COURSE OUTLINE

. lntroduction

. Dimensions and Units

. Properties of Fluids

. Fluid Statics (Fluid in rest)

. Fluid Dynamics (Fluid in Motion) and the Conservation of

Mass

. Energy Principle and its Applications

. Momentum Principle and its Applications
. Pipe Flow
 INTRODUCTION
A fluid is defined as a
substance that deforms
continuously when acted on by
a shearing stress of any
m agn itu d e.

FIu ids a re
gases

A liq u id is virtua lly

incompressible and has definite
volume but no definite shape.
(lf you pour a Iiter of juice into
severa I glasses, the sha pe of the
ju ice has cha nged but the tota I

volu me hasn't.)
 CONTINUUM
A gas is easily compressed. lt
has neither definite shape nor
Or definite volume. (lf a container
I atm, 20"C
of CO2 is opened, it wil! diffuse
throughout the room.)
3
,a&
x l0l6 moleculcs/mrn3 Atoms are widely spaced in the
gas phase.
However; we can disregard the
atomic nature of a substance.
/

#
VOID
ffi\ View it as a continuous,
homogeneous matter with no
holes, that is, a continuum.
This allows us to treat properties
as smoothly varying quantities.
 PHASE CHANGES

Evaporation: Liquid + Gas

Condensotion: Gos -+ Liquid

Melting: Solid -+ Liquid

Freezing: Liquid -+ Solid

Sublimation: Solid -+ Gas

 DIMENSIONS AND UNITS
. ln fluid mechanics we must describe various fluid characteristics in
terms of certain basic quantities such as length, time and mass
. A dimension is the measure by which a physical variable is
expressed quantitatively, i.e. length is a dimension associated with
distance, width, height, displacement.
} Basic dimensions: Length, L

(or pri m a ry quo ntiti e s) Time,T

Moss, M
Temperature, @
. We can derive any secondary quantity from the primary quantities
i.e. Force = (mass) x (acceleration) : F = M LT-2
. A unit is a particular way of attaching a number to the quantitative
dimension: Systems of units can vary from country to country, but
dimensions do not
 DIMENSIONS AND UNITS
British English
Primary
Sl Unit Gravitational Engineering (EE)
Dimension
(BG) Unit Unit
Pound-mass
Mass [M] Kilogram (kg) Slug
(tb.")

Length [L] Meter (m) Foot (ft) Foot (ft)

Time [T] Second (s) Second (s) Second (s)

Temperature [@] Kelvin (K) Rankine ("R) Rankine ('R)

Newton
Force IF] Pound-force (lbr) Pound-force (lbr)
(1N=1 kg'm/s2)

Conversion foctors are availoble in most textbook inside of front cover.

 UNITS & NEWTON LAW
F orce _ mass x accelerati"on
. Sl Units:
Newton -- Kilogram x meter/secondz
N: kg. m/F
. BG Units:
Poun d -Force - Slug x foot/secon d2
lby - slug. ft/g

. Note: Grauity acceleration in SI : 9.87 m/g

Grauity acceleration in BG : 32.2 ft/g
 UNITS CONVERSION TABLE
English to Metric Metric to English
inches fins) A 25.4 millimetres {mm} mm X 0.04 tns
feet (ft) X 0.3 metres {m) m x 3.3 ft
vards (vds) X 0.9 metres (m) m x 1.1 Yds
miles (mi) X 1.6 kilometres ftm) km x 0.6 mi
sq inch fin') /\ 6.5 sq centimetre (cmz) cm2 X 0.16 in2
sq feet (ff) X 0.09 sq metres {m2) m2 X 11 ft2
su,vard fvdz) X 0.8 sq metr*s (rn2) m2 x 1.2 ydr
cu. in (in3) X 16 cu.centimetres cm' X 0.06 in'
cu. ft {ff} x 0.03 cu.metres {m1 m3 x 35 fl:
cu. vd (vd3) X 0.8 cu.metres (m3) m3 X 1.3 vd'
(liq) quart (qt) X 0.9 litre {l) I X 1.05 qt
qallon (qal) X 0.004 cu.metres (m3) m' x 244.2 qal
(advp) ounce (oz) X 28.3 orams fql g X 0.035 oz
(advp) pound (lb) X 0.45 kiloqram (kq) KW X 1.34 hp
horsepower (hp) X 0.75 kilowatt ftUn kg x 2.2 lb
ft per second (ft/s) X 0.304 met. Per second (m/s) m/s X 3.28 fl/s
ounce-force (oz0 X 0.278 newtons (N) N X 3.597 ozf
pound-force (lbf) X 4.448 neMons (N) N x 0.224 lbf
foot pounds (ft.lb) X 1.355 newtons-metres N.m) N.m x 0.737 ft.tb
foot pounds (ft.|b) X 1.355 ioules (i) x 0.737 ft.tb
in. pounds fin.lb) X 0.1 12 newtons-metres (N.m) N.rn x 8.85 in.lb
lb per foot (lb/ft) X 14.59 nevytons-metres {N.m) N.m X 0.068 lb/ft
cycles per sec (cps) X 1 hertz fie) Hz X 1 cps
Brit therm unit (Btu) X 1 055 ioules (i) X 0.0009 Btu
 FLUID PROPERTIES
Any characteristic of a system is called a property.

Familiar: pressure P, temperatu re T volum e V, and mass m.

Less familiar: viscosity, vapor pressure, surface tension.
o Density, the symbol for density is p "rho." Density is simply
mqss per unit volume. Water, for example, has a density of
about l gram per milliliter. (lt varies slightly with
tem peratu re a nd pressu re.)

S.l unit for density is kg/m3

P=m/v
- Specific volum€ is defined as llp = V/m.
FLUID PROPERTIES CONTINUED. . .
o Specific grovity, SG, or relative density is defined s the
a

rotio of the density of a substonce to the density of some

stondord substonce of o specified temperoture (usually
water at 4" C), i.e .,

sG = p/p, 5G is a d imension lebs q ua ntity.

o Specific weight, y (Oomma), is defined as th e welght per

unit volume, i.e.,
r= pg
where g is the gravitational accelerati on.f has units of N/m3.
 PRESSU RE / DENSITY QUESTIONS
1. Why do snowshoes keep you from sinking into the snow?
The snowshoes greotly increose the areo over which your weight is
distributed, thereby decreasing the pressure on the snow.

2. Why do swimmers float better in the ocean than in a lake?

Because of the salt dissolved in it, seawoter is obout 2.5% denser,
making people (and fish) more buoyont in it.

3. Why don't they make longer snorkels so that people could dive
deeper without scuba gear?
The pressure difference just 6 m below water is great enough so that
the oir in the diver's lungs will be forced through the tube, collopsing his
lungs.