PROBLEM SOLVING

AND THE MOLE

MEASUREMENT
SYSTEMS
 inch

fathom
•English system
•Metric system
 English System Metric System
• Derived from the ancient • Use only one unit for
units of measurement each property
accompanied by certain
▫ Length – inch, foot, yard
prefixes.
and mile ▫ Length – meter
▫ Mass – pound and ounce ▫ Mass – gram
▫ Volume – gallon and pint. ▫ Volume - liter
Metric System
▰ International decimal-based system of
measurement.
▰ Because the metric system is a decimal
system, making conversions between
different units of the metric system are
always done with factors of ten.
Metric Prefixes and its Equivalents

▰ The metric system uses a

number of prefixes along with the
base units.
▰ A base unit is one that cannot be
expressed in terms of other
units.
Metric Prefixes and its Equivalents

▰ Examples:

▻ Mass is the gram (g)

▻ Length is the meter (m)
▻ Volume is the liter (L).
Metric Prefixes and its Equivalents

▰ Each base unit can be

combined with different
prefixes to define smaller and
larger quantities.
Prefix Meaning Symbol

micro- 10-6 μ

milli- 10-3 m

centi- 10-2 c

kilo- 103 k
Examples
▰1 micrometer = 1 μm = 1x10-6
m
▰ 1 microliter = 1 μL = 1x10-6 L

▰ 1 kilometer = 1 km = 1x103 m

▰ 1 kilogram = 1 kg = 1x103 g
SI Units
▰ International System of Units,
abbreviated SI from the French
Le Systeme International d’
Unites
▰ Main system of measurement
units used in science.
Mass

▰ The mass of an object is a

measure of the amount of
matter in it.
▰ Kilogram
Length

▰ Measurement of anything from

end to end.
▰ In science, length usually
refers to how long an object
is.
▰ Meter
Volume

▰ The volume of an object is

the amount of space it
takes up.
▰ Liter
Temperature

▰ Hotness or coldness of an
object
▰ Kelvin
SCIENTIFIC
NOTATION
 300,000,000 meters/second

6,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg

0.0000000000000000000000000000009 kg.
Scientific Notation

▰ Very large and very small

numbers are expressed as the
product of a number between 1
and 10 multiplied by some power
of 10.
The exponent is positive if the decimal
point is moved from right to left.

95,672 9.5672 x 104

8,340 8.340 x 103
6,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg
The exponent is negative if the decimal
point is moved from left to right.

0.014 1.4 x 10-2

0.000000008 8.0 x 10-9

0.0000000000000000000000000000009 kg.
Calculators and Scientific Notation

▰ Calculators have an “exponential” button.

It is typically labeled “EXP” or “EE” and
can be read “times ten to the…”
▻ Example
▻ “6.02EE23” or “6.02EXP23” = 6.02 x
1023
Example

▰ Perform the following calculation

correctly using the exponential
button
𝟏. 𝟐𝟎 𝒙 𝟏𝟎 𝟐𝟒
𝟔. 𝟎𝟐 𝒙 𝟏𝟎 𝟐𝟑
Example

▰ Perform the following calculation

correctly using the exponential
button
𝟐. 𝟎 𝒙 𝟏𝟎 𝟑
𝟑. 𝟎 𝒙 𝟏𝟎 𝟒
MATH IN
CHEMISTRY
Conversion Factors

▰ Factor used to convert one

unit of measurement into
another.
Metric to metric Metric to English
1 m = 100 cm 1 m = 39.6 in = 3.28 ft =
1.09 yd
1 km = 1000 m 1 in = 2.54 cm
1 g = 1000 mg 1km = 0.62 mi
1 kg = 1000 g 1kg = 2.2 lb
1 𝐦𝟑 = 1000 L 1 lb = 454 g
1 mL = 1 𝐜𝐦𝟑 1L = 1.06 qt
1L = 1000 mL 1 gal = 3.79 L
K = ℃ + 273 ℉=
𝟗
℃ +32
𝟓
 Length Temperature
1 in. 2.54 cm
°C (°F – 32) 5/9
12 in 1 ft.
1 ft. 30.48 cm
1m 3.28 ft.
1 mi 5 254 ft. °F 9/5 (°C) + 32
1600 m
1 km 0.625 mi
3 280 ft.
1 yd. 3 ft.
K °C + 273
 Mass Volume

1 kg 2.2 lbs. 1 gal 3.75 l

35.2 oz.
1l 2.11 pint
1 lb. 7 000 gr
16 oz. 1 fl. oz. 29.6 ml (US)
1g 15.4 gr 28.4 ml (UK)
Factor-Label Method of Problem Solving

▰A technique that involves the

study of the units of physical
quantities.
▰ It affords a convenient means of
checking mathematical
equations.
Factor-Label Method of Problem Solving

▰ This method involves considering

both the units you presently have
(given measurement), the units you
wish to end up with, and designing
conversion factors than will cancel
units you don’t want and produce units
you do want.
 what you
get

what you
start with
 0.0856 m to mm.
1000 mm

0.0856 m 85.6 mm

1m
 1.53 g to cg
100 cg

1.53 g 153 cg

1g
 1000 inches to feet

1 foot
1000
83 feet
inches
12 inches
 Temperature
F = (°C x 9/5) + 32
°C = (F - 32) 5/9
K = °C + 273
 20°C to F
F = (°C x 9/5) + 32
F = (20°C x 9/5) + 32
68 F
 32 F to °C
°C = (F - 32) 5/9
°C = (32 F - 32) 5/9
0°C
 25°C to K
K = °C + 273
K = 25°C + 273
298 K
THE MOLE
Stoichiometry
▰ Study of the relationship of the amount of
the substances in a chemical reaction.
▰ “Stoicheoin” as elements
▰ “Metron” measure

▻ Mole
▻ Molar mass
Mole

▰ Quantity of substance that

contain a fix number of particles.
▰ Similar to the concept of dozen.
▰ Chemist’s dozen
Converting Molecules to Moles

How many moles are present in 1 x 10 9

molecules of water?

𝟏 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑯𝟐𝑶
1x 10 9 molecules • 𝟔.𝟎𝟐 𝒙 𝟏𝟎 𝟐𝟑 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝑯𝟐𝑶
= 1.7 x 10 -15 mol H2O
Converting Moles to Molecules

How many molecules are present in

0.00100 mole?

𝟔.𝟎𝟐 𝒙 𝟏𝟎 𝟐𝟑 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒆𝒔
0.00100 mole • 𝟏 𝒎𝒐𝒍
= 6.02 x 10 20 molecules
Molar Mass
▰ Ratio giving the number of grams for each
one mole of a substance.
▰ This ratio is easily found by adding up the
atomic masses of the elements within a
compound using the periodic table.
▰ Grams per mole (g/mol.)
Example

What is the molar mass of H2O?

H – 2 x 1.0084 g/mol = 2.0168

O – 1 x 15.9994 g/mol = 15.9994
H2O = 18.0162 g/mol.
Example

What is the molar mass of S?

S – 1 x 32.065 g/mol = 32.065

S = 32.065 g/mol.
Example
What is the molar mass of
Al2(SO4)3?
Al – 2 x 26.98 g/mol = 53.96
S – 3 x 32.065 g/mol = 96.195
O – 12 x 15.9994 g/mol = 191.99
Al2(SO4)3 = 342.145 g/mol.
Converting Grams to Moles

How many moles are present in 108 grams

of H2O?

𝟏 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑯𝟐𝑶
108 g H2O • 𝟏𝟖.𝟎𝟐 𝒈 𝑯 𝑶 = 5.99 mol H2O
𝟐
Converting Grams to Moles

How many moles are present in 45 grams of

NaOH?

𝟏 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯
45g NaOH• 𝟒𝟎 𝒈 𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯 = 1.125 mol NaOH
Converting Moles to Grams

What is the mass of 7.50 mol of CaO?

𝟓𝟔.𝟎 𝒈 𝑪𝒂𝑶
7.50 mol CaO • 𝟏 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑪𝒂𝑶 = 420 g CaO
Converting Moles to Grams

What is the mass of 0.35 moles of FeSO4?

𝟏𝟓𝟐 𝒈 𝑭𝒆𝑺𝑶𝟒
0.35 mol FeSO4 • 𝟏 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑭𝒆𝑺𝑶 = 53.2 g FeSO4
𝟒
ACTIVITY #5
Convert the following:

1. 239 cm. to m. 6. 9 mi. to m.

2. 2.88 kg. to g. 7. 932 g to kg.
3. 16 lbs. to kg. 8. 109 lbs. to oz.
4. 0.5 kg. to lbs. 9. 4 ft. to cm.
5. 0.13 km. to ft. 10. 29 ml. to l.
Scientific Notation

1. 0.0003 7. 304 000.00

2. 5 000 000 8. 0.040
3. 0.0604 9. 3 100.00
4. 0.0010 10. 78 000
5. 465 000 000 000
6. 0.00000000000000000023
Get the molar mass of the following:

1. Cr2O3
2. Ca(OH)2
3. C6H8O7
4. H2SO4
5. Al2(CO3)3
Solve the following:

1. What is the mass of 1.4 moles of

glucose (C6H12O6)?
2. How many moles are present in 75
grams of sodium chloride (NaCl)?
3. Calculate the mass of 0.2 mole of
calcium sulfate (CaSO4).
Solve the following:

4. How many molecules are

present in the 1.00 g Na2CO3?
5. How many molecules are
present in the 1000g of H2O?