MADIA SATIVA nOLo (ASTERACEAE-HELIANTHEAE-MADIINAE): AN

ETHNOBOTANICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISJUNCT 1

ELSA Z A R D I N I

Zardini, Elsa (Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, M O 63166). ~laOla Sa77VA
MOL. (AS'rERAC~aZ-HELIArCrnEAE--MADUNAE): AN ETHNOBOTAN1CALANDGEOG~,PHICDIsJtrNCT.
Economic Botany 46(1)34-44. 1992. Madia sativa, a "'tarweed'" long used in the past for its oily
seeds by the natives o f both Pacific North America and southern South America where it still
grows wild, has potential as a future oil crop.

Madia sativa Mol. (Asteraceae-Heliantheae-Madiinae): un disyunto etnobotfinico y geogrfifico.

Madia sativa, una "melosa ""largamente utilizada en el pasado por sus semillas oleaginosas por
los Nativos del Pacffico de Norte ,4 m~rica y del Padfico Sur de Sud A mOrica donde todavia crece
silvestre, es potencialmente importante como un futuro cultivo oleaginoso.
Key Words: disjunct range; ethnobotany; Madia sativa; oil-seed; tarweed.

Members of the Asteraceae are well known for
their seeds with high fixed-oil content and some
such as the sunflower, H e l i a n t h u s a n n u u s L., the
niger, Guizotia abyssinica (L.) Cass. and the saf-
flower, C a r t h a m u s tinctorius L. have long been
used as oil sources. Others were important food
sources in the past but have been abandoned
today. The most striking example comes from
archaeological evidence o f " s e e d s " of Iva a n n u a
var. macrocarpa (Blake) Jackson, now appar-
ently extinct, very much used by the natives of
the Mississippi region (Blake 1939; Yarnell 1972).
Because of a renewed interest in the search for
potentially new oil-bearing seed crops, attention
is called to M a d i a sativa, used since pre-Colum-
bian times by the natives of the Pacific areas of
both North America (Saunders 1976) and south-
ern South America (Cooper 1942) where it still
grows wild but is not now used any more (pets.
observ.). Thus, it represents an unusual case-study
of geographical and at the same time ethnobo-
tanical disjunction.
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
A n n u a l covered t h r o u g h o u t by g l a n d u l a r ,
sticky, fetid hairs; root fusiform; stem cylindrical
unbranched or branched above, 20-90 cm tall.
Leaves sessile, sometimes embracing, the lower
' Received 12 January 1990; accepted 18 July 1991.
ones forming a rosette, the m e d i u m opposite, the
upper alternate, all linear or linear-oblong, en-
tire, acute 3-5-nerved, 3-18 cm x 0.15-1.2 cm
(Fig. 1).
Capitula racemose or paniculate at the apex of
the stems, radiate, 0.7-1.2 cm broad and tall (Fig.
2). Phyllaries uniseriate, lanceolate, concave,
embracing the ray achenes, covered by glandular
hairs (Fig. 3). Receptacular bracts uniseriate be-
tween the marginal ligulate female florets and the
disk tubulous hermaphrodite florets. Florets yel-
low.
Athene light grey, grey or black, slender, with-
out pappus, slightly falcate, oblanceolate (Fig. 4,
5), tapering to the base, ribbed (Fig. 6), 0.4-0.8
cm x 0.20-0.25 cm; surface smooth ridged with
fine longitudinal lines; cells of the epicarp lon-
gitudinally elongated (Fig. 7).
TAXONOMY OF THE
SOUTH AMERICAN E N T I T I E S
OF M A D I A
The Subtribe Madiinae of the Tribe Helian-
theae where M a d i a belongs comprises 15 genera
restricted to western North America and the Ha-
waiian Islands, with the exception o f M a d i a which
extends into southern South America (Clausen
1951; Carlquist 1959; Stuessy 1977) and Aus-
tralia (Ewart and Tovey 1909). The most com-
plete treatments of M a d i a are those by Keck
(1959, 1960) who describes for North America

Economic Botany 46(1) pp. 34-44. 1992

© 1992, by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY 10458 U.S.A.
19921 ZARDINI: MADIA SATIVA 35

MEAUA'~O
.........................:~""e, ee~

Fig. 1-3. Fig. 1. Herbarium specimen ofMadia sativa, x0.23. Fig. 2. Capitula ofMadia sativa, x 1.5. Fig.
3. Glandular hair of the phyllary ofMadia sativa, SEM, x 750

18 of the 20 species currently accepted for M a -
d i a - - o n e is endemic to Chile, and one has been
described subsequent to Keck (Nelson and Nel-
son 1980).
Precisely how m a n y entities there are in South
America and how they arrived there remain to
be seen. According to Keck (1959, 1960), two
species o f Madia, M . sativa and M. gracilis (Sm.)
Keck, grow disjunctly on the west coast of North
America and southern South America. These are
closely related species (Clausen et al. 1945; Clau-
sen 1951) distinguished because M. gracilis is
glandular only above the middle of the plant, is
slender and has smaller heads. These two species,
along with M. capitata Nutt., have been sug-
gested to be one variable species (Hesse 1968).
Most of the South American material falls in
M. sativa as defined for N o r t h America, but a
few slender and smaller specimens could fall in
M. gracilis, though the characters used to distin-
guish both species are not as clearcut in the South
American material (see also annotations by Keck
on vouchers at The New York Botanical Garden,
Cronquist, pers. comm.). Furthermore, M . grac-
ilis has been cited for South America only by
Keck (I 959, 1960), Cronquist (1955), and Raven
(1963) in essentially North American treatments.
The most recent treatment gives only M. sativa
for South America (Cabrera 1971). Even if fur-
ther studies on M. sativa and M. gracilis in North
America show these two species to be distinct,
it is still not clear to which, if any, N o r t h Amer-
ican populations this doubtful South American
material is related.
A third entity in South America is the endemic
M. chilensis (Nutt.) Reiche, which grows in few
localities of central Chile. It differs from M. sa-
tiva only in the presence of protuberances in the
36 ECONOMIC BOTANY [VOL. 46

Fig. 4-7. Fig. 4. Exomorphological diversity o f the achenes o f Madia sativa, x 3. Fig. 5. Achene of Madia
sativa. SEM, x 37.5. Fig. 6. Base of achene o f M a d i a sativa showing ribs, SEM, x 112.5. Fig. 7. Longitudinally
elongated cells of the epicarp of the achene of Madia sativa, SEM, x 750.
1992] ZARDINI: MADIA S A T I V A 37

Fig. 8-12. Fig. 8. Exomorphological diversity of the achenes of Madia chilensis, x 4.8. Fig. 9. Achene of
Madia chilensis, SEM, × 40. Fig. 10. Side o f achene of Madia chilensis showing protuberances, SEM, x 120.
Fig. 11. Protuberances ofachene ofMadia chilensis, SEM, x 240. Fig. 12. Swollen and sunken cells o f the epicarp
of the achene o f M a d i a chilensis, SEM, x 800.
38 ECONOMIC BOTANY
surface of the achene (Figs. 8-12) representing
remains of the hypodermis which has been oth-
erwise reabsorbed during ripening (Saenz, pers.
comm.). This feature was first noticed by Nuttall
(1841:387-388) who first described this entity
under a new monospecific genus as Madariopsis
chilensis Nutt., accepted with doubts by Gay
(1849:268) and later synonymized with Madia
by Reiche (1905:105).
As a result of unsuccessful crosses between
them, Clausen (1951) concluded that M. chilensis
and ~V/.sativa were different species. No voucher
material for these biosystematic studies in Madia
has been found, but Keck's concept of these three
entities is given in the appendix. It remains to
be seen if M. chilensis is also found in North
America. Furthermore, and since the achene is
the part of the plant used, it could be rewarding
to study the development of the achene protu-
berances in comparison with those of other spe-
cies of the tribe Heliantheae having both smooth
and tuberculate achenes such as Wedelia bra-
chycarpa Baker, Dahlia variabilis (Willd.) Des£,
and Polymnia connata (Spreng.) Blake. Field ob-
servations too such as phenology, habitat, and
synecology might aid in clarifying the status of
this entity.
DISTRIBUTION OF
M A D I A SATIVA
The northern range of M. sativa runs from
California to British Columbia (Canada). The
southern range extends from Santiago (Chile) and
Mendoza (Argentina) down to Tierra del Fuego.
A unique specimen from Peru (see appendix)
should be regarded as a recent introduction. It
has been reported to be an introduced weed in
other states of the United States (Moldenke 1941;
Cronquist 1980), and in New South Wales and
Victoria in Australia, where it is called "pitch-
weed" (Jacobs and Pickard 1981; Ewart and
Tovey 1909).
Raven (1963) concluded that for most of the
taxa with disjunct amphitropical distribution be-
tween North and South America, direct, long
distance dispersal by migratory birds (Raven
1963, 1972, 1973) provided the best explanation
for disjunction. This is indeed the most probable
explanation for M. sativa with a dispersal unit
formed by the achene enclosed in the concave
phyllary covered by glandular, sticky hairs (Fig.
3) a propagule apparently easily attached to birds.
The weedy nature of the plant and the fact that
[VOL. 46
it is self-compatible facilitate the establishment
of M. sativa (Raven 1963). Europeans are not
likely to have been the agents of distribution be-
cause M. sativa was used by the natives of both
regions before the interchange a m o n g them start-
ed (Lrpez de Velasco 1894 [ 1571-1574]; de Can-
dolle 1836).
PLACE OF ORIGIN OF
MADIA SATIVA
There is little doubt that M. sativa originated
in western North America because this is the
center of diversity of the whole Subtribe Madi-
inae with 12 genera and 97 species growing there,
all of which occur in the California Floristic
Province and are mostly endemic to it (Raven
and Axelrod 1978).
The several different forms ofM. sativa in South
America, including those doubtfully assigned to
M. gracilis, suggest that these entities were in-
troduced there more than once.
The western North American center of diver-
sity strongly suggests that the opposite expla-
nation of a Chilean origin and a later introduc-
tion into North America is highly unlikely. As
with many other plants, the first collections and
written records of M. sativa come from the Eu-
ropean chroniclers who visited Chile in the 16th-
18th centuries, especially Lrpez de Velasco
[ 1571-1574] (1894), Feuillre [ 1714-1725] (1725)
and Molina (1782); the genus Madia and its type
species M. sativa were first described from Chile
(Molina 1782). These all have led to the belief
that they were introduced plants when they were
collected in California.
ETHNOBOTANY
NATIVE USES IN SOUTHERN
SOUTH AMERICA
There are ample data on the uses o f M . sativa
on the Pacific coast of South America 30* to 43°S
by Araucanians and Mapuches, who have cul-
tivated M. sativa for its oily seeds since pre-Co-
l u m b i a n times in their fields along with other
crops.
Juan L6pez de Velasco, writing from 1571 to
1574 as Cosmographer to Felipe II of Spain, was
the first author to mention this plant: " . . . aceite
que tambien se hace de una semilla que se llama
mady, que es a manera de semillas de lechugas,
el cual es bueno para comer y a l u m b r a r s e . . . "
(Lrpez de Velasco 1894:516).
Pedro de Ofia, Chile's first native epic poet,
19921 ZARDINI: MADIA SATIVA
c o m m e n t e d on the " m a d i " in his 1596 poem
" A r a u c o Domado'" stating in the glossary that
the seeds were ground into flour, easily kneaded
into bails because o f the high oil content, and
rolled in corn flour and in the text: "sac~ronle
pifiones, avellanas, frutilla seca, madi enhari-
n a d o " (Ofia 1944:344) ("They offered him nuts
[Araucaria araucana], avellanas [Guevina avella-
na], dried strawberry [Fragaria chiloensis], rolled
madi [Madia sativa]").
Nufiez de Pineda y Bascufian (1863:224, 288)
recorded in 1673 that madi flour was mixed with
corn flour to make their "uldpus" or " m a z a -
m o r r a s , " a sort o f porridge prepared with milk
or water, sugar or salt, and cluinua seeds or beans
sometimes added: "1o segundo que me pusieron
delante fueron dos zurrones de frutilla seca y bien
pasada, y otros dos de harina tostada de maiz,
revuelta con cluinua y madi."
Th e French Father Louis Feuill6e (1660-1732)
spent three years in Peru and Chile (1709-1712)
and collected, described and illustrated the plant
for the first time (Feuill~e 1725:39). Feuill6e
praised the oil o f madi seeds: " O n fair une huile
admirable avec les semences de cette plante dans
t o u s l e royaume de C h i l y " . . . " J e la trouvai plus
douce et d'un gofit plus agr6able que la plupart
de nos huiles d'olive; sa couleur est la m~me."
Th e use of this species among the Indians o f
southern South A m e r ic a was extensive (Cooper
1942:700; Gay 1865:144--145; Gonz~tez de N~i-
jera 1889:25; Latcham 1909:341; Moesbach
1930:103; Reiche 1910; Sauer 1950:495). In
Mapuche and in the Island o f Chilo6 the plant
was called " ' m a d i" or " m a d e " (Cafias Pinochet
1902:111; 1908-1909:208), and related Mapu-
che words are " m a d i v i l c u m " (Alcedo 1789:109),
and " m a d i t u n " which refer both to the action of
extracting the oil from the seeds (Febr6s 1882;
Lenz 1904:461-462) or o f eating the madi balls
(Erize 1960). T h e Spanish name is " m e l o s a "
(=like honey); the Araucanian is " k u r a d e u " (Au-
gusta 1916:100; Gusinde 1917:196, 197, 199,
256); and the Ona is " h u s h l" (Martinez Crovetto
1968:15).
Two methods were used in obtaining the oil.
Most c o m m o n l y the seeds were boiled in water
and the liberated oil skimmed from the surface
and stored. Oil extracted in this way quickly be-
came rancid and hence only a small quantity was
produced at a time (G6mez de Vidaurre 1889:
120-121). Alternatively the seeds were crushed
in a stone mortar and the meal thus obtained
39
was wrapped in a cloth and twisted to express
the oil. Oil recovered by this m e t h o d is less sub-
ject to becoming rancid. The seed-meal was used
to prepare a fermented beverage (Latcham 1936).
The excellence o f the oil for food consumption
is mentioned repeatedly in historical records. It
was also burned for illumination, which must be
a post-Columbian use since the Araucanians did
not use lamps before that time (Guevara 1902:
149; Latcham 1936).
The entire plant was an important element of
the pharmacopoeia and its virtues were exten-
sively mentioned by the Jesuit Father Rosales
(1605-1677) (Rosales 1877:246-247): "y a ta
persona clue usa comerle no le consiente maleza
ninguna dentro de el cuerpo, clue es como una
purga universal." This author treated the herb
under " m e l o s a " and the seeds under " m a d i " as
if they came from different species. The medic-
inal properties o f the " m a d i " have also been
mentioned by other authors (Aichel 1912:199;
Gusinde 1917; Medina 1882:252). An infusion
o f the roots was used for dyspepsias; the oil from
the leaves extracted in hot water was used for
gout, sciatica, and rheumatic pains in general;
the ground, heated seeds were placed as poultices
on tumors, and, dissolved in water, were taken
as purgative and emmenagogue; the oil extracted
from the seeds was internally used also as pur-
gative, and externally as ointment. The purgative
properties are apparently due to a resin (Santa
Cruz 1935).
NATIVE USES IN PACIFIC
NORTH AMERICA
Madia sativa along with other species of Madia
and related genera were used for similar purposes
along the Pacific coast of North America where
the seeds were gathered from the wild, usually
by w o m en (Barrett and Gifford 1933:154; Ches-
n u t 1902:395; Coville 1897; Palmer 1878; Saun-
ders 1976:56). They are collectively called "'tar-
weeds" due to their sticky glandular texture, and
Madia sativa is also called "Chili tarweed."
The Pomo, who call this plant " m u s h c h a k i l i "
(muhca: grain, kili: black; Gifford 1967:15), the
Yuki, the Miwok, and the H u c h n o m , used the
seeds o f M . sativa (Mead 1972:129) for the same
purposes as the Araucanians and Mapuches. The
seeds were eaten directly as food; the oil ex-
pressed from them was used for cooking pur-
poses; the seeds were ground into flour alone or,
most often, together with other seeds mainly o f
40 ECONOMIC BOTANY
Poaceae and Asteraceae, and prepared as pinole
(Barrett 1952:87; Curtis 1924; Foster 1944:166;
Kniffen 1939:377-378). In "pinole" the various
seeds gathered were kept separate, then carefully
mixed when used so as to bring out a desired
flavor (Barrett 1952:87; Foster 1944:166).
As in South America, the leaves were used as
a tonic for rheumatism by the Indians of Van-
couver Island (Turner and Bell 1971).
CULTIVATION AND M O D E R N U S E S
With the introduction into Chile of olive trees
brought from Peru by the Spanish in the middle
of the 18th century, the cultivation of M a d i a
sativa was quickly abandoned in this region, ap-
parently not because of the quality of the madi
oil, but to avoid the annual sowing of the seeds
(Gay 1865). In 1913 madi oil was still used in
the Chilean provinces of Llanquihue and Val-
divia, but it is not clear whether the seeds came
from cultivated or wild plants (Gotschlich 1913:
267, 457).
In 1798 it was cultivated in Buenos Aires, Ar-
gentina, according to letters exchanged between
the Argentinian Manuel Belgrano who was anx-
ious to promote new industries in Argentina and
the Chilean Manuel de Salas who sent him seeds
of madi from Chile (letters reproduced by Mu-
rillo 1896). No present day use of this species is
recorded for Onas of southern South America
who inhabit the area where the species grows
(Martinez Crovetto 1968). I have been able to
find no vestige of the cultivation of this species
in southern South America; however, it is a b u n -
dant around abandoned Indian settlements in
Neuqu~n indicating perhaps that it once was cul-
tivated here.
As for places outside South America, M . sativa
was first taken to Europe from Chile at the be-
ginning of the 18th century by Father Feuill~e
who initiated the cultivation of madi in France
where by the mid 19th century it was already
"extensively cultivated" (Simmonds 1854:520-
521). The species was experimentally introduced
from France into other European countries (de
Candolle 1883:336) including Austria, Belgium,
and Germany, and, very successfully, into Asia
Minor, Algeria, and South Africa, where the plant
was grown on waste lands to provide the local
soap factories with oil (Anonymous 1915).
M . sativa survives adverse climatic conditions
and can be cultivated where most of our present
crops do not prosper. It withstands an apprecia-
[VOL. 46
ble degree of frost and flourishes best in poor,
loose, sandy soils. In dry seasons the oil is more
a b u n d a n t and of a better quality than in wetter
seasons because more flowers a n d fewer abortive
seeds are produced.
Harvesting must take place as soon as the seeds
begin to ripen but before they become thoroughly
ripe, because then they fall out of the heads eas-
ily. The seeds will ripen after plants have been
cut which facilitates their harvest. Owing to the
viscid nature of the stems they ferment easily
and so the seeds must be threshed out soon after
cutting (Lock 1882:1394).
The principal drawbacks of this species are the
irregular ripening of the seeds, the fact that they
fall out easily, and the disagreeable odor of the
aromatic viscid glandular hairs. All these traits
could undoubtedly be improved by selection un-
der cultivation.
If properly cultivated and harvested, M . sativa
could yield from 600 to 700 kg of achenes per
acre (Hicks 1895) and around 180-280 kg o f o i l
(Eckey 1954; Elsdon 1926:176-177; Hegnauer
1964:510-511; Heuze n.d.; Lewkowitsch 1914:
145-146; Lock 1882:1394; Sadtler et al. 1924:
105, 110, 184; Simmonds 1854:520-521; Wies-
ner 1927:744--745). Crystals of polymethylenic
alcohols and beta-sitosterol were isolated from
the entire plant (Venegas Soto-Aguilar et al. 1962-
1963).
Expressed without heat, the oil is transparent,
golden yellow, has a pleasant odor, and a mild,
sweet, soft, nutty, agreeable taste; hence it is ap-
propriate for h u m a n consumption. Expressed
with heat, the oil is mucilaginous, but upon pu-
rification it becomes colorless. Oil thus extracted
is used primarily in the production of solid soap
with a saponification value of 192.8-194.5, in
illumination, and in lubrication of machinery
(Hicks 1895). It is unsuitable for paints because
it is between the drying and semidrying type. The
oil burns with a brilliant reddish-white flame and
leaves no residue.
The meal left after the extraction of the oil has
a higher protein content (28.2%) than sunflower
(19%) or undecorticated cotton seed cake (24.6%)
(Anonymous, 1915), and so it is valuable in feed-
ing cattle or sheep, providing a nutritive food
which also contains a considerable a m o u n t of
oil.
No alkaloids, cyanogenetic glucosides, or sap-
onines were obtained from the seeds (Anony-
mous, 1915); the Dragendorf reaction in her-
19921 ZARDINI: M A D I A SA TIVA 41

b a r i u m m a t e r i a l was also n e g a t i v e (pers. observ.). cytology and evolutionary relationships. Aliso 4(2):
However, Greshoff(1900) reported that the seeds 171-236.
o f w h a t h e called M a d a r i o p s i s chilensis (see dis- Chesnut, V . K . 1902. Plants used by the Indians of
c u s s i o n o n t a x o n o m y ) c o n t a i n a n alkaloid. Mendocino County, California. Contr. U.S. Nat.
Herb. 7(3):295-408.
CONCLUSION Clausen, J. 1951. Stages in the evolution of plant
species. Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, NY.
M a d i a sativa h a s a l o n g h i s t o r y as a n oil c r o p
, D. D. Keek, and W. M. Hiesey. 1945. Ex-
a n d m i g h t a g a i n a c h i e v e i m p o r t a n c e in t h e role perimental studies on the nature of species. II. Plant
it h a s h a d a m o n g t h e n a t i v e s o f t h e t w o A m e r - evolution through amphiploidy and autoploidy, with
icas. O t h e r m e m b e r s o f t h e t r i b e M a d i i n a e s h o u l d examples from the Madiinae. Carnegie Inst. Wash-
b e i n v e s t i g a t e d for t h i s t r a i t as well. ington Pub., Washington, DC.
Cooper, J . M . 1942. The Araucanians. Pages 687-
760 in Handbook of South American Indians II.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian In-
Peter Rav en has been extremely helpful a n d generous in t i m e and effort stitution Bulletin 143.
p r o v i d i n g m a n y enlightening c o m m e n t s on the ma nus c ri pt , m u c h related Coville, F.V. 1897. Notes on the plants used by the
literature, a n d m u c h i n f o r m a t i o n . R i c h a r d Sehultes reviewed earlier ver-
Klamath Indians of Oregon. Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb.
sions o f the m a n u s c r i p t a n d Lawrence Kaplan a n d an a n o n y m o u s re-
viewer p r o v i d e d m a n y useful c o m m e n t s . F o r diverse sets o f i n f o r m a t i o n 5(2).
I a m grateful to A r t h u r S. Barclay, B e n j a m i n H. Beard, A r t h u r Cronquist, Cronquist, A. 1955. Compositae. Pages 1-343 in C.
G e n e v i e v e D a w s o n . J a m e s A. Duke, T h o m a s C. Fuller, Leslie Garay. L. Hitchcock, A. Cronquist, M. Ownbey, and J. W.
Larry R. Heckard, J a m e s C. H i c k m a n , Lawrence Kaplan. D a v i d D, Keck.
Thompson, eds., Vascular plants of the Pacific
Robert K l e l m a n . Charles T. M a s o n . W. D. Stevens, Roy Taylor. a n d
John Thomas. Northwest 5. Univ. Washington Press, Seattle, WA.
l wish to express m y appreciation to the G u g g e n h e i m F o u n d a t i o n for 1980. Vascular flora of the Southeastern
the o p p o r t u n i t y to study as their Fellow at the Botanical M u s e u m o f United States 1. Univ. Carolina Press, Chapel Hill,
H a r v a r d U n i v e r s i t y d u r i n g 1 9 7 6 - 1 9 7 7 w h e n this paper was initiated.
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APPENDIX
Material studied (*annotated by Keck)
Madia chilensis
CHILE. SANTIAGO. Cerro San Cristobal, Cabrera
3446, 12/21/1935 (LP). VALPARAISO. Cuesta La
Dormida, Mahu 1013, 10/15/1964 (LP). Valparaiso,
no loc., Meyen, herb. Prager 10597 (CAS) (*). NO
DATA. "Madariopsis chilensis'" (Type BM, photo
DS!).
43
Madia aft. gracilis
(approaching M. gracilis)
ARGENTINA. MENDOZA. Las Heras, Villavicen-
cio, Ruiz Leal 1055, 2/12/1933 (LP) (pp); Burkart
et al. 14394, 2/27/1942 (LP). N E U Q U E N . Traful
Norte, Soriano 102, 2/1943 (LP). Isla Victoria, Mon-
tiel 208, 1/26/1946 (LP); Donat 54, 2/17/1937 (LP).
RIO NEGRO. Camino a Nirihuan, Cabrera et Job
384, 1/16/1935 (LP) (*). CHILE. AYSEN. Valle
Simpson, Rio Claro, yon Rentzell 6093, 1/17/1939
(LP). C A U T I N . Lonquimay, H o l l e r m a y e r 833,
2/15/1940 (LP). COLCHAGUA. El Flaco, Barros
7488, 1/25/1948 (LP). CURICO. Hacienda Monte
Grande, Werdermann 570, 12/1924 (CAS, DS) (*).
SANTIAGO. Las Condes, Cabrera 3484, 1/ 12/1936
(LP), 12213, 5/13/1956 (LP).
Madia sativa
ARGENTINA. CHUBUT. Carren Leuffi, Cabrera et
al. 23203, 1/23/1973 (LP). Lago Epuybn, Soriano
1377, 1/27/1945 (LP). Colonia Sarmiento, Cabrera
54, 2/26/1927 (LP). Estancia Laurita, Rio Senguerr,
Soriano 1459, 2/6/1945 (LP). MENDOZA. Tunu-
y~in, Los Arboles, Ruiz Leal 2179, 3/15/1934 (LP).
Las Heras, Villavicencio, Ruiz Lea11055, 2/12/1933
(pp) (LP). Pareditas, Burkart et al. 14395, 2/24/1942
(LP). San Rafael, Potimalal, Ruiz Leat 7462, 1/28/
1941 (LP). NEUQUEN. Los Lagos, Estancia Cha-
cabuco, Gonzfilez 410, 1/1980 (LP). Huiliches, Par-
que Nacional Lanin, Correa et al. 5786, 2/21/1974
(LP); Schajovskoy 181/VII, 1/22/1968 (LP). Isla
Victoria, Puerto Pampa, Grnner 129, 1/ 14/1936 (LP).
San Martin de los Andes, Bridarolli 2011, 1/1941
(LP); Covas 2084, 1/1941 (LP). Isla Victoria, Corte
84, 2/14/1948 (LP). Lago Huechulafquen, Gentili
171, 12/27/1973 (LP). Quila Quina, Cabrera 20522,
1/1970 (LP). RIO NEGRO. Lago Nabuel Huapi,
Cerro Otto, Cabrera 5841, 2/3/1940 (LP); Cabrera
et Job 141, 1/7/1935 (LP). San Carlos de Bariloche,
Burkart 6062, 1/29/1934 (LP), 6200, 2/1 / 1934 (LP).
Lago Mascardi, Cabrera 5003, 3/19/1939 (LP).
SANTA CRUZ. Lago Argentino-Lago Frio, James
809 (DS). TIERRA DEL FUEGO. Asentamiento Ti-
maukel, Pisano 2476, 2/14/1970 (LP). Estancia Cul-
len, Moore et Goodal1327, 1/5/1972 (LP). Cabo San
Pablo, Moore 1516, 1/14/1968 (LP). Lago Kami,
Crovetto F 148, 1/1965 (LP).
AUSTRALIA. NEW SOUTH WALES. Rhine Falls,
Douglas no number, 3/3/1953 (NSW). Tumut, Jeph-
son no number, 3/1918 (NSW); Redford 1061/22,
3/1922 (NSW). Carcoar, Rillinger 1028/22, 3/1922
(NSW). Millthorpe District, Ament no number,
3/4/1953 (NSW). Orange. Flynn 636/18, 2/1918
(NSW). Gundagai, Browning 533/22, 2/1922 (NSW).
Albury, Bartlett 359/37, 3/1937 (NSW).
CHILE. AYSEN. Estancia Coyhaique, Bruzzone 265,
44 ECONOMIC BOTANY
3/15/1943 (LP). Balmaceda, Bruzzone 139, 2/17/
1943 (LP). Road Puerto Aysen-Coyhaique, km 49,
Bruzzone 121, 2/13/1943 (LP). Los Mallines, near
Balmaceda, Bruzzone 63, 1/ 31 / 1943 (LP). Los Ma-
tlines, claros del bosque de fiires, Bruzzone 34, 1/24/
1943 (LP). BIO-BIO. Paucunto, Maldonado 80,
3/6/1941 (LP). COQUIMBO. Quilimari, Crisci 355,
1/6/1970 (LP). LINARES. Linares, Fabris et Crisci
7553, 1/1969 (LP). L L A N Q U I H U E . Maullin, Ca-
brera no number, 1/28/1944 (LP). MAGALLANES.
Near Magallanes, Mexia 7968, 4/1/1936 (DS) (*).
['COL. 46
Rio Seco, Donat 374, 1/1931 (CAS) (*). Puerto Na-
tales, Gunckel 5658, 2/19/1935 (LP) (*). TIERRA
DEL FUEGO. Bahia Infltil, 21 k m SW of Estancia
Cameron, Rio Mayo, Moore 2232. 3/13/1968 (LP).
VALPARAISO. Hacienda E1 Pangal, near Limache,
Killip et Pisano 39733, 11/4/1948 (LP). Ocoa, Mahu
8826, 10/12/1971.
PERU. LIMA. Canta, Carhuapampa, Meza 161,4/30/
1963 (LP).