Topic 2: Lesson 1

Atomic Theory
T. Maria Sofia Murillo
 Lesson 1:
Atomic Theroy
What is an atom?
Atoms are small units made
of several particles.
Particles one of the very
small parts of matter (as a
molecule, atom, or
electron)
 ATOMS
• The smallest particle that
can be considered an
element.

• The smallest part of a

substance that cannot be
broken down chemically.
 John Dalton’s Model
1600
• All elements consist of atoms that cannot be devided.

• All atoms of the same element are exacly alike and

have the same mass.

• An atom of one element cannot be change into an

atom of a different element.

• Compounds are formed when atoms of more than

one element are combine.
John Dalton’s Model
1600
 Thomson’s Model
1897

• He discovered that atoms contain negatively

charged particles.

• He later reasoned that atoms must also contain

some sort of positive charge.
Thomson’s Model
1897
 Rutherford’s Model
1911

• Electrons circle the nucleus

• Rutherford's gold foil experiment showed that the

atom is mostly empty space with a tiny, dense,
positively-charged nucleus.
Rutherford’s Model
1911
 Borh’s Model

• He suggested that electrons move only in

specific orbits around the nucles. Like
planets.
Borh’s Model
 Cloud Model
1920

• Electrons do not move in

specific orbits.

• Instead, electrons move rapidly

within a cloudlike region around
the nucleus.
Cloud Model
1920
 James Chadwick
1932
• He discovered another particle exisits in the
nucleus. This particle was called neutron.
James Chadwick
1932
 THE PARTS OF AN ATOM
Remember PEN
• Protons: Are positively charged particles found inside the
nucleus of an atom.
Its symbol is: p+

• Electrons: Are negatively charged particles around the nucleus

of the atom.
Its symbol is: e-

• Neutrons: Are also found in the nucleus of the atom. They have
no charge and contribute to the atomic mass.
Its symbol is: n
 Isotopes
• All atoms of an element have the same number of
PROTONS.

• BUT the number of NEUTRONS can vary.

• Isotopes are also a form of a chemical element in

which the atoms have the same number of protons
(parts of the nucleus of an atom) but a different
number of neutrons (parts of the nucleus of an atom).
 Lesson 2:
The Periodic
Table
 The Periodic Table

Is a chart showing all of the elemens

arranged according to repeating

pattern of their properties.

 Periods in the Perdiodic Table

There are seven periods in the periodic

table, with each one beginning at the far
left. A new period begins when a new
principal energy level begins filling with
electrons.
 Periods in the Perdiodic Table

A periodic table is an arrangement

of elements based on their atomic
numbers and chemical properties.

It is divided into 18 groups and 7

periods running vertically and
horizontally respectively.
 Atomic Number
• The number of protons in
the nucleus of an atom ‘s
elements.

• For example: Every

oxygen atom has 8
protons, so the
atomic number of
oxygen is 8.
Information inside each cell
 Mass Number

• Is the addition of the protons and the

neutrons
https://chemistrytalk.org/how-to-
read-the-periodic-table/
 Bohr’s Model

1. It is an arrangement of electrons in various

shells, sub-shells and orbitals in an atom. It is
written as 2, 8, 8, 18, 18, 32.
 Lesson 3:
Bonding the
Periodic Table
 Valence Electrons

• The valence electrons of an

atom are the electrons that
have the highest energy.

• They are in the outermost

energy level.
 Valence Electrons
• The interpretation of the periodic table give you information
about the valence electrons in atoms
Why is it difficult to know the exact
amount of valence electrons on
elements between group 3 and 12?

• The elements in groups 3 to 12 are called "transition

metals" and behave differently than the rest of the
elements when it comes to valence electrons.

• Atoms can have multiple numbers of valence electrons

depending on how it is manipulated.
 Electron dot diagram
• A representation of the valence electrons
of an atom that uses dots around the
symbol of the element.
 RULES TO MAKE
ELECTRON DOT DIAGRAMS
1. Dots may only go on the sides of the element
symbol.

2. It does not matter which side has no electron

dots as long as there are the correct number of
sides without dots.
Electron dot diagram
Electron dot diagram Class Activity
 Physical Properties of Metals

• Malleable: A material that • Ductile: A material that can

can be hammered or rolled be pulled out, or drawn into
into a flat sheet or other long wires.
shapes.

• Transfer: the ability of an 1. Good conductor: Materials

object to transfer heat / that allow electricity to flow
thermal energy. through them easily

• Luster: Shiny and reflective.

 Physical Properties of Metalloids

• Semiconductor: Is a substance that can conduct electric

current under some conditions but not under other
conditions.
 How are elements discovered?
Elements are usually discover when they react with another
elements
https://www.youtu
be.com/watch?v=y
ADrWdNTWEc&t=2
12s
 Lesson 4:
Types of Bonds
 Reactivity

• Is the degree to which a substance shows chemical change when

mixed with another substance.

• The reactivity of each element is based on its valence electrons.

 Ions

• Is an atom or group of atoms that has either a

positive or negative charge.

• Example: When an atom of sodium comes

close to an atom of chlorine, an electron jumps
from sodium to chlorine.
 Ions Bonding

• When a metal combines with a nonmetal atom.

• Involves the attraction between ions of

opposite charge.
 Ionic charge of an element

If an element has If there are more

more protons than electrons than
electrons, then the protons, then the
net charge on the net charge on the
element is positive. object is negative.
Ions Bonding
 Ions Bonding

• Usually form when a metal combines with a

nonmetal atom.

• Involves the attraction between ions of

opposite charge.
1. Ionic Bonding:
Metal and non Metal atoms.

2. Covalent Bonding

Polar
Two metals, different elements, Hydrogen and non
metals.

Non Polar: Two metal atoms of the same element.

 Common Element Compounds
Compound Symbol State of matter Elements in the
(at room temp) compound
(and state at room
temp)
Water H2O liquid Hydrogen (gas)
oxygen (gas)
Carbon dioxide CO2 gas Carbon (solid)
oxygen (gas)
Table Salt NaCl solid Sodium(solid)
Chlorine (solid)
Methane CH4 gas Carbon (solid)
(gas used in Hydrogen (gas)
ovens/stoves)
 Four elements are common to all living
things: carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O),
and nitrogen (N).

These four elements alone make up

approximately 96% of all living matter.
Homework: Thursday, May 4th

Na Cl Na Cl
H H H H