CHAPTER (1)

BUILDING A SOLID
FOUNDATION

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 Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

Background
Several scientists have contributed to the science of fluid mechanics

• Archimedes ( 250 B.C) : Principles of hydrostatic and flotation

• Newton: Law of motions.

• Reynold: Laminar & Turbulence.

• Prandtl: Boundary layer.

• Euler & Bernoulli: Fluid motion.

• Mach: Supersonic flow.

• Riemann: Shock waves.

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 Definitions
a. Fluid Mechanics (there is more than one definition)

• The science that deals with the action of forces on fluid.

• The branch of mechanics that deal with gases and liquids, either at
rest or in motion.

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 Definitions
b. Fluid (Liquid, Gas & Plastic solids)

• Fluid is defined as a substance that continually deforms (flows) unde

an applied shear stress regardless of how small the applied stress.

• Any state of matter which can flow with relative ease, tends to assume
the shape of its container, and obeys Bernoulli's principle; a liquid, gas.

• Anything that flows, either liquid or gas. Some solids can also exhibi
fluid behavior over time.

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 Comparison of Solids, Liquid & Gases

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 Dimensions
A Dimension is a category that represents a physical quantity such as mass,
length, time , and temperature.

Primary Dimensions
Dimension Symbol Units (SI) Other dimensions not mentioned in
Length
m the table are called:
L
Mass
M kg Secondary Dimensions
Time
T s Examples of Secondary dimensions
Temperature
 K (Force, acceleration, momentum)
Electric
Current
i A F   m  a : Called Dimensions
Amount of
light C cd Pr imary dim ension of force 
L ML
F   m  a  M 
Amount of
Matter
N Mole 
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 Dimensionless Groups

A Dimensionless Group is any arrangement of variables in which the

primary dimensions cancel out.
Examples: Mach number (M), Reynolds number (Re)

Velocity of object V
M  
Velocity of sound c
Inertia forces VD
Re  
Viscous forces 
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 Example (1.1)

Inertia forces VD

Re  
Viscous forces 

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 Example (1.1)

Inertia forces VD

Re  
Viscous forces 

Re 
 
VD kg m 3 l s l 

 N .s m 2

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 Primary Dimensions on a Derivative

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Primary dimensions of an integral

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 Example (1.3)

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 Example (1.3)

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 Example (1.3)

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 Dimensional Homogeneity

A Dimensional Homogeneity is when the primary dimensions on each

term are the same.

Example (1.2)

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 Example (1.2)

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 Dimensional Homogeneity

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 Dimensional Homogeneity

Prove the equation below for dimension homogeneity

V ( y)  ay(b  y)

V ( y )  ay (b  y )  aby  ay 2
L
T   abL    
aL2

 
L 1
abL   , ab   ........................(1)
T  T 

  L  1 
And aL2   , i.e. a    ...........(2)
T   LT 
Substitute Eqn.(2) in Eqn.(1), we have
b  L
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Applications and Connections of Fluid Mechanics

1. Hydraulics

1. Hydrology

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 Flow Classification
3. Aerodynamics

4. Bio-fluid Mechanics

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 Flow Classification
5. Acoustics

6. Micro-channel flow

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 Flow Classification
7. Computational Fluid Dynamics

8. Petroleum Engineering

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 Flow Classification
9. Atmospheric Science

10. Electrical Engineering

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 Flow Classification

11. Environmental Engineering

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 Units

Basic units SI Units Imperial Units

(Traditional units)
Mass Kg Slug, Pound mass
1 slug = 32.2 Ibm
Length M foot

Time sec sec

Force N lbf

Density Kg/m3 lb/ft3

Volume m3 ft3

Power W ---------

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 Conversion of units units

1kg  2.2 Ibm, 1 slug  32.2 Ibm

F  m a

F  m a

Use Table F.1 to find the conversion units

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Example (1.4)

Convert a pressure of 2.00 psi to Pascal (Pa)

1.0 psi  6.805 kPa (Table F.1)

2.0 psi  2  6.805  13.8 kPa

Example (1.5)

Find the force in Newtons that is needed to accelerate a mass of 10g at a rate of 15ft/s2

F  m  a (N )
10 2
F (kg )  15  0.3084(m / s )  0.0457 N
1000
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 Applying the Ideal Gas Law (IGL)
Boyle Law: states that when the temperature
is held constant, the pressure and volume are
related as follows:

PV  C
Charles Law: states that when the pressure is
held constant, the volume and temperature are
related as follows:

V
C
T
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 Applying the Ideal Gas Law (IGL)

Ideal Gas Law: (Equation of State)

PV  nRu T Where: n = Number of moles

m
PV  (nRu T ) m = Molecular mass,
m (nm)=M=Mass of the gas
 nm  Ru  kJ
P   T Ru = Universal gas constant Ru  8.134
 V  m  kg.K
P  RT R = Gas Constant

Universal Gas Ru
R 
Molar Mass M
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 Summaryof the Ideal Gas
Equations (IGL)

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 Summary of the Ideal Gas
Equations (IGL)

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 The Wales-Wood Model
(WWM)
The WWM is an idealization of what experts do
when they solve problems.

The WWM is comprised of six thinking operation:

1. Define the situation.
2. State the goal.
3. Generate ideas.
4. Make a plan.
5. Take action.
6. Review the processDR.and
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results.
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Example (1.6)

1. Define the situation

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 1. Define the situation

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 2. State the goal

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 3. Generate ideas and make a plan

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 5. Take an Action

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 6. Review the solution

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Example (1.6)

1. Define the situation

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Example (1.6)
1. Define the situation

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Example (1.6) 2. State the goal

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Example (1.6)
3. Generate ideas and make a plan

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Example (1.6) 5. Take an Action

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Example (1.7)
6. Review the solution

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Example (1.6)

END OF CHAPTER (1)

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