The Organization

of Elements
 Pure
Substances
Matter
Mixtures
Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
 Johann Dobereiner

◉ In 1829, he noted
chemical similarities in
several groups of three
elements and placed
these elements into
what he called triads.
 Johann Dobereiner

◉ In all of the triads, the atomic weight of the second

element was almost exactly the average of the
atomic weights of the first and third element.
○ chlorine, bromine, and iodine
○ sulfur, selenium, and tellurium
○ calcium, strontium, and barium
○ lithium, sodium, and potassium
 John Newlands

◉ In 1864, he saw a
connection between
the chemical
properties of elements
and their atomic
masses.
 Dmitri Mendeleev

◉ First scientist to make a

periodic table much like
the one we use today.
Mendeleev’s table listed
the elements in order of
increasing atomic mass.
 William Ramsay

◉ He added the noble gases

which were discovered
later
◉ Mendeleev’s table did not
include any of the noble
gases.
 Henry Moseley

◉ He found a relationship
between an element's X-ray
wavelength and its atomic
number, and therefore
organized the table by nuclear
charge (or atomic number)
rather than atomic weight.
Metals, Non-metals and Metalloids
 Metals

◉ Majority of the elements

◉ Left (except for H)
◉ Shiny, very dense, and having high melting points.
◉ Ductile and malleable
◉ Good conductors of heat and electricity.
◉ All metals are solids at room temperature except
for Hg.
 Non-metals

◉ Brittle, dull, have low melting points,

◉ Generally poor conductors of heat and
electricity
 Metalloids

◉ Properties of both metals and nonmetals.

◉ Shiny or dull.
◉ They are typically semiconductors, which
means that they are elements that conduct
electricity better than insulators, but not as
well as conductors. They are valuable in the
computer chip industry.
Valence Electrons
 Valence Electrons

◉ The electrons in the outermost shell

◉ Since filled d or f subshells are seldom
disturbed in a chemical reaction, the
valence electrons include those electrons in
the outermost s and p sublevels.
 Example

◉ The electron configuration for Gallium is 1s2 2s2 2p6

3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p1
◉ The electrons in the fourth energy level are further
from the nucleus than the electrons in the third
energy level.
◉ Gallium therefore has three valence electrons: the
two in 4s and one in 4p.
 Example

◉ The electron configuration for Mg is

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
◉ The outer energy level for this atom is
n=3 and it has two electrons in this
energy level. Therefore, magnesium
has two valence electrons
 Example

◉ The electron configuration for S is 1s2

2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4 .
◉ The outer energy level in this atom is
n=3 and it holds six electrons, so sulfur
has six valence electrons.
Families and Periods of the Periodic Table
 Read the following:

◉ Trends in Atomic Radius

◉ Periodic Trends in Ionization Energy
◉ Periodic Trends in Electronegativity
 Activity #3

I. Label each of the 4. Potassium

5. Oxygen
following elements
6. Aluminum
as a metal, 7. Polonium
nonmetal, or 8. Curium
metalloid 9. Hydrogen
1. Carbon 10. Iodine
2. Plutonium
3. Bromine
 Activity #3

II. Given each of the following properties,

label the property of as that of a metal,
nonmetal, or metalloid.
11. Lustrous
12. Malleable
13. Semiconductors
14. Insulators
15. Brittle
 Activity #3

III. For each of the 16. Fluorine

following atoms, 17. Cesium
indicate the total 18. Argon
number of valence 19. Krypton
electrons in each 20. Sodium
atom: