Check Sheet for B. Sc.

Thesis Proposal and Topic Approval

1 Title Page
2 Table of contents
3 Problem Statement
4 Aims & Objectives
5 Literature Review
6 Methodology of SDP
a) Theoretical Studies

b) Experimental Set Up

c) Method of Analysis

d) Result Expected
7 Utilization of SDP Results
8 Work Schedule Plan
9 Budget Description
10 References
11 Undertaking
Certified that the Synopsis/Topic approval report is according to the items listed in
Check Sheet.

Undergraduate Students,

Department of Electrical Engr.

Syed Waqar Ul Haq Moeez Hafeez

16-EE-76 16-EE-91

Saad Khadim Ghayoor Ahmed Khalid

16-EE-106 16-EE-67

B.Sc. Thesis Proposal

Dynamic Wireless Charging of Electric vehicle
 Submitted By

Ghayoor Ahmed 16-EE-67

Syed Waqar Ul Haq 16-EE-76

Moeez Hafeez 16-EE-91

Saad Khadim 16-EE-106

Supervisor

Engr. Hammad Shaukat

Lecturer

Department of Electrical Engineering

Faculty of Electronics & Electrical Engineering

University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

November,2019

2
Contents
Title Page........................................................................................................................1
2 Problem Statement..................................................................................................5
3 Aims & Objectives...................................................................................................5
3.1 Aims:.................................................................................................................................5

3.2 Objectives:.......................................................................................................................5

4 Literature Review.....................................................................................................6
4.1.1 MPT(Microwave Power Transfer)..............................................................................8

4.1.2 CPT(Capacitive Power Transfer)..............................................................................9

4.1.3 MRPT (Magnetic Resonance Power Transfer)........................................................9

4.2 Further Research In Wpt:............................................................................................10

4.2.1 Coil Design:................................................................................................................11

4.2.2 Four Coil System:......................................................................................................11

4.2.3 Two Coil Systems:.....................................................................................................11

5 Methodology Of Sdp.............................................................................................12
5.1 Theoretical Studies......................................................................................................12

5.1.1 Coil Design:................................................................................................................12

5.1.2 Compensation Technology:......................................................................................12

5.1.3 Power Electronics Converter And Control Method:..............................................13

5.2 Experimental Set-Up....................................................................................................14

5.2.1 Designing Of Circuit For Achieving High Frequency Ac.......................................14

5.2.2 Compensation Network............................................................................................14

5.2.3 Coil Structure.............................................................................................................15

5.2.4 Circuit Delivering Power To Vehicle Battery:..........................................................15

5.3 Method Of Analysis......................................................................................................15

5.4 Result Expected............................................................................................................16

6 Utilization Of Sdp Results:...................................................................................17

7 Proposed Project And Society:...........................................................................17
7.1 Social Impacts Of Electric Vehicles Using Wpt:.....................................................17

7.2 Environmental Impacts Of Electric Vehicles Using Wpt:......................................18

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 7.3 Health Impacts Of Electric Vehicles Using Wpt:.....................................................18

8 Work Schedule Plan..............................................................................................19

8.1 Proposed Time Schedule............................................................................................20

9 Budget Description...............................................................................................21
10 References...........................................................................................................22
11 Undertaking.........................................................................................................24
12 Supervisor’s Comments.............................................................................................25

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 1 Problem Statement
Static charging for electric vehicles is not an effective way to charge because it requires
more battery capacity that interferes with mileage due to the weight and cost of the battery.
Dynamic wireless charging offers the solution that allows the uninterrupted supplied energy
to electric vehicles and long endurance mileage, small carrying capacity of on-board
batteries and flexible charging methods.

2 Aims & Objectives

2.1 Aims:
Efficient and fast charging of a moving vehicles.

2.2 Objectives:
a. Maximizing the mileage.
b. Optimal Energy Transfer.
c. Reduce cost of vehicle.

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 3 Literature Review
The transport sector is one of the main contributors towards global climate change
and CO2 emissions. With almost 60% of global oil consumption in transportation in
2017, the need for a clean alternative is immediate [2]. Electric vehicles (EVs) are an
important pillar of this transition to a clean energy society. EVs have recently been
heavily developed in terms of both performance and drive range. In the current
vehicle market, various models are commercially available. With the increasing
number of EVs on the road, how to charge them effectively and efficiently is still
challenging, which has a significant impact on the power network. Electrical cables
charge almost all of the existing EVs. No matter at home or on the highway, cables
must be physically connected to EVs for charging. These solid connections can be
very dangerous, especially in bad weather conditions. In addition, they can cause
sparking on plugging and unplugging, which limits the application of evs in certain
circumstances, such as near gas stations and in airports. The more flexible and
convenient charging method attracted widespread attention, which is wireless
charging. Many companies, such as Tesla, BMW and Nissan, have already started
developing wirelessly charged EVs that do not require heavy cable[1] Instead of a
physical cable connection, a wireless (inductive) link effectively avoids sparking. In
addition, wireless charging opens new possibilities for dynamic charging - charging
while driving.

The evidence of radio waves was discovered at the end of 19 th century which was
the beginning of Wireless Power Transfer(WPT)[2]. After the first WPT experiment
the name of radio waves as always related to wireless communication and remote
sensing. During world war-2, WC. Brown introduced the first MPT research and
development in 1960’s. He invented rectena which directly converts microwaves to
DC current. He demonstrated its ability in 1964 by powering the helicopter by solely
through microwaves. After which lower frequency waves were introduced in the
range of kHz to MHz that were to be used for inductive coupling WPT, this method is
not only used for EV’s but can also be used for commercial, electric components and
e-components[3]. For the first time in Japan, a wireless charger using resonant
electrostatic induction coupling WPT technology was used for tablet and phone
charging.

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As mentioned earlier the concept of WPT was first introduced by Nicola Tesla. Both
Heinrich Hertz and Nicola Tesla theorized the possibility of WPT. In 1890, Tesla
patented his “Tesla coil” which was used for generating high frequency AC. In 1892,
Maurice Hutin and Maurice Leblanc patented a wireless method of powering railroad
trains using resonant coils inductively coupled to a trace wire at 3kHz. Tesla
demonstrated it in 1899, by powering fluorescent lamps 25 miles away from the
power source without using wires which made it possible to transfer power much
less expensive in comparison to lay copper for the same reason.

In 1904, the Warden Clyffe Tower was designed and constructed by Tesla mainly for
wireless transmission of electrical power. An airship motor of 0.1 hp is driven by
transmitting power to space which was at least 100ft distant. In 1995 Prof. John Boys
and Prof. Grant Covic at university of Auckland in New Zealand developed a system
to transfer large amount of energy though small air gaps[4][5][6]. In 21st century,
much development has been made in WPT since its advent by Nicolas Tesla. In
2006, Marin Solace and other researchers MIT applied near field behavior also
known as electromagnetic theory, WPT concept based on strongly coupled
resonators. In 2008, WP Consortium was established to develop inter operable
standards across manufacturers. In 2009, “Q i” inductive power standards published
which enables charging and powering of portable devices upto 5 watts and over 4cm
distance. In 2010, Ick-Jae Yoon, demonstrated the power transfer efficiency of 195
MHz over 0.39 meters in co-linear configuration. In 2011, Fie Zhang, used strongly
coupled electro magnetic resonators technology that enabled him to transmit
electrical energy over longer distances than traditional near field[7].Hence improving
performance of rasonators. In 2012, power soft 19 developed industriy’s first Q i
compliend wireless charger for intrinsically safe portable multigas detector[8].

After which, many efforts were made to utilize this technology on electrical and
electronic applications. In 1974, subsequent efforts were made on improving the
efficiency of inter-conversion of DC and microwave power at the terminals of the
system to reach overall DC to DC system efficiency of 54% [6].

Apart from the conventional uses of WPT, wireless technology also played an
important role in NASA. In 1982, Brown Raytheon and James F. Trimmer announced
the development of a thin film plastic rectena using printed circuit technology that

7
weighed only 1/10th as much as any previous rectena would which led to
development of “stationary high altitude relay platform(sharp)”[9]. In NASA, the
purpose of this tehnology was to develop unmanned aircraft that would maintain a
circular trajectory above microwave antenna field for the purpose of laying
communication on different ground terminals.

There are three types of wireless transfer:

 MPT (Microwave power transfer)

 CPT (Capacitive Power Transfer)
 MRPT (Magnetic Resonance Power Transfer)

Details of which are listed below:

3.1.1 MPT (Microwave Power Transfer)

MPT is also referred to as radiative far field technique. In this type the use of radio
waves to transmit power is used, the wavelength of the radiowave is lowered to 1
microwave produced [10].

Components of the MPT includes:

 Receiver and transmitter antenna

 Generator.

It is important to note that microwave power transfer is a new concept in electric

vehicles that works more efficiently than any other technique.The transmitter of the
microwave generates a beam at frequency of 2.44GHz and 5.79GHz by DC supply
and discharges to antenna of the electric vehicles underneath the actual vehicle after
which the beam is converted back to DC power by the antenna and stored by
different electrical and mechanical devices present in the vehicle.

3.1.1.1 DRAWBACKS OF MPT:

 Hazardous to human health.
 Has minimal efficiency.
 Limited to linear propagation.

3.1.2 CPT (Capacitive Power Transfer)

CPT is new to EV battery charging.

It is composed of:
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  Metallic sheet with an insulating coating at primary and secondary sides.
 An inverter with high frequency which triggers the coupling interface that
generates electric field.

One of the major advantages of CPT is that electric field passes through metal
constraints with minimal power loss which makes it good for EV charging. This is
accomplished in such a way that the inductor is utilized in series with the coupling
plates and coupling capacitor to accomplish sufficient power which removes the
need of ferrites for flux guidance hence making it suitable for higher efficiency and
power transfer densities than inductive coupling techniques[10].

3.1.2.1 DRAWBACKS:
 Output efficiency is very low.
 Coupling capacitance is small.

3.1.3 MRPT (Magnetic Resonance Power Transfer)

This Is the premier method implemented for long distance power transfer. The
counter method includes the principle of transmitting coils of a transmitting coil that
generates the magnetic field and a receiving coil inside this field which induces the
current in the coils. Due to which, this method is incompetent for longer distances.
Resonance is used here to improve efficiency drastically by channeling the
electromagnetic field to the receiving coil at a matching frequency thereby increasing
the charging distance in comparison to other methods[9].

It is important to note that, for effective power transfer the frequency of the receiving
coils should be an exact match of the frequency in primary coils.

To transfer power more productively, resonant compensation should be used to

remove inductance leakage and small coupling.

Now, it carries no significant disadvantages so are not mentioned.

3.2 Further Research in WPT:

A model based on estimation made based on near field magnetic coupling to be
implemented in EV. It consists of alternating current utility power which goes through
the electromagnetic interface (EMI), and then getting rectified and boosted to DC
power with the power factor of 0.952 to 0.98 in most cases which is similar to

9
conductive charging system and finally a DC power is available to charge the battery
pack as shown in the figure below[11],

Figure 1: Radiative wireless charging system for EV [1]

The BUCK stage in the figure can tune its output to range from 0.03 to 0.97 of its
input voltages, giving a soft start or stop of the charger and ensuring continuous
tuning of its output power. It is optional to use the BUCK as an alternative pre-charge
circuit that is composed of two contact relays and one register that also achieves soft
start of the charger.

Research into wireless charging system mainly focuses on

 Coil Design
 Compensation topologies
 Power electronics converters and control methods
The details of which are given below

3.2.1 Coil Design:

The coil is the most significant part in WPT system as it converts energy between its
electric form and its magnetic form making WPT possible. And while doing so it also
determines the amount of power transfer and the system efficiency[12].
A coil design is classified as either a four coil or a two-coil system.

3.2.2 FOUR COIL SYSTEM:

This system mainly offers the advantage of two degrees of freedom that the source
coil can be mounted and coupled with the sending coil to adjust system input
impedence and the equivalent load resistance as seen from the receiving coil to
match the load conditions. A four-coil system is suitable for mid range applications
10
and application is considered short or mid range based on rather the transmission
distance is smaller or larger than the coil dimension. In EV applications typical
ranges are 100mm to 300mm which are also known as air gaps[13]. It is to be noted
that coil dimensions are always larger tha transmission distances.

3.2.3 TWO COIL SYSTEMS:

Two coil system is preferred because apart from the conventional advantages ferrite
bars or plats are always employed in coil system to guide magnetic flux and provide
magnetic shielding. A two-coil system gives better performance in short range
applications, aluminium shields are often built into a coil system and serve as
magnetic shields.

WPT charging systems for EV are divided into

1. Stationary Charging Systems

2. Dynamic Charging Systems [14].

4 Methodology of SDP
4.1 Theoretical Studies
The alternating current utility power is first rectified and boosted to DC with high-
power factor. The DC power is converted to high frequency AC which then resonant
in primary compensation network and primary coil.[8] The secondary coil receives
the high frequency AC power through mutual inductance. The secondary
compensation network together with a secondary coil is required to be tuned to have
same resonant frequency, in order to maximize transfer efficiency.AC power is then
rectified to DC and DC is filtered to get available to charger battery pack.

The dynamic wireless charging comprises of three basic parts

4.1.1 Coil design:

The coil is most significant part of wireless charging system it converts energy from
electric form to magnetic form while also determine the amount of power transferred
and system efficiency[7]. We shall use the bipolar coil structure for primary coil and
cross segmented coil structure for secondary in which two pairs of power cables

11
were wound around I-type ferrite. By controlling the current direction in power cables,
they were able to power the rails on and off selectively.

4.1.2 Compensation technology:

Two coil system is a loosely coupled transformer with leakage inductances. Which
requires use of compensation. On the primary (or transmitter) side the compensation
topology is employed to minimize the VA rating of the power supply and achieve zero
phase angle (ZPA), which means there is no need for the power supply to provide
reactive power so the apparent power equals the real power[15]. Which means there
is no need for the power supply to provide reactive power, so the apparent power
equals the real power. On the secondary (or receiver) side the compensation
topology tunes the circuit to have the same resonant frequency as the transmitter
side to maximize power transfer. We use double sized LCC compensation

4.1.3 Power electronics converter and control method:

Higher the frequency higher will be the mutual induction between transmitter and
receiver coil. In order to achieve maximum frequency
Of desirable range power electronic circuits are being used. There are two methods
of converting the 60Hz utility ac power into high frequency AC frequency power , the
most dominant method is indirect two stage power conversion, with 60 Hz utility
power first rectified into DC power then inverted into high frequency Ac power using
an inverter [16][4].
At the receiver side high frequency AC, the rectified into aa dc power to charge the
battery with help of full bridge rectifier.
Resonance frequency is achieved by compensation network and realized by inverter.
Resonance frequency ranges from 20khz to 100khz.however 1Mhz can be achieved
by silicon carbide MOSFETs.

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4.2 Experimental Set-Up
Experimental setup will be briefly describing how things will be setup in order to
get maximum output.

4.2.1 Designing of circuit for achieving high frequency AC.

 Simple bridge rectifier will convert AC supply into DC.

 Buck convertor to transform high DC into low value DC.

 Resonant Oscillator.

 Receiving coil with high frequency rectification.

 Charge controller.

4.2.2 Compensation network(CN).

The purpose of CN is to make coupling between two windings maximum as this
network will provide the highest resonance frequency and constant current output.
This circuit is made by adding series or shunt capacitors with the winding coils. The
figure for the series compensation is as given

Figure 2: Series Compensation Network [4].

Compensation network is applied on both receiver and transmitter side referred to

secondary and primary windings.

4.2.3 Coil structure

Squired coil with rounded edges with a ferrite core forming a DD structure as shown.

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 Figure 3: Coil Structure [4].

4.2.4 Circuit Delivering Power to Vehicle Battery:

As the voltage is induced into secondary now to deliver it to battery again rectifier
will be used which will transform AC to DC in addition a filtering component will be
also added to make pure DC without any ripples enter into battery.

4.3 Method of Analysis

The core purpose of SDP is to design efficient wireless power transferring structure
which can transfer power to moving battery.so main analysis is done on the value of
coupling coefficient (k). Mathematically represented as

“k” depneds upon mutual inductance between two resonating coils while l1and L2
self inductances of tranmsitting and receiving coils[17].

Above two equations shows the mathematical calcualitons fo the quality factor of two
coils. Both k and Q give the extent of power that can be delivered from transmitting
side to recievng side. Value of k also depends upon the space differnce between two
coils.

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Simulation results for DD coil design in Ansys.

4.4 Result Expected

Parameters Expected Results

Air gap 160mm
Efficiency 65%
Power level 1kw
Frequency 50kHz

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 5 Utilization of SDP Results:
For energy, environment, society and multiple reasons, the electrification of
transport in our daily life has been adapted in recent years. Until now, WPT
technology has been able to eliminate many troublesome charging issues which is
desirable and favorable for electric vehicle owners. In a dynamic WPT system,
electric vehicles can be powered and charged while driving, in this scenario the
electric vehicles could possibly run forever. Moreover, the battery capacity by the use
of WPT in electric vehicles reduces to 20% and in some cases even less. In order to
transfer power more efficiently, resonant frequency is selected at MHz levels.
Nowadays, as the utility of electric vehicle charging, the power transfer distance
increases from several millimeters to a few hundred millimeters at kW power levels.
The witricity corporation technology from MIT released their WIT-300 development
kit achieves 90% efficiency with 180mm gap at 3.3kW output.

To make WPT for EV’s available at large scale commercialization is needed to be

done and much work is to be done on the performance optimization and industrial
standards.

6 Proposed Project and Society:

6.1 Social Impacts of Electric vehicles using WPT:

The use of electric vehicles in the recent years has proved that they bring a circular
economic perspective in terms of life cycle which incorporates re-use, re-
manufacturing and recycling unlike the use of conventional fuels i.e, patrol and
diesel. The end of life is significantly important for electric vehicles as conventional
toxins cause a lot of damage to the metal components of the vehicles which proves
to be very uneconomical. This problem is efficiently solved by WPT as electricity
doesn’t corrode or chemically wear the material in any case.

There was almost 1.5% increase in the fleet of new cars sold in 2016 which mostly
incorporated battery electric and plug in hybrid vehicles.

16
As more cars hit the road, the electricity consumption would probably increase to
about 10% due to which the electricity grid would need to evolve and update their
infrastructure.

6.2 Environmental Impacts of Electric vehicles using WPT:

The incorporation of WPT as fuel for electric vehicles has caused reduction in air
pollution as EV has zero exhaust emissions. Being a renewable source in nature, it
is convenient to charge electric vehicles and hence reducing green house effect.
Electric vehicles can also be charged through solar PV systems which utilizes solar
power hence reducing the load on electric grid.

WPT also incorporates the use of eco-friendly material. For example,

Ford Focus Electric is made up of recycled materials and body work are partly made
out of green materials like used water bottles, plastic bags, old car parts and
damaged or used home appliances.

6.3 Health Impacts of Electric vehicles using WPT:

WPT used as fuel provides better air quality as compared to conventional fuels
which is ultimately beneficial for our health as there will be lesser harmful content in
the air hence there would be lesser possibilities of carcinogenic particles, O 3 content
etc.

Electric vehicles have no exhaust emissions which makes them much quieter which
means less noise pollution also they have lower risk of major fires and explosions
and provide better safety and durability then petrol fuelled vehicles.

17
7 Work Schedule Plan

Work schedule is given below.

Collection of literature Two Weeks

Study of Literature Two Weeks

Analysis of Proposed Scheme One Month

Preparation of Scheme/Model One Month

Implementation of Scheme/Model One Month

Analysis and Simulation One Month

Result Formulation Two Weeks

Final Write-up & Thesis Submission Two Weeks

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7.1 Proposed Time Schedule

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun

Activity
20 20 20 20 20 20

Collection of Literature

Study of Literature

Analysis of Proposed
Scheme
Preparation of
Schemes / Model
Implementation of
Schemes/Model

Analysis & Simulation

Result Formulation

Final Write-up & Thesis

Submission

8 Budget Description

19
20
 9 References
[1] D. Niculae, M. Iordache, M. Ieee, M. Stanculescu, M. Ieee, and M. L. Bobaru,
“A R eview of E lectric V ehicles C harging T echnologies S tationary and D
ynamic,” pp. 9–12, 2019.

[2] “Wireless power transfer for electric vehicles -- sciencedaily.” [Online].

Available: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/11/131114122200.htm.

[3] G.Leo, Z. fantic, and S. M. cuikic ,“Use of inductive power transfer for electric
vehicles - IEEE Conference Publication.”

[5] A. Kamineni, G. A. Covic, and J. T. Boys, “Analysis of Coplanar Intermediate

Coil Structures in Inductive Power Transfer Systems,” IEEE Trans. Power
Electron., vol. 30, no. 11, pp. 6141–6154, 2015.

[6] M. Budhia, G. Covic, and J. Boys, “A new IPT magnetic coupler for electric
vehicle charging systems,” IECON Proc. (Industrial Electron. Conf., pp. 2487–
2492, 2010.

[7] K. Lee, Z. Pantic, and S. M. Lukic, “Reflexive field containment in dynamic

inductive power transfer systems,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 29, no. 9,
pp. 4592–4602, 2014.

[8] J. M. Miller et al., “Demonstrating dynamic wireless charging of an electric

vehicle: The benefit of electrochemical capacitor smoothing,” IEEE Power
Electron. Mag., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 12–24, 2014.

[9] “Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicle Applications - IEEE Journals &
Magazine.”

[10] A. El-Shahat, E. Ayisire, Y. Wu, M. Rahman, and D. Nelms, “Electric vehicles

wireless power transfer state-of-the-art,” Energy Procedia, vol. 162, pp. 24–37,
2019.

[11] Z. Bi, T. Kan, C. C. Mi, Y. Zhang, Z. Zhao, and G. A. Keoleian, “A review of

wireless power transfer for electric vehicles: Prospects to enhance sustainable
mobility,” Appl. Energy, vol. 179, no. March 2019, pp. 413–425, 2016.

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[12] I. Karakitsios, E. L. Karfopoulos, and N. Hatziargyriou, “Static and dynamic fast
inductive charging: The fastincharge project concept,” IET Conf. Publ., vol.
2014, no. CP665, pp. 1–6, 2014.

[13] C. Park, S. Lee, G. H. Cho, and C. T. Rim, “Innovative 5-m-off-distance

inductive power transfer systems with optimally shaped dipole coils,” IEEE
Trans. Power Electron., vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 817–827, 2015.

[14] S. Guerroudj, H. Boulzazen, and Z. Riah, “New approach for the evaluation of
magnetic fields in dynamic wireless charging for electric vehicles,” 2018 IEEE
Int. Conf. Electr. Syst. Aircraft, Railw. Sh. Propuls. Road Veh. Int. Transp.
Electrif. Conf. ESARS-ITEC 2018, pp. 1–5, 2019.

[15] W. Zhang and C. C. Mi, “Compensation topologies of high-power wireless

power transfer systems,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 65, no. 6, pp. 4768–
4778, 2016.

[16] J. H. Liu and Z. Ke, “The influence of EV dynamic charging power on microgrid
and the optimal control method,” Int. Conf. Adv. Mechatron. Syst. Icamechs,
vol. 2019-August, pp. 278–283, 2019.

[17] M. Padmanabh and M. M. Desai, “Performance and dynamic charge

acceptance estimation of different Lithium-Ion batteries for electric and hybrid
electric vehicles,” 2017 IEEE Transp. Electrif. Conf. ITEC-India 2017, vol.
2018-January, pp. 1–5, 2018.

10 Undertaking

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I certify that SDP work titled “Dynamic Wireless Charging Of Electric Vehicles” is my
own work. The work has not, in whole or in part, been presented elsewhere for
assessment. Where material has been used from other sources it has been properly
acknowledged/referred.

Syed Waqar Ul Haq Moeez Hafeez

16-EE-76 16-EE-91

Saad Khadim Ghayoor Ahmed Khalid

16-EE-106 16-EE-67

23
 11 Supervisor’s Comments

Hammad Shaukat

Lecturer

24