Announcements

Our Analytical Chemistry Textbook is available at 1:30PM

today in the Dept. of Chemistry Office. Others can also
buy it in the Ateneo bookstore.

For Lab next week Tuesday Read Chapter 1 & 2. I will also
post a URL for a video to prepare you for labs whenever I
can.

Please review Chapter 3 (I will go over many of these

concepts) and start reading Chapter 17 in Silberberg book.
Skip Chapter 17.1 and start with Chapter 17.2
What’s Ahead
Review some of the things we learned in Chem 7 as we will
need them in Chem 35.5 (do this gradually and not all in
one shot)

Start Chapter 17 “Equilibrium”. We will need a good

understanding of this concept to do everything in the book
except statistics. “Key riff”
The Mole As A Counting Unit

MOLE
Avogadro’s number = The mole

• The Mole: Allows us to

make comparisons of mass
between the same number of
• substances.
How Big is Avogadro’s Number?

A mole is just a number---we can’t use it to count

anything-objects, shoes, pieces of rice, automobiles,
stars, etc.

1 Mole 12C atoms = 6.02 X 1023 12C atoms

1 mole bananas = 6.02 X 1023 bananas

1 mole NO3- = 6.02 X 1023 NO3- ions

Avogadro’s Number as a Conversion Factor
The relationship between the mole to grams of a substance
provide some powerful equalities (conversion factors) that
can be used in chemical calculations.

1 mole 12C atoms = 6.02 x 1023 12C atoms

1 mole 12C = 12 g 12C

1 12C atom = 12.00 amu

 Metric Prefixes
Prefix Symbol Numerical Scientific Notation
12
Tera- T 1,000,000,000,000 1 X 10
9
Giga- G 1,000,000,000 10
6
Mega- M 1,000,000 10
3
Kilo- K 1000 10
-1
Deci- d 1/10 10
-2
Centi- c 1/100 10
-3
Milli- m 1/1000 10
-6
Micro- µ 1/1000000 10
-9
Nano- n 1/1000000000 10
-12
Pico- p 1/1000000000000 10
All SI Units Come From 7 Base Units
System international of common units and measurements.
Base Quantity SI Unit Symbol

Length Meter m
Mass Kilogram Kg
Temperature Kelvin K
Time Second s
Amount Mole mol
Electric Current Ampere A
Luminous Intensity Candela cd
All other physical units can be derived from these units!
 Common Non-SI Units

Quantity Unit Symbol

Volume Liter L

Temperature Celsius ˚C

Pressure Atmosphere Atm

Concentration Molarity M (mol/L)

Length Angstrom A˚
 Useful Conversions
365 days = 1 year 1 mile = 5280 ft
1 day = 24 hrs 12 in = 1 ft 453.6 grams = lb

1000 ms = 1 s 100 cm = 1 m 2.205 lb = 1 kg

60 min = 1 hrs 1000 m = 1 km
60 sec = 1 min

1 oz = 28.35 g
1000 cm3 = 1 L
106 um =1m
106 µs = 1 s 3.78 L = 1 gallon
109 nm =1m
1000 mL = 1 L
1000 mg = 1 gram 10-12 sec = 1 ps
 Length Conversions
Metric Units

5280 ft = 1 mile

3 ft = 1 yd

12 in = 1 ft
 Mass Conversions

Metric Units

2,200 lb =
1 metric ton

16 oz = 1 lb
 Volume Conversions

Metric Units

4 qt = 1 gal

3.78 L = 1 gal
2 pts = 1 qt

16 oz = 1 pt
 Some Problems
The speed of light in a vacuum is 2.99 X 1010 cm per second.
What is this speed in km/hr?
 Some Problems
The speed of light in a vacuum is 2.99 X 1010 cm per second.
What is this speed in km/hr?

cm cm cm m km
→ → → →
sec min hr hr hr

km 10 cm 1m 1 km 60 sec 60 min
= 2.99 × 10 × 2 × 3 × ×
hr sec 10 cm 10 m 1 min 1 hr

km !!
cm 1"
m 1 km 60!! 60!
sec !
sec
= 2.99 × 1010 × 2 × 3 × # ×
hr !!
sec 10 !!
cm 10 ! ! #
m 1 min 1 hr
 Molarity and Concentration
How many millimoles are there in 64 mg of P2O5?
(MW = 141.94 g/mol)
 Terminology and Definitions
A solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more
substances (solvent + solute 1 + solute 2).

The solute is (are) the substance(s) present in the

smaller amount(s).

The solvent is the substance present in the larger

amount----water in aqueous solutions.

Solution Solvent Solute

Soft drink (l) H 2O Sugar, CO2
Air (g) N2 O2, Ar, CH4
Soft Solder (s) Pb Sn
 Ways To Express Concentration
Concentration of a solute dissolved in a solvent can be
expressed in different ways.

moles of solute
M = molarity =
liters of solution
 Molarity and Concentration
What does 3.5 M FeCl3 mean?

3.5 M FeCl3 implies a homogeneous solution that has

a concentration of 3.5 moles of dry FeNO3 dissolved in
1 Liter total aqueous solution. Note the FeNO3 is not
dissolved in 1 liter of water!

Represent [Fe3+] = 3.5 M and [Cl-] = 3 X 3.5 M

Molarity and Concentration
What mass of KI is required to make 500. mL of
a 2.80 M KI solution?
 Molarity and Concentration
What mass of KI is required to make 500. mL of
a 2.80 M KI solution?

M KI M KI
volume KI moles KI grams KI

1L 2.80 mol KI 166 g KI

500. mL x x x = 232 g KI
1000 mL 1 L soln 1 mol KI
 Expression Concentration by % w/w
The composition and components of a mixture
are very often expressed as a percentage. It
relates mass (or volume) of a component to
mass (or volume) of a mixture.
parts substance A
% M ass =
100 parts of sample
Examples: If we say seawater consists of 18.65% NaCl by mass it means:
18.65 parts N aCl
100 parts seawater

The parts can be any unit (g,kg,lbs) so long as they are mass units and
consistent.

10.5 grams ethanol

Gasoline containing 10.5 % ethanol by mass means :
100 grams gasoline
Chapter 17:

Chemical Equilibrium
Equilibrium Concept Map
Kinetics and Summary of Topics
Kinetics tells us how fast or slow a chemical
reaction will occurs (reaction rate).

Equilibrium tells us to what extent a chemical

reaction occurs after it occurs (how much
product and reactant is formed after reaction is
complete).

Thermodynamics studies whether a reaction

can take place (whether it is energetically
favorable and occurs spontaneously)
NO2-N2O4 Chemical System
Let’s begin the study of equilibrium by considering the
following simple chemical system of the type;

A B
Keep an eye on what happens after long periods of time
when a chemical reaction seems to just “stop” or not
change concentrations over time.

Our goal is to develop a mathematical expression called “an

equilibrium constant” that we can use in for all chemical
reactions.
NO2-N2O4 Model Chemical System
N2O4(g) 2NO2(g) Fixed
Temperature
Colorless gas Dark brown gas
Double arrow means “reversible reaction” takes place in both directions
as opposed to one single reaction direction.

NO2-N2O4 Chemical System

at equilibrium
NO2-N2O4 Chemical System
Let’s look at three things

1) What happens when the reaction sits for long periods

of time after the reaction is complete.

2) Discern the difference between kinetics (watch the

instantaneous concentrations over time) vs measuring
what is leftover after long periods of time.

3) Develop simple expression called the “equilibrium

constant” to characterize what is left over after long
periods of time.
Graph of Reactants Vs Time

Kinetics N2O4 (g) 2NO2 (g)

equilibrium
equilibrium
equilibrium

Start with pure NO2 Start with pure N2O4 Start with a mixture of
NO2 & N2O4