SCIENTIFIC

MEASUREMENT
 Algebraic Manipulation in
Chemistry
In dealing with chemistry
measurements and calculations,
basic mathematical operations
are needed.
AB = CD AB = C + D

2
 ⊷DENSITY = mass /

“
volume
⊷Volume = mass/density
A = B
C D

3
 Prefix Symbol Value EXAMPLE
nano- n 10-9 1 nanogram (ng) = 1 x 10-9g
micro- µ 10-6 1 microampere (A) = 1 x 10-6A
milli- m 10-3 1 millisecond (ms) = 1 x 10-3s or 0.001 s
centi- c 10-2 1 centimole (cmol) = 1 x10-2mol or 0.01 mol
deci- d 10-1 1 deciliter (dL) = 1 x 10-1L or 0.1 L
deca- da 101 1 decavolt (daV) = 1 x 10 V = 10 V
hecto- h 102 1 hectometer (hm) = 1 x 102 m
kilo- k 103 1 kilojoules (kJ) = 1 x 103J or 1000 J
mega- M 106 1 mega-electron volts (MeV) = 1 x 106 eV
giga- G 109 1 gigabyte (GB) = 1 x 109 B

4
 Table 1.2
Seven SI Fundamental Quantities

“
Quantity Symbol Unit
Length l meter (m)
Mass m kilogram (kg)
Time t second (s)
Electric Current I ampere (A)
Temperature T Kelvin (K)
Amount of substance n mole (mol)
Luminous Intensity Iv candela (cd)

5
 Table 1.3
Some SI Derived Units

Quantity Symbol Unit

Area A square meter, m2
Volume V cubic meter, m3
Density ρ kilogram per cubic meter,
3
Electric kg/m
Q coulomb, C (A-s)
charge Electric Ɛ volt, V (J/C)
potential Pressure P Pascal, Pa
Energy E Joule, J
Force F Newton, N (kg∙m/ s2)
Velocity v meter per second (m/s)
acceleration a meter per square second
2
Work secon(m/s
W ) Joule, J (kg∙m2/ s2)
Power P Watt, W (J/s)

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 ⊷ kg/m^3
⊷ C = A.s
⊷ V= J/C = J/A.s
⊷ N = kg.m/s^2
⊷ m/s^2

7
Significant Figures
and
Mathematical
Operation
 Exact numbers (constant number) are
numbers that have defined values
and are obtained by definition. This
number is not counted in determining
the number of significant figures.

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 Example,
There are exactly 1000 g in a kilogram, 12 eggs
in a dozen, and 2 pieces in a pair.
Numbers are written in a formula is an exact
number. Like in the formula for the
(a) area of a solid rectangular box, A = 2( lt + lw
+ wt), 2 is considered exact number;
(b) V = r2h,  is an exact number, and all
others are called inexact numbers or
variable numbers.
10
 Inexact numbers (variable numbers) are
numbers obtained by measurement and
must be expressed in the right significant
figures.
The number of significant figures must
depend on the sensitivity of measuring
devices used.

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 ⊷certain ⊷uncertai
n
number numbers

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13
 Significant figures are those digits in a number
with known certainty plus the first digit that is
uncertain.
Example: the value 2.35 cm represents the
reading on the scale of an ordinary ruler of a
nail. It contains the correct number of
significant figures because the digit 5 is
already uncertain, having been obtained by
approximation.

14
 Specific rules govern the use of
significant figures.
Rule 1
All nonzero digits are significant. Thus, 34.6
mi has three significant figures,
1251 m^2 has four significant figures, and so on.
34.6 mi
1251 m^2
15
 Rule 2
Middle zeros (zeros between two nonzero digits)
are significant.
Example,
101.5 g contains four significant figures;
3.02 m contains three significant figures.
340.099 lb

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 Rule 3
All zeros are written to the right of the decimal
number count as significant figures. Thus, 1.500 L
has four significant figures;
3.20 g has three significant figures.
30.0005 kg =
400.0000 m =

17
 Rule 4
Leading zeros (zeros to the right of the decimal
number less than one and preceding a nonzero digit)
are not significant. Meaning, that 0.005 atm contains
one significant figure; 0.00021 kilometers has two
significant figures; 0.010 has two significant figures.
.0007009 =

18
 Rule 5
Trailing zeros (zeros at the end of a nonzero
digit) is significant if a decimal point for example,
300. kW or a bar on top is indicated, has three
significant figures; 10Ō0 has three significant
figures, and so on.
1000000 =

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 Trailing zeros may or may not be significant if the
number does not contain a decimal point, meaning
that 100 kg may have one significant figure (1), two
significant figures (10), or three significant figures
(100).

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 The use of scientific notation avoids the ambiguity of
whether trailing zeros are significant; for example,
100 kg can be expressed in scientific notation
showing one, two, or three significant figures
1 x 10^2 (one significant figure);
1.0 x 10^2 (two significant figures); or
1.00 x 10^2 (three significant figures).
In these numbers, all zeros written to the right of the
decimal point count as significant figures (rule 3)

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 The use of scientific notation avoids the ambiguity of
whether trailing zeros are significant; for example,
100 kg can be expressed in scientific notation
showing one, two, or three significant figures
1 x 10^2 (one significant figure);
1.0 x 10^2 (two significant figures); or
1.00 x 10^2 (three significant figures).
In these numbers, all zeros written to the right of the
decimal point count as significant figures (rule 3)

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 Scientific
Notation
23
 0.002854 =
12,000,000 =
567890000 =
70872900002 =

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 Computationa
l Rules
25
 Rule 1
In addition or subtraction
7.012
+ 34.7890

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 7.012 + 34.7890 + 120.75 + 1234.5
=
78.000 + .897 - 2.45 + 560.827
=

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 ⊷Rule 2
In multiplication
or division,
27.3 x 1.2 =

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 (70.05 x 31.5) – (12.01+2585)
15.0
=

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 Conversion of
Units
30
 Table 1.4
Common Conversion Factors
1 m = 3.281 ft = 1.094 yards (yd)
1 inch (in) = 2.54 cm
LENGTH 1 foot (ft) = 12 in
1 mile (mi) = 1.61 km
1 square meter (m2) = 10.76 square feet (ft 2)
1 ft2= 929 square centimeter (cm 2)
AREA
1 hectare = 10,000 m 2 = 2.471 acres
1 acre = 43,560 ft 2
1 mL = 1 cubic centimeter (cc or cm 3)
1 L = 1000 mL = 1.057 quarts (qt)
VOLUME
1 cubic meter (m3) = 1000 L
1 gal = 3.7854 L
1 earth year = 365.25 days
1 week = 7 days
TIME 1 day = 24 hours (hr)
1 hr = 60 minutes (min) = 3600 sec
1 min = 60 seconds (s)
1 kg = 1000 g = 2.2 pounds (lb)
1 g = 1000 mg
MASS
1 metric ton = 1000 kg
1 pound = 454 g

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 25 sq in to sq ft.
(1 foot)^2 = (12 in)^2
25 sq in x (1 ft)^2
(12 in)^2
25 in^2 x 1 ft^2
144 in^2

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 75 cm^3 /kg = ft^3/lb
1 m= 100 cm 1kg= 2.2 lbs
1m = 3.281 ft
75 cm^3 (1m)^3 (3.281ft)^3
kg (100 cm)^3 (1m)^3
75 cm^3 1 m^3 35.31983704ft^3
kg 1000000 cm^3 1m^3

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 Physical
Quantities
34
 Mass and Weight
Mass is the quantity of matter that it contains.
It is a constant quantity. (kg)
Weight of a body is the force that gravity
exerts on the body. It is variable since the
attraction depends on the distance from the
planet's center of gravity. (9.8 m/s^2)
W = mg
m= mass
g =acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m/s^2)

35
 Mass= 72 kg
Weight= mg =

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 Density and
Specific
Gravity
37
 Density = mass/volume

ρ= m/v

38
 Specific gravity tells us how
many times as heavy as a
liquid, a solid, or a gas is
compared to the reference
material.

39
40
 Specific Gravity (SG)
density of copper = 9.86 g/cc
= 9.86 g/mL
1cc = 1mL

41
 Using specific gravity in cement mix design
Specific gravity separates bad particles
which are lighter than other particles,
from good aggregates. Using specific
gravity in cement mix design, we
calculate the solid volume of aggregates
in concrete mix. Gavel, water and cement
are used for this test.

42
 One of the most important property of
cement is specific gravity as it’s related to
density and viscosity.
One can determine moisture content in
cement if specific gravity of cement is
greater than 3.19. This will affect the
bonding and mix of the cement

43
 What is cement's typical specific gravity?
The term specific gravity refers to the degree to
which a material is denser than water or another
reference substance when expressed in terms of
its volume.
Cement has a specific gravity that may range
anywhere between 3.1 to 3.16 grams per cubic
centimeter.

44
 Why is kerosene used to
determine the specific gravity
of cement?
Water is the standard material for comparison.
Moreover, it has to be about four degrees Celsius. The
standard temperature for gases is 25 degrees Celsius,
which is room temperature.

45
 What is the function of cement's
specific gravity?
Cement's specific gravity is correlated with its
density and viscosity, making it an essential
characteristic.
It has a role in establishing the cement's density.
Cement with a specific gravity over 3.19 contains
more moisture than is ideal for mixing and bonding..

46
 However, kerosene would serve as the standard if
Cement were to be employed as the sample material.
It’s because when water combines with cement, it
hydrates and turns into calcium oxide. But cement and
kerosene won’t react in any noticeable way.

47
 Temperature
48
 To convert ^oC to ^oF:
TF = 9/5 (TC) + 32
where:
TC = temperature in the Celsius scale
TF= temperature in the Fahrenheit scale

To convert ^oF to ^oC: TC = 5/9 (TF – 32)

To convert ^oC to K: TK = TC + 273
To convert K to ^oC: TC = TK – 273

49
 Sample Problem
105 ^oF to K
TC =5/9 (TF – 32)
TC= 5/9 (105 -32) = 5/9 (73)
TC = 40.56 ^oC
K = 40.56^oC + 273
K = 313.56 K

50
 Sample Problem

55 ^oC to F
TF =9/5 (TC) + 32
TF = 9/5 (55^oC) + 32
TF= 131 ^oF

51
 Sample Problem

55 ^oC to F
TF =9/5 (TC) + 32
TF = 9/5 (55^oC) + 32
TF= 131 ^oF

52
 PRECISION
AND
ACCURACY
53
54
 PRECISION

% D = Ave AD x 100
M
where: Ave AD = average absolute
deviation
M = mean or average of several
measurements

55
 ACCURACY

%E= Ave AE x 100

MA
where: Ave AE = average absolute error
MA = accepted value

56
 Example
Student 1 Student 2
10.02 g 9.75 g
10.00 g 9.85 g

Student 3
9.80 g
9.86 g

TV = 10.00 g

57
 Student 1 AD (Absolute deviation)
AD = M – r

r1 10.01 - 10.02 = 0.01

r2 10.01 – 10.00 = 0.01
AAD = 0.02/2= 0.01
Ave. absolute deviation

%D = (0.01/10.01)X100= 0.0999%

58
 Student 2 AD

r1 9.80 – 9.75 = 0.05

r2 9.80 – 9.85 = 0.05

AAD = 0.05
%D = (0.05/9.80) X 100 = 0.5102%

59
 Student 3 AD

r1 9.83 – 9.80 = 0.03

r2 9.83 – 9.86 = 0.03
AAD = 0.03

%D = (0.03/9.83) X 100 = 0.3052%

60
 Student 1 AE ( ABSOLUTE ERROR)

AE = TV - R
r1 10.00 – 10.02 = 0.02
r2 10.00 – 10.00 = 0.00
AAE = 0.01
Ave. Absolute Error
% E = (0.01/10.00)X 100 = 0.1%

61
 Student 2 AE

r1 10.00 – 9.75 = 0.25

r2 10.00 – 9.85 = 0.15
AAE = 0.20
%E =(0.20/10.00)X 100 = 2%

62
 Student 3 AE

r1 10.00 - 9.80 =0.20

r2 10.00 – 9.86 =0.14
AAE = 0.17
% E = (0.17/10.00) X100 = 1.7%

63
 Want big impact? Use big image.

64
 And tables to compare
data
A B C

Yellow 10 20 7

Blue 30 15 10

Orange 5 24 16

65
 Maps

our office

66
 Our process is easy
03 Vestibulum
congue
Vestibulum tempus
congue
tempus

01 02
Vestibulum
congue
tempus

67
 Let’s review some
concepts
Yellow Blue Red
Is the color of gold, Is the colour of the Is the color of blood,
butter and ripe clear sky and the deep and because of this it
lemons. In the sea. It is located has historically been
spectrum of visible between violet and associated with
light, yellow is found green on the optical sacrifice, danger and
between green and spectrum. courage.
orange.

Yellow Blue Red

Is the color of gold, Is the colour of the Is the color of blood,
butter and ripe clear sky and the deep and because of this it
lemons. In the sea. It is located has historically been
spectrum of visible between violet and associated with
light, yellow is found green on the optical sacrifice, danger and
between green and spectrum. courage.
orange.

68
 4000

3000

2000

1000

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 Thanks!
ANY QUESTIONS?
You can find me at
⊷ @username
⊷ user@mail.me

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2.
Extra
Resources
For Business Plans, Marketing
Plans, Project Proposals,
Lessons, etc
 Timeline

Yellow is the color of

Blue is the colour of the Red is the colour of danger Black is the color of ebony gold, butter and ripe White is the color of milk Blue is the colour of the
clear sky and the deep sea and courage and of outer space lemons and fresh snow clear sky and the deep sea

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

Yellow is the color of White is the color of milk Blue is the colour of the Red is the colour of danger Black is the color of ebony Yellow is the color of
gold, butter and ripe and fresh snow clear sky and the deep sea and courage and of outer space gold, butter and ripe
lemons lemons

77
 Roadmap

Blue is the colour of the Red is the colour of danger Black is the color of ebony
clear sky and the deep sea and courage and of outer space

1 3 5

2 4 6

Yellow is the color of gold, White is the color of milk Blue is the colour of the
butter and ripe lemons and fresh snow clear sky and the deep sea

78
 Gantt chart
Week 1 Week 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Task 1

Task 2 ◆

Task 3

Task 4 ◆

Task 5 ◆

Task 6

Task 7

Task 8

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 SWOT Analysis

STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES
Blue is the colour of the Yellow is the color of gold,
clear sky and the deep sea butter and ripe lemons

Black is the color of ebony White is the color of milk

and of outer space and fresh snow
OPPORTUNITIES THREATS

80
 Business Model Canvas

Key Partners Key Activities Value Propositions Customer Relationships Customer Segments
Insert your content Insert your content Insert your content Insert your content Insert your content

Key Resources Channels

Insert your content Insert your content

Cost Structure Revenue Streams

Insert your content Insert your content

81
 Funnel

AWARENESS Insert your content

DISCOVERY Insert your content

EVALUATION Insert your content

INTENT Insert your content

PURCHASE Insert your content

LOYALTY Insert your content

82
 Team Presentation

Imani Jackson Marcos Galán Ixchel Valdía Nils Årud

JOB TITLE JOB TITLE JOB TITLE JOB TITLE
Blue is the colour of the clear Blue is the colour of the clear Blue is the colour of the clear Blue is the colour of the clear
sky and the deep sea sky and the deep sea sky and the deep sea sky and the deep sea

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 Competitor Matrix
HIGH VALUE 2

Competitor
Compet
itor
Our company

Competitor

HIGH VALUE 1
LOW VALUE 1

Competitor

Competitor Competitor

LOW VALUE 2

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 Weekly Planner
WEDNESDA
SUNDAY MONDAY TUESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY
Y

9:00 - 9:45 Task Task Task Task Task Task Task

10:00 - 10:45 Task Task Task Task Task Task Task

11:00 - 11:45 Task Task Task Task Task Task Task

12:00 - 13:15 ✔ Free time ✔ Free time ✔ Free time ✔ Free time ✔ Free time ✔ Free time ✔ Free time

13:30 - 14:15 Task Task Task Task Task Task Task

14:30 - 15:15 Task Task Task Task Task Task Task

15:30 - 16:15 Task Task Task Task Task Task Task

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