Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Ito 1959
Ito 1959
H.ITO
Assistant Professor o f the
in Curved Pipes
Institute o f H i g h S p e e d
M e c h a n i c s , Tohoku University, The object of this paper is to furnish the engineer with reliable data on the friction
Sendai, Japan
factors to be used in computing the pressure losses for turbulent flow in smooth curved
pipes. The empirical formulas proposed, backed by theoretical considerations, appear
to define the influence of curvature upon the law of resistance with satisfactory accuracy.
AO
M
r
on
Fig. 1 A r r a n g e m e n t of experimental apparatus: 1 H o n e y c o m b flow s t r a i g h t e n e r , 2 3 - i n . p i p e , 3 b e l l -
m o u t h entrance, 4 upstream tangent (drawn-copper tubing t a m e as 5 ) , 5 curved pipe (drawn-copper tubing),
6 t h e r m o m e t e r , 7 orifice m e t e r , 8 v a l v e , 9 w e i g h i n g t a n k , 1 0 t r i a n g u l a r w e i r w i t h a v e r t e x a n g l e 9 0 d e g ,
1 1 t h i n - p l a t e orifice to i m p o s e d i s t u r b e d c o n d i t i o n s , X p i e z o m e t e r s
0,04 © UNDISTURBED!
f I 6mm t
O DISTURBED '
o 3 5 mm $
0,025
0,015
0,012
0,01
0,09
0,08
0,07
, _ 2 Viwfo
Fig. 3 Friction factors for the straight, d r a w n - c o p p e r pipes used In the tests: 1 Logarithmic resistance f o r m u l a , 2 Blasius'
resistance f o r m u l a , 3 Nikuradse's resistance f o r m u l a , 4 Hagen-Poiseuille l a w
from a surge tank or from a constant-level tank, after passing The ratio of the friction factor of a curved pipe to that of a
through the "honeycomb" flow straightener and the bell-mouth straight pipe in the case of laminar flow is expressed in Fig. 5 in
entrance, enters the experimental pipe. The axial length of the ordinary manner [6 and 9] as a function of the Dean number
curved pipe was determined to be sufficiently long so that to- R(ro/fl) 1/,! where r0 is the radius of the cross section, R the radius
gether with the long upstream tangent the entrance effects might of curvature of pipe axis, and R the Reynolds number 2vmr0/v (v
be completely eliminated within the testing length of the pipe. being the kinematic viscosity of the fluid). In Fig. 5 the results
In cases where pipes of 16-mm I D were used, the measured criti- of the previous experimenters [6, 9, 10] are included together
cal Reynolds number was unusually high. In such cases experi- with the empirical formulas [6, 9, and 19] for laminar flow. These
ments were also conducted for the disturbed conditions at entry results may be expressed in a somewhat different form: In Fig. 6,
to the straight pipe. The plate used to introduce disturbances fc(R/ro)l/l is expressed as a function of the Dean number R(ro/R)'/',
has a form similar to that of a thin-plate orifice. Its dimensions which, being referred to Figs. 7 and 8, seems to be the more com-
and arrangements are seen in Fig. 2. prehensible presentation than in the former case.
The friction factors / , for the straight, drawn-copper pipes used
in the tests are shown plotted against the Reynolds number in
Fig. 3. The measured results are in close agreement with the re-
Resistance Formulas for Fully Developed Turbulent Flow
sistance formulas [16-18] for smooth straight pipes. in Smooth Curved Pipes
Resistance Formula for Turbulent F l o w Deduced From the th-Power
The experimental results of the author
Velocity Distribution L a w .
Friction Factors for Fully Developed Flow in Curved Pipes
are plotted in Fig. 7, together with those of the previous investi-
The friction factor of a curved pipe, denoted hy f c , is defined by gators [6, 9, 10, 20, and 21], as a function of the nondimensional
the equation number R(r0/7S)2. Although the radius ratios of the curved
pipes in these experiments differ widely, all the experimental
results conform satisfactorily to a single curve for fully developed
turbulent flow. The following empirical formula was deduced
from the experimental results
in which h is the loss of head in friction, lc and d the axial length
and internal diameter of the curved pipe, v„ the mean velocity / p \ i/s
of flow, and g the acceleration of gravity. /„(— j = 0.029 + 0.304[R(r„/.R) 2 ]-°-* (2)
The measured friction factors of the fully developed flow in
curved pipes are shown in Fig. 4. With regard to the friction
This equation gives good agreement with experimental results in
factors of turbulent flow, the measured results for pipe No. 1,
the range
which has the largest radius of curvature in our experimental
pipes, practically coincide with the Blasius formula for the lower 300 > R(r0/R)2 > 0.034
Reynolds numbers. While for pipe No. 5, where the radius of
curvature is the smallest, a considerable increase in resistance is Below R()'o/A) 2 = 0.034, the friction factor of a curved pipe prac-
observed. tically coincides with that of a straight pipe.
WHITE IT 0
« R/r, = 2050 •
e } RAo = 648
® .. = 50
© >. =15,15 c
= 250
ADLER o
fi R / r 0 = 200 x = I 00
» I. =100 O = 40
>• = 5 0 ©
= 16,4
K E U L E G A N ft B E I J o
• R/r0 = 3820
• = 2010
• » = 446
• » =23 3
Fig. 5 Friction factor for l a m i n a r flow in curved pipes as a function of the D e a n n u m b e r , R ( r o / R ) ' A : I White's e m p i r i c a l f o r m u l a , 2 Prandtl's
empirical f o r m u l a , 3 A d l e r ' s theoretical f o r m u l a
- WHITE
® R/r0 = 2 0 5 0
= 50
e » • 15,15
ADLER
— A R/r0 = 2 0 0
A » « I0 0 * } R/r„» 648
<7 « » 5 0
KEULEGAN & B E I J m } " * 250
• R/r0 * 3820
• I 00
a >i i 2 0 1 0
« 40
• » = 446
& « » 233
I04 I
R
( " R )
Fig. 6 Friction factor for l a m i n a r f l o w in curved pipes as a function of the Dean n u m b e r , R(r 0 /R)'/>: 1 White's empirical f o r m u l a , 2 Prandtl's
empirical formula, 3 Adler's theoretical f o r m u l a , 4 Hagen-Poiseuille l a w
For large values of R(r 0 /ii) 2 the following empirical formula was duced from the experimental results and it may be used for values
deduced, and it may be used for values of the parameter R(r 0 /ff) 2 of the parameter F 2 (r 0 /it!) 1/ ' ! less than 12
exceeding 6.
u) = 0J 0323 +
( R\V.
0.316 1.6[K s (r 0 /«) , / , ]- 1 - J 7
[R(r„/«)2]'A
For large values of Y2(ro/R)I/'2 the following empirical formula
By making use of the Blasius formula was deduced from the experiments and holds with sufficient ac-
curacy for values of Y K r J R ) ' / ' greater than 5.3
f, = 0.316R-'/*
1.186
the equation (3) may be expressed in an alternative form
F2
h r /r„VT/..
(5) Eliminating Y from (6) and (8), the equation (8) may be ex-
/. pressed in an alternative form
Resistance F o r m u l a for Turbulent F l o w Deduced From the Logarithmic
The experimental results were plotted
Velocity-Distribution L a w .
p t - 2 . 1 1 log10 [ R ( f ) ^ fcV,~\ ~ 0-23
in Fig. 8 as a function of the nondimensional number Y2{r,JR)^'
where Y is defined by the equation
The empirical formula (9) is also found as follows: According
YHr = R (B/r 0 )'/« (6) to equation (9) the law of friction of a curved pipe should give a
In Fig. 8 the experimental results of the previous investigators
straight line if l/(fe)^' is plotted against logJ0 ^ f'^''
w e r e included for comparison. In t h i B case, too, all the experi-
mental results conform satisfactorily to a single curve for fully de- This was done and, as seen from Fig. 9, where the results of meas-
veloped turbulent flow. The following empirical formula was de- urements were plotted, this feature agrees extremely well with
<./T
0.7
0.S
0,5
0.4
0.35
O.I
0,25
0.2
I.o
0.9
O.S
W f ,7
0,6
0.5
0.4
0.35
0.5
0,2 5
0.2
015
0,12
II 12 13
experiments on curved pipes whose radius ratio is less than 50. Rcrit = 420[R(ro/«) l / ! ]»-« (10)
i°g,0(R/f(>Tcn
Fig. 1 0 Critical R e y n o l d s n u m b e r
for c u r v e d pipes as a f u n c t i o n of the
critical D e a n n u m b e r : 1 Equation
(11), 2 White's empirical equation
(f c = 0 . 0 3 6 )
O TAYLOR
A AOLER
x KEULEGAN a BEIJ
O UNDISTURBED \ =
• DISTURBED I , T 0
I i i
6 8 IO J i
(R(ro/R)']
CRIT
pipe practically coincides with t h a t f o r a straight pipe. Equation Pipes," Proceedings of the Royal Society (London), ser. A, vol. 85, 1911,
( 1 1 ) m a y b e used t o estimate a lower critical R e y n o l d s n u m b e r f o r pp. 119-131.
4 W . R . Dean, " N o t e on the M o t i o n of Fluid in a Curved P i p e , "
a c u r v e d pipe.
The London, Edinburgh & Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Jour-
nal of Science, vol. 4, 1927, pp. 208-223.
Acknowledgments 5 W . R . Dean, " T h e Stream-Line M o t i o n of Fluid in a Curved
Pipe," The London, Edinburgh <£• Dublin Philosophical Magazine and
I n c o n c l u d i n g this paper, the author wishes t o express his
Journal of Science, vol. 5, 1928, pp. 673-G95.
t h a n k s t o P r o f . F . N u m a c h i , D i r e c t o r of t h e Institute, f o r his 6 C. M . White, "Streamline F l o w Through Curved Pipes,"
kind a d v i c e in the course of this w o r k . T h e a u t h o r also wishes Proceedings of the Royal Society (London), ser. A, vol. 123, 1929, pp.
t o a c k n o w l e d g e his indebtness t o M r . K . I m a i , Assistant, who 645-663.
aided him in the experimental w o r k . 7 K . Tomita, " O n the Flow of Water in Coiled Pipes," Journal of
the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, vol. 35, 1932, pp. 293-304.
8 O. Miyagi, " F l o w in a Curved Pipe and Its Stability," Journal
References of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, vol. 35, 1932, pp. 1121-
1 J. H. Grindley and A. H . Gibson, " O n the Frictional R e - 1124.
sistance to the Flow of Air Through a P i p e , " Proceedings of the Royal 9 M . Adler, "Stromung in gekrUmmten R o h r e n , " Zeitschrift fur
Society (London), ser. A , vol. 80, 1908, pp. 114-139. angewandte Mathematik und Atechanik, vol. 14, 1934, pp. 257-275.
2 J. Eustice, " F l o w of Water in Curved Pipes," Proceedings of 10 G . H . Keulegan and K . H. Beij, "Pressure Losses for Fluid
the Royal Society (London), ser. A, vol. 84, 1910, pp. 107-118. Flow in Curved Pipes," Journal of Research, National Bureau of
3 J. Eustice. "Experiments on Stream-Line Motion in Curved Standards, vol. 18, 1937, pp. 89-114.
Large Reynolds N u m b e r s , " Journal of Applied Mechanics, vol. 15, - P sin \f/ f V 'A (13)
TRANS. A S M E , vol. 70, 1948, pp. 344-348. Jo
25 H . It5, " O n the Pressure Losses for Turbulent F l o w in Smooth
Pipe Bends," Reports of the Institute of High Speed Mechanics, Tohoku
University, vol. 6,1956, pp. 55-102.
26 H. l t d , " O n the Pressure Loss of Turbulent Flow Through fo ~ 'Vl 4 fo
Curved Pipes," The Memoirs of the Institute of High Speed Mechanics, Sr0
Tohoku University, vol. 7, 1952, pp. 63-76. — T pj'o — ~ (14)
R
where
APPENDIX
An approximate analysis based on the concept of a shedding
c)<p
— i
'» Jo
I r (15)
layer will be presented. The results, although of asymptotic
character for large values of variables, will serve in some respects
changes of the pattern of flow along the axis of the pipe being
for the interpretation of the tests.
disregarded.
T o make use of equations (13) and (14), velocity distributions
Nomenclature are assumed for vv and vj, normal to the wall. On the assumption
that it is sufficiently accurate to take the velocity component v v
The following nomenclature is used in the appendix:
to be proportional to £1/,? throughout the shedding layer, we as-
p = static pressure sume that
r = radial distance from the center of circular cross section
of the pipe ( n y
vv = IV I-J I (16)
ro = radius of circular cross section of pipe
iS = radius of curvature of pipe axis
R = 2vmr0/v, Reynolds number On the other hand, vj, rises from zero at the wall to a positive
v„ = mean axial velocity value, and falls again to zero at the edge of the shedding layer.
tty, tv = velocity components in the shedding layer If, near the wall, it is rising to the value KvvU where K is to be de-
termined later, then near the wall we should put vj, = Kvvl(f/5)1/',;
v* = (r^/p)'^, friction velocity formed with the wall shear-
in order to leave this form near the wall and to make vanish at
ing stress r „
£ = S, we write
S = thickness of shedding layer
fc = friction factor for a curved pipe
v = kinematic viscosity of the fluid v^ = ^ (I)'7' (l - | ) (17)
f = ro — r, distance normal to wall
p = mass density of the fluid Thus, near the wall, the velocity of the fluid is
T„, = shearing stress at pipe wall
7> = components of the wall shearing stress r „ 2Reference [9], p. 274, or reference [23], p. 300.
ip = angle measured in the plane of the curved-pipe axis
3Reference [24], p. 345.
1 Outside the shedding layer, vj, is of order S/ro, compared with the
l// = angle in transverse plane with respect to outward direc- peripheral velocity in the shedding layer.
tion of symmetry line 5 Reference [9], p. 262, or reference [25], p. 59.
(t r -
where v, = Mi + const. (33)
(19) [R(ro/K)2]'/'
The shear stress at the wall can be expressed in terms of the The momentum integral equations (13) and (14) were solved
velocity and distance from the wall as6 numerically for K and 8 prior to the experiments with the assumed
T„ = 0 . 0 2 2 5 p v ' ^ v / t f ' ' (20) velocity profiles (16) and (17) and with the wall shear stresses
(21) and (22). The axial-velocity components Vv in the central
Then with the velocity profile given in (18) and (19) we obtain
core of the fluid were assumed to be
r w = 0.0225py,V'(j'/5) , /< (21)
Vv = A + Br cos \f/ (34)
1 K
and 7> = (22)
(1 + K1)1/' (1 + K1)'/' where A and B are constants, the ratio B/A being determined by
the condition of continuity of the secondary flow. Omitting the
These wall shear stresses and the assumed velocity profiles are details of the calculations, which are available in reference [26],
now substituted into the equations (13) and (14). However, the we have the main results as follows:
asymptotic expression of the type (3) may be readily obtained (a) The friction factor is given by
from an order-of-magnitude consideration without entering into
0.29
the detailed numerical calculation as follows: (35)
Since K is small compared with unity, we have
<V ~ fm. H ~Kv„ (23) The numerical coefficient is slightly different from that in (3) and
the difference may be attributed to somewhat rough and semi-
and 'Tip ^ *>
T ~ KT„ (24)
empirical nature of the calculation.
(6) The theoretical thickness of the shedding layer is com-
where (25)
(T-) pared in Figs. 12 and 13 with measured velocity profiles.7 The
results seem to justify the concept of shedding layer for large
in virtue of (21). Then the order of magnitude of each term in values of R(r 0 /R) 2 .
the equation (13), after division by pvm'r0, is
»^ i i:
Asymptotic Expression for Friction Factors Deduced From
—r^/o
the Logarithmic Velocity Distribution Law
A'R-'/< In this case we assume that, close to the wall
A"2- (i) 1 _ K (36)
,'S
S>0 - . . '0 .
p — «Vi* sill i - lin ip I
p — sin 2<if (26)
Jo ' Reference [9], p. 274, and reference [23], p. 301.
8 r0 8 ro
r„ R ro R
[-GOT
8 r / r . \ n - ' / »
and — (28)
ro
_ V'/
- pv (29)
/ dp \ 4 r0
fc = - ( (31)
\Rb<pJ pvm1
8 Y
and (44)
n R
P f = - T >1r (
Jo
K
Y
K2 e r yt
R
1 K dip ?-0 12
7> (39)
T * (1 + (1 + K1)'/'
Hence from (31) it follows that
and r„( = pv*2) is given by fc ~ r~2 (49)
Eliminating Y from (47) and (49) we have the asymptotic ex-
= 4 log, \- B (40)
V* V pression of the type
where .1 has the same value as before, and B is about 5.5. (50)
The component must vanish at £ = 8. However, without
,77, = * ' " * [ » ( ! ) " > ]
further assumption for v t h e asymptotic expression of the type where k, and k2 are constants.
(9) is obtainable directly from the afore-mentioned conditions. An approximate unpublished calculation similar to that given
For brevity we write in the case of the 1 /7th-power velocity distribution, leads to the
Y ~ vm/v* (41) conclusion that