MEASUREMENTs

Measurement is like laundry. It piles

up the longer you wait to do it.
-- Amber Naslund
 Measurement
is a collection of quantitative or
numerical data that describes a property of an
object or event. A measurement is made by
comparing a quantity with a standard unit.
Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D.
 Rules – Significant Digits
1. All nonzero numbers are significant.
Ex: 789 – 3 sig.
2. All zeros between numbers are significant.
Ex: 503 – 3 sig.
3. If decimal is present, zero’s to the left are not significant.
Ex: 0.0069 – 2 sig.
4. If decimal is present, zero’s to the right are significant.
Ex: 0.040 – 2 sig.
5. If no decimal present, zero’s on end are not significant.
Ex: 24600 – 3 sig.
Physical quantity is a physical property
that can be measured and described by a
number.
Examples:
Mass of a cup is 230 g.
Length of a laptop is 12 in.
Area of a hall is 125 m2 .
Temperature of a room is 300 K
The standard used for the measurement of a
physical quantity is a unit.

Examples:

Meter, foot, inch for length

Kilogram, pound for mass
Second, minute, hour for time
Fahrenheit, kelvin, Celsius for temperature
 Types of Physical quantity

1. Fundamental quantities
The physical quantities which do not depend on
any other physical quantities for their measurements are
known as fundamental quantities.

Examples:
Mass(kg) Time (s) length(m)

Temperature (K)
 SEVEN FUNDAMENTAL UNITS
Fundamental SI Unit SYMBOL
Quantity
Length meter m
Mass kilogram kg
Time second s
Temperature kelvin K

Electric current Ampere A

Luminous intensity Candela cd

Amount of substance mole mole

 Types of Physical quantity

2. Derived Quantities – physical quantities formed from

multiplication and division of the seven base units and
other derived units themselves
Named Units Derived from SI Base Units
Quantity Symbol Relationship Dimension/Symbol
Area A Width x length m2
Volume V Width x length x m3
height
Velocity u,v Displacement/time m/s or ms-1
Acceleration a Velocity/time m/s2 or ms-2
Force F Mass x Accleration Kgms-2 or N
Pressure P Force/Area Pascal
Work W Force x Distance Joule or N*m
Power P Work/Time J/s or Watt
 PRECISION AND ACCURACY
Precision is a
description of how close
measurements are to
each other.

Accuracy is comparing
your measurement to
the actual or accepted
value.
 SI PREFIXES
Factor Name Symbol Factor Name Symbol
1024 Yotta Y 10-1 Deci d
1021 Zetta Z 10-2 Centi c
1018 Exa E 10-3 Milli m
1015 Peta P 10-6 Micro µ
1012 Tera T 10-9 Nano n
109 Giga G 10-12 Pico p
106 Mega M 10-15 Femto f
103 Kilo k 10-18 Atto a
102 Hecto h 10-21 Zepto z
101 Deka da 10-24 Yocto y
THE TEMPERATURE SCALES
Tc = (Tf - 32) / 1.8

Tf = (1.8)*Tc + 32

Tk = Tc + 273.15

Tc = Tk – 273.15
 Relations Between Length, Volume and Mass Units

Metric English Metric-English

Length 1 ft = 12 in 1 in = 2.54 cm
1 Km = 1000 m 1 yd = 3 ft 1 m = 39.37 in
1 cm = 1x10-2 m 1 mi = 5280 ft 1 mi = 1.609 km
1 mm = 1 x 10-3 m
Volume
1 m3 = 1 x 103 L 1 gal = 4 qt = 8 pt 1 ft3 = 28.32 L
1 cm3 = 1mL = 1 x 10 -3 L 1 qt (U.S. liq) = 1 L = 1.057 qt (U.S. liq)
57.75 in3
Mass
1 kg = 1 x 10 3 g 1 lb = 16 oz 1 lb = 453.6 g
1 mg = 1 x 10 -3 g 1 short ton = 2000 1 g = 0.03527 oz
lb
1 metric ton = 1 x 10 3 kg 1 metric ton = 1.102 short
ton
 Conversion Factors
and Unit Cancellation

Dimensional Analysis
Unknown Unit = Given Unit ( factor )
Convert to m3.

cm.cm.cm
X m3 = 480 cm 32 _____
1m
100 cm ( )( 1m
_____
100 cm )( 1m
_____ =
100 cm )
or
3
1m
X m3 = 480 cm3 _____
100 cm ( ) = 0.000480 m3

or
3
X m3 = 480 cm3
(
_________
1m
1000000 cm3
= )
4.80 x 10-4 m3
 CONVERSION
a) 25 Km/hr to m/s

𝒎 𝒌𝒎 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎 𝟏𝒉 𝑚
 = 25 x x = 6.94
𝒔 𝒉 𝒌𝒎 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒔 𝑠

b) 4 gal/day to mL/h
𝒎𝑳 𝒈𝒂𝒍 𝟒 𝒒𝒕 𝟏𝑳 1000𝑚𝑙 1𝑑 𝑚𝐿
= 4 x x x x = 630.72
𝒅 𝒅 𝟏 𝒈𝒂𝒍 𝟏.𝟎𝟓𝟕𝒒𝒕 1𝑙 24 ℎ ℎ
Volume from the water displacement method
A rock is placed in a balance and its mass is determined as 22.5g.
When the rock is then placed in a graduated cylinder that originally
contains 15.70 mL of water, the new volume is roughly 18.5 ml. How
much is the density of the rock?
Given:
mass of rock = 22.5 g Volume initial = 15.70 mL
Volume final = 18.50 mL

Required:
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝑚)
density (d) =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒(𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒)
Solution:
22.5 𝑔
d= d = 8.04 g/ml
18.50 𝑚𝐿 −15.70 𝑚𝑙
 Solve the following problems.
a) 28.5 g of iron shot is added to a graduated cylinder containing 45.50
mL of water. The water level rises to the 49.10 mL mark, from this
information, calculate the density of iron.
b) If a raindrop weighs 65 mg on average and 5.1 x 10 5 raindrops fall on a
lawn every minute, what mass, in kg of rain falls on the lawn in 1.5 hours.
c. The boiling temperature of liquid oxygen (O2 ) is -297.3˚F. Convert this
temperature to Celsius degrees and Kelvin.
 Love is the total absence of fear. Love
asks no questions. Its natural state is one of
extension and expansion, not comparison and
measurement.
-- Gerald Jampolsky
THANK YOU!
Let us try solving the following problems.

1. A load of asphalt weighs 254 lb and occupies a volume of 220 L.

What is the density of this asphalt in g/L.

2. A solid piece of gold has a mas of 1.25 kg and a volume of 4.5

deciliters. What is the density of the object?

3. A can’s diameter is 3 inches, and its height is 8 inches. What is

the volume of the can?

4. A sample of crude oil has a density of 0.87 g/mL. What volume

in liters does 3.5kg sample of this oil occupy?
REFERENCES:

Brown and Holme, (2018) Chemistry for Engineering Students, Cengage Learning Asia Pte. Ltd

Masterton, W. L. et al. (2014). General Chemistry, 4th edition, Cengage Learning

https://www.slideshare.net/smartgeniusproduction/unit-measurement

https://www.slideshare.net/KhanSaif2/1-measurement-69571134

https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-measurement-605880