Lecture Notes on :

Chapters
1. Measurement
2. Motion Along a Straight Line Vectors
3. Motion in Two and Three Dimensions
4. Force and Motion - I
5. Force and Motion - II
6. Kinetic Energy and Work
7. Potential Energy and Conservation of Energy
Physics is the most interesting
subject in the world
because
it is about how the world works
 Chapter 1 : Measurements

 There are two kinds of physical quantities

 Basic quantities: length, time, mass, temperature,
pressure, and electric current.
 Derived quantities: all other physical quantities
 For example, speed is defined in terms of length and time .

 The unit of each quantity is a unique name.

Example: meter (m) for the quantity length.
Three Systems of Units (SI)
French (international) system [SI]: MKS: meter, Kg, second
French system: CGS: centimeter, gram, second
British system: FPS: feet, pound, second

The International System of Units (SI)

 Seven quantities are base quantities

Temperature : Kelvin
Electric current : ampere
Luminous intensity : candela
Amount of substance: mole
The International System of Units (SI)
 Example of derived quantities: SI unit for power (watt W) is

(kilogram-meter squared
per second cubic)

 Speed (velocity) v = distance / time = m/s

 Acceleration a = distance / time2 = m/s2

Length The standard of meter was defined

1. one ten-millionth of the distance from the north pole to the

equator
2. the distance between two fine lines near the ends of a
platinum-iridium bar (the standard meter bar)
3. 1 650 763.73 wavelengths of an orange-red light emitted
by atoms of krypton-86
4. Length of the path traveled by light in a vacuum
during a time interval of 1/299 792 458 of a second
Standard of Time
1. Earth's rotation has been used
2. Atomic clocks were then developed
 A standard second based on the cesium clock is:

Why are atomic clocks used to measure the most

precise standard second?

Because these atoms are very consistent

Standard of Mass
 The SI standard of mass (kilogram) is a
platinum-iridium cylinder

Second Mass Standard

 The masses of atoms are measured by the mass of the
carbon-12 atom
 This atom has a mass of 12 atomic mass units (u)
 The relation between the two units is
Density
Density ρ is the mass per unit volume

 The units are kg/m3 or gm/cm3

 The density of water (1.0 gm/cm3) is often used as a
comparison
 Dimensional Analysis
 Dimension [ ] denotes the physical nature of a quantity.
 Whether a distance is measured in units of feet or meters,
it is still a distance.
 We say its dimension is length.
 The symbols of the dimensions of:
length, mass, and time are L, M, and T
 The dimensions of speed v are written

distance L
[v] = = = [ LT −1 ]
time T
Examples The dimensions of
 Area A : [A]=L2
[Velocity] LT −1
 Acceleration : [a] = = = LT − 2
[Time] T

 Force F : [F] = acceleration x mass= [a] x [mass]

= MLT-2= MLT-2

 Pressure = (Force / area) = MLT-2/ L2= ML-1T-2

 Work = Force x displacement = LMLT-2= ML2T-2
 Viscosity parameter = (F x r / A x V)
= (Force x displacement / area x velocity)
= MLT-2L / L2LT-1= ML-1T-1.
 Units and Dimensions of Famous Quantities
Quantity Unit Dimension
MKS CGS
Length m cm L
Mass Kg Gm M
Time s s T
Area m2 cm2 L2
Volume m3 cm3 L3
Speed distance LT-1
=m s cm s
(velocity) time
speed
Acceleration = m s2 cm s 2 LT-2
time
Force mass X acceleration = mKg s 2 cm gm s 2 MLT-2
force mKg s 2
Pressure = 2
= Kg ms 2 gm cms 2 ML-1T-2
area m

Work force X displacement = m 2 Kg s 2 c m 2 gm s 2 ML2T-2

Changing Units
 Units are changed by a method called chain-link
conversion
 We multiply the original measurement by a conversion
factor (ratio of units equal to unity)

Example 1 min and 60 s are identical time intervals

Thus, the ratios (1 min)/(60 s) and (60 s)/(1 min) can be used
as conversion factors
Examples
to convert 2 min to seconds

to convert 15 inch to centimeters

to convert 15 h to seconds
 60 min 
15 h = 15 h X 1 = 15 h X   = 900 min
 1h 
 60 s 
= 900 min X 1 = 900 min X   = 54000 s
 1 min 
 to convert 10 km/h to m/s`
 1000 m/h 
10 km/h = 10 km/h   = 10000 m/h
 1 km/h 
 1 m/s  1 00 1 00
= 10000 m/h  = m/s = m/s = 2.78 m/s
 3600 m/h  36 36

to convert 15 m/s to km/h

 1 km/s 
15 m/s = 15 m/s   = 0.015 km/s
 1000 m/s 
 3600 km/h 
= 0.015 km/s   = 54 km/h
 1 km/s 
Samples of Exam Questions
  1s 
(1) 10 ms = 10 ms 
4 4
 = 10 s
 1000 ms 

 1 m3 
V = 3x3x3 = 27 cm = 27 cm  6
3 3

3 
 10 cm 
(2) = 27 x10-6 m 3 = 2.7 x10-5 m 3
m/s = unit(b) s3 unit(b) = m/s4
Using the dimensional analysis :
(3) L L
[v] = [b] [t 3 ] ⇒ = [b] T 3 ⇒ [b] = 4
T T
Then the unit of b is m/s 4
Scientific notation (powers of 10) is used to express the very
large and very small quantities.
In 3.56 E9

computers 4.92 E-7

Chapter 2 Motion Along a Straight Line
2.2. Motion
2.3. Position and Displacement
2.4. Average Velocity and Average Speed
2.5. Instantaneous Velocity and Speed
2.6. Acceleration
2.7. Constant Acceleration: A Special Case
2.8. Another Look at Constant Acceleration
2.9. Free-Fall Acceleration
 One-dimensional Coordinate System

It consists of:

• the origin (or zero point),

• a coordinate axis: the direction along it is positive. The

other direction is negative
 Scalars and Vectors
• A scalar quantity can be described by its magnitude only
• A Vector is described with both its magnitude and
direction.

A vector can be represented by an arrow:

direction

magnitude
 Position vector

• Its magnitude is the distance between the object and the

origin.

• Its direction is positive when the object is in the positive

side of axis, and negative when the object is in the negative
side.
 Displacement Vector

x1
X1
x2

∆x = x2 - x1
• It is the change of the object’s position
• It points from the initial position to the final position of the object
• Its magnitude equals the distance between the two positions.
• SI Unit of Displacement: meter (m)
 Average Velocity

• x2 and x1 are the position vectors at the final and initial

times

• Angle brackets denotes the average of a quantity.

• SI Unit of Average Velocity: meter per second (m/s)

Example

v1 = (x2 - x1)/(t2 - t1) v2 = (x3 – x2)/(t3 – t2)

= (0 – (-5)) / (3 - 0) = 5/3 m/s = (2 – 0)/(4 - 3) = 2 m/s

<V> = (v1 + v2)/2 = (5/3 + 2)/2 m/s

 Average Speed

speed: the magnitude of velocity

Average speed is always positive

Average velocity could be negative, positive or zero
depending on the direction of the partial velocities
SAMPLE PROBLEM 2-1
One drives a beat-up pickup truck along a straight road for 8.4 km
at 70 km/h, at which point the truck runs out of gasoline and stops.
Over the next 30 min, he walks another 2.0 km farther along the
road to a gasoline station.
(a) What is the overall displacement from the beginning of his
drive to his arrival at the station?
X1 X2
Calculation: 8.4 km 2 km

Thus, the overall displacement is 10.4 km in the positive direction

of the X axis.
(b) What is the time interval ∆t from the beginning of his drive to his
arrival at the station?

Calculation: We first write

Rearranging and substituting

data then give us

(d) What is the average speed vavg from the beginning of his drive to his
arrival at the station? Find it both numerically and graphically.

Calculation: Here we find

SAMPLE PROBLEM 2-1

The average velocity is the slope of the straight line connecting

the origin to the final position
 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed

• It is the time derivative of the object's position.

• It is obtained at any instant from the average velocity by

shrinking the time interval ∆t closer and closer to zero

• Instantaneous speed (speed) is the magnitude of the

instantaneous velocity vector
 Definition of Acceleration

Change in velocity
Average acceleration=
Elapsed time
  
 v2 − v1 ∆v
=a =
t2 − t1 ∆t

SI Unit : meter per second squared (m/s2)

Instantaneous Acceleration

  2
 dv d dx d x
=
a = ( = ) 2
dt dt dt dt
Constant Acceleration Typical example, acceleration of a car
at a constant rate when a traffic light
turns from red to green
Constant Acceleration

Equations for
motion with
constant
acceleration
the above equations
The figure gives a particle's velocity v
versus its position as it moves along
an x axis with constant acceleration.
What is its velocity at position x = O?

From the graph, We have: v = 0 and x = 70 m. then using

which gives us a = -0.64 m/s2

Also we have: v = 8 m/s and x = 20 m,

Then substituting for a and solving for v0 results in

• its magnitude is g; it is independent of the object's
characteristics, such as mass, density, or shape
• g varies slightly with latitude and with elevation; at the sea
level g=9.8 m/s2 (or 32 ft/s2)
• The equations of motion for constant acceleration also apply
to free fall near Earth's surface either up or down
• The directions of motion are now along a vertical y axis: it is
+ve for upward motion and –ve for downward motion (a = - g)
A pitcher tosses a baseball up along a y
axis, with an initial speed of 12 m/s.
(a) How long does the ball take to
reach its maximum height?
Calculation: Knowing v, a, and the initial
velocity Vo = 12 m/s, and seeking t, we
solve the equation
(b) What is the ball's maximum height above its release point?

Calculation: We can take the ball's release point as y0 = 0. Set

y–y0=y and v = 0 (at the maximum height), and solve the equation

(C) How long does the ball take to reach a point 5.0 m above its
release point?
Calculation: We know y0, a=-g, and displacement y –y0=5.0 m,
and we want t, so we set y0=0 and use the equation
SOLUTION

(a)

(b)
Samples of Exam Questions
 Displacement

y = 10 + 12t − 5t 2 ⇒ y (t = 0) = 10 m
Average & instantaneous Velocity

90
t = 90 min = = 1.5 h
60
∆x 12
vavg = = = 8 km/h
∆t 1.5

30
t = 30 min = = 0.5 h
60
∆x 15
vavg = = = 30 km/h
∆t 0.5
Average & instantaneous Velocity

v = t2 + 3 ⇒ v(t = 0) = 3 m/s
Average & instantaneous Velocity

x(t = 4) = 4x4 + 2x4 2 = 48m x(t = 0) = 0

∆x x(t = 4) - x(t = 0) 48 - 0
vavg = = = = 12 m/s
∆t 4−0 4−0
Average & instantaneous Acceleration
Average & instantaneous Acceleration

dv
a= = 2t ⇒ a (t = 4) = 2x4 = 8 m/s 2
dt
Average & instantaneous Acceleration

∆v v(t = 8) − v(t = 3) 0 − 20 − 20
aavg = = = = = −4 m/s 2
∆t 8−3 8−3 5
 Constant Acceleration

v0 = 4 m/s a = 2 m/s 2 t = 4s x-x0 (?) ⇒ v (missed)

1 2 1
x − x0 = v0t + at = 4x4 + x2x 4 2 = 32 m
2 2
 Constant Acceleration

v0 = 0 m/s a=? t = 4s x-x0 = 32 m ⇒ v (missed)

1 2 1 2 1 2 2(x-x0 ) 2x32
x − x0 = v0t + at = 0 + at = at ⇒ a= = = 4 m/s 2

2 2 2 t2 4x4
 Constant Acceleration

v0 = ? v = 15 m/s t = 6s x-x0 = 60 m ⇒ a (missed)

2(x − x0 )
x − x0 = (v + v0 )t ⇒ v + v0 =
1
2 t
2(x − x0 ) 2 x60
⇒ v0 = -v = - 15 = 5 m/s
t 6
 Constant Acceleration

v0 = ? v = 20 m/s t = 4s x-x0 = 60 m ⇒ a (missed)

1
x − x0 =(v + v0 )t ⇒ v + v0 = 2(x − x0 )
2 t
2( x − x0 ) 2 x60
⇒ v0 = -v = - 20 = 10 m/s
t 4
 Constant Acceleration

(1) v0 = 20 m/s v = 5 m/s t = 5s x-x0 (t = 5 s ) = missed & a = ?

v − v0 5 − 20
v = v0 + at ⇒ v − v0 = at ⇒ a = = = -3 m/s 2
t 5
(2) v0 = 20 m/s t = 3s x-x0 (t = 3 s ) = ? a = - 3 m/s 2 v (missed)
1 1
x-x0 = v0t + at 2 = 20x3 + x(-3)x32 = 60 − 13.5 = 46.5 m
2 2

(1) v0 = 20 m/s v = 5 m/s t = 5s x-x0 (t = 5 s ) = missed & a = ?

v − v0 5 − 20
a= = = -3 m/s 2
t 5
(2) v0 = 20 m/s t = 4s x-x0 (t = 4 s ) = ? a = - 3 m/s 2 v (missed)
1 1
x-x0 = v0t + at 2 = 20x4 + x(-3)x42 = 80 − 24 = 56 m
2 2
 Free fall acceleration

The acceleration is a vector, then it is equal to -9.8 m/s2

 Free fall acceleration

v0 = 30 m/s g = 9.8 m/s 2 t = 1s y-y0 = ? ⇒ v (missed)

1 2 1
y − y0 = v0t − gt = 30 x1 − x9.8x12 = 30 − 4.9 = 25.1 m
2 2
 Free fall acceleration

v0 = 0 m/s (free drop) g = 9.8 m/s 2 t =? y-y0 = −75 m ⇒ v (missed)

1 2 1 1 2(y-y0 )
y − y0 = v0t − gt = 0 − gt 2 = − gt 2 ⇒ t2 = −
2 2 2 g
2(y-y0 ) 2x(−75)
t= − = − = 3.91 s
g 9.8

v0 = 0 m/s g = 9.8 m/s 2 t = 3.91 s y-y0 = −75 m v=?

v = v0 + at = 0 − gt = −9.8x3.91 = −38.8 m/s ⇒ speed = 38.8 m/s
 Free fall acceleration

v0 = 21 m/s v = 0 m/s g = 9.8 m/s 2 t =? y-y0 (missed)

v0 − v 21 − 0
v = v0 − gt ⇒ gt = v0 − v ⇒ t= = = 2.1 s
g 9.8

v = 0 m/s g = 9.8 m/s 2 v0 = ? y-y0 = 98 m t (missed)

v 2 = v02 − 2 g ( y − y0 ) ⇒ v02 = v 2 + 2 g ( y − y0 ) = 0 + 2 x9.8 x98 = 1920.8
v = 43.8s m/s
 Free fall acceleration

v = 0.4v0 g = 9.8 m/s 2 v0 = ? y-y0 = 2 m t (missed)

v 2 = v02 − 2 g ( y − y0 ) ⇒ v02 = v 2 + 2 g ( y − y0 ) = 0.4x0.4v02 + 2 x 9.8x2 = 0.16v02 + 39.2`
v02 = 0.16v02 + 39.2 ⇒ v02 − 0.16v02 = 39.2 ⇒ 0.84v02 = 39.2
39.2
v =
2
0 ⇒ v = 6.8 m/s
0.84
 All paths correspond to
the same displacement
A vector quantity has both a vector
magnitude and a direction

Identical
vectors
PROPERTIES OF VECTOR ADDITION
 • A component of a vector is the projection of the vector on an axis.
•The process of finding the components of a a vector is called
resolving the vector
•A component of a vector has the same direction (along an axis) as
the vector

The vector components can be found from the right triangle as

• They are equal 1 and points in a particular direction
• The unit vectors in the positive directions of the x, y,
and z axes are labeled i, J, and k
• They are very useful for expressing other vectors
Consider the statement

This procedure applies also to vector subtractions

Scalar quantity
Calculations
 cross product
0

Not cumulative

Product of unit vectors      

i ×i = j × j = k ×k = 0
        
i× j =k j ×k = i k ×i = j
        
j × i = −k k × j = −i i ×k = − j
Samples of Exam Questions
 Logic Questions

           
i •i = j • j = k •k =1 i • j = j •k = i •k = 0
 Logic Questions

        
      i × j = k j ×k = i k ×i = j
i ×i = j × j = k ×k = 0         
j × i = − k k × j = −i i × k = − j
Logic Questions

(
   
)   
i • k × j = i • (− i ) = − i • i = −1

(
  
)  
i × k • j = − j • j = −1

(
    
)
k ×i • j = j • j =1
 Logic Questions

     
(i × j )× i = k × i = j

If scalar product is zero, the vectors are perpendicular

(‫ )ﻣﺗﻌﺎﻣﺩﻳﻥ‬and the angle between them is 900

If cross product is zero, the vectors are parallel (‫)ﻣﺗﻭﺍﺯﻳﻳﻥ‬

and the angle between them is zero
 Vector Components

Ax = 10 m Ay = 15 m
A = Ax2 + Ay2 = 100 + 225 = 325 = 18.02 ≈ 18

Ax = 5.5 m Ay = −5.3 m
A = Ax2 + Ay2 = (5.5) 2 + (−5.3) 2 = 30.25 + 28.09 = 58.34 = 7.64 ≈ 7.6
 Vector Components

A = 14 units θ = 300
1
Ay = A sin θ = 14 x sin 300 = 14 x = 7 units
2
 Vector Components

A = 18 m Ax = 10 m
−1  Ax  −1  10 
⇒ θ = cos   = cos   = cos −1 (0.555) = 56.250
Ax
Ax = A cos θ ⇒ cos θ =
A  A  18 
 Vector Addition

A = 10 units B = 15 units
    
A + B = (A x + B x )i + (A y + B y ) j + (A z + Bz )k
1
A x = A cosθ = 10xcos(60) = 10x = 5 units
2
B x = −15 units ⇒ A x + B x = 5 - 15 = -10 units
Vector Addition
 Vector Addition

Ax = 2 A y = -2 A z = 4
B x = -1 B y = 1 Bz = 4
    
A − B = (A x − B x )i + (A y − B y ) j + (A z − Bz )k
  
= (2 − (−1) )i + (- 2 − 1) j + (4 − 4 )k
 
= 3i − 3 j
 Vector Addition

Ax = 2 Ay = 1 Az = 3
Bx = 2 B y = −6 Bz = 7
C x = 2 C y = −1 C z = 4
      
D = 2A + B − C = (2A x + B x − C x )i + (2A y + B y − C y ) j + (2A z + Bz − C z )k
  
= (2x2 + 2 − 2)i + (2x1 − 6 − (−1) ) j + (2x3 + 7 − 4)k
  
= (4 + 2 − 2) i + (2 − 6 + 1) j + (6 + 7 − 4 )k
  
= 4 i − 3 j + 9k
 Vector Addition

B x = −4 m By = 0
Cx = 0 Cy = 6 m
  
A + B − C = 4i
 


   
⇒ A = 4i − B − C

( )    
B − C = (B x − C x )i + (B y − C y ) j = (− 4 − 0 )i + (0 − 6 ) j = −4 i − 6 j
( ) ( )
           
A = 4i − B − C = 4i − − 4i − 6 j = 4i + 4i + 6 j = 8i + 6 j
 Scalar Product

A = 10 units B = 20 units ϕ = 600

  1
A • B = ABcosϕ = 10x20xcos600 = 200x = 100
2
 Scalar Product

Ax = 0 Ay = 5 Az = 4
B x = −1 B y = 1 Bz = 0
 
A • B = A x B x + A y B y + A z Bz = 0 x(-1) + 5x1 + 4x0 = 0 + 5 + 0 = 5
 Scalar Product

Ax = 1 Ay = 2 Az = 3
Bx = 2 B y = −3 Bz = 4
 
A • B = A x B x + A y B y + A z Bz = 1x2 + 2x(-3) + 3x4 = 2 − 6 + 12 = 8
 Scalar Product

Ax = 1 Ay = 2 Az = 3
Bx = 2 B y = −3 Bz = 4
 
5A • B = 5A x B x + 5A y B y + 5A z Bz = 5x1x2 + 5x2x(-3) + 5x3x4 = 10 − 30 + 60 = 40
 Scalar Product

   
  c•d 
−1 c • d

c • d = c d cosϕ ⇒ cosϕ = ⇒ ϕ = cos  

cd  cd 
cx = 1 cy = 2 cz = 3
dx = 2 d y = −1 dz = 4
c = c 2x + c 2y + c 2z = 1 + 4 + 9 = 14

d = d 2x + d 2y + d 2z = 4 + 1 + 16 = 21
 
c • d = c x d x + c y d y + c z d z = 1x2 + 2x(-1) + 3x4 = 2 − 2 + 12 = 12
 12  −1  12  −1  12 
ϕ = cos −1
 = cos   = cos   = 45.6
0

 14 21   294   17.15 
 Vector Product

A = 5 units B = 10 units ϕ = 300

  1
A × B = ABsinϕ = 5x10xsin30 = 50x = 25 unit 2
0

2
 Vector Product

 
A = 5 units B = 4 units A × B = 17.32
 
  A × B 17.32 17.32 17.32
A × B = ABsinϕ ⇒ sinϕ = = = ⇒ ϕ = sin −1 = 600
AB 5x4 20 20
Vector Product
 Vector Product

ax = 1 ay = 2 az = 3
bx = 2 by = −1 bz = 4
  
i j k
    
a ×b = 1 2 3 = i (2x4 - 3x(-1)) − j (1x4 - 3x2) + k (1x(-1) - 2x2)
2 −1 4
     
= i (8 + 3) − j (4 - 6) + k (- 1 - 4 ) = 11i + 2 j − 5k
 Motion in two and three dimensions
Position vector
 
    If y = z = 0 ⇒ r = xi
r = xi + yj + zk
position in one dimension

Example:
Displacement vector
If the object is displaced from position r1 to r2
  
∆r = r2 − r1
  
= ( x2 − x1 )i + ( y2 − y1 ) j + ( z 2 − z1 )k
  
= ∆xi + ∆yj + ∆zk
 Displacement

  
∆r = r2 − r1
  
= ( x2 − x1 )i + ( y2 − y1 ) j + ( z 2 − z1 )k
     
= (3m − (−2m) )i + (− 1m − 3m ) j + (4m − 1m )k = 5 m i − 4 m j + 3 m k
   
∆r = r2 − r1
  
= ( x2 − x1 )i + ( y2 − y1 ) j + ( z 2 − z1 )k
       
= (12 − 2 )i + (10 − 5) j + (8 − 8)k = 10 i + 5 j + 0k = 10 i + 5 j

  
∆r = r2 − r1
  
= ( x2 − x1 )i + ( y2 − y1 ) j + ( z 2 − z1 )k
      
= (2 − 2 )i + (5 − 5) j + (- 8 − (−12) )k = 0 i + 0 j + 4k = 4k
Average Velocity

 displacement ∆r
vavg = =
interval time ∆t
∆x  ∆y  ∆z 
= i + j+ k
∆t ∆t ∆t
  
= vavg ( x ) i + vavg ( y ) j + vavg ( z ) k

Instantaneous Velocity

 dr
v=
dt
dx  dy  dz 
= i + j+ k
dt dt dt
  
= vx i + v y j + vz k
Average acceleration

 change in veleocity ∆v
aavg = =
interval time ∆t
∆v x  ∆v y  ∆v z 
= i + j+ k
∆t ∆t ∆t
  
= aavg ( x ) i + aavg ( y ) j + aavg ( z ) k

Instantaneous acceleration

 dv
a=
dt
dv x  dv y  dv z  d 2 x  d 2 y  d 2 z 
= i + j+ k = 2
i + 2
j+ 2 k
dt dt dt dt dt dt
  
= axi + a y j + az k
If

  
r = xi + yj
( 2

) ( 2

= − 0.31t + 7.2t − 28 i + 0.22t − 9.1t + 30 j )
r (t = 15s ) = (− 0.31x15 ) ( )
  
+ 7.2 x15 − 28 i + 0.22 x15 − 9.1x15 + 30 j
2 2

 
= (66 m )i + (− 57 m ) j

r = x 2 + y 2 = 66 2 + (−57) 2 = 87 m
y -1 − 57
θ = tan = tan
-1
= −41o
x 66
(b) Find the velocity of the rabbit at the instant t=15 s?

  
v = vx i + v y j

vx =
dx
dt
= (
d
dt
)
− 0.31t 2 + 7.2t + 28 = −0.62t + 7.2

v x (t = 15 s ) = −0.62 x15 + 7.2 = −2.1 m/s

vy =
dy
dt
= (
d
dt
)
0.22t 2 − 9.1t + 30 = 0.44t − 9.1

v y (t = 15 s ) = 0.44 x15 − 9.1 = −2.5 m/s

  
v = (− 2.1 m )i + (− 2.1 m ) j
 
 dv  
a= = axi + a y j
dt
 Velocity & Acceleration

  
v = vx i + v y j
dx dy
vx = = 2 m/s vx = = 2t m/s
dt dt
v x (t = 1s ) = 2 m/s v y (t = 1s ) = 2 m/s
  
v = 2i + 2 j (m/s)

dx dy
vx = = 2 m/s vx = = 2t m/s
dt dt
v x (t = 2 s ) = 2 m/s v y (t = 2 s ) = 4 m/s
  
v = 2i + 4 j (m/s)
v = v0 + at
 Constant Acceleration

    
v0 = 2i + j a = 2 j m/s t =2s v=? r = missed
v0 x = 2 v0 y = 1 ax = 0 ay = 2

v x = v0 x + a x t = 2 + 0 x2 = 2 v y = v0 y + a y t = 1 + 2 x2 = 5
    
v = v0 x i + v0 x j = 2i + 5 j
 Projectile Motion
The projectile is launched at initial velocity
   
v0 = v0 x i + v0 y j
v0 x = v0 cos θ 0 v0 y = v0 sin θ 0

1 2
x-x0 = v0 x t + a x t
2

x-x0 = v0 x t = (v0 cos θ 0 )t

 Projectile Motion
1 2 1 2
y-y0 = v0 y t − gt = v0 sin θ 0t − gt
2 2

v y = v0 sin θ 0 − gt

 1 2
v = (v0 sin θ 0 ) − 2 gt (v0 sin θ 0 ) + g t = (v0 sin θ 0 ) − 2 g  t (v0 sin θ 0 ) − gt 
2 2 2 2 2
y
 2 
= (v0 sin θ 0 ) − 2 g ( y − y0 )
2

Equation of path (trajectory)

gx 2
y = (tan θ x )x − 2 Converted parabola
2(v0 cos θ 0 )
x-x0 = (v0 cos θ 0 )t
1 2
y-y0 = v0 sin θ 0t − gt
2
put x-x0 = R put y-y0 = R
 gR
sin 2θ 0 =
v02
 Exercise

1 2 1
(a ) h = y-y0 = v0 sin θ 0t − gt = 42xsin60x5.5 − x 9.8x(5.5) 2 = * * m
2 2
(b) vx = v0 cos θ 0 vy = v0 sin θ 0 − gt

v= (v0 cos θ 0 )2 + (v0 sin θ 0 − gt )2 = (42 cos 60)2 + (42 sin 60 − 9.8x5.5)2 = 27 m/s

(c ) vy = 0 y - y0 = H
v y2 = (v0 sin θ 0 ) − 2 g ( y − y0 ) ⇒ 0 = (v0 sin θ 0 ) − 2 gH
2 2

H=
(v0 sin θ 0 )
2
=
(42 x sin 60 )
2
= 67.5 m
2g 2 x9.8
Exercise

θ 0 = 0 motion is downward [-(y - y 0 ) = -h]

(a) 1 2 1 2h 2x45
y-y0 = v0 sin θ 0t − gt ⇒ − h = − gt 2 ⇒ t = = = 3.03 s
2 2 g 9.8

(b) x-x0 = v0t = 250x3.03 = 758 m

(c) v y = v0 sin θ 0 − gt = − gt ⇒ v y = gt = 9.8x3.03 = 29.7 m/s

 5 m/s
(a ) v0 = 290 km/h = 290 km/h = 80.6 m/s
18 km/h
∆x
∆x = x-x0 = (v0 cos θ 0 )t
700
⇒ t= = = 10 s
v0 cos θ 0 80.6 cos(−30)
1 2 1 2
(b) y-y0 = v0 sin θ 0t − gt ⇒ − h = v0 sin θ 0t − gt
2 2
1
− h = −80.6 x sin( −30) x10 − x9.8x10 2 ⇒ h = 897 m
2
 Projectile

θ 0 = 40o v 0 = 14 m/s v y = 0
vy = v0 sin θ 0 − gt ⇒ 0 = v0 sin θ 0 − gt
v0 sin θ 0 14 sin 40
⇒ t= = = 0.92 s
g 9.8
vy = 0 y - y0 = H
v y2 = (v0 sin θ 0 ) − 2 g ( y − y0 ) ⇒ 0 = (v0 sin θ 0 ) − 2 gH
2 2

H=
(v0 sin θ 0 )
2
=
(14x sin 40 )
2
=
(14x 0.643)
2
= 4.13 m
2g 2 x9.8 2 x9.8

v02 14x14 196

R = sin 2θ 0 = sin 2x40 = sin 80 = 19.7 m
g 9.8 9.8
(1) θ 0 = 30o v 0 = 14 m/s v y = 0
v0 sin θ 0 14 sin 30
vy = v0 sin θ 0 − gt ⇒ 0 = v0 sin θ 0 − gt ⇒ t = = = 0.71 s
g 9.8

(2) H=
(v0 sin θ 0 )
2
=
(14x sin 30)
2
= 2.5 m
2g 2 x9.8

v02 14x14 196

(3) R = sin 2θ 0 = sin 2x30 = sin 60 = 17.32 m
g 9.8 9.8
 (1) θ 0 = 35o v 0 = 14 m/s v y = 0
v0 sin θ 0 14 sin 35
vy = v0 sin θ 0 − gt ⇒ 0 = v0 sin θ 0 − gt ⇒ t = = = 0.82 s
g 9.8

(2) H=
(v0 sin θ 0 )
2
=
(14x sin 35)
2
= 3.29 m
2g 2 x9.8

v02 14x14 196

(3) R = sin 2θ 0 = sin 2x35 = sin 70 = 18.79 m
g 9.8 9.8
 v02 v02
R = sin 2θ 0 ⇒ Rmax = ⇒ v0 = gRmax = 9.8x140 = 37 m/s
g g

v02 v02
R = sin 2θ 0 ⇒ Rmax = ⇒ v0 = gRmax = 9.8x100 = 31.3 m/s
g g
 v02 v02
R = sin 2θ 0 ⇒ Rmax = ⇒ v0 = gRmax = 9.8x150 = 38.34 m/s
g g

v02 v02
R = sin 2θ 0 ⇒ Rmax = ⇒ v0 = gRmax = 9.8x120 = 34.29 m/s
g g
 v 2 Centripetal
ma = m
r force
v2
a= : centripetal acceleration
r

force & acceleration are perpendicular to velocity

to the center tangent

2πr
Rotation period T =
v
2π v
Angular velocity ω = =
T r
 Circular Motion

v 2 10 2
a= = = 5 m/s 2
r 20
W=mg m=W/g F=(W/g)a
The reaction of force on a body is always an equal and opposite direction of the force
 Friction and Motion
A block rests on a tabletop with the gravitational force
balanced by a normal force
One exerts a force on the block
 Friction and Motion
An external force F, applied to the block, is balanced by a static
frictional force fs. As F increases, fs also increases, until fs
reaches a certain maximum value.
 Friction and Motion
The block then "breaks away," accelerating suddenly in
the direction of F.

If the block is now to move with constant velocity, F must be

reduced from the maximum value

Some experimental results for the

sequence (a) through (f)
Properties of Friction
Properties of Friction
 Properties of Friction

 The coefficients µs and µk are dimensionless.

 Their values depend on certain properties of both the body
and the surface; hence, they are usually referred to with the
preposition "between,"
A block lies on a floor. (a) What is the magnitude of the frictional force on
it from the floor?

(b) If a horizontal force of 5 N is now applied to the block, but the block
does not move, what is the magnitude of the frictional force on it?

(c) If the maximum value fs,max of the static frictional force on the block is
10 N, will the block move if the magnitude of the horizontally applied
force is 8 N?

(d) If it is 12 N?

(e) What is the magnitude of the frictional force in part (c)?

 If a car's wheels are "locked" during emergency braking, the car slides
along the road. Ripped-off bits of tire and small melted sections of road form
the "skid marks" that reveal that cold-welding occurred during the slide. The
marks were 290 m long! Assuming that µk = 0.60 and the car's acceleration
was constant during the braking, how fast was the car going when the
wheels became locked?

Acceleration a was due only to a

kinetic frictional force

Acceleration is constant
&v=0
& x-x0 = 290 m
A block of mass m = 3 kg slides along a floor while a force F of magnitude
12.0 N is applied to it at an upward angle θ. The coefficient of kinetic friction
between the block and the floor is µk = 0.4. We can vary θ from 0 to 90°
(the block remains on the floor). What θ gives the maximum value of the
block's acceleration magnitude a?

Along y-direction

Along x-direction

Substituting for FN

Finding a maximum
 The Drag Force and Terminal Speed
 A fluid is anything that can flow, generally either a gas or a liquid.
 When there is a relative velocity between a fluid and a body, the body
experiences a drag force D
 The drag force opposes the relative motion and points in the direction in
which the fluid flows relative to the body..
 Fall of blunt (like a baseball) in air
The drag force
ρ : air density A: the effective cross-sectional area of the body
: body speed C: drag coefficient C (0.4 to 1.0)

the free-body after a The drag force increases

the body when it has until it balances Fg on the
drag force has
just begun to fall and body. The body now falls
developed
at constant terminal speed.

Newton's second law for a vertical y axis

terminal speed
A raindrop with radius R = 1.5 mm falls from a cloud that is at height h =
1200 m above the ground. The drag coefficient C for the drop is 0.60.
Assume that the drop is spherical throughout its fall. The density of
water p", is 1000 kg/m3, and the density of air ρa is 1.2 kg/m3.
(a) What is the terminal speed?

(b) What would be the drop's speed just before impact if there were no
drag force?.

The initial velocity v0=0, displacement x–x0 is -h

 Uniform Circular Motion

 A particle moves in a circular path with a

constant speed v
 It then has centripetal force of

v2
a= centripetal acceleartion
R

From Newton’s second law, the centripetal force is:

v2
F = ma = m
R

 Both velocity and acceleration are constant

 Both a and F are directed to the center. They are perpendicular to
v (in the direction of the tangent)
 Example:
A car moves with a constant speed in a circular motion of radius 50
m and makes a full cycle in 0.2 min. Find the speed and the
acceleration of the car.

Since the speed of the car is constant , therefore

X 2πr 2x3.14x50
v= = = = 26.2 m/s
t t 0.2x60
v 2 26.2 2
a= = = 13.7 m/s 2
R 50
The minimum force Fmin is equal to the maximum static friction fs,max

Fmin = f s ,max = µ s FN = µ s mg
(a)
= 45x0.45x9.8 = 198 N

Fmin = f s ,max = µ s FN = µ s mg
(b)
= (45 - 17)x0.45x9.8 = 123 N
 Acceleration = slope = 0.45
Kinetic friction f k = µ k FN = µ k mg
Newton' s 2nd law : F − f k = ma
F − ma 40 − 4.1x 4.5
F − µ k FN = ma ⇒ µ k mg = F − ma ⇒ µ k FN = =
mg 4.1x 9.8
 W 100
W = mg moon g moon = = = 1.67 m/s 2
m 60

FN = 45 N
30
f s ,max = 30 N = µ s FN µs = = 0.67
45
 v 2 10 2
a= = = 5 m/s 2
R 20
 Friction and Motion
A block rests on a tabletop with the gravitational force
balanced by a normal force
One exerts a force on the block
 Friction and Motion
An external force F, applied to the block, is balanced by a static
frictional force fs. As F increases, fs also increases, until fs
reaches a certain maximum value.
 Friction and Motion
The block then "breaks away," accelerating suddenly in
the direction of F.

If the block is now to move with constant velocity, F must be

reduced from the maximum value

Some experimental results for the

sequence (a) through (f)
Properties of Friction
Properties of Friction
 Properties of Friction

 The coefficients µs and µk are dimensionless.

 Their values depend on certain properties of both the body
and the surface; hence, they are usually referred to with the
preposition "between,"
A block lies on a floor. (a) What is the magnitude of the frictional force on
it from the floor?

(b) If a horizontal force of 5 N is now applied to the block, but the block
does not move, what is the magnitude of the frictional force on it?

(c) If the maximum value fs,max of the static frictional force on the block is
10 N, will the block move if the magnitude of the horizontally applied
force is 8 N?

(d) If it is 12 N?

(e) What is the magnitude of the frictional force in part (c)?

 If a car's wheels are "locked" during emergency braking, the car slides
along the road. Ripped-off bits of tire and small melted sections of road form
the "skid marks" that reveal that cold-welding occurred during the slide. The
marks were 290 m long! Assuming that µk = 0.60 and the car's acceleration
was constant during the braking, how fast was the car going when the
wheels became locked?

Acceleration a was due only to a

kinetic frictional force

Acceleration is constant
&v=0
& x-x0 = 290 m
A block of mass m = 3 kg slides along a floor while a force F of magnitude
12.0 N is applied to it at an upward angle θ. The coefficient of kinetic friction
between the block and the floor is µk = 0.4. We can vary θ from 0 to 90°
(the block remains on the floor). What θ gives the maximum value of the
block's acceleration magnitude a?

Along y-direction

Along x-direction

Substituting for FN

Finding a maximum
 The Drag Force and Terminal Speed
 A fluid is anything that can flow, generally either a gas or a liquid.
 When there is a relative velocity between a fluid and a body, the body
experiences a drag force D
 The drag force opposes the relative motion and points in the direction in
which the fluid flows relative to the body..
 Fall of blunt (like a baseball) in air
The drag force
ρ : air density A: the effective cross-sectional area of the body
: body speed C: drag coefficient C (0.4 to 1.0)

the free-body after a The drag force increases

the body when it has until it balances Fg on the
drag force has
just begun to fall and body. The body now falls
developed
at constant terminal speed.

Newton's second law for a vertical y axis

terminal speed
A raindrop with radius R = 1.5 mm falls from a cloud that is at height h =
1200 m above the ground. The drag coefficient C for the drop is 0.60.
Assume that the drop is spherical throughout its fall. The density of
water p", is 1000 kg/m3, and the density of air ρa is 1.2 kg/m3.
(a) What is the terminal speed?

(b) What would be the drop's speed just before impact if there were no
drag force?.

The initial velocity v0=0, displacement x–x0 is -h

 Uniform Circular Motion

 A particle moves in a circular path with a

constant speed v
 It then has centripetal force of

v2
a= centripetal acceleartion
R

From Newton’s second law, the centripetal force is:

v2
F = ma = m
R

 Both velocity and acceleration are constant

 Both a and F are directed to the center. They are perpendicular to
v (in the direction of the tangent)
 Example:
A car moves with a constant speed in a circular motion of radius 50
m and makes a full cycle in 0.2 min. Find the speed and the
acceleration of the car.

Since the speed of the car is constant , therefore

X 2πr 2x3.14x50
v= = = = 26.2 m/s
t t 0.2x60
v 2 26.2 2
a= = = 13.7 m/s 2
R 50
The minimum force Fmin is equal to the maximum static friction fs,max

Fmin = f s ,max = µ s FN = µ s mg
(a)
= 45x0.45x9.8 = 198 N

Fmin = f s ,max = µ s FN = µ s mg
(b)
= (45 - 17)x0.45x9.8 = 123 N
 Acceleration = slope = 0.45
Kinetic friction f k = µ k FN = µ k mg
Newton' s 2nd law : F − f k = ma
F − ma 40 − 4.1x 4.5
F − µ k FN = ma ⇒ µ k mg = F − ma ⇒ µ k FN = =
mg 4.1x 9.8
 W 100
W = mg moon g moon = = = 1.67 m/s 2
m 60

FN = 45 N
30
f s ,max = 30 N = µ s FN µs = = 0.67
45
 v 2 10 2
a= = = 5 m/s 2
R 20
 Kinetic Energy

(a ) K.E =
2 2
( )
mv = m v x2 + v y2 = m(4x4 + 3x3) = 12.5m
1 2 1 1
2

2
1
2
( )
(b) K.E = mv 2 = m v x2 + v y2 = m((-4)x(-4) + 3x3) = 12.5m
1 1
2

2
1
2
( )
(c) K.E = mv 2 = m v x2 + v y2 = m((-3)x(-3) + 4x4 ) = 12.5m
1 1
2

2
1
2
( )
(d ) K.E = mv 2 = m v x2 + v y2 = m(3x3 + (-4)x(-4)) = 12.5m
1 1
2
(e) K.E = mv 2 = mv x2 = m(5x5) = 12.5m
1 1 1
2 2 2

2 2
( ) 1
2
[
(f) K.E = mv 2 = m v x2 + v y2 = m (5xcos30) + (5xsin30 ) =
1 1 2 2
]25
2
[ ]
m cos 2 30 + sin 2 30 = 12.5m
 Work
Energy transferred to or from an object by means of a force acting on
the object.

 It has the same units as energy and is a scalar quantity

Work and Kinetic Energy

K f − K i = W = Fx d

Kf & Ki: kinetic energy after & start of displacement

 
W = Fd cos φ = F • d (work done by constant force)

Units for work:

  
W = Fd cos φ = F • d (work done by constant force)

 W = +ve when φ<90o, F parallel to d

 W = -ve when φ>90o, F opposite to d
 W = 0 when φ=0o , F perpendicular to d

Theory of Work – Kinetic Energy

A particle moves along an x axis. Does the kinetic energy of the particle
increase, decrease, or remain the same if the particle's velocity changes
(a) from -3 mls to -2 mls?
(b) from -2 mls to 2 mls?
(c) In each situation, is the work done on the particle positive, negative, or
zero?
(a) What is the net work done on the safe by forces FI and F2 during the
displacement d?
(b) During the displacement, what is the work Wg done on the safe by the gravitational
force Fg? and what is the work WN done on the safe by the normal force FN from the
floor?

(c) The safe is initially stationary. What is its speed vf at the end of the 8.50 m
displacement?

vi = 0 
 If and calculate the work done?

If the kinetic energy at the beginning of displacement is 10 J, what is its

kinetic energy at the end of d?
 Work Done by the Gravitational Force

For a rising object

After the object has reached its maximum height and is falling back down,
the angle ¢ between force Fg and displacement d is zero.

which becomes opposite when lowering the object.

Work done in lifting an object

It becomes opposite when lowering the object.

If the object is stationary before

and after the lift, then Kf = Ki = 0
An elevator cab of mass m = 500 kg is descending with speed vi = 4.0 mls
when its supporting cable begins to slip, allowing it to fall with constant
acceleration a = gl5.
(a) During the fall through a distance d = 12 m, what is the work Wg done on
the cab by the gravitational force?

(b) During the 12 m fall, what is the work WT

done on the cab by the upward pull T of the
elevator cable?
(c) What is the net work W done on the cab during the fall?

(d) What is the cab's kinetic energy at the end of the 12 m fall?
 Work Done by a Spring Force
The spring force is

spring in a relaxed state

 The (-) sign is because the direction of F is always
opposite to d
 k is the spring (or force) constant. It measures of the
spring stiffness
block is displaced by d
spring is stretched

It is + or –ve depending on whether the net transfer of energy

is to or from the block as the block moves from xi to xf
spring is compressed
If xi = 0 :
The work done by an applied force
If the block is stationary before
and after the displacement
 Work Done by a General Variable Force
(1) One-dimensional analysis
If the force magnitude to vary with position x.

(2) Three-dimensional analysis

 Power
The time rate at which work is done by a force
If a force does an amount of work W in an amount of time ∆t, the average
power due to the force during that time interval is

Instantaneous power P is the instantaneous time rate of doing work

For a particle moving along a straight line and is acted on by a constant force
F directed at some angle φ.
A block moves with uniform circular motion because a cord tied to the block is
anchored at the center of a circle. Is the power due to the force on the block
from the cord positive, negative, or zero?

Units of power

Work is then expressed as power multiplied by time, as in the common unit

kilowatt-hour.
W = Fd cos ϕ
   
d = 3i W = F • d = (4x3 + 4x0 - 4x0 ) = 12 J

 
W = F • r = (2 x3 + (−5) x(−5) ) = 6 + 25 = 31 J

1 2 2K 2 x16
K= mv v= = = 4 m/s
2 m 2
 W = K f − Ki =
1
2
( )
m v 2f − vi2 = x800(64 − 0 ) = 25600 J
1
2

W = K f − Ki =
1
2
( )
m v 2f − vi2 = x6(0 − 9 ) = −27 J
1
2

vi2 = (4 ) + (− 3) = 25 m/s v 2f = (2 ) + (5) = 29 m/s

2 2 2 2

2 2 2
2 2

2
( )
W = K f − K i = mv f − mvi = m v f − vi = x2(29 − 25) = 4 J
1 2 1 2 1 1
 F 20 1 2 1
k= = = 40 N/m W = kx = x40x (0.5) 2 = 9 J
x 0.5 2 2

1 2 1
W= kx f = x150x(0.02) 2 = 0.03 J
2 2
 WF = Fd = 50x2 = 100 J

W N = FN d cos 90 = 0 J

Wg = (mg sin θ ) (d ) cos180 = −mgd sin θ = −10 x9.8x2x sin 30 = −98 J

 WF = Fd cos ϕ = Fd cos θ = 50x2x cos 30 = 86.6 J

W g = (mg sin θ ) (d ) cos180 = −mgd sin θ = −5x9.8x2 sin 30 = −49 J

W N = FN d cos 90 = 0
 W 24
P= = =4W
t 6

W g = mgd = 0.25x9.8x35 = 85.75 J

 Ch 8: Potential Energy and Conservation of Energy

I is energy associated with the configuration of a system of objects

that exert forces on one another.

Work and Potential Energy

∆U g = −Wg = mgd (for rising) = − mgd (for falling)

1 2
∆U s = −Ws = kx
2
Gravitational potential energy when the particle is at a certain height y

Usually, Ui = 0 and yi = 0
A 2.0 kg sloth hangs 5.0 m above the ground
(a) What is the gravitational potential energy U of the
sloth - Earth system if y = 0 to be
(1) at the ground,
(2) at a balcony floor that is 3.0 m above ground,
(3) at the limb
(4) 1.0 m above the limb?
Take the gravitational potential energy = 0 at y = 0

For choice (1) the sloth is at y = 5.0 m,

For the other choices, the values of U are

(b) The sloth drops to the ground. For each choice of reference point, what is the
change t:..U in the potential energy of the sloth - Earth system due to the fall?
If Ui = 0 and xi = 0, the potential energy associated with the spring at position x

1 2 1
U= kx = x40x (0.4) 2 = 3.2 J
2 2

Fs 10 1 2 1
x= = = 0.5 m Us = kx = x20x (0.5) 2 = 2.5 J
k 20 2 2
 Conservation of Mechanical Energy
The mechanical energy Emec of a system is the sum of its potential energy U and
the kinetic energy K of the objects within it

The force transfers energy between K of the object and U of the system

We can rewrite

principle of conservation of mechanical energy

Principle of conservation of
mechanical energy for a
pendulum swing The energy of
the pendulum - Earth system is
transferred back and forth
between K and gravitational
potential energy U, with K + U =
constant. If we know the
gravitational potential energy
when the pendulum bob is at its
highest point, the kinetic energy
is obtained of the bob at the
lowest point (Fig. 8-7e).
A child of mass m is released from rest at
the top of a water slide, at height h = 8.5 m
above the bottom of the slide. Assuming
that the slide is frictionless because of the
water on it, find the child's speed at the
bottom of the slide.

Let the mechanical energy be Emec,f When the child is at the top of the slide and
Emec,b when she is at the bottom. Then the conservation principle tells us
at A : v A = 0 & E mec,A = U max = mghA
1 2
at C : h = 0 & E mec,C = K max = mvmax
2
1 2
E mec,A = E mec,C mghA = mvmax v max = 2 ghA = 2x9.8x2 = 6.26 m/s
2
 A 6 kg block is released from rest 80 m above the ground. When it has fallen 60 m
its kinetic energy is
(a) 4000 J (b) 400 J (c) 380 J (d) 3528 J

At height h = 80 cm

Emec = U + K = U max = mgh = 6x9.8x80 = 4704 J

At height h = 20 cm
1
Emec = 4704 J = U + K = mgh + mv 2 = 6x9.8x20 + K = 1176 + K
2
K = 4704 − 1176 = 3528 J U = 80mg
K = mg(h - h' ) = mg(80 - 20)

60 m
vmax = 2 gh = 2 x9.8 x80 = * * *J 80 m
U = 20mg
v(at 20 m) = 2 g (h − h' ) = 2 x9.8 x(80 − 60) = * * *J K = (80-20)mg
 Work Done on a System by an External Force

If the friction results in change in the thermal energy

∆E: change in any other type

In general
of internal energy
 at A : v A = 0 & E mec,A = U max = mghA
1 2 1 2
at B : E mec , B = E mec , A = mghA = K + U B = mvB + mghB mvB = mghA − mgh
2 2
vB = mg (hA − hB ) v B = 2 g (hA − hB ) = 2x9.8x3 = 7.7 m/s
1 2
2

(2) What is the kinetic energy and speed at C?

1 2
at C : hC = 0 & E mec,C = K C = mvmax = Emec , A = mghA
2
K C = mghA = 0.2x9.8x6 = 11.8 J
vmax = 2 ghA = 2x9.8x6 = 10.8 m/s
 vB = 2 ghA = 2x9.8x5 = 9.9 m/s

K B = U A − U C = mghA − mghC = mg (hA − hC ) = 0.5x9.8x3 = 14.7 J

vB = 2 g (hA − hB ) = 2x9.8x3 = 7.7 m/s
at p : E mec = U max = mgD
1 2
at lowest point : E mec = mgD = K max = mvmax
2
vmax = 2 gD = 2x9.8x1.54 = 5.5 m/s
U i = 0 K i = 100 J = E mec
When the body stops : K f = 0 E mec = U f = K i
100 x
100 = mgh = 4x9.8xh h = = 2.55
4x9.8 h
h h 2.55 θ = 60o
sin θ = x= = = 2.94 m
x sin θ sin 60