10 Power Curves

Wind Energy I
10. Power curves
Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 1

Wind Energy I Class content
✓ 5 Wind turbines in 6 Basic wind
✓
✓
2 Wind general turbine design
measurements
7 Wind - blades
✓
interaction
✓
consequences for
3 Wind field rotor design
characterization
✓
4 Wind power
8 Power losses at
✓
the rotor blade
✓
9 Control strategies
10 Power curves
11 General questions
before exam

Wind Energy I IEC Power curve
The IEC 61400-12-1 standard of the International

Electrotechnical Commission describes how to determine the
power curve based on measured wind and power data. This
describes step by step what to do and what to take into account
in order to make the results reproducible. In detail it addresses,
among other things,
wind measurements including direction, air temperature and air

pressure
definition of measurement sector
database - how much information is at least needed to determine a

power curve
estimation of uncertainties (bunch of annexes)

Wind, air temperature, and air pressure measurements
measurements should be carried out at hub height 2-4D away
wind measurements had to be carried out with a cup anemometer
wind direction measurements with a wind vane (uncertainty < 5°)
the data acquisition system has to have a sampling frequency of at least

1Hz
Air density should be corrected by air temperature, and air
pressure measurements. The 10 minutes averaged air density
ρ10min should be calculated by: B10min
10min =
R0 · T10min
B10min : measured air pressure av. over 10 min
R0 : gas constant of dry air 287.05 J/(kg x K)
T10min : measured air temperature av. over 10 min

Data normalization
The measured data shall be normalized to two reference air

densities ρ0:
a) sea level air density referring to ISO standard atmosphere:
0 = sea = 1.225kg/m 3
b) average measured air density for period of valid measured

data rounded to the nearest 0.05 kg/m^3.
⇢0 = h⇢10min,valid data i

Data normalization
For a fixed-speed, fixed-pitch regulated wind turbine the

normalization shall be applied to the measured power output:
0
Pn = P10min ·
10min
Pn : normalized power output
P10min : measured power output averaged over 10 min.

0 : reference air density
10min : derived 10 min averaged air density

Data normalization
For wind turbines with active control the normalization shall be
applied to the wind speed according to:
⇥1/3
10min
un = u10min ·
0
un : normalized wind speed

u10min : measured wind speed averaged over 10 min.
0 : reference air density
10min : derived 10 min averaged air density

Definition of measurement sector
The basic sector is defined, that the met mast is not in the wake
of the turbine:
This sector becomes smaller if the surrounding topography

adds disturbances.

Database - how much information is at least needed to
determine the power curve
each wind speed should include a minimum of 30 min
the database should include a minimum of 180h of sampled data
the wind speed range shall at least cover a range of 1m/s below cut-in to 1.5
times the wind speed at 85% of the rated power of the WEC
2.0
C P(u)
1.6 cut-out
A : ucut in 1m/s B
P(u) [MW]
1.2
0.8
B : u(Prated ·0.85) cut-in
0.4
A
C : u(Prated ·0.85) · 1.5
0.0
0 10 20 30
u [m/s]
rangeu [m/s]

Determine the IEC power curve based on real data
wind speed [m/s]

electrical power output P [kW]

Power - wind velocity: Raw data
wind speed [m/s]

1. Take 10 minute averages
wind speed [m/s]


Power - wind velocity: 10 minute averaged data
wind speed [m/s]

2. Apply 0.5m/s binning
wind speed [m/s]


Power - wind velocity: 10 minute averaged data with binning
wind speed [m/s]

3. Average in each 0.5m/s bin
wind speed [m/s]

IEC power curve depends on turbulent intensity
P (u) ⇥ u 3
⌅P (u)⇧ =
⇤ P (⌅u⇧)
1
0.8
power output P/Pr
0.4 0.6
0.2
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
wind speed u [m/s]

Wind Energy I Power curve
Motivation for a new approach:
System is highly dynamic
wind speed [m/s]
time [s]

Wind Energy I LPC Power curve
The Langevin Power Curve (LPC)
Wind turbine reacts to fluctuating wind --> relaxation model
wind speed [m/s]

⇤ Modeling a WEC using equation (1) requires to know ,
Wind⇥Energy I LPC Power curve
and PL (u), which should be computed from measurement
data. Equation (1) can be further
The Langevin Power generalized
Curve (LPC) by introduc-
ing the terms D(1) (P; u) and D(2) (P; u) that will be computed
ent tur- stochastic response model for the turbine power output
r curve
from u(t) and P(t). Equation (1) then becomes the Langevin
d from equation
stochastic [5], [6]:
Langevin equation
alue Pr . ⌅
dP(t)
= D(1) (P; u) + D(2) (P; u) · G(t) (2)
dt
Gaussian white noise Γ(t) --> turbulent fluctuations
Kramers-Moyal coefficients
conditional moments M(n)

(n) 1 1 n
D (1)
(P, u) = lim ⇥[P (t ) P (t)] ⇤|P (t)=P,u(t)=u
n! 0
D(1)(P,u) = dynamical response of the turbine (drift)
D(2)(P,u) = turbulent fluctuations

r curve
d from equation
Langevin equation
alue Pr . ⌅
dP(t)
= D(1) (P; u) + D(2) (P; u) · G(t) (2)
dt
(n) 1 1 n
D (1)
n! 0


r curve
d from equation
Langevin equation
alue Pr . ⌅
dP(t)
= D(1) (P; u) + D(2) (P; u) · G(t) (2)
dt
conditional moments M(n)

(n) 1 1 n
D (1)
n! 0


The Langevin Power Curve (LPC) - calculation
wind speed [m/s]

time [s]
wind speed [m/s]

M (1)
( ) = ⇥P (t + ) P (t)⇤|P (t)=P,u(t)=u

M(1) [kW]
τ [s]
M (1) ( ) = ⇥P (t + ) P (t)⇤|P (t)=P,u(t)=u
1
D (1)
(P, u) = lim M (1) ( )
0


10 Power Curves

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Wind Energy I

10. Power curves

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 1

✓ 5 Wind turbines in 6 Basic wind

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 2

The IEC 61400-12-1 standard of the International

wind measurements including direction, air temperature and air

definition of measurement sector

database - how much information is at least needed to determine a

estimation of uncertainties (bunch of annexes)

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 3

wind measurements had to be carried out with a cup anemometer

wind direction measurements with a wind vane (uncertainty < 5°)

the data acquisition system has to have a sampling frequency of at least

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 4

The measured data shall be normalized to two reference air

a) sea level air density referring to ISO standard atmosphere:

b) average measured air density for period of valid measured

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 5

For a fixed-speed, fixed-pitch regulated wind turbine the

Pn : normalized power output

P10min : measured power output averaged over 10 min.

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 6

un : normalized wind speed

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 7

This sector becomes smaller if the surrounding topography

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 8

the database should include a minimum of 180h of sampled data

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 9

wind speed [m/s]

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 10

electrical power output P [kW]

wind speed [m/s]

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 11

wind speed [m/s]

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 12

electrical power output P [kW]

wind speed [m/s]

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 13

wind speed [m/s]

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 14

electrical power output P [kW]

wind speed [m/s]

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 15

electrical power output P [kW]

wind speed [m/s]

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 16

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 17

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 18

Wind turbine reacts to fluctuating wind --> relaxation model

electrical power output P [kW]

wind speed [m/s]

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 19

conditional moments M(n)

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 20

D(1)(P,u) = dynamical response of the turbine (drift)

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 21

conditional moments M(n)

D(1)(P,u) = dynamical response of the turbine (drift)

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 22

wind speed [m/s]

electrical power output P [kW]

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 23