PURCOMM

Lesson 1: The nature, process and basics of communication

What is communication?

-exchanging of ideas and information

-act of sending and receiving information

-involves speakers and listeners to transfer messages and data

-involves transaction

SHARING OF IDEAS – EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION – MEANING MAKING

-Communication comes from Latin word communicare

Elements of Communication

Sender – considered as sources, initiates the message

Encoding Message – message is the verbal and non -verbal form of the idea, thought or feeling that one
intends to communicate to another person or a group of people.

Message Channel – medium of instruction refers to the means, with which the message is delivers, the
medium of communication.

Receiver – considered as sources, to whom the message is intended

Decoding Message – receiver decodes the sender’s message, can be verbal and non-verbal

Message Channel - medium of instruction, refers to the means in which the message is received,
medium of communication

Feedback – the receivers response to the source message, can be verbal and non-verbal

THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS

-the definition of communication and its elements can also be further understood in the light of a
framework or model to see their interrelatedness.
FIVE TYPES OF COMMUNICATION MODELS

Linear model

– Also called the transmission model, a linear model is based on the assumption that communication is
transmitted in a straightforward manner-from a sender to a receiver.

-Clearly reflects that communication is a one way process.

-the message and communication is consistent.

Laswell’s verbal model

- Who – Communicator – says what?- Message – In which channel – Medium – To whom –

Receiver – with what effect - effect

Shannon and weaver’s model

- Almost the same as laswell’s model with minimal differences.

Interactive Model

-in contrast with the linear one which communication as flowing only in one direction.

-communication is a two way process which involves an exchange or an interaction between the sender
and receiver.

Transactional models

-adapted from Wood (1997) in response to the failure of the interactive model to portray the dynamism
of human communication.

-alternative use when the linear model fails to communicate.

Key features of the transactional model:

-has time element which influences how people communicate

-depicts communication as varying and dynamic, flexible and versatile

-the model does not label one as the sender and the other as the receiver
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TYPES OF COMMUNICATION

VERBAL COMMUNICATION – refers to the production of spoken language, produces words.

NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION – refers to the communication in the use of facial expressions, sign
language, bodily movement, hand gestures, tone of voice.

 Eye Contact - can be seen as negative or positive dependeng on who is the receiver of the
communication.

 Touch - can be used as positive or negative depending on the culture and the country.

 Gestures - can represent many things.

 Physical Distance - might be considered as giving more respect. The more distance shows more
respect.

 Facial Expressions - would help to comprehend and understand message from the sender.Can also
interpret miscommunication.

 Appearance - can also affect the way a person can misinterpret you from the way you look and the
way you dress. Conservative attire is the safest outfit that we can wear.

 Posture - can affect by the way you stand and look to your receiver.

 Paralanguage - the tone of oyur voice, the way you deliever the message.

 High Context - complex way of sending message.

 Low Context - leaves minimal room for inference and is explicitly stated. Even if addresse is not
familiar with the cultural background

-Communication is direct.

-Conveying the message fast.

VISUAL COMMUNICATION - communication based on what you see

-can be involved in presentations, meetings etc.

-a single picture can say it all

INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION - process of self communication

-self thought and inner speech.

INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION - communication between two people but in an informal
communication.

EXTENDED COMMUNICATION - involves the use of electronic media, channels for communication.

ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATON - communication that happens in an organization.

Formal Structure - it allows communication to take place via designated channel flow.

Downward Communication - communication starts from the high position to the lower
level

Upward Communication - communication starts from the lower level to the high
position

Horizontal Communication - also known as lateral communication. Same level of

position. It allows them to communicate in
order for them to work in a synchronized work
environment.

Crosswise Communication - same as horizonotal communication but diagonal flow. Cycle

wherein you can have communication even if your in
the lower level or the higher level.

Informal Structure - there is a casual communication between co workers in the work place.

INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION -refers to the communication from different culture. There is a

shared communication between different culture.

WRITTEN COMMUNICATION - sending message through pencil and paper.

BARRIERS in communication

 language
 emotional
 physical
 cultural
 Psychological

Communication Models

TRANSMISSION / LINEAR COMMUNICATION MODEL - one way process of communiction from the
sender to the receiver.

LASWELL’S COMMUNICATION MODEL - we are after for the effect if the speaker is understood and if
the receiver understands the sender.

SHANNON-WEAVER’S COMMUNICATION MODEL - considers the noise in communication. Also called as

telephone model. Transmitter is involved

INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION MODEL - communication is a two way process.

ARISTOTLE’S COMMUNICATION MODEL - communication is explained by the speaker according to the

occasion and the audience.

OSGOOD-SCHRAMN COMMUNICATION MODEL - sender encodes the messeage then the interpreter
decodes the message for the receiver.

TRANSACTIONAL COMMUNICATION MODEL - -adapted from Wood (1997) in response to the failure of
the interactive model to portray the dynamism of human communication.
-alternative use when the linear model fails to communicate.

WHITE’S COMMUNICATION MODEL -the concept of feedback.

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10 essential skills

 Listening - most essential skills that a sender and reciever needs

 active listening- involves hearing and understanding what a person is saying to you

 Non - Verbal - paralanguage, gesture, facial expressions, tone and eye contact. A person is going
to be encourage to speak openly if you are relaxed and have a friendly tone. The signal will give
you an insight of what a person is feeling.

 Be clear & concise - direct to the point, as you convey a message, it should be good and use few
words as much as possible. You must convey your message clearly, consice and direct to avoid
confusion.

 Be personable - be yourself when conveying a message. Use friendly tone with simple idea and
ask personal question.

 Be confident - believe in yourself so that you can deliver what you are trying to deliver in
confidence. Do eye contactand stand firmly so that your audience know that you are confident.

 Empathy - we all have different point of views, and perspective and ideas . Skill of being able to
understand and share with others.umbrella of listening.

 Always have an open mind - accept the reality that your idea may not always be correct and
also accpet the idea of others.

 Convey respect - simply addresing the person using their name will make them feel appreciated.

 Give & receive feedback - this is how communication happens. It is a two way communication.
Vital and nessesary that you accept feedback from others.

 Consider the best medium - Knowing what the best form for the communication in order to
have and effective and positive communication. You must know the topic to know the
appropriate medium to use.

Communication ethics

Ethics - set of principles on how to communicate to other people.

- deals with values realting to human conduct with repect.

Communication - act or process of communicating.

Ethical communication/ Communication Ethics - principle governing communication, the right and
wrong aspects. The foundation and fundamental in communication.
Approaches to ethical decision making

 Ulitiltarian ethics(jeremy Bentham) - the doctorine of ethics which advocated that actions are right
if they are useful for the benefit of the majority, and that action promotes happiness.

 Moral duty (Immanuel Kant) - focused on the individual’s right to choose for himself/herself;
choose freely what they will do with their lives, and have a fundamental moral right to have these
choices respected.

 Virtue ethics ( aristotle & other ancient greeks) - quest to understand and live a life of the moral
character.

 The good common approach (John Rawls) - focused on ensuring that the social policies, social
systems,institutions, and environments on which we depend are beneficial to all.

5 principles of ethical communication

 Acting with a joint interest - rather than simply focusing on own goals, better show willingnes to
joint interest. You should know how to give time.

 Acting with sensitivity - Sensitive communication focuses on managing the emotions of others,
and practising carefully controlled non-violent communication that does not create negative
emotional states, such as anger or fear. 

 Acting with curiosity - It is important to recognize that your views are not the only truth and that
other people’s ideas, which may confuse or challenge you, deserve your respect and curiosity.
Being curious means being truly open. Curiosity is expressed by remaining silent, allowing others
to speak, asking questions and encouraging others to say more.

 Acting with openness - make a commitment to share information as much as is possible.Being

open about this helps us to be inclusive, collaborative, and respectful.

 Acting with reponsibility - Responsibility is central to ethical behaviour. The moment we begin to
blame others or circumstances unfairly, we are ignoring our responsibility. Instead, explore and
express ways of bearing some responsibility for what happens. This also allows others to take
responsibility and to think about their future actions.
Communication & Globalization

Globalization - talks about the economy.

- with the help of globalization, we have easy access to communication, we could have social
relationship and strucutres

“a language achieves a genuiely gloabal status when it developes a social role that is recognized in every
country.” - David Crystal 2003

“we should not talk of engish but of many englishes” - McCrum

Two well known english

 American English

 British English

Culturall and Bias Free Language

 Culturally sensitive -deals with different and diverse cultures. We should be more sensitive cause of
the diverse culture.

 Bias Free Language -  language that is sensitive to people's sex, race, age, physical condition and
many other categories. Bias-free language does not discriminate and therefore includes all readers
in a fair and friendly manner.

 Disabilities - Labels are often generated when we use adjectives as collective nouns. Avoid using
labels the disabled, the schizophrenics; instead, use people with disabilities, people diagnosed with
schizophrenia.

 Race and Ethnicity -If race or ethnicity is used to describe a person, it has to be relevant to the
information presented.Ethnic and racial labels often change and deciding which term is the correct
one can be hard.

 Gender - check to see if it reflects the gender of the person described. Use more neutral
alternatives when gender is not important to the idea you are getting across.

 Sexual Orientaion - check to see if it reflects the sexual orientation of the person described. Use
more neutral alternatives whensexual orientation is not important to the idea you are getting
across.

 Age - be mindful of what we call someone and don’t rely age of what you call to the person.

 Social Class - group in society having common economic and political status. Be mindful on how you
talk to someone based on the class they belong.