SCIENTIFIC MEASUREMENT

Ch 2
Chemistry is a lot of math!
 WARM UP
1. Name 3 tools used for measurement.
2. What is a unit?
3. Give an example of a unit.
4. Why are units important.
CH 2
SCIENTIFIC
MEASUREMENT

Chemistry is a lot of math!

MAKING MEASUREMENTS Ch 2.2

Qualitative measurements: Give results in a

descriptive and non-numerical form
§ Example: Cookie Monster is Blue

Quantitative measurements: Give results in a

definite form – usually as numbers and units
§ Example: Cookie Monster ate 1 kg of cookies
 QUALITATIVE OR QUANTITATIVE?
The Big Mac is $2.29.

The Pop Rocks are blue.

The coffee is hot.

The slurpee is 0 degrees Celsius.

Measurement—a quantity that has both a
number and a unit.
§ For example…
§ I weigh 90!
§ I make 1000 an hour!
§ There are 72 in this class.
Numbers with NO units mean NOTHING…and will
be marked WRONG on HW/Tests, etc.
Measurements are fundamental to the
experimental science.
INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS
SI UNITS (SYSTEME INTERNATIONALE)
Quantity Unit Symbol tool
Length Meter m Ruler, meter stick
Mass Gram g Scale/ balance Not the same
as weight
Temperature Kelvin/ K / C Thermometer K=C+273
Celsius
Time Seconds s Stopwatch
Volume Liter or L or cm3 Graduated 1mL=1cm3
cm3 cylinder

Density Mass/Vol g/mL Scale & cylinder Derived unit

Can also use calorie
Energy Joule J coulometer

Amount Mole Mol

SI UNITS (SYSTEME INTERNATIONALE)
Meter (m) for length Use a
meterstick to measure
Kilogram (kg) for mass
(1 kg = 2.2 lbs)
§ Weight is NOT the same thing as
mass!
§ Use a scale to measure
Kelvin (K) for temperature
§ K = oC + 273
§ 0 K = absolute zero
§ Use a thermometer to measure
§ oC is another option, but not
Fahrenheit (in the metric
Second (s) for time
§ Use a stopwatch to measure
Mole for the amount of
substance
§ We will talk about mole later
Liter (L) or m3 for volume
§ Use a graduated cylinder to
measure 1L = 1m3
joule or calorie for
energy
§ We don’t discuss this much in
this class…
MASS VS WEIGHT
Mass: amount of Weight: measure
matter of gravitational pull
- Gravity does not
affect mass
DERIVED UNITS: IT IS A COMBINATION OF UNITS

Volume: cm3 Density: D= m/v

amount of space Ratio of mass to
occupied by an volume
object mL=cm3

Speed: meters/ second

METRIC
PREFIXES:
The metric system
utilizes prefixes
based on powers of
10.
Prefixes you need to
memorize…
milli- (1/1000x),
centi-(1/100x),
kilo-(1000x)
METRIC PREFIXES
Prefixes you need to memorize…
§ milli- (1/1000), centi-(1/100), kilo-(1000x)

Adding prefixes, gives us a range of size measurements.

Based on a system of 10’s (decimal system)
NOTE that the bigger number goes with the smaller unit.

§ 100 cm = 1 m
ALL METRIC UNITS INCREASE OR DECREASE BY
A POWER OF 10.
Conversion factors: a ratio of equal proportions,
expressed as a fraction
§ Values can often be expressed in more than one form
§ $1 = 4 quarters = 10 dimes = 20 nickels = 100
pennies
§ 1 meter = 100cm = 1000mm = 0.001km
§ equal values can be shown as a ratio equal to 1; such
ratios are called conversion factors…
$1 60min 1000m 1km
10 dim es 1hr 1km 1000m
conversion factors are useful for solving
problems in which given measurements
€
must be expressed
€ in some
€ other unit.
Example 1: conversions
a. convert 20 meters to millimeters
1. which is smaller? 1000 mm in 1m
2. how many of the smaller are in the larger?
3. create a conversion factor 1000mm/1m
20,000mm
Example 2: conversions
b. Convert 20 meters to kilometers 0.02 km
 MORE EXAMPLES

3. 600 g = __________ kg Answers

4. 8900 mm = __________ m 3) 0.6kg
4) 8.9m
5. 2.3 s = ___________ms 5) 2300ms
6. 0.250 kg = __________ mg 6) 250,000mg
7) .00658 m3
7. 6580 cm3 = __________ m3 8) 350000000
8. 0.35 m3 = ________ mm3
Date SI Unit Practice
Convert each of the following:
Example: 3.68kg * 1000g
1. 3.68 kg = __________ g   1 kg
= 3680g

2. 568 cm = __________ m
3.68kg * 103
3. 8700 ml = __________ l
4. 25 mg = __________g
5. 0.101 cm = __________ mm
6. 250 ml = __________ l
7. 600 g = __________ kg
8. 8900 mm = __________ m
9. 0.000004 m = __________ mm
10. 0.250 kg = __________ mg

Use table 2 on pg35!

However you won’t get the table for your quiz
Date: SI Unit Practice
WHAT SI UNIT WOULD YOU USE TO MEASURE….
1.  The length of a football 5.  The distance from
field? school to Sears?

6.  The height of your

2.  The WIDTH of a strand desk?
of hair?
7.  The volume of water in
3.  The mass of an a pool?
elephant?
8.  The volume of water in
a spoon?
4.  The mass of an ant?
9.  The temperature of
this room?
1. 3.68 kg = __3680____ g
2. 568 cm = ___5.68___ m
3. 8700 ml = ___8.7____ l
4. 25 mg = __0.025___ g
5. 0.101 cm = ___1.01___ mm
6. 250 ml = __0.25_____ l
7. 600 g = ___0.6____ kg
8. 8900 mm = ___8.9____ m
9. 0.000004 m = __0.004___ mm
10. 0.250 kg = __250000__ mg
 WHAT SI UNIT WOULD YOU USE TO MEASURE….
1.  The length of a football 5.  The distance from school
field? Meters to union station?
Kilometers
2.  The WIDTH of a strand 6.  The height of your desk?
cm
of hair? Mm, um
7.  The volume of water in a
pool? kL or km3
3.  The mass of an
elephant? km
8.  The volume of water in a
spoon? mL or cm3
4.  The mass of an ant?
9.  The temperature of this
Mg (grams) room? Kelvin (Celsius)
WARM UP

Convert the following:

1.  6.34g to cg
2.  69mm to cm
3.  0.93km to cm
 MORE EXAMPLES

3. 600 g = __________ kg Answers

4. 8900 mm = __________ m 3) 0.6kg
4) 8.9m
5. 2.3 s = ___________ms 5) 2300ms
6. 0.250 kg = __________ mg 6) 250,000mg
7) .00658 m3
7. 6580 cm3 = __________ m3 8) 350000000 m
8. 0.35 m3 = ________ mm3
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION: move decimal point the number of times
ex: 1*105 indicated by the power of 10.
+ means larger number
- means smaller number
Convert the following 1) 6.5*104 = 65000
out of or into
scientific notation
2) 6.5*10-4 = .00065

3) .00035 = 3.5*10-4

4) 35000 = 3.5*104
DERIVED UNITS: IT IS A COMBINATION OF UNITS

Volume: mL or cm3 Density: D= m/v

amount of space Ratio of mass to
occupied by an volume
object

Speed: meters/ second

DENSITY

add the symbols <,

>, or =to compare
the blocks

<
<
=
DENSITY: D= M/V
mass
Ex 1: A rock has Density =
a mass of 10 volume
grams and a
Units:
volume of 5 cm3.
Calculate its
density. g g
or
3
10g / 5cm3
= 2 g/cm3 cm mL
D= m/v
How can you find density from a
graph?

Density is the slope of the line

of mass vs volume.
rise y2- - y1 g
D= m/v=slope = = X –x
run 2 1 mL

Ex: 11-3 g
= 1 g/mL
11-3mL
1.  What mineral is more dense?
A, B, or C?
- A: it has greatest slope

2.  If you put equal volumes of A

and B on a balance, which
would have a larger mass?
-A
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-CDkJuo_LYs
 MORE DENSITY CALCULATIONS
Water displacement is used to find the volume of
unusual shape: volume = final – initial water voluem
1.  measure volume of water 50mL
2.  Add an object and measure volume again 60ml
3.  Subtract the volume of object+water from volume
of just water 60-50=10mL

Ex 2. The mass of 10 copper coins is 30 grams. The

initial volume of water is 50mL and the volume with
the coins if 55mL. Calculate the density of the copper
coins.
 
 Ex: 3. The density of silver is 10.0 g/cm3. If you have a
sample size of 17.235 grams, what is the volume of
the silver?

HOW WOULD TEMP AFFECT DENSITY??

As temperature increases, what happens to
density?
§ If density deals with mass and volume…
§ Does temperature affect mass? Or volume?
1.  The density of silver is
10.0 g/cm3. If you
have a sample size of
17.235 grams, what is
the volume of the
silver?
2.  If you have equal
volumes of B(blue line)
and C (red line). Which
one has a larger mass?
 WARM-UP
A scientist wants to conduct an experiment measuring
the effect of temperature on the density of nitrogen gas.
1. What units should be used for temperature and
density?
2. What tools should be used to measure temperature
and density?
3. What would be the independent and depend variables?
4. Control group and some constants?
CH 2.3

Accuracy: Precision:
the closeness of The closeness of a set
measurements to the of measurements to
actual value each other

2 technicians measure the density of a new substance:

A: 2.000, 1.999, and 2.001 g/mL
B: 2.5, 2.9, and 2.7 g/mL
The correct value is 2.480 g/mL

Who is more accurate and who is more precise?

 PERCENT ERROR: MEASURE OF HOW DIFFERENT YOUR VALUE IS
FORM THE REAL VALUE

Percent error =| Value experimental – Value accepted |*100%

Value accepted

Example: The density of water at 4 oC is known to be 1.00 g/mL.

Kayla experimentally found the density of water to be
1.075 g/mL. What is her percent error?
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES (SIG. FIGS)
IN MEASUREMENTS…

Significant Figures: all the digits in a measurement

that are known with certainty plus one estimated
digit
HOMEWORK
Quiz! Next class
HW: SI unit Use pg 42 #1,2
worksheet front
Part A and B of SI
side
unit worksheet to
study

Table on pg 35
 WARM-UP
A scientist wants to conduct an experiment measuring
the effect of temperature on the density of nitrogen gas.
1. What is the independent variable in this experiment?
2. The dependent variable?
3. What could be used as a control group?
4. What would be some constants?
5. What units should be used for temperature and
density?
6. What tools should be used to measure temperature
and density?
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION: move decimal point the number of times
ex: 1*105 indicated by the power of 10.
+ means larger number
- means smaller number
Convert the following 1) 6.5*104 = 65000.
out of or into
scientific notation
2) 6.5*10-4 = .00065

3) .00035 = 3.5*10-4

4) 35000 = 3.5*104
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES (SIG. FIGS)
IN MEASUREMENTS…

Significant Figures: all the digits in a measurement

that are known with certainty plus one estimated
digit
 Ch 2.3
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

When we make quantitative

measurements, we care about how
good our data is.
How we do this? Significant figures

Slide 1 of 6
Rules for Significant Figures: page 47 and 51 Examples:
1.  All nonzero numbers are significant 245 G 3 sf
40.7 L 3
2.  Zeros b/t nonzero digits are significant 87009 km 5
3.  Zeros appearing in front of all nonzero are .00958 m 3
not significant 0.09 kg 1
4.  Zeros at the end of a number and the right of 85.00g 4
a decimal point are significant 9.00000 6

5.  Zeros at the end of a number but to the left 2000 m 1

of a decimal point, if a decimal point is
there, are significant. (NOT significant if no 2000. m 4
decimal)
 WHEN GIVEN A NUMBER, YOU MUST BE ABLE TO
D E T E R M I N E T H E N U M B E R O F S I G . F I G S . I N I T.

a) 12,389 = _____ e) 6.700 x 107 = _____

§ All non-zero #’s are significant
b) 0.452 = _____
§ Zeros before a decimal are not
imp unless it is part of a whole
number
c) 10.26 = _____
§ zeros in between #’s are
significant
d) 23.000 = _____
§ Zeros after a decimal are
significant IF THERE IS A
WHOLE #
§ All numbers in the coefficient
of a # in scientific notation are
significant
f) 24,000,000 = _____
§ zeros w/out a decimal are NOT
significant
§ Perfect example of why sci.not.
is so great…gets rid of insig 0’s
g) 0.00000670 = _____
§ zeros after a decimal but with
no whole # are NEVER
significant.
§ Again, use sci.not.
Addition and Subtraction with Sig Figs: answer
must have same # after the decimal as the
number with the fewest digits to right of the
decimal 27.1g
25.1g + 2.03g =
Multiplication and Division with Sig Figs:
answer must use same # sig figs as the #
with the fewest sig figs
3.05g / 8.47mL =
16mL = 20mL
0.360g
80.0g/ 5.0mL = 16mL
80.0g/ 5mL =
 MATH WITH SIG FIGS (S.F)
Conversions with s.f.: use same number of sig
figs in the original measurement
- the conversion factor is considered exact and does not count

4.608 m * 100cm =460.8cm

m
Scientific Notation with Sig Figs: number is written to include
only sig figs
ex: 6.5*104 2 sig figs (65000)
2.04*10-5 3 sig figs (.0000204)
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION: move decimal point the number of times
ex: 1*105 indicated by the power of 10.
+ means move to the right
- means move to the left
6.5*104 = 65000

6.5*10-4 = .00065

.00035 = 3.5*10-4

35000 = 3.5*104
Significant Figures
A. State the number of significant digits in each
measurement.
1) 2804 m 7) 750 m
2) 2.84 km 8) 75 m
3) 5.029 m 9) 75,000 m
4) 0.003068 m 10) 75.00 m
5) 4.6 x 105 m 11) 75,000.0 m
6) 4.06 x 10-5 m 12) 10 cm
Significant Figures Practice
A. State the number of significant digits in each
measurement.
1) 2804 m 4 7) 750 m 2 or 3
2) 2.84 km 3 8) 75 m 2
3) 5.029 m 4 9) 75,000 m 2
4) 0.003068 m 4 10) 75.00 m 4
5) 4.6 x 105 m 2 11) 75,000.0 m 6
6) 4.06 x 10-5 m 3 12) 10 cm 1 or 2
No warm up. Get a red pen

(did you finish Sig Fig Practice part B? in

classwork section of notebook)
B. Solve the following problems and report answers
with appropriate number of significant digits.
1) 6.201 cm + 7.4 cm + 0.68 cm +12.0 cm =
2) 1.62 m +1200 cm =
3) 8.264 g - 7.8 g =
4) 1.31 cm x 2.3 cm =
5) 5.7621 m x 6.201 m =
6) 40.002 g / 13.000005 s =
7) 12.00 m+15.001 kg=
 B practice
1) 6.201 cm + 7.4 cm + 0.68 cm +12.0 cm = 26.3 cm
2) 1.62 m +1200 cm = 1.362 x 103 or 1362 cm
3) 8.264 g - 7.8 g = 0.5 g
4) 1.31 cm x 2.3 cm = 3.0 cm2
5) 5.7621 m x 6.201 m = 35.73 m2
6) 40.002 g / 13.000005 s = 3.0771g/s
7) 12.00 m+15.001 kg= can’t add m and kg
B. Solve the following problems and report answers
with appropriate number of significant digits.
1) 6.201 cm + 7.4 cm + 0.68 cm +12.0 cm =
2) 1.6 km + 1.62 m +1200 cm =
3) 8.264 g - 7.8 g =
4) 10.4168 m - 6.0 m =
5) 12.00 m+15.001 kg=
6) 1.31 cm x 2.3 cm =
7) 5.7621 m x 6.201 m =
8) 20.2 cm / 7.41 s =
9) 40.002 g / 13.000005 g =
1.  What tool would you use to measure mass?
2.  What unit would you use to measure mass?
3.  What tool would you use to measure volume?
4.  What unit(s) would you use to measure
length?
NAME THE TOOL AND UNITS TO MEASURE EACH:

1.  Length
2.  Volume
3.  Mass
4.  Temperature
5.  Density
1. LINEAR MEASUREMENTS

The length, width, or height of something

Tool?
ruler, meter stick, etc.
Units?
§ Meter (m)
§ Centimeters (cm)
§ Millimeters (mm)
PRACTICE:
2. VOLUME
The space matter takes up
Tool?
Graduated cylinder, beaker, etc.
Units?
§ Liter (L)
§ Milliliters (mL)
§ cm3
MUST BE EYELEVEL TO MEASURE CORRECTLY!
PRACTICE:
3. MASS

The quantity of matter

Tool?
balance, scale, etc.
Units?
§ Kilograms (kg)
§ Grams (g)
We use digital scales (usually)…so just record
what the scale says
MASS CONTINUED…

Scale must read zero before you place anything

on it!
If you want to measure the mass of something
inside a container…you must measure the
empty container first.

How much mass does the

water have?

462.3 g
450.0 g
4. TEMPERATURE

The amount of heat present

Tool?
thermometer
Units?
§ Degrees Celsius (°C)
5. DENSITY?

The amount of matter in a space

Units?
§ g/cm3 or g/mL

Tool?
scale and
ruler or graduated cylinder