Wind Energy I

Wind field
characterization

Michael Hölling, WS 2010/2011 slide 1

Wind Energy I Class content
5 Wind turbines in
6 Wind - blades
general
2 Wind measurements interaction
7 Π-theorem

8 Wind turbine
characterization
3 Wind field 9 Control strategies
characterization
10 Generator
4 Wind power

11 Electrics / grid

Michael Hölling, WS 2010/2011 slide 2

Wind Energy I Motivation

Why should we know anything about the wind field ?

Atmospheric boundary layer (ABL)

Michael Hölling, WS 2010/2011 slide 3

Wind Energy I Motivation

Why should we know anything about the wind field ?

Atmospheric boundary layer (ABL)

Michael Hölling, WS 2010/2011 slide 3

Wind Energy I Motivation

Why should we know anything about the wind field ?

Atmospheric boundary layer (ABL)

Michael Hölling, WS 2010/2011 slide 3

 Wind Energy I Motivation
Enercon E-126 BARD 5.0

http://www.wind-energy-the-facts.org http://www.ecogeneration.com.au

Michael Hölling, WS 2010/2011 slide 4

Wind Energy I Motivation

GROWIAN - Große Windkraftanlage (Big Wind energy converter)

Michael Hölling, WS 2010/2011 slide 5

Wind Energy I Resource wind
m 2 ρ·V ρ·A·x 2
Kinetic energy of wind: E = ·u = ·u =
2
·u
2 2 2
Corresponding power ! "
d ρ·A·x 2
for constant velocity u : Pair = ·u
dt 2
1 2 dx
= ·ρ·A·u ·
2 dt
1
= · ρ · A · u3
2
Wind energy converter can NOT convert 100% of that energy !
Consequently the power of the wind energy converter is also
smaller: 1
PW EC = cp · · ρ · A · u3 = cp · Pair
2
Michael Hölling, WS 2010/2011 slide 6
Wind Energy I Resource wind

Power curve of wind energy converter - theory

rated
2.0
P(u)
1.6
P(u) [MW]

1.2
cut out
0.8 cut in

0.4

0.0
0 10 20 30
u [m/s]
Michael Hölling, WS 2010/2011 slide 7
Wind Energy I Resource wind

Power curve of wind energy converter - reality

Michael Hölling, WS 2010/2011 slide 8

Wind Energy I Resource wind
Annual mean wind speed taken from wind atlas

Michael Hölling, WS 2010/2011 slide 9

Wind Energy I Resource wind

Estimation of Annual Energy Production (AEP) based on annual

mean wind speed from wind atlas:
2.0
P(u)
1.6
P(u) [MW]

1.2

0.8
500kW
0.4 !u"annual ≈ 7m/s

0.0
0 10 20 30
u [m/s]

Michael Hölling, WS 2010/2011 slide 10

Wind Energy I Resource wind

Is such a calculation realistic ? How does real wind behave ?

Wind velocity time series (20 days)

Michael Hölling, WS 2010/2011 slide 11

Wind Energy I Resource wind

Calculation of 10-minute averaged wind speed

Michael Hölling, WS 2010/2011 slide 12

Wind Energy I Resource wind

Calculation of 10-minute averaged wind speed

Michael Hölling, WS 2010/2011 slide 12

Wind Energy I Resource wind

Distribution of 10-minute averaged wind speeds

(u)

Michael Hölling, WS 2010/2011 slide 13

Wind Energy I Resource wind
Estimation of energy production based on wind distribution

(u)

Michael Hölling, WS 2010/2011 slide 14

Wind Energy I Resource wind
Estimation of energy production based on wind distribution

(u)

Michael Hölling, WS 2010/2011 slide 14

Wind Energy I Resource wind
Estimation of energy production based on wind distribution
E(u)

(u)

Michael Hölling, WS 2010/2011 slide 14

Wind Energy I Resource wind
Estimation of energy production based on wind distribution
E(u)

(u)

Michael Hölling, WS 2010/2011 slide 14

Wind Energy I Resource wind
Estimation of energy production based on wind distribution
E(u)

(u)

Michael Hölling, WS 2010/2011 slide 14

Wind Energy I Resource wind
Estimation of energy production based on wind distribution
E(u)

(u)

Michael Hölling, WS 2010/2011 slide 14

Wind Energy I Resource wind
Estimation of energy production based on wind distribution
E(u)

(u)
energy production:
N
! N
!
E= E(ui ) = counts(ui )/6 · P (ui )
i=1 i=1

Michael Hölling, WS 2010/2011 slide 14

Wind Energy I Resource wind
Comparison of energy production for mean wind speed and 10-
minute averaged wind speed distribution (example based on
data of 20 days):

!u" = 6.3m/s 244 kW

E = counts(< u >)[h] · P (< u >)

= 24 · 20 · 244 = 117120kW h

Michael Hölling, WS 2010/2011 slide 15

Wind Energy I Resource wind

E(u)

N
! N
!
E= E(ui ) = counts(ui )/6 · P (ui ) = 166, 920kWh
i=1 i=1

Michael Hölling, WS 2010/2011 slide 16

Wind Energy I Resource wind

Description of wind speed distribution

(u)

Michael Hölling, WS 2010/2011 slide 17

Wind Energy I Resource wind

Convert to probability density by normalization

Michael Hölling, WS 2010/2011 slide 18

Wind Energy I Resource wind

Distribution can be fitted by Weibull distribution

A = scaling parameter

k = form parameter

A=7

k = 2.59

Michael Hölling, WS 2010/2011 slide 19

Wind Energy I Resource wind

Weibull distribution

u [m/s]

Michael Hölling, WS 2010/2011 slide 20

Wind Energy I Resource wind

Wind speed variation with height

Atmospheric boundary layer (ABL)

Michael Hölling, WS 2010/2011 slide 21

Wind Energy I Wind field characterization

Meteorological approach:
logarithmic profile

roughness length for topographical effects

thermal effects

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) approach:

power law profile

standard for site assessment

Alternative approach:
stochastic analysis

high frequency data for better understanding

Michael Hölling, WS 2010/2011 slide 22

Wind Energy I Meteorological approach

Wind speed u (mean values) as a function of height z:

Logarithmic profile:

u* = friction velocity (typically between

0.1m/s and 0.5m/s)

k = von Karman constant, about 0.4

z0 = surface roughness length

Michael Hölling, WS 2010/2011 slide 23

Wind Energy I Meteorological approach

classes
3

1
0

Michael Hölling, WS 2010/2011 slide 24

Wind Energy I Meteorological approach

classes
3

1
0

Michael Hölling, WS 2010/2011 slide 25

Wind Energy I Meteorological approach

Influence of friction velocity u* on profile

Michael Hölling, WS 2010/2011 slide 26

Wind Energy I Meteorological approach

Influence of friction velocity u* on profile

Michael Hölling, WS 2010/2011 slide 27

Wind Energy I Meteorological approach

Thermal effects make ABL stable, neutral or unstable

Monin Obukhov
length

Michael Hölling, WS 2010/2011 slide 28

Wind Energy I IEC approach

Wind speed u (mean values) as a function of height z:

Power law profile:

z2
α needs to be fitted from data !

Velocity at height z can be determined by:

! "α
z z1
u(z) = u(z1 ) ·
z1
Commonly used for wind energy applications !

Michael Hölling, WS 2010/2011 slide 29

Wind Energy I Wind profile

What is the difference between the two approaches ?

Michael Hölling, WS 2010/2011 slide 30

Wind Energy I Wind profile

What is the difference between the two approaches ?

u(z2)

u(z1)

Michael Hölling, WS 2010/2011 slide 30

Wind Energy I Wind profile

What is the difference between the two approaches ?

u(z2)

u(z1)

Michael Hölling, WS 2010/2011 slide 31

Wind Energy I Site characterization / assessment

IEC demands information for site characterization:

annual mean wind velocity

parameters for Weibull distribution of 10-min averaged wind

speeds

annual mean wind profile

σ<u>10min
turbulence intensity Ti =
< u >10min

Michael Hölling, WS 2010/2011 slide 32

Wind Energy I Alternative approach

What happens in reality ?

Michael Hölling, WS 2010/2011 slide 33

Wind Energy I Alternative approach

What happens in reality ?

Michael Hölling, WS 2010/2011 slide 34