as a military commander, philosopher,
learned astronomer, mystic - even magician, healer, and inventor.
Online store: Lemuel-Books, www.lemuelbooks.com -&- online bookshop: Bog & Mystik: bog-mystik.dk
* * *
Ove von Spaeth: Dating the Oldest Egyptian Star Map (Centaurus, ISSN 0008-8984)
New discovery in the world's oldest star map - the exceptional map by Senmut, the vizier
The author reveals that Senmut's 3,500-year-old star map - which was considered only to
show star mythology - discloses in detail an exact picture of a particular gathering of planets in
a defined celestial sector. This implies in itself information about a specific time. The decoding
can be verified objectively by modern astronomical computing. Similar planetary concept of the
same localization and precise placement can be seen ‘copied’ also on later Egyptian star maps.
The edition of Ove von Spaeth's treatise, essential for new orientation, originates from "Centaurus
International Magazine on The History of Mathematics, Science and Technology", 2000, vol.42,
pp.159-179: - his scientific pioneering work has gained genuine admiration and international
respect for its untraditional observations and finding solution of the special difficult problems
with decisive significance in ancient Egyptian astronomy and chronological perspectives.
In addition, it has supported research for an improved dating of Moses' historical period.
"... The findings are very ingenious and admirable, and quite surprising considering the apparent
lack of interest of the Egyptians in this sort of astronomy. ..."
- Owen Gingerich, Research Professor in Astronomy and the History of Science, The Harvard-
Smithsonian Institution, Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, Mass.
Online: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. (for the Blackwell Group) : http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/search/allsearch
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88
* * *
The Web Archives
The special archive on the Internet: www.moses-egypt.net
A greatly useful asset is the project's website with archives’ collection of wide comprehensive
information and documentation established around Ove von Spaeth's works and retrieval of
valuable material, sources and finds, often such that were by-passed by traditional research.
The website, established in November 1999, became early a success also in the book world
and achieved cult status on the web. On the website we can also read about the implicated
controversial research history, now open to posterity.
The web-archive contains hundreds of pages of related articles, - and the response: inter-
national book reviews of the author's books, articles and e-books, - and from other public
opinion: feature articles, literary essays, debates, letters, additions, recommendations and
disapprovals, questions, documentations and bibliographies. Not least, accumulated interest
has grown about this web-site's research-related factual information.
* * *
E-books On-line
Most of Ove von Spaeth's books are also available as E-books on-line
Easily accessible on the Internet - a rich online library of cross-cultural scientific knowledge
on history, anthropology, religion and astronomy.
* * *
Interest Group for The Ove von Spaeth Papers
on History and Science: - Rediscovery, Insight, Renewal
INTEREST GROUP FOR THE OVE VON SPAETH PAPERS

facebook • www.facebook.com/groups/45399163234/
* * *
89
* * *
On the Project
Advanced ancient knowledge - being a renewed asset for our own era
Although we do not in general reflect on the experience which we on a daily basis draw from
a special kind of wealth, we all profit by the fact that our modern society undergoing rapid
change yet ms have the connection retained to Antiquity’s great high-level cultures in the best
way possible. Much of the ancient information from important historical cultures can in the
present often be seen being confused with myth. To provide further knowledge on these areas
Ove von Spaeth has carried out this project of a widely comprising culture-historical span.
Thus in order to hand over and to understand the important basis for our own culture this
research is so important: Zenith IC Project was established to disseminate and extend the
discoveries and results achieved through the author’s explorations on the knowledge treasure
and wisdom and not least of Moses' special Egyptian background all meticulously examined.
Ove von Spaeth’s research is conducted as a reflective and renewing asset for our own era.
He uses far-reaching focus on ancient wisdom and celestial knowledge of past major cultures
and their concepts of the ‘secrets of the universe’. His books and articles are continuously
documenting essential but sometimes underexposed sources of historical information.
Many of these appear as key elements of our cultural heritage and its associated spiritual
resource, indispensable to our historical insight and the benefits of those values in the present.
In addition, many of these subjects are also disseminated through the author's e-books from
this online library: http://www.moses-egypt.net/zenith-files_en/e-books_group 1_en.asp .
* * * .
Donation
The presented articles and books were made possible by the support of readers like you !
.
This project for free scientific, historical research and information is supported by donations.
• The kind support from interested people creates the necessary possibility for financing the ongoing task.
• All contributions of any size are welcome, even the smallest amount goes a long way
.
All assistants are unpaid volunteers but, e.g. complex IT problems require professional attention.
• In case you would like to help, your donation to Zenith IC NewScience can be submitted to presented
account, click: www.moses-egypt.net/book-series/moses_donations_en.asp . - We thank you very much!
- the page also informs on mandatory fee from public and private institutions, business, libraries, schools.
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You are most welcome to send comments or news about the contents: mail via www.moses-egypt.net .
* * *
90
” The author’s works were created to extend the
understanding of discoveries and results achieved from
unusual research: a thoroughly documented discovery
book-series which explores rediscovered parts of our
early cultural heritage of significance for history of today.
Our author opens up the important treasure trove of
knowledge and wisdom from Greece, Rome and
the Renaissance and the original sources in ancient
Egypt - to be seen in the light of modern science. ”
“ With his interdisciplinary authorship Ove von Spaeth

has also uncovered special traces in overlooked
or forgotten knowledge of our early historical basis.
Without such necessary research of exciting sources and
significant finds, we would today often lose important
links to ancient information and knowledge, in the
tradition of which we all live daily. - A considerable
collection of the author's books and articles are
now further accessible in multiple media. “
“ Our knowledge of the past is much more abundant

than normally anticipated. Many concrete historical data
about what we frequently call myths are available in many
of the world's libraries and museums - unfortunately,
not often studied, simply gathering dust. The author's
project comprises new-orientation in the collected
data which were in jeopardy of 'disappearing'. The
traces are revealed in a surprisingly new light through
his books’ constantly turning prism of history. “
91
* * *
About this book:
* To stargazers in early history the starry world was connected with religion.
But the ancient Egyptians' astronomical knowledge and understanding prove being
more advanced than commonly assumed - and was even used in surprising areas.
* Egyptian temple archives and later Alexandria's famous library contained

impressive astronomical records - a knowledge combined with a finely developed
geometry, which also formed part of the architecture of pyramids and temples.
* Astronomy is often called the 'mother of all sciences'. Ancient Babylonians with
their systematic astronomy have contributed much in the area, while for Egyptian
astronomy the contemporary approach to it has been shadowed when only found
small quantities of information have been found here. The Egyptians had, however,
even recordings on periods of planets 'traveling backwards' (retrograde motion).
* Although the Egyptians' knowledge about the stars and other sciences often
the world’s later heavily developed areas of knowledge.
Ove von Spaeth

History and Science: Rediscovery, Insight, Renewal.
Author and researcher, Ove von Spaeth, is recognized internationally for his works on the historical
Moses and ancient Egypt. His interdisciplinary explorations provide new orientations and inform on
vital areas of culture and evolution. His research is based on exacting studies in history and astronomy.
He is also recognized for his pioneering work in accurately dating the world's oldest star map and
establishing a scientific methodology. It includes a significant contribution to the chronology of Egypt
and the Moses era. The author has carried out extensive research on Egyptian history, archaeology,
ancient star knowledge, religion, anthropology, cultic mystery doctrines, and mythology. With acute
proficiency and years of experience, he researches in depth and detail the intriguing material.
* * *
92

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” The world's oldest star map is also the

” With the star-gazers of the past, the

Star Knowledge from

e-book - online - ISBN 978-87-89171-09-8 - EAN 9788789171098

The book’s file name:

Fee mandatory for non-private use:

PART 1, Tracing Egypt’s Impressive Astronomy 9

Star Knowledge from Ancient Egypt

PART 2, The Starry Sky as the Area of Knowledge 21

PART 3, Egyptian stars - for calendars and astrologers 31

PART 4, Galleries I-II, - Summaries I-II 45

PART 7, New Research 81

With the Egyptians the major stars and planets'

Tracing Egypt’s Impressive Astronomy

Star Knowledge from Ancient Egypt

Early knowledge on the stars in Egypt

Egypt’s temple libraries with advanced astronomy

Astronomical tradition far back in time

Decoding the Senmut map - dates back to the time of Moses

Observations of planets “traveling backwards”

The World-axis with the Egyptians

Forgotten in history - the World-axis

Egyptian temple archives, and later the library of Alexandria contained

Egyptian star god (Horus). Late period: 300 BC.

Ceiling of Ramesses VI's tomb displays the Sun's night-route

In addition, consequences have appeared that corresponding information in a number of

Observations of planets ”traveling backwards”

Records of complicated astronomical calculations do not seem to have survived in Egypt -

The World-axis with the Egyptians

The Denderah-temple’s relief with a zodiac is orientated to the World-axis:

Forgotten in history - the World-axis

Details from the incredibly accurately drawn

he Starry Sky as the Area of Knowledge

The world's oldest known ”horoscope”?

Concept of the Senmut map copied on many later star maps

Ancient astronomical observations from a well shaft - is no myth

The Gebel Barka stela tells about enigmatic sky phenomenon

The world's oldest known ”horoscope”?

Concept of the Senmut map copied on many later star maps

Such conditions were included in religiously philosophical ideas widespread in Antiquity’s

The ancient Egyptian temple from Debod (rescued in the 1960's

Egyptian stars - for calendars and astrologers

Partly an Egyptian basis for Moses' new calendar

Astronomical dating can improve the dating of the pharaohs

The Starry Sky and the Development

Egyptian astrologers - Petosiris and Ptolemy

Tycho Brahe, admiring Egyptian astronomers

Partially Egyptian basis for Moses' new calendar

‘Star clock’ used by Egyptian priest astronomers: diagrams of star positions

Egyptian astrologers - Petosiris and Ptolemy

At a time the methodology/model seems erroneously perceived as being a concrete part of

Tycho Brahe - admiring Egyptian astronomers

Orion Osiris. The boat, he is located, symbolizing the

Summary I, - Egyptian astronomy

Gallery I, on Egyptian astronomy through ages

Summary II, - on the dating of Senmut star map

Gallery II, on Senmut’s star map

Statements about the dating of the Senmut star map

Star Knowledge from Ancient Egypt (1300EN)

” Many Egyptologists, who have allowed themselves to be limited by a ’consensus’ on an artificial

Dating the Oldest Egyptian Star-map (1000EN)

By hammering down golden poles to attach