CHEMICAL FORMULAE

A mixture consists of two or more elements

physically combined together.
 Writing Chemical Formulae
An ion of an element is any atom or group of
atoms possessing an electric charge which
may be positive (cation) or negative (anion).
Elements combine together to become
electrically neutral to form a compound.
In writing the chemical formulae of ionic
compounds, subscripts (valencies) obtained
from the periodic table are used to make the
compound by interchanging them to become
neutral or balanced.
For example
(i) In Sodium chloride, the charge on Na ion is +1 while that of Cl ion is -1 charge. This
+ -
is written as Na ; Cl = NaCl. This formed a neutral compound.
(ii) In Magnesium and Chloride the charge on Mg ion is +2 while that of Cl ion is -1 the
formula is written with subscripts exchange as shown below;
+2 -
(a) Mg ; Cl = MgCl2
+1 -2
(b) Na ; S = Na2S
 +3 -2
(a) Al ; O = Al2O3
+2 -2
(b) Mg ; O = MgO
+3 -1
(c) Al ; Cl = AlCl3
+2 -3
(d) Mg ; N = Mg3N2
 Formulae of Polyatomic Ions
(Radicals)
Definition: Radicals are some
groups of elements which
combine together to behave as an
entity in a chemical reaction. The
radicals are mostly negatively
charged.
S/ Name of Radicals Formulae Valency or
N
Charge
i Hydroxyl OH -1
ii Trioxochlorate (v) ion ClO3 -1
iii Trioxonitrate (v) ion NO3 -1
iv Trioxocarbonate (iv) ion CO3 -2
v Trioxosulphate (iv) ion SO3 -2
vi Tetraoxosulphate (vi) ion SO4 -2
vii Tetraoxophosphate (v) PO4 -3
 Overview
• -Writing Names and Formulas
 Naming Compounds Tutorial
• General Information
• Binary Ionic Compounds
• Ternary Ionic Compounds/Poly-atomic Ions
• Naming w/metals that have more than 1 charg
e (Transition Metals)
• Molecular Compounds
• Naming Acids
 Metals and Nonmetals
• Stairway Of Division on Periodic Table
• C, P, Se, I, Rn and to the right are non-
metals
• B, Si, As, Ge, Sb, Te, Po, At are semi-
metals
• All others are metals
 Ions
• Cations
Anions Positively
Negatively
Charged
Atoms Atoms
Charged
+
•• i.e. Na -
i.e. Cl
 IONIC CHARGES
•1+Group I ->

• Group II ->
2+

•3+Group III ->

• Group IV ->
4+
 IONIC CHARGES
•3- Group V ->

• Group VI ->
2-

•1- Group VII ->

• Group
Noble Gases
VIII ->
 TYPES OF COMPOUNDS
• Ionic Compounds
• composed of positive and
negative ions.
• usually formed from a metal and
non-metal.
• these elements are not attached
to one another.
 TYPES OF COMPOUNDS
• Ionic Compounds con’t
• Examples
NaCl
CaBr2
KI
 CHEMICAL FORMULAS
• Definition
• shows the kind and numbers of
atoms in the smallest
representative unit of the
substance.
• i. e.
NaCl
 IONIC COMPOUNDS
• A formula unit is the lowest whole
number ratio of ions in an ionic
compound.
• i.e. Na2Cl2 -> NaCl
• There is no such thing as a
molecule of NaCl!!!!!!!!!
 IONIC COMPOUNDS
• If charges cancel, just write the symbols
Na+1 Cl-1 NaCl
• If charges do not cancel, criss-cross:
Ca+2 Cl-1 CaCl2
***Do not move the charge, only the
number
***Do not write the 1
NAMING COMPOUNDS
• Your ability to name compounds
and write formula’s hinges on
your ability to recognize whether
a compound is Ionic or Molecular.
BINARY IONIC COMPOUNDS
• Binary means 2 elements
• Ionic means a metal and a non-
metal (or cation and anion)
• Writing Formulas
• charges must balance so
compound charge is neutral.
BINARY IONIC COMPOUNDS

• Writing Formulas from Names

• 1st word = CATION
• 2nd word = ANION name
with ide
ending.
BINARY IONIC COMPOUNDS

• NaBr • Sodium
Bromide
• MgF2 • Magnesium
Fluoride
 BINARY IONIC COMPOUNDS

• Potassium K+Cl- -> KCl

Chloride
• Aluminum Al23+O32- ->
Oxide
Al2O3
• notice ending
of name is ide!
 Polyatomic Ions
• Definition
•tightly bound groups of
atoms that behave as a unit
and carry a charge.
• Example
2-
SO3 , NO2 , ClO2
- -
 TERNARY IONIC COMPOUNDS
• Ternary means 3 different
elements
• Usually contain Poly-atomic
Ions
• Ionic means cation and anion
 TERNARY IONIC
COMPOUNDS:Writing Formulas

• Ca 2+
CO 3
2-
• Calcium
CaCO3 Carbonate
Charges canceled.

Just write the symbols

 TERNARY IONIC COMPOUNDS:
Naming

• Calcium • Ca
+2
(NO3) -1

Nitrate
Notice the charges didn’t
cancel so they criss crossed
Ca(NO3)2
 Naming with Transition Metals
• First word = CATION
• Second word = ANION
– The Roman numeral will tell you the
charge of the transition metal
– Silver (Ag) is an exception. It’s charge is
+1
Naming Transition Metals
•• Copper
+1 (I)
Cu O -2 Oxide

•Cu2O
 Writing Formulas with Transition Metals

• FeCl
Iron 3(III) Chloride
Fe
• IronCl
+3 -1
(II) Chloride
• FeCl2
Fe +2
Cl -1
*Backwards criss-cross to know the charge/Roman numeral
TYPES OF COMPOUNDS
• Molecular Compounds
• composed of molecules in
which elements share
electrons.
• usually composed of 2
nonmetals.
• these elements are attached
 MOLECULAR FORMULA
• Definition
• shows the numbers and
kinds of atoms present in a
molecule of a compound.
• i. e.
CO
 TYPES OF COMPOUNDS
• Molecular Compounds con’t
•Examples
CS2
SiO2
BF3
BINARY MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS

• Binary means 2 elements

• Molecular means 2 non-
metals
• NO ionic charges are
present
Naming Binary Molecular Compounds

• Prefixes are used to show how

many atoms are present in each
molecule.
 Covalent Prefixes
• Mono (or no prefix) – 1 • Hexa – 6
• Di – 2 • Hepta – 7
• Tri – 3 • Octa – 8
• Tetra – 4 • Nona – 9
• Penta – 5 • Deca – 10
Writing Binary Molecular Compounds

• CO2 • Carbon
Dioxide
• Di means 2
•no mono oxygens!!
prefix is used on
Naming Binary Molecular Compounds

• 2 ways it’s done!

• (prefix + element name)
i.e. N2O

dinitrogen monoxide
Naming Binary Molecular Compounds

• (prefix + element root + ide)

i.e. PCl3
Phosphorous
Trichloride
• All binary compounds end in
ide!!!