SHARING SESSION-3 ON

ENGINEERING MATERIALS
 PROPERTIES OF MATERIAL:
Mechanical properties- strength, ductility,
toughness, hardness, strength to weight ratio etc.
Physical properties- density, specific heat, thermal
expansion, conductivity, melting point etc.
Chemical properties- oxidation , corrosion,
flammability, toxicity etc.
Manufacturing properties- formed, casting,
machined, welding
 CLASSIFICATION OF ENGINEERING
MATERIALS :
Metals : 1. Ferrous
2. Non-Ferrous

Ceramics

Polymers

Composites
METALS :

FERROUS :
Pure iron is rarely used as an engineering
material
It is used in the form of alloys; composed of
two or more elements
Generally these are classified on the basis of
%C with Fe
%C >2.11: Cast Iron; %C<2.11: Steels
STEELS :

These are Iron-base Alloys containing more

than 11% Chromium
The Carbon content ranges from 0.02-2.11%
Various grades also contain Nickel,
Molybdenum, Manganese, Nitrogen & other
Alloying Elements
STAINLESS STEEL CLASSIFICATION :

Based on Crystalline Structure they are

classifies as :

Ferrite (10.5-20% Chromium)

Martensite (11.5-18% Chromium)
Austenite (15-30% Chromium,2-20% Nickel)
Mixture of two or more of these (eg. Duplex)
Precipitation Hardening Steel
Super Alloy Steels
WHAT IS CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE ?

a-
b-
c-
EFFECT OF ALLOYING ELEMENTS:
CHROMIUM : It imparts Corrosion Resistance
EFFECT OF ALLOYING ELEMENTS:
NICKEL : Promotes Austenitic Stability &
reduces temp. at which Austenite can exist. It
also increases Ductility & High Temperature
Strength
EFFECT OF ALLOYING ELEMENTS:
MANGANESE :
It also promotes Austenitic Stability & is
added to or substituted for Nickel
It increases Strength, improves Hot Working
properties & aids weld penetration
It increases nitrogen solubility
Its only negative aspect is its tendency to
form inclusions in the Steel especially in the
presence of Sulfur
EFFECT OF ALLOYING ELEMENTS:
MOLYBDENUM :
It increases corrosion resistance(general &
localised), strength at elevated temp., & creep
resistance
It expands the range of passivity & counter-
acts to tendency of pitting especially in
chloride environments
It strongly promotes ferritic structure
EFFECT OF ALLOYING ELEMENTS:
TITANIUM & COLUMBIUM :
They combine with carbon to reduce
susceptibility to inter-granular corrosion
They act as grain refiner & promote the
formation of ferrite
Used for deoxidizing the melt after AOD to
prevent fracture of ingot during hot rolling so
as to form totally killed steel
They strongly promote ferritic structure
EFFECT OF ALLOYING ELEMENTS:
NITROGEN:
It Stabilizes & strengthens Austenite
Added in low-carbon grades to offset loss of
strength due to reduced carbon
ASTM A240 specifies min. yield strength of
170 Mpa for Type 304L(0.05% Ni) &240 Mpa
for Type 304N(0.15%Ni)
Provides resistance to chloride pitting &
crevice corrosion
AUSTENITIC STEEL:
Most specified grade used because of its
excellent formability & corrosion resistance
All 200 & 300 series steels are austenitic
They have FCC structure & are non-magnetic
in the annealed condition
GRADES OF AUSTENITIC STEEL :
Straight Grades (max 0.08% Carbon)
L Grades (max 0.03% Carbon) :
1. These are used for extra corrosion
resistance after welding
2. Carbon content is kept low to avoid
carbide precipitation in the critical temp. range
of 800-1600 degrees F
3. Used when solution annealing is not
possible

Question : Then why all Stainless Steels are not

produced as L grades ?
GRADES OF AUSTENITIC STEEL :
H Grades (0.04-0.10% Carbon) :
Used when material is to be used at
extreme temp. as high carbon helps the
material retain strength at extreme temp.
MATERIAL DESIGNATION SYSTEM:
For many years, the three digit method of AISI
was common for Wrought Stainless Steel
Another numbering system of the Alloy
Casting Institute applied to Cast grade
These systems divided SS Alloys into groups
according to Crystal Structure & as these
were inadequate to classify newer alloys,
Unifies Numbering System(UNS) was
developed by SAE & ASTM
In Europe, EN system of numbering is
common
UNIFIED NUMBERING SYSTEM:
It consists of a six character notation that
assigns a unique designator to metals & alloys
Eg., UNS number S30403 replaces AISI3041
The letter before the numbers in UNS
pertains to different Alloy Classes
S refers to Heat & Corrosion
Steels(including SS),Valve Steels & Iron base
Super Alloys
J to Cast Steels & N to Nickel & Nickel
Alloys
HEAT TREATMENT:
Austenitic Steels cannot be hardened by Heat
Treatment
Heat Treatment is only used to remove the
effects of cold-working & reduce residual
stresses to acceptable levels
Solution Annealing softens material after cold
working & dissolves secondary phases that can
dissolve during hot working or welding
PRODUCT FORM & ASTM SPECIFICATIONS:
Forged pipe Flanges & Fittings- A182
Plate, Sheet & Strip- A240
Seamless & Welded Sanitary Tubing- A270
Seamless & Welded Tubing- A789
Bars & Rods-A479
THANK YOU.