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241 C – V1
Measurement of stability
of stay pipes to RWIV
Olivier FLAMAND
CLIMATOLOGY – AERODYNAMICS -
POLLUTION – PURIFICATION DEPARTMENT
Nber of pages: 16
Version n°: 1
1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................................. 1
4. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................................. 15
ANNEX 1 ................................................................................................................................................................... 16
EN-CAPE 12.241 C – V1 1
1. INTRODUCTION
VFM JV (VSL, FPS, MK4) has requested the measurement of stability of stay pipes to the Rain-
Wind Induced Vibration (RWIV) as applicable for the Forth Replacement Crossing. A series of
tests were performed in the large climatic wind tunnel at CSTB, in Nantes, France, from
October 10th to 22nd 2012.
Three stay pipes were provided by VFM JV, outer diameter 200 mm, 250 mm and 315 mm,
were fitted on steel pipes which were hinged to calibrated springs at both ends. Models were
set inclined in the distribution section of the wind tunnel and oriented with three angles to
the oncoming flow. Rain was added to wind with three severity of precipitation.
The model characteristics and testing conditions to be reproduced in the wind tunnel were
described in the rain wind oscillation test procedure issued as 11-042-MET-007-5.pdf
transmitted 13/07/2012.
2. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
2.2 Rain
Following recommandations by the test procedure three types of rain intensity were to be
reproduced during the tests. A rain simulator was designed and built specially for this
occurrence.
This simulator consists of 9 water tubes set horizontally in the wind tunnel at a distance of
10 m upstream the cable being tested.
Each one of these water tubes was drilled with holes inside which spraying nozzles were
introduced. These spraying nozzles were of four different kinds, corresponding to three
various kind of rain : small droplets yielding 1mm/hour severity for nozzles type H1, droplets
of larger diameter yielding more severe precipitation with nozzles type H2 and even bigger
rain drops achieved by nozzles type H3.5 and H6. The addition of tubes with nozzles type H2
to tubes with H1 and a high water pressure gave rain intensity of 10 mm/h. The combination
of the four kinds of nozzles with high water pressure was used to produce the 60 mm/h rain.
The rain simulator was supported by a steel frame composed of thin tubes with the aim of
reducing turbulence downstream. The whole framework was screwed to the wind tunnel
ground as to resist to wind force.
Figure 3: rain simulator producing 1mm/h drizzle (left) and 60mm/h heavy rain (right)
The rain simulator was feeded by an electronically controlled system regulating pressure and
flow. This system was assuring the rain intensity was kept constant during the tests and was
respectful of the rain intensity advised in the test procedure.
Figure 4: detailed views of the system controlling feeding of the rain simulator
The rain intensity was also measured during tests by use of an instant pluviometer measuring
continuously the rain level at the location of the model installation. Signal from this
pluviometer was recorded continuously during the tests.
Figure 5: A continuously measuring pluviometer was used for checking the rain intensity
2.3.1 Principle
Models are rigid bodies suspended to a spring system allowing a vertical vibration with low
damping at a given frequency.
As three various pipes were due for being tested, three cables models were build.
For pipes diameter 200 mm and 315 mm the length of the model was 8 m. For the pipe
diameter 250 mm, due to inclination of the model, its length was reduced to 5.4 m.
The supporting rig was designed as to make it possible to tune the inclination angle of the
model, to 20° for diameter 200 mm stay, to 24° for diameter 315 mm stay and to 32° for
diameter 250 mm stay.
This rig was also designed for reproducing three direction angles to the oncoming wind, -60°,
0° and +60°. For the 0° direction angle the wind was perpendicular to cable axis.
Figure 6: arrangement of the test rig in the wind tunnel for diameter 200 stay inclined 20°
with direction -60° to wind (left), 0° to wind (center) and +60° to wind (right)
Figure 7: arrangement of the test rig in the wind tunnel for diameter 250 stay inclined 32°
with direction -60° to wind (left), 0° to wind (center) and +60° to wind (right)
Figure 8: arrangement of the test rig in the wind tunnel for diameter 315 stay inclined 24°
with direction -60° to wind (left), 0° to wind (center) and +60° to wind (right)
Figure 9: A view of the three models in wind tunnel, 200mm, 250mm and 315mm stays
As it was specified in the testing procedure, skin of the models was soiled using oil smoke
residual. This "painting" of the the pipe surface was regularly made during the tests
procedure, as to avoid this peculiar surface tension conditions to be changed by the rain
washing out the models surface.
Figure 10: soiling out the surface of 315 stay before testing
The frequency of the vertical oscillation of models was tuned ordering two various stiffness
couples of springs for hanging the models. As changing the springs did not offer the
opportunity for a fine tuning of the frequency, the mass of the models was ajusted for the
final tuning of oscillation frequency.
The vertical movment of the pipes was achieved with a blade system forming a parallelogram,
forcing the model to move linearly in the vertical direction only. This parallelogram was also
yielding some stiffness, it was therefore taken into account in the tuning process.
Changing the weigth of models was achieved by adding lead plates between the inner iron
tube and the HDPE pipe. Scruton numbers mass-damping parameters corresponding to this
tuning are given table 1.
The amplitude of vertical oscillation was measured using non contact displacement sensors at
both ends of the models. These are laser sensors measuring the distance, from the supporting
frame where they are bolted to a target attached to the moving model, by triangulation.
These sensors were guaranteed against rain effect with a IP67 protection grade. Nevertheless
it appeared during the tests that heavy rain was making drops go through the laser beam and
created some undesired peaks in the measurement signal. Therefore a numerical bandpath
filtering process was applied on the raw displacement signal in order to suppress these peaks.
Figure 13 illustrates this filtering process and shows the signal amplitude was not changed by
filtering. Nevertheless, for the heaviest rain intensity, 60mm/h, numerous measurements
were perturbated by rain drops flowing on sensors surface, thus giving way to an indication of
large amplitude movment that was not confirmed by the videos taken at the same time.
After processing the raw signal with Butterworth bandpath filtering, the amplitude of the
vibration was calculated over the 120 seconds displacement signal by difference of higher
displacement to the mean value, which was zero after filtering.
Figure 12: Laser sensor used for the measurement of vibration amplitude, with an added
protection against water droplets (picture on the right)
Figure 13: displacement of the 315 model with 60 mm/h rain at 20 m/s,
raw displacement signal (left), signal after bandwidth filtering (right)
Videos taken at the same time from the wind tunnel ceiling will be provided on DVD's.
70.0
60.0
50.0 1mm/h
40.0
30.0 10 mm/h
20.0 60 mm/h
10.0
0.0
5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0
Wind speed (m/s)
70.0
60.0
50.0 1mm/h
40.0
30.0 10 mm/h
20.0 60 mm/h
10.0
0.0
5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0
Wind speed (m/s)
70.0
60.0
50.0 1mm/h
40.0
30.0 10 mm/h
20.0 60 mm/h
10.0
0.0
5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0
Wind speed (m/s)
40.0
30.0 1mm/h
20.0 10 mm/h
10.0 60 mm/h
0.0
5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0
Wind speed (m/s)
40.0
30.0 1mm/h
20.0 10 mm/h
10.0 60 mm/h
0.0
5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0
Wind speed (m/s)
40.0
30.0 1mm/h
20.0 10 mm/h
10.0 60 mm/h
0.0
5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0
Wind speed (m/s)
70.0
60.0
50.0 1mm/h
40.0
30.0 10 mm/h
20.0 60 mm/h
10.0
0.0
5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0
Wind speed (m/s)
70.0
60.0
50.0 1mm/h
40.0
30.0 10 mm/h
20.0 60 mm/h
10.0
0.0
5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0
Wind speed (m/s)
70.0
60.0
50.0 1mm/h
40.0
30.0 10 mm/h
20.0 60 mm/h
10.0
0.0
5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0
Wind speed (m/s)
4. CONCLUSION
Measurement of the amplitude of vertical vibration on stays models subject to rain and wind
did not show any occurrence of large amplitude oscillation over the threshold given in the
procedure. Due to light models and very low damping level, the Scruton number of these
models was lower than actual values on the bridge's stays. Therefore it can be concluded that
no RWIV occurrence was reported in the testing conditions given by the procedure.
REFERENCES
[1] Forth Replacement Crossing – Rain-wind oscillation test procedure. File 11-042-MET-007-
5.pdf
ANNEX 1