DESCRIBING COMPOUNDS

• Form of matter that

has a constant
composition and
PURE properties that are
SUBSTANCES constant throughout
the sample.
• Elements and
compounds are both
example of pure
substances
 • Physical combinations of
two or more elements
and/or compounds.
MIXTURES • The term “physical
combination” refers to
mixing two different
substances together
where the substances do
not chemically react.
NAMES AND CHARGES OF
IONS
Elements Atomic Atomic Protons Electrons Neutrons
Mass Number (p+) (e-) (n)
(A) (Z)

Oxygen 16 8 8 8 8

Chlorine 35 17 17 17 18

Calcium 40 20 20 20 20
 IONS

• When the number of protons and the

number of electrons do not match, the
result is a species with a net charge, called
ion.
• An atom becomes an ion when it gains or
loses electrons
 IONS

• When an atom gains electrons, the

atom will obtain a negative charge
and is now called an anion.
• When an atom loses electrons, the
atom will obtain a positive charge
and is now called a cation.
Atomic
5 10.806 Atomic Mass
Number

B
+3 Oxidation
State
Symbol
 POLYATOMIC IONS

• Ions composed of a group of atoms that

are covalently bonded and behave as if
they were a single ion. Almost all the
common polyatomic ions are negative
ions.
TYPES OF COMPOUNDS AND
THEIR PROPERTIES
 Compounds

Ionic Covalent
 IONIC COMPOUNDS

• Formed when a metal reacts with a

nonmetal (or a polyatomic ion).
• When ionic compounds are formed, we
are almost never dealing with just a single
positive ion and a single negative ion.
 IONIC COMPOUNDS

• High melting points causing them to

be solid at room temperature
• Conduct electricity when dissolved in
water.
 COVALENT COMPOUNDS

• Formed when two nonmetals react with each

other.
• The term covalent bond dates from 1939. The
prefix co- means jointly, ― valent” is referring
to an atom’s valence electrons.
• Thus, a "co-valent bond", essentially, means
that the atoms share valence electrons.
 COVALENT COMPOUNDS

• Low melting points and many are liquids

or gases at room temperature.
• When covalent compounds are dissolved
in water, they are not conductors of
electricity.
 Compounds

Ionic Covalent
NAMING COMPOUNDS
 CHEMICAL FORMULAS

• The formula for a compound uses the

symbols to indicate the type of atoms
involved and uses subscripts to
indicate the number of each atom in
the formula.
 IONIC COMPOUNDS

• Two elements – metal cation and

nonmetallic anion.
• Metal – named first retaining the full
name
• Non-metals – last two to four letters is
change to –ide.
Aluminum Chlorine
3+
(Al ) 1-
(Cl )

Aluminum Chloride
AlCl3
Sodium Chlorine
1+
(Na ) 1-
(Cl )

Sodium Chloride
NaCl
Aluminum Oxygen
3+
(Al ) 2-
(O )

Aluminum Oxide
Al2O3
Aluminum Sulfide
3+
(Al ) 2-
(S )

Aluminum Sulfide
Al2S3
TERNARY IONIC COMPOUNDS

• Cation and polyatomic ion.

• Cation – retain
• Polyatomic ion - retain
Aluminum Sulfate
3+
(Al ) -2
(SO4 )

Aluminum Sulfate
Al2(SO4)3
Magnesium Phosphate
2+
(Mg ) -3
(PO4 )

Magnesium Phosphate
Mg3(PO4)2
Calcium Nitrate
2+
(Ca ) (NO3)

Calcium Nitrate
Ca(NO3)2
 COVALENT COMPOUNDS

• Two non-metals.
• The first element retains its full name,
whereas the second element is described by
replacing the ending from its name with the
suffix -ide.
• It uses a prefix to specify the number of
each element present.
Nitrogen Oxygen
5+
(N ) -2
(O )

Dinitrogen Pentoxide
N2O5
Carbon Chlorine
4+
(C ) -1
(Cl )

Carbon Tetrachloride
CCl4
 READ THE FOLLOWING

•Lewis Structure
•Molecular geometry
•Polarity and Hydrogen Bonding
 ACTIVITY #4

I. Predict the charge 4. O

of each ion. Then 5. Ca
give the name each 6. F
ion would have. 7. Mg
1. Cl 8. Li
2. Br 9. I
3. N 10. Na
 ACTIVITY #4

II. Name the following 15.Ni2+

ions. 16.NO3-
11.Cu2+ 17.C2H3O2 –
12.Co2+ 18.OH
13.Co3+ 19.PO4 3-
14.Cu+ 20.SO3
 ACTIVITY #4

III.Write the formulas from the names of the

following compounds.
21. Magnesium sulfide
22. Lead(II) Nitrate
23. Sodium Oxide
24. Calcium hydroxide
25. Potassium Carbonate
 ACTIVITY #4

III.Write the formulas from the names of the

following compounds.
26. Aluminum Bromide
27. Iron (III) nitrate
28. Iron(II) Chloride
29. Copper(II) Nitrate
30. Magnesium oxide