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Investigation Flow on Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine with Betz Chord

Distribution, Twist, and Winglet

Conference Paper · November 2018

DOI: 10.1109/ICSTC.2018.8528653

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 2018 4th International Conference on Science and Technology (ICST), Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Investigation Flow on Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine

with Betz Chord Distribution, Twist, and Winglet
1stNyoman 2ndSarwono 3rdRidho
Ade Satwika Hantoro
Departement of Engineering Physics Departement of Engineering Physics Departement of Engineering Physics
Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember
Surabaya, Indonesia Surabaya, Indonesia Surabaya, Indonesia
nyomanadee@gmail.com sarwono@ep.its.ac.id hantoro@ep.its.ac.id

Abstract— Wind energy is one of the clean renewable
forms of that can handle the existing global energy crisis. A
new design has been proposed for small-scale wind turbine
laboratory with high power coefficients. The design used a
three blades with Clark-Y airfoil smoothed and 15
segments on the blade. For twist and winglet, the
horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) using Schmitz
method and blended winglet. The turbine has been
simulated using blade element momentum (BEM) method
for two-dimensional analysis and Computational fluid
dynamics (CFD) for three-dimensional analysis. The result
shows that the effect of blended winglets on HAWT with
winglet has an increasing performance because adding
winglets capable of preventing the flow on the surface of
tip blade from leaking power, This would reduce the
intensity of tip blade rotor vortices and the corresponding
lift-induced drag and also on the lower tip speed ratio
(TSR), rotor with winglet has a larger starting torque.
Therefore the effect of twist on the blade is adjusting a
maximum angle of attack for airfoil toward relative
velocity for increasing coefficient lift and reduces vortices
on leading edge of the blade.
Keywords— HAWT, BEM, CFD, Betz Distribution, Twist,
Winglet
interaction among blade elements[4]. Airfoil characteristics
plan an important role in the performance of rotor blades.
Clark-Y has a high glides ratio, which glides ratio is comparion
between coefficient lift and coefficient drag[5]. In their study,
the number of blades, winglet, blade root offset from hub
center and type of airfoil were considered as design parameters
[6] and selected linear chord using Betz distribution and
exponential twist distribution using a Schmitz method toward
the angle of attack along the blade length. SST k-ω turbulence
module with curvature correction for Reynold average Navier
Stokes (RANS) equation was used for analysis fluid flow on
Fluent. The result from simulation provided that the added
winglet give promises a positive influence on HAWT energy
extraction performance and reduce a vortex on tip blade.
II. WIND TURBINE CONFIGURATION
Wind turbine rotor parameter usually includes the selection
of airfoil, number of blades, determination of pitch angle, twist,
design shaft, hub, wind tunnel testing, and optimal blade
design[6]. For Airfoil, this paper choose Clark-Y airfoil
because have a high glide ratio (Cl/Cd). This performance is
gained in 4-50 angle of attack for 148181 Reynold number.
Fig. 1 is present the airfoil Clark-Y when it works at effective
pitch angle.

I. INTRODUCTION
The implementation of wind energy technology in
Indonesia is low. The total wind power generation installed in
Indonesia is around 1.6 MW in non-commercial scales [1].
Wind Turbine can be divided into a two, horizontal axis wind
turbine (HAWT) and vertical wind axis turbine (VAWT). In
other words, one of the most important stages in designing
wind turbine is aerodynamics optimization[2]. The blade of a
wind turbine is an important element to convert wind energy
into mechanical energy and become electricity power with
Fig. 1. Airfoil Clark-Y smoothed
convert to the generator. It should be designed in such a way
that besides constructions consideration can capture a Some research has been presented that winglet decrease drag
maximum amount of energy from wind energy[3]. Two major and improves aerodynamic performance of aerodynamic device
methods for numerical aerodynamics predictions are using [7]-[8]. It is important to understand and analyze the design and
BEM theory (blade element momentum) and using performance improvement process that these researchers used
computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to solve the Navier Stokes for this implementation. Blended winglet was chosen on this
equation[4]. However, the BEM has some limitations to paper for HAWT.
consider the unsteady effect, Three-dimensional effect, and

978-1-5386-5813-0/18/$31.00 ©2018 IEEE

 2018 4th International Conference on Science and Technology (ICST), Yogyakarta, Indonesia

length of the airfoil. It can be observed that the chore length

TABLE I. WINGLET DESIGN PARAMETERS decreases along the blade.
No Parameters Ranges III. BLADE ELEMENT MOMENTUM AND
1 Curvature radius 10% - 100% COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS
2 Sweep angle 1000 The blade element momentum (BEM) method was invented
0
by Glauert[3]. It is able to calculate the steady load on a blade.
3 Cant’angle 70 It also used to calculate aerodynamics coefficients at various
4 Winglet height 1 cm section along the blade. Then, series of an equation can be
obtained by using these two methods, an obtained equation can
The winglet has a symmetric NACA 0012 airfoil section solve as iteratively[11].
and approximately 00 to obtain a center of gravity as a
reference, and following the investigations studies in the There are two iterative parameters that are axial (a) and
provided literature survey; the winglet height, curvature radius, radial (a’) induction factors[12], in BEM. These variables can
sweep. And twist angles will be taken into account in order to be described as follows :
study different design alternatives
(3)
Betz distribution is implemented as an idea to construct
chord distribution and tapper on the blade of wind tubrine[9].
The reference is desirable TSR and highest glide ratio from (4)
Clark-Y airfoil. For the twist, this design using Schmitz ratio
toward the angle of attack on airfoil clark Y.
Where is inflow angle, CT and CN are tangential and normal
(1) force coefficient respectively, is solidity. Solidity defined as
the ratio of the planform area of the blades to the swept
(2) area[12]. It can be expressed as follows :
(5)
is an angle of attack in the optimum glide ratio (Cl/Cd), X is
a number of segment, D is the diameter, R is a radius, B is c is the chord length, B is the number of blades an r is the disk
number of blades and Cl is coefficient lift [10]. The blade is radius[10]. The tangential (CT) and normal (CN) force
divded into 15 segments in order to obtain the distribution of coefficients can be calculated as the following :
chords and twist angles. (6)
TABLE II. DISTRIBUTION CHORD AND TWIST ON BLADE SEGMENTS
(7)
Segments Radius r (cm) Chord c (cm) Twist (0)
1 3.2 2.55 28.13
2 4.14 2.28 22.06
3 5.09 2.06 17.53
4 6.04 1.87 14.11
5 7 1.72 11.46
6 7.95 1.59 9.35
7 8.9 1.47 7.63
8 9.85 1.38 6.21
9 10.81 1.29 5.02
10 11.76 1.21 4
Fig. 2. The local loads on a blade [10]
11 12.71 1.15 3.12
12 13.66 1.09 2.36
This Iterative approach allows the two-dimensional analysis of
the blades.
13 14.62 1.03 1.70
14 15.62 0.98 1.08
15 15.95 0.96 0.88

The twist angle, as the angle between the airfoil chord line and
the plane of the blade rotation, is shown in table 2, Also
another parameter that is detailed in this table is the cord
 2018 4th International Conference on Science and Technology (ICST), Yogyakarta, Indonesia

different step, these is, airfoil selection, airfoil distribution,

twist angle design, and assembly process.
CFD simulation was represented in this study and using
RANS method for solver equation. The mathematical model of
equation considered. Turbulence kinetic energy can be
calculated as follows :

(8)

Before post-processing process. There are three step on

simulation process. First pre-processing, meshing, and post-
processing [14]. For the gemoetry domain, the design was
using boolean method for test section to rotational and
rotational to a turbine.The Second section, on meshing process,
it was using global mesh with tetrahedron with control angle
400.

.
Fig. 3. Flowchart of BEM

From the numerical calculation using a blade element

momentum, this fig. 5 will use as a validation design on Q-
blade with same input form geometry design to know about the
effect of the pitch for horizontal axis wind turbine using an
optimization design[13].
TABLE III. THE PARAMETERS OF THE ROTOR BLADE
Parameters Blade Fig. 5. Mesh geometry on ANSYS
Radius of blade 31.9 cm For the last process, it is post-processing, which the
Number of the blades 3 computational domain for setup a numerical condition on
BEM. In this simulation, there were two kinds of computational
Airfoil type Clark-Y smoothed domain, first, on a stationary domain and second, on the
Chord Betz distribution rotational domain.
Twist angle Schmitz distribution TABLE IV. INITIAL CONDITION ON FLUENT
No Parameters Condition
1 Turbulence model Transient ( k-ω SST)
curvature correction
2 Rotating domain Mesh motion with angular
velocity
3 Inlet Velocity inlet normal to
boundary
4 Outlet Pressure outlet
5 Blade Wall ( moving rotational)
6 Test Section Wall ( no moving)
7 Initialization method Hybrid

Fig. 4. Design HAWT with winglets and no winglets at the workbench

Fig. 4 shows the final turbine, without and with the winglet.
The design process of the turbine can be described in four
 2018 4th International Conference on Science and Technology (ICST), Yogyakarta, Indonesia
IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The present simulation describes the numerical
investigation of the aerodynamic effect of flow around a
horizontal axis wind turbine with winglet and without winglet
with optimization on blade design. It simulation using
computational fluid dynamics with RANS k-ω turbulence
method. There is 4 conditions on post-processing. First
rotational moving on HAWT geometry, second, rectangular as
a wall, third, inlet as a velocity-in (5 m/s), and outlet, as a
pressure-outlet.
Fig. 6. Post processing on ANSYS
Fig. 6, shows the geometry of HAWT and test section on
fluent, the named of the section from meshing is represented,
which inlet and outlet can be described as blue and red
meshing, and for white meshing is called symmetric domain or
surface domain. The rotational movement on yhe rotate
domain is 156.7 rad/s which the value is part of any variation
that will do on this research, that value basically from BEM
method for best performance HAWT with Betz chord and
Schmitz distribution,
Fig. 7. Comparison between BEM and CFD method
The simulation had been done with two different methods,
which, the BEM method has a good performance because the
BEM method is ideal design for wind turbine with every
segment has been calculated with characteristic of input,
geometry, and aerodynamic factor. At least for adding winglet
on HAWT give a good starting torque on low TSR and
velocity. For CFD method, the initial condition is like an
experimental condition, with some equation on the transient
model on test section, and the geometry of test section on CFD
is same with the experimental study for valid data. So BEM
method is the parameter for performance ideal of wind turbine
design and usually used for validation data form experimental
process. But for BEM method, the analysis for fluid flow
through a wind turbine can’t be referred and CFD is the
solution to analysis
Fig. 8. Vector plot at HAWT with winglet and no winglets
Fig 8, show that the effects of adding winglet on the blade,
this is a vector velocity for the flow direction downstream from
the tip blade. It can be observed that the vortex is no longer
well structured as when the blade is implemented without a
winglet. The vortex is split into some smaller vortices on tip
blade, and both of them is moved away and close from tip of
the blade. The close vortices on tip blade make a back pressure
distribution into a blade. It makes between induced drag from
around blade and vortices from winglet have a distraction, it
causes a pressure on back blade increases, but the induced drag
can decrease to improve the coefficient lift on the blade. This
simulation was active with high TSR, because of that, the effect
of winglet for HAWT can irritate the rotational of the blade.
However, the blade without winglet, have a normal pressure
distribution into a blade, although the pressure distribution into
blade no winglet was good, the vortices around tip blade have
become a big circular vortex on the tip, most likely the
rotational on the rotor will down if this system will working at
low TSR. but For a effectiveness with winglet, it should be
working on low TSR for good starting torque on systems.
Fig. 9. Wake Area on HAWT with winglets and no winglets
The left side on fig. 9, show the wake area on back side of
HAWT with winglets, as we can see, the pressure distribution
on tip blade with winglet, inclined to stay away from tip blade.
It’s because the adding winglet on the tip, make a fluid flow
through a blade give a more extraction on element vortex, so
that the element vortex go far left on the blade. The right side
on fig.9, show that the wake area on the back of the HAWT no
winglets. The pressure distribution into a blade is in between
 2018 4th International Conference on Science and Technology (ICST), Yogyakarta, Indonesia
the blade, it makes an element vortex on back tip blade did not
change a position during simulation. The effect of that, there is
an induced drag will more generate into a tip blade and the
coefficient lift form blade will decrease as the fluid flow moves
toward the tip blade.
Fig. 10. The intersection between fluid and blade
The fluid flow moves into a blade rotor, which, the plane
ZX dividing velocity plane and the blade rotor, it makes an
intersection between it. The intersection makes the suction
pressure and pressure distribution on upper and lower surface
of the blade are moved to lower surface of the blade. Fig. 10,
shows the blade are found to twist to extent of several degrees,
in the sense that mean the inflow angle from relative velocity
around the circle is decreased both effects increase with the
toward velocity until at highest speed the outer portion of the
advancing blade twist to below the no lift angle of section and
as a result of thus taking torsional flexibility into account the
axial thrust of the rotor corresponding to the observed
rotational speed is reduced to a more nearly constant, so that is
dependent upon the mean profile drag coefficient.
Fig. 11. Vortex core region on HAWT no winglets and with winglets
Fig 11, shows the rotational on horizontal wind axis turbine
with high tip speed ratio, the presence of a large vortex around
the tip blade with winglet. It can be observed that the structure
of the votex is situated on this location and is well structured
within the flow of air. This is precisely the expected result from
the computational fluid dynamics simulation using fluent. As
we can see it, the velocity around the vortex shedding is 5 m/s.
This gives an idea of how vortices are formed at tip of the wind
turbine at real scale.
V. CONCLUSION
The use of winglet as a high lift device is a promising
technology to design innovative blade in wind turbine. It has
been showed that winglet can effectively improve the
performance of wind turbine, depend on aspect ratio and design
of winglet, because of this result of simulation, show that the
fluid flow on blade using winglet have a more generate vortex
than without winglet, but the vortex core region on HAWT
without winglets is wrestle on tip blade and has become a big
circular vortex, and for HAWT with winglets, the vortex core
region is spread into a blade and split evenly. But if winglet
was designed adjustment with low TSR, probably it can make a
good performance because of winglet help to starting torque at
lower TSR. Using winglet can isolate or be resistance the
downwash flow easily flowing around along a blade tip end
from pressure part to suction part, thus weaken and diffuse the
tip vortex which it will eventually decrease the energy loss
from the system.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to express my deepest appreciation to all those
who provided me the possibility to complete this research, A
special gratitude, I give to LPPM ITS for funding this research
and I would also like to acknowledge with much appreciation
for mechanic fluid laboratory staff and laboratory assistance,
who gave the permission to use all required equipment and the
necessary materials to complete this research.
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