Wind Energy I

Wind Energy I

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 1

Wind Energy I Class content

5 Wind turbines in 6 Basic wind turbine

2 Wind design
general
measurements

7 Wind - blades
interaction

3 Wind field
characterization 8 Power losses at
4 Wind power the rotor blade

9 Control strategies

10 Power curves

11 General questions
before exam

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 2

Wind Energy I Turbulence

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 3

Wind Energy I Wind speed measurements

Intrusive sensors

Pressure sensors - e.g. Prandtl tube with manometer

Cup anemometer

Ultrasonic anemometer (USA)

New developments - sphere anemometer, Laser

Cantilever Anemometer

Non-intrusive sensor

Light detection and ranging (LiDAR)

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 4

 Wind Energy I Pressure measurements

Why should we measure the pressure ?

Bernoulli equation: ptotal = pdyn + pstatic

with: pdyn = 1/2 · air ·u 2

Prandtl tube

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 5

 Wind Energy I Pressure measurements

Therefore the velocity is Measure the pressure e.g. with an

given by: “inclined tube manometer”

2 · (ptotal pstatic )
u=
air

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 6

Wind Energy I Cup anemometry

For example: Thies First Class

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 7

 Wind Energy I Cup anemometry

Why this basic design ?

u
urot

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 8

 Wind Energy I Cup anemometry

Calibration
5
4

u [m/s]
3
[V]
UU[V]
2
1
0

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 f [Hz]

t t[s]
[s]

optoelectronic detection (light barrier)

inductive detection

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 9

Wind Energy I Cup anemometry

Different models

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 10

 Wind Energy I Cup anemometry

Over-speeding
gusts at 2/3 Hz, 9 m/s

v [m/s]
u [m/s]

t [s]
measured turbulence intensity
33 % 8 %
hot-wire anemometer cup anemometer

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 11

Wind Energy I Cup anemometry

Inclined flow
tilt response anemometer Type 3.3351.00.000 , serial 0807011 at ca. 10 m/s
dataset 1796_09
0,1
nozzle
0,08

0,06
-20°
0,04 nozzle
rel. deviation of anemoemter frequency

0,02

0
+20°
-0,02

-0,04

-0,06

-0,08

-0,1

-0,12

-0,14 cosine projection

-0,16

-0,18

-0,2
-34 -32 -30 -28 -26 -24 -22 -20 -18 -16 -14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34
tilt angle /°

dev. V anemo at 1Hz dev. V anemo bin average

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 12

Wind Energy I Cup anemometry

Summary

low temporal resolution (about

1Hz)

effected by inertia

not sensitive to wind direction

moving parts result in

wear of bearings

sensitive to icing

www.thiesclima.com

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 13

Wind Energy I Ultrasonic anemometry

Measurement principle

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 14

Wind Energy I Ultrasonic anemometry

Different models

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 15

 Wind Energy I Ultrasonic anemometry
Drawbacks
wake of cylinder in the laboratory

Heard Island,Indian Ocean

supports create wakes

system is expensive

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 16

 Wind Energy I Ultrasonic anemometry
Drawbacks

reference calibration off calibration on

supports create wakes

system is expensive

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 17

Wind Energy I Ultrasonic anemometry
Experimental validation of these drawbacks

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 18

Wind Energy I Ultrasonic anemometry

Wake effect depends on the incoming velocity and is

therefore hard to compensate especially under
turbulent inflow conditions.

Histogram of the fluctuations of the measured wind direction

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 19

 Wind Energy I Sphere anemometer

Motivation
alternative to
cup anemometry --> 1D, 1Hz, wear of
bearings, over-speeding
ultrasonic anemometry --> expensive, wake
effects of transducer supports

Properties
wind velocity and direction measurements
temporal resolution up to resonance
frequency

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 20

Wind Energy I Sphere anemometer

Measurement principle

deflection of a flexible tube due to drag forces acting

3
⇥
l Fs Ft
s= · +
E·J 3 8
with general expression for drag force
1
F = · · A · cD · v 2
2
drag coefficient
cD considered constant for

Re ⇥ 103 . . . 2 · 105 leads to

⌅
s⇤v ⇥v =m·
2
s

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 21

Wind Energy I Sphere anemometer

Measurement principle

deflection of a flexible tube due to drag forces acting

3
⇥
l Fs Ft
s= · +
E·J 3 8
with general expression for drag force
1
F = · · A · cD · v 2
2
drag coefficient
cD considered constant for

Re ⇥ 103 . . . 2 · 105 leads to

⌅
s⇤v ⇥v =m·
2
s

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 22

Wind Energy I Sphere anemometer

Measurement principle

deflection of a flexible tube due to drag forces acting

3
⇥
l Fs Ft
s= · +
E·J 3 8
with general expression for drag force
1
F = · · A · cD · v 2
2
drag coefficient cD considered constant for

Re ⇥ 103 . . . 2 · 105 leads to

⌅
s⇤v ⇥v =m·
2
s

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 23

Wind Energy I Sphere anemometer

Measurement principle

deflection of a flexible tube due to drag forces acting

3
⇥
l Fs Ft
s= · +
E·J 3 8
with general expression for drag force
1
F = · · A · cD · v 2
2
drag coefficient cD considered constant for

Re ⇥ 103 . . . 2 · 105 leads to

⌅
s⇤v ⇥v =m·
2
s

Easy calibration function!

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 24

Wind Energy I Sphere anemometer

Measurement principle

deflection of a flexible tube due to drag forces acting

3
⇥
l Fs Ft
s= · + Kugel
sphere
E·J 3 8
with general expression for drag force laser
Laser

1
F = · · A · cD · v 2 Rohr
l
2
drag coefficient cD considered constant for
 tube
Re ⇥ 103 . . . 2 · 105 leads to
 Gewinde
⌅
s⇤v ⇥v =m·
2
s
2D-PSD

Easy calibration function!

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 25

Wind Energy I Sphere anemometer

2D position sensitive detector (2D-PSD)

y
Iy1 Ix1
Calculation of position:
L α x (Ix2 + Iy1 ) (Ix1 + Iy2 ) L
xspot = ·
Ix1 + Ix2 + Iy1 + Iy2 2
(Ix2 + Iy2 ) (Ix1 + Iy1 ) L
yspot = ·
Ix2 cathode Iy2 Ix1 + Ix2 + Iy1 + Iy2 2
L

Allows for 2-dimensional detection of deflection of the

sphere/tube combination

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 26

 Wind Energy I Sphere anemometer
⌅
1D calibration follows the theory s⇤v ⇥v =m·
2
s

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 27

 Wind Energy I Sphere anemometer

Different spheres

cd = 0.45 cd = ??? cd = ???

Separation point:
Separation point: ?? Separation point: ??
about 80°

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 28

 Wind Energy I Sphere anemometer

Aerodynamic measurements to determine the

separation point (using PIV) drag coefficient

Source: D. Strutz, Master thesis

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 29

Wind Energy I Sphere anemometer

2D Calibration in the wind tunnel

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 30

Wind Energy I Sphere anemometer

2D Calibration
Sphere anemometer Ultrasonic anemometer

No correction of wake effects necessary !

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 31

Wind Energy I Sphere anemometer

Gusts measurements

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 32

Wind Energy I Sphere anemometer

Comparison of time series

u [m/s]

t [s]

measured turbulence intensities

33 % 32 % 8 %
hot-wire anemometer sphere cup anemometer

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 33

Wind Energy I Sphere anemometer

Comparison of power spectra

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 34

 Wind Energy I Sphere anemometer

Direct comparison with ultra sonic anemometer based on

measurements on the root of the university building.

Sphere anemometer with resonance

frequency of about 80Hz

ultrasonic: Gill WindMaster Pro 3D (32

Hz)

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 35

Wind Energy I Sphere anemometer

Comparison of measured data

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 36

Wind Energy I Sphere anemometer

Current projects - free field measurements

Measurement station in the Wadden Sea

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 37

 Wind Energy I Sphere anemometer

Current projects - free field measurements

http://www.bard-offshore.de/projekte/nearshore/hooksiel.html

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 38

 Wind Energy I 2D-LCA for laboratory use

2d-Laser Cantilever Anemometer (2d-LCA)

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 39

 Wind Energy I 2D-LCA for free field

Stable cantilever - stainless steel Front section of the 2D-ALCA

Cantilever

Mirror
0,4mm

1,5mm
Detailed illustration
of the cantilever

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 40

 Wind Energy I 2D-LCA for free field

Measurement at off-shore
met mast FINO 3 (research
met mast in North and
Baltic Sea)

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 41

Wind Energy I 2D-LCA for free field

Altitude about 90 meters.

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 42

Wind Energy I Remote sensing
Why remote sensing?
FINO3 platform

http://fh-kiel.de/fileadmin/data/presse

Met masts are expensive and not very flexible

Higher heights necessary in the future

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 43

Wind Energy I LiDAR
LiDAR - Light Detection and Ranging

particulate material
u
wind
ulos
s e r 2 · ulos
La fD = fL ·
c

Problem: frequency ~ 1015 Hz (PHz)

‣ superposition with reference light (local oscillator)
‣ measuring the beat frequency (~ MHz)

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 44

 Wind Energy I LiDAR

LiDAR - Design

Selection of wavelength:

eye safety
little absorption in
the atmosphere
availability of
components

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 45

Wind Energy I LiDAR

LiDAR - Design
!"#$%&'(#)%"*#%*(%"#)"'%'+,-./0*1%2230$*3)&.$
Summer school: Remote sensing for wind energy
Risø National Laboratory, DTU
~u
June 2011

Measurement of los (line of sight) u3 u2 u1

component only:
‣ for horizontal component laser has
!"#$%#$&
to
!
inclined 80/)0-*$.";0*%<*%2#)(.3*=0#5%&+*<%$*<3%-*
=0.+'$0=0"#

! >.+)(*3)&.$ 2$)"()230+
For 3D velocity vector:
! ?%"#)"'%'+*-./0*@?AB*.33,<)C$0*3)&.$ .#*-./030";#5*

‣ measurement of at least three different

DEF*=)($%"*@7025!8B

! 9%=0*0G.=230+*%<*=0.+'$0=0"#+
directions necessary " H'$C)"0*=%'"#0&*3)&.$
" I$%'"&,C.+0&*-)"&*2$%<)3)";
" J)&.$ %"*<3%.#)";*23.#<%$=*@90.7025!8B

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 46

 Wind Energy I LiDAR

LiDAR - Design
#$%#$&
continuous LiDAR 
 pulsed LiDAR
&+*<%$*<3%-*
(cw -laser)

0*3)&.$ .#*-./030";#5*

0"#+

";
@90.7025!8B

Source: QuinetiQ
: / Natural Power Source: Leosphere, Sgurr Energy

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 47

Wind Energy I LiDAR

Properties of continuous wave - LiDAR

R
D

2
·D
=
⇡ · R2
Vertical spatial resolution decreases with increasing
distance to LiDAR
‣ limited range of cw LiDar (~ 150-200 m)
‣ best resolution close to the optics (~ 10 m)

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 48

Wind Energy I LiDAR

Properties of continuous wave - LiDAR

Up to 50 measurement point/sec
Measurement points on the surface
of a cone
changing measurement height
through focus
spatial resolution depends on
measurement height

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 49

Wind Energy I LiDAR

pulsed - LiDAR

Using “time of flight” information for measurements in

different heights

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 50

Wind Energy I LiDAR

pulsed - LiDAR

R
D

Intensity distribution identical for each pulse

Vertical resolution constant with increasing distance
to LiDAR
‣ range up to 15km

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 51

Wind Energy I LiDAR

Applications e.g. nacelle based LiDAR

Incoming wind field: Incoming wind field and wake

Wind turbine control measurements

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 52

Wind Energy I LiDAR

Applications e.g. multi LiDAR

3 synchronized pulsed LiDAR

Scanning in one volume

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 53