of CompressíOD-Ignitíon

Engine Prncesses

V Ganesan

Universitíes Press
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< P r o fe s s o r (B S M u r t f i y a t u í ( B r o f e s s o r ^ ^ a g a c f e e s a n :

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KttUur<d OJ/lct ( )
t 3-6-7S4/I, lUilUjrtIiwiir Jlydoibaii JOO 029 (A P J . IndU
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B w f llore / Bhopil / Bbubu«ihw*r/Cheaeil
EnakuLun / / Kydcnbtd / Jaipur / KoIIliu (
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O Ualvcnitiei Press (IndU) Prívale Uroited 2000

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) CONTENTS
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P n fa c c xi
L ü l o f iftn io U ziv
C h » p t« r 1 IN T R O D U C T IO N
1.t SindUlon
1.2 Advuilt|et of compaUr ilmBUtio*
1.3 Obj«ctiv« ef lU i book
1.4 S U p -b y -«t«p ■pproadi
C h ap U r 2 R E A C T IV E P R 0 C E S 3 E 3
2.1 Inlrodactios
2.2 Heit o í r«»etba
2.3 M cuoremeot of
2.< M íunrtm tBt oí B ,f
2i CilcnktloB of h!|litr tnil iower L«tt vilae o f fatli
E n rcii*
C h aptM S A D IA B A T IC rL A M E T E M P E R A T U R B
3.1 Introdactioa
3.2 CompfcU combttrtlon io C /H /O /N iyit«m i
3.3 Con*tuit>voluai« adUbttU com biutbn
ÍA CoftttuiUpretittn iJitbtllc com button
3.( CklcnUUon o í »dUb«(lc flun* Itm ptrttart
3.6 SolYíd cxamplet
S x trcbe
C h a p la - l I 3 E N T R 0 P I C C H A N C E S OT ST A T E
4.1 Introdacdon
4.2 SammiTy
Exereáe
C h ap ler E C O M P R E S S IO N -IG N IT IO N E N C IN E S
5.1 Intixxiaction
5.2 Somc b u le dcttlb tnd DomcscUtart
5.5 Cylioder preMurt iadictlor dU gm n
6.4 IndicaUd poww 40

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vUl CompoUt SlmüUltoa o í d E a íli» PtocM itt CoattaU ix

«1 Solatbnj for F (T } = O 123

iS B r ^ powcr j«
Working principie 41 Newtoa-Riphion UctUíod tcduiiqae 121
iJt ij
AA A p p e n d ix C 127
S.7 Eagioc kiaem^ics
« Aitcbrilc expicttlou for tbtnn ojyau nic (a a ctb o i 127
Excrcac
C h ap ter a C I E N G IN E 8 IM U L A T IO N W IT H A ppendbc D 13S
A m A S W O H K IN G M E D IU M 47 P rop u n ISS
btrod sclloa 47
0.1 M euing oí mkjor vuU blei ujed m tHc prognm 19?
U ctl DUm I cyck 4S
ej ¿iilíofrapAy 197
SlmuUlíon wUh *Sr u the workim médium 49
OJ h d ts 200
S.4 D tvi^ioa betm ea u taU ta i IdeU cycli 51
ts Solvtd «xunple* 62
Cxtrcke S4
C b a p ter T C1 E N G IN E S I M U I ^ I O N W IT H
A D IA B A T IC C O M B U S T IO N S5
laUodaction ss
7.1
Engíae detul* -65
7.2
N u v t ily uptraied openiioa 66
7J
Work ontput u d «Sciency ca k oU liou 62
7.<
Ti Supercbirgcd openiioa 66
Exiutitt 72
C b a p tcr 6 C I E N G IN E 8 IM U L A T I0 N W IT H
P H O G U E S S IY E C O M B U S T IO N 7}
t ,l laUodactioa . 73
ta lf*rogrtuivi comboftioQ 75
Combuilloii iiiodilEfi{ SI
&.Í 7->nw<im«n«inn»l COtabutioS modcl S2
Li UcU releiM u d Iieil truuíer mod«li 83
Excxcite 69
C b tp tcr 9 C I E N G IN E 8 IM U L A T I0 N W IT H
95
G A S E X CH A N G E PEOCESS
9.1 lalrodactioD Í7 (
a .2 C u cxcKuige proce»
UcU Iraiufer proccn .
87
106
c
9.4 FVictloD ctlcoUlioDt 109 (
9.S ComptritoD o f limolited reiulli 111
g.s ValidUtoa o f tbe compnter code • 111 (
9.7 Eo(in« perfon nu ce •imnLaloa 111
9.1 Pre»*uj«-cr»nk m j U d iifru iu 111 (
9.9 B nke mean «7ectiv« preuure
9.10 B n k t thermai eSciciicy
113
114 c.
s .n Mtchtnical cfficieacy lis
9.12 Volurattñc eSclescy lis
9.1J Effeel of on j^ o n iu n c e 118
A ppeadbc A 117
Unila vnd tbtnnodysunic p r o p v tiu 117 c
A ppendbc B 123
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PREFACE

laUnikl Combnitiea Eailnti c u b t broully cU tiiled iato ipuk-i(aitiaB (SI)

u>d comprttiIoD-lfnhloB (CI) T b t ipvk*l(oUtoB eafint datci b u k
to 1878 «h en A ofiiit Otto GM derttoped the SI tafln t u d comprcatlon-
iinitloB cB(ine to 1S92 whtB R«dolf Dlettl iavtB(*d tlie C1 capae. O m tbe
l u í OBC eeatnry, eaginet coatianed to devtlop, u onr kaowledie o f engíoe
proce*««< b u b c r « u « d . N<w t«cliaologle« bectme av»iUbIe is d demnad for
Bcw typei o f eagÍBci trofc. FWiber, eaviroameatil eonilralnti oa eafinei
ditnfed. The l u t twcBty Svt y tu t or «o btva «em aa «xplo«ivt frowtk in
«B|iae K U trcb and dm iopm tat u the Uiaet o f «Ir poUutioa, fatl co«t, u id
m vkct comp«t)t]vcB«u ktrc bMome {BCrtuiagljr ímportaat. A vtxy Urge
unoBBt o f litentnK oa <a|ÍBe* {• kvtiUble whkh it yet lo be ade<{BtXely
oifin iied u d intnmtriied.
It i i w ell kaow B t b i t ovcr ib e l u t oBe d e ca d e , c o m p u t e n w er« extenfh rely
e « « d fo r lim n U tio a d U t u d m od eU la f p o q > o «e « u d for b o i ld i o i p o w e ifo l, ¡n -
te g rU e d d a t a b u e « y it e n u . C om p a ter itm nlatioB p r o c e d o m kave b e e a b n ilt
b y tb e o re tica l fo o B d a t io o i u d «* e d ia a large atim ber o ( a p p Ik atioB f. la
receBt y e ir » the avaüability o f f u t d ig ita l p e n o n i l c o m p u t e n have re v o lu -
tiosÍM d th e w o r id . H eace, the l y it e m i which w ere b ith e rio a o t a m e n ib le fo r
■tmolatioB te ch a iq a e i kave com e o a d e r th e pu rv U w o f lim o la tio n itn d ie * . O a e
I n c h u e a b th e C om puter iIsm latioB o f co m p rta ilo a -ig a itio B e a g is e f.
I
In «B ^ e e r ta g , timolatioa proceu h*< come to B ie u developisg u d lu icg
I
) the appropriate combioatioa o f auamptioai u d eqaatioai that permit críti-
cal featorei o f the proceu to be u a ly M d . The modelliag o f eagiae proeeuei
I
) contiasca to develop u oor b u k B o d e n t u d ia g o f the Phy«lc« u d Chembtry
I of the phcBomeaa o f út«re*t iteadily e x p u d i, u d u the capabíllty o f com­
I puten to loWe complex equatiou coBtinaet to tacreaM. Computer lúnulatioB
I actívitiet c u make major coB tributbai to eagiae detiga at dlffertat k v e b of
) geaerallty or detail, correipoadiag lo a differeot ttagee o f m odcl dtvelopmeat.
I
1
A l of Bow two baúc type* of modela have beea developcd. They c u
b< catcgoriied aa IhennodyBamk-or Suid dyaamlc ia aatun dependiag oa
I;

l;
jd l C em patu S ta iU th » • / O Eagia* Ptocmm* Prtíia xlil

wlittkcr lk« c<)aktloi» wbidt |iv( Ihc model ¡K p n d a m liiu il alructarc *r« Appendice* índade relevant e q a U io u and d u a . Tablc* are aljo provided
b w «d OB catrgy c o n u rv U io o or o o » fnll u x l y t i i o í tbc íai<l motioB. O lb tf witb required data whcrever a e c U w y . Fnrtber, a bard copy o f the compaUr
*iv«B to tben n odyn u n ic cntff)r-<0B»«v»tÍ0B-b»Jed m odcl» »r*: »«ro- program ú alto giren io tbat ibeitu d en tj u id thc U a ch cn may take advutage
dim<B«iaBki, pbiaom cBOlogicil u d iiB a ii^ im eu ioB a l Platd d ynunic b u « l o í the aame. IT asyoae r«iu¡re* a floppy (hii can b « tupplied al a nominal
modcZi u « o fu a ctilcd mDlti-dúnciuiaBt] m o d d i á a t to tbeir LdJiuiíbC »bU- co«t. It is the detire o f the anthor that the teader shoaU develop bis o v a
ity lo providt d ctü lc d (conictríc luformUioD o o the flow ficld, baw d OB thc cede. TboM w bo anderttand thc theocT- provided in varíonj chapten can v t r j
•otution o f (h t goveraing flow «<)uatioBJ. caaily w rile tbe vurtout «Qb-routtnet giviug tbe atcetsary inpnt data and make
Thii book k u b<tn w ntua u » Icxt u d k profeui«aal KÍercnce. Furtbtr, b il program work and compare the resolti p ven in variaas tablea. Henee, it
to the btsl o f Iht kutKor’i kaow|«dg< Bo is d i textbook tlo a { witb tbe u ftw v e is itrongly adviied tbat tbe reader ihouU make attem pti in thii dirtction,
ü »vúlibl« for tticb in ; under^gradotte and p o * t-sn ia a ;« itudeait. Thl*
Ktany individuáis have attisled me in various wayt as I have worked on
book attcmpU to providc a tünpUfitd frunework for (be vail and complex
this book over the pasl three yean. I am graUful lo my coUea^uea in tbe
map oí technicaJ materíal that exiiU oa comprtuioa-IgoittOD eagÍDet, and
l.C. £ngine« Laboratoiy at ladian Institute of Technology, M ulru, fcr tbeir
ac tkt lame Ibne include luScicat detaüj to coBvcy tkc comptexity of tbc
eaeonragemenl and (upport. Many of my Punctiliout and highiy Devoted
tagúe túnoUlion. O f cou rx, so od< (cxt can include e\'ciytlLÍn{ aboat «agine
Kholan, have helped me in tbe preparation of (exl materials and I am veiy
aimulatioa. Tbe em pbuii btr« ii oa the thcnnodynamic*, comboslioa phyiict
gratefttl to tbem for the aame. I am particulirly thankful to my QIP acholar,
and chemiitry, b«at tranafer and Iriction proceisc* rcSem t to eomprcuion-
Mr. J. M. Mallikarjuna for bii lupport in ninnlag the progrun and making
igsitioo enginef witb iim pli^iji( auamptioai. Sisee, dctails are com ed firom
v u b u s tables and grapbi in tbe book. The interest he took in this regard a
tbe fundamenUlf, it ii hopni tbat it will be a valu&bla too) for both under*
very much appreciated. 1 wish to thank the Centre for Co&tlnolng Edvcatioa
gradúate and posUgradoate itadent« u well u practiiing enginetn.
of the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras for the help rtndered in the
Tbti book b am nged ia the foUowing lequence. Tbe £r»C íoax cbaptcn preparation of ibis book.
deal witb tbi fundainentalj and baiic* oa adiabatic combiution and iientropic
I am apecially indebted (o my tecretary, Ms. V|jayashree and ion G.
proceu. Tbe 6flb cbapter b meaat for tbe revieir o f liuidamentali and batic
Venkatasabramaniui who have put tbeir heart and soul to bríng out this
aomenclaturea aaiociated witb tbe CI esgiae. Cbapter* 6 lo 9 deal witb the
book by belping me ia DTP and otber tompnltr operations. Witbont tbeir
CI engine •imolatioo in a «lep-by-ttep approacb. unstintmg belp it would not have been poasibk to bring out this book b this
In Chapter 6, the detaiU of ideal cycle iimolatiaa (ICS] hai been dealt fuhlon.
wilb employing tbermodyDamic relationi and ttiing air u a wúrking mediun.
My wife Rajalakshmi, son Veokatuubramanian and daughtei A paña
TbtJ ii to mak« the reader familiarúe hinuelf witb tbenoodynajnic aaa)y«¡> oí
have encooraged me throughout this k>ng and tlme-consumlng work which
the Oiuel cycle and to get him ínto tbe groove o f engine limulation.
took many boors away {rom them. V/ilhout tbeir continuing lopport it would
In Chapter 7, fael-air cycle limBUlioa (FCS) has been carríed ont uiiag aever have been finiihed; for tbeir patience and faith that it wcnúd ultimately
appropriate equatiom. T bii will make the reader ondentand the eCfect of come to &isIt¡on, I will always be gratefol.
adding fael to the analyiii, and heJp him to appreciit« the inBueact of vatioai
opcrating paramcteri on engine perfonnance. Som* parainelrie itadiei have
been made, and are given ia the form of tablea. V . GAN ESAN
L> Cbapter B, progrtajive combgttio» fimuUlion.(PCS] u ib g rate equa-
tiona and a Kn^dimeniional model, have b«ea incotporated. Heat Iranafer
h u bccn lakfa into accouot by meani of, again, erapirícal relationa. Thls will
take (he reader a littk cloter to (he actaal engine.
In Chapter 9, the actual cycle «imalation (ACS) has been atterapted,
taJdng into account the gai excbange proccM and frictbn. A uumber of par»*
tnelrtc iludiet have been cairied out and the reiulti are provided k> varíoui
tablea.
It is hoped that thli «tep-by>itep approach will make (he readfr under-
•tand and appreciate the complexitic* involved la the Computer limulatioB of
comprcaiion-ignilion enginu.
)

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LUt otSfmboU XV

H lotiie vilve diunctcr

bett (ddcd
«stbiJpy of probad
Hrf beit of rtu tioa U ccn itu t preuiut
H, entbalpy of rta ctu t
I f . ejitli(]p)r o f wtter
lie itart ct injection
ip liidiealtd power
LIST OF SYMBOLS IC ú tc ts d combuition
í e s Meil cyde «ImulitioB
k ipeciSc beat ratlo
kj, tpecific beat ratio of tbe prodncli
kf tpeóGc beat ratio of ibt rtactaou
K Bunber o f cylindera
L connectlag rod lengtb
M mw
S y m 'b o l D w c r lp tlo n
M piitoa ikirt leajtb
mp mau of producía
Á, Á f t n x ot ihe piiton TTif mau of reactaot
A ,x w ide op en c x h t iu t v ilv e are& n mau fnction
Ain wide open inlet vilvf irei n nunber of «rorkiag atrolte per minóte (rpm /2) per cylisder
ACS letaxl cydc liraalition N Dombtr of mole* o f viriotu iptciei
Á/F úr-fatl ritió N ipeed ia rpm
AL cotfficient for ibe cdcuUtion of C , Nt mole* oí air cnteriaf tbe cubnretor
Sp br»ke povfer Nn mole* of fael rapoor and alr ia cafiae durtng compreuioa itroke
B bore N a » ' kOomole* of air-fuel viponr ia a mixtor* tontainiog 1 kinol of fael
BDC bottom deid centre Ifp küoniole* o f prodocU íortned from Ibe combaition of W* +
BL coefficient for the ulculitioa of Cp Nf m ola of (aieoo* prodacti
mcut pUlon tpMd Nf m ola of prodoctf after combulloa
Cp ipecifie beiC t t co a ttu l preuure N f, kilomole* o f prodacti fonned frora tbe combattioa of
■pcciGc bc*t« of ú r ti, molea of gu ecu i reactaata
C(^ tpecific bc*l« of fa«I ' ti, motel of reactaat before combsjtbn
Cr, coM liot volumí tptcific beiti of the reiclin l mixture N-, nomber of mole* of water
c :(r ) meul vUoe of ipecific bett coiut»nt voliitne kSomoIe* of reiidaal exbaoit from previom cycle
C, ipe<¡Gc h íU of Wíler p preunre
CL ' coeflScie&t for (be cilcnlriion of Cp, p, almoípberic presinre
DL coefficient for tbe ctlculitioa of C f p, preísore at tbe iaatant combaitun endi
f imount o f bypau «xb»uit g u ia exh&uít drírea ioperchirger Pí preñare before tbe apark paatet
■fmtp friction me»n effcctive preMure inlel masifold preuure
¡p friction power Pn manifoid preuúre
F forcé pnnt meaa effeetive prtunre
FCS fuet-iir eycle liniutatioa iadicated n eaa effective preusre
G otimber of iottie vilvcj per cylinder Pf fiaal preuare of tbe piodacta
X ipecific enthilpy PCS profreative combiutioa aimalation
ht be»t trinifer coefEcient PRctit critica] preuvre rallo
l] hif hett of vapouriiilion f. Heat added

I!
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yvi C o iD p a l«r S Im B l»»to o o íC Í£ iiíío # P /o e »«M * ZifC 0Í S /aboli xvlS

f, Keit rtjKUd )jc ¡Katropic cSciency of the coinpcttior

Qf tatiTpf r t k u * at c o u t u t p n t io r c q, tsrb ist t S d e s c y •
Qv tn triy t t k u * U c o n i t u t vptuB* ■Tib tkem t] cScteaey
r conprtMioa n tio ^ apedfic be»t raiio
R fW c o u lu il X tb tn a tl condactivity oT | u
R A F nU liv* air-fatl n lw ^ foactioa l o ca lca U u calrapy
A« lUynoU’i Bvinbw 0 cruik kügU
S lU ol* tt cru k u g k w h u comboitioa «adi
S (o(4l «ttlropy ti cru k u g k at t(i« itart of igmtion .
5, K »v < a| ia | n t i o
SI iptrk'iinJlion
<4. lakt waUr Umpenture
( mii oalkt wUer Umpctatitre
T tcmptntnr*
V c^nUibríam U a p < n tu «
Tt m blent U m p tn iu «
T< Um p«ntur« »t Uie initant combastíM «nds
T| üútUl U m pcntnrt b cfon tba «pwk puM*
7a m u ifoU U n p e n to n
Tn Umpcratort o t tli« fra li fae)-Ur m ixton ia the in U b pip<
Tp U m peninrt o f prodacU
T,
TDC
Umpentnr< of rcK tuitt
t«p detd centr* c
ti avtng* «ptcifie inlcrnal eaerfy <
h u t of n u t io o U c o u U s t volomc
V volata*
Vb<u totU cyliader volaae
c
iUtpUc«mtat volamt
V, cat-«ff rUio
c
V|dc ckirtB ct volttine
)V „a p iroik doao doxiag com prtu k» itiok«
c
W ,^ Work done doríng expiuiion ilroke (
W ittf ut4ke-«xli»iu( k»op work
«Cmi Btt v'ork OBtpot pw Doil qa u tity of lir
c,
W „ i work inpat (o tk« gtir drívta «upcrcbargcr
(^•pch n d work ontpol of (he cycU
c
(Viu,b work laput lo tk« « x b tu t drivto «apcrchirger
n . diemlciJly conc<l unoUnt of ozygto p«r mole oí fail
c
Kola minúnum oxygto reqoircd for combaslion per tnok of fnel (.
Z workiag fiuid vtloclty
^S( comboitioo dnntion in lermi o f c n n i u g k j
Ap prtunrt cb u g * dwing a wnül in tcm l of time
tp t prtuurt ch u ge u « tetolt o f combnition c;
úpp
&S
prtuor* c b u g c u « r«<o]t of piitoa m ovm enl
cK u g i lo «nthtlpy
c;
áU ck u | t la u tcra d entrgy
C

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INTRODUCTION

1.1 Simulation

StmnIittoD ú a broully uied »ad tom cwbtt Ul-dt6oed Urra írom the enji-
nc«rin{ p ob t of view. Accordiai to Wcbiter'l inUrnUiontl dict!oaary *lo
lim tlatc' m eizu * (« feíin , te cttain lAc t u r n e e «ntAo«{ tkt n M f * . How-
evcr, tbc iiznpUtt m cuiing of úmBlitioii ú ‘ ímitatún*. Thcic dictionary
n e u i n p do oot brtng ont • cltu- p k cn n of tbe worti '«tmaUtion* for ca>
tinetrb( ^pticat'>oiu. Tbercfore, i definitioa of the word b duired in thu
cont«xt. Wi(h ioroe Ircpidttion, Iht u th or d<Sa«i lúnulition u followc
5rm «f«({on it tke proctii e j ¿ « i f R i n ; ■ m tdel » / a n e l «yiCctn «it¿ con.-
Jvcb'xf tif< rim in U witk \t, fe r lA< /trp oit e f vn átrtlanJ inf lAe kktríaw r o f
the fjriCcm.
Compster limaltlioa h u fu sed t ireittr im portuce thcu diyt bcciofe
o f the aYailabüIty of fu t d iiilil coropaten. It can be dcfined u foUowi:
Computer tim tlation it tke p m e i i e f form tia tin j a moJel o f a fK ftU al
¡fitem n p reten tin f ael%al prveciiei cn ¿ sn a/yn n f the tam e. Utuúllf, the
mpJel ts a mathematieal one np reitnltnf the aettai p ro c e n e i throtfk a le t o f
e ift t n i e , Jíffertntial or intefraí eju a tú iu and Che a n a lfiii ti iruJe m tn f a
eampHttr.
In niodtrn reMarch, compoter ilmuUtioa bai bccome a powtxíul lool tn
V Ibat il lavet tune and b abo «OBomlcal compartí to experíroeatal itady. A
propoied theory can be aaalyied qoldjy «jíb2 a compater and (be coet of
K aettiag np an experimeotal apparatu cao be poatponed natQ optLnbation U
acbiered. llowever, it may be noitd thit ilisalatioa b oniy a itep prior to
cxperímtalation and (he reiulu ob (ti««l from ilmulatioa itndiu miut be val-
idated with experimenta] rtiolla lo utablbh the reliabllity. Once ralidaled,
compater limalation can provide a dccp lnti|ht into the perfonnance cbar*
M acteHitici of tbe lyitem . Tbb itatemenl b partlculaily truc in the ca u of
interna} combustión e n ^ e itsdiej.
IV

l
 ____
■■ • ________L ___
3 CoapulM SImiUtliea o í C í E ttía t P n cm tm
1.2 A dv a n la gu oí com pu tcf stmulation
In u i iaUroal corabutlion (IC) th« proctue» involvcd u e extmncly
complcx. Uotil Ihe l u t ¿tc*dt, lb« dosta o f an cngine rtlied fa<tii]y oa
prcvioiu u p críe n cc u id ksow -how . Am ■ r a s t t o f tliú , ia ea g ü e d u i js ,
u t t a j i v t l u l ú i f o í tlie p r o lo ty p t ú ci»*Ídu*il b*c*Mt*ry. S «lecü n f tbe W t
d « ii(a (rom lucli lctlÍB| it ft tw k o f w u i4 cr a b l« m *(a¡tud<. B c c u m oí
lh u « düEcullit*, kH4ly»ti by m cu u sí compaicr *¡mal»tk>& h u becomt <)uile
p o p »lu m rcccAl ycan. Purtbcr, compaUr lünabtion oS cn tbe toUcwíng
«dv«aU |M :
(i) U ttrvu u • to«l for » belter «sdcntuiilU f o f th« v u iib lt* iavotv«i tnd
tbitr ifftct oa M|ia« p u forn ta ct.
(ü) l( lyiCtintCúei Lao«rt(d(e ob(tia«d tbiougli exp cu ivc eagiat tuÜBg.
(üi) It «Kuiderably reducei tkc tiroc-coUDima; te«U b / nvrowÍBg ¿owa the
vamblcJ (h it miut be ftadicd.
(iv) Ic btipt ia aplim liiat the engúe detifa for « pa rticslv «prlM tioa,
(hereby reduclat to*t u d túne.
1.3 ObJecÜve of thls book
T b t m úa objtclive of ibU book it to pment tbe theoiy u d compater pío*
{Tami n eceiiuy for úmolttiiig lh« performaaee of ftconveationtl hydToearboa-
fucUed compreuion igaitioo (CI} «agme, for &sy fael o f the form QcB^O,.
Tbe modtl descnbej the proceue* occuriog wiChia the vcrlúng Soid of
« compretiioa igattios eagme u d providei u indiaUion o í tiie liaiit* and
tresdi of tbe pet{omaace> u » fuDCtÍM oí *ome lyitem vvU blei. Tbii wili
eaable 0D« la m i w b it OBc could expect (rom in cngin* working wilbm lacb
(yiteni w it b lc f.
1.4 Step-by-step approach
A four-itroke compreuioa ignitioa eogiae woikj oa tbe four-tlroke, ive-tvent
priaciple. The fivt ev«Bt« w e given belov.
(i) SuctioB
(ii) Compreuioa • to thermodynamic analysis. However, an attempt has beea made to bríng
(üi) Combiulion
(iv) Expuuion
(v) Exbaoit
Theu five evenu are completed la two revolutiou of the c r u l ibaft of
the cDgúic. Siraulatioa la thb book ti atteapted io a »tep-by-*l«p approich.
i
(
('
(
btroductloa 3
(
SUp I: A l a Snt tlcp, tbe eagiae ii auumtd to woik with alr u the workiag
médium in u i idctl úr-«lasd*rd diúel cycte. Wt wiB caU tbii anilytis aa ideal
cycle limoUtioa (ICS). Mere, heat addilioa and b cit rejectioa are loppoted
to take plu e by meinj o f a hcat tranjfer proceu at co iu tu t preutire and
(
con3tant volame, rcjpectively. (
SUp / / ; Al the lecoaii iltp , ideal cyclc limuUtion íj modi£td by taking fael
luto accoaat, iacoqx>rat¡ag adiabatic Same temperatnre calcolatioiu for heat (
additbn/combutioB analyi'u. Ib ibis asalytti, ioitead of air, the working
médium ú auumed to be a mixture of fuel and air. We wiU cali tbii analyi'u
u fuel-air cycle timilation (FCS). Kere, combiutioa is aaiumed to take place
at coutant preuure and uoder adiabatic conditioa.
(
Síep Il¡: In tbii ttep, tbe adiabatic flame temperatnre calcutationi are modi*
r
fied by asiomlng combuttioa to be progreulve, Le., heit release ii not ÍBstan>
taneon» but ipreadi.over a period of time. In otber wordj, the duralion of
(
combuition ii taken into account. In CI eaginei, the heat releaje aoalytii can
be done either by meaoj of progreuive combtutk>n at cooitant preuure, or
c
as meani oí tero-, oae- or two-dimeiuioaal heat releau roodeli. In tbij bookj
two typei of anilyili have been explained. The Snt oae ii the progreaiive
combajtion at co o itu t prcuare. The lecond oae is the progreuive combui- c
tion uiing a iux>-dimetuiaaal lingle-ione modeL Forther, extenaion to oae>
or two^tmeuiiona] modeis niing two- or mnlti-ione approach ii alio poMÍbte. c
We will cali tbii analyiis progreulve com buitba lúnalatlon (PCS). However,
io receot yean, attempta bave becn made to uie mnUi-dimeniional models.
(
Thii requirei high ipeed, bigb memory computen. /
SUp IV : In this taal itep, uiing limpUSed auampttooi, the engine heat trani-
fer can be takeo into account by meuu o f empirical eqaatioDi. Gaa exchasge
pcoceiie» are inlroduced in ordtr to analyie the engine intake and exhaiut.
We will cali tbii analyiti actual cycle limulation (ACS). In this itep, intake
and exbauit proceuei using Suid dynamic equattou, heat traaifer and frictioa
are included by meani of empirical equatioas. -
By means of thb itep-by-itep limulatioa, the valúes of presture, volome
and temperatnre at lalieat points in the cycle u e calcutated. Work output
ai well as thermal eSciency is evaluated; Ptxmiioni have been made in the
Com puter program for making paramelrtc studics. Thii itep-by-step approach,
it b haped, will make the reader appreciate the complexitiei Involvcd in actual
engine limulation.
Compared to other proceitcs, Ihe combustión procesa is not amenable
combustión analyiis within the purvlew of thermodynamks.
In order to get a bisic undcnlindbg of the comboitioo pcocets pertainisg
to engines, tbe next two chapten are devoted to providing a bockground for
analyiing the combustión pheoomcni using thcrmodyaamics. These chaptert
deal with reactive processes and adiabitic Sune temperalure calculatioos, c
reipectivelyj
c
 )
)
ÍUi£tln P toctM t
)
C ,oH n + 15.S O, 10 CO, + 11 H ,0 .
)
CHjOH + h í O, — CO , + 2 H3O.
) CiH iOH + J.0 O , — IC O , + S H ,0 .

)
Note; All the above fatU cao be a»»d ia IC cofiaca.

) 12 Heat of reaction

REACTIVE PROCESSES
Ueder conditioni that promott eomboitloDi tha active cotutilueala o f a fuel
) rtacl witk oxyfeo. Thia comboition proceaa bvohres the ooddatioii of the
carboB aad bydrogea preteal in lk« fatL The com butioa proceu ¡a a complex
reaction or, more exaclly, a rapldly occorting atriea of rtactiotu.
Whenever comboatioa occnn, the energy aasociiled wilh the chemical
2.1 Iniroducüon bondi ia the foel and oxyges molecnte* b releaaed. The chemica) energy i<
' coaverled into heat energy and appeart Snt u a heatbg effect in the ptodscl
h gue«. The final lemperaisra of the prodocta of combution dependa on a
When k fuel come» iaU) con tu l with oxygea or ur nndex tke proper nnmber o f faetón. The impoitant onea ara aj foUowi.
environmcat, t ekesücil rMc(io& ttke« plice. "^ e reictioa c»n be íioíAtnníc,
whtre heit esersy ii rekued; or loinettme* ««¿otAírmiV, where Keit energy (i) the fuel and Ita compoaitloa,
ii ilMOfbed. The h íU esergy releued In ta exothamic rcKtion cin be oie4, (ü) the prtaiora and tempcratorc of the reaelant mixtore,
for ex&mpk, to nm ta iatemil combaition entine. In the u iü y iú of intenitl (ui) the álate of the fael, «htthtr Uqoid or gueeoa, aad
combiutioa eagiae proctuet, we ire interated u tKe itody of cxothem ic re-
(tv) the externa] conatrainta impoaed on the reactlng »yllera, Le. whether the
actioni involviflg th o « mbitancci th»t cu i be nied u fntU. In olbtr wofdi,
combuition takea place at conatast volome or al conatant prcaaort.
We woold like to mqotfe into cliemic«l reactiotu opto the extent ih it ibeíe
reactioni *tt i tonrce of he»t cscrgy for h'eU enginet, e«pec¡ally the íat«rat] la order to ulccJate the &bi1 («m pentor* o f the ptodscla o f combaiUon,
the energy characteriilica of the fail ihonld b t known. The energy character-
combnitioa Bafine*.
itlica o f fnela are Tariouly knova aa talKaipici of comlailton, JteaKn; «o/vet,
M u y booki ttlk about nactive proctuet. L«t tu ice what it m eut by
Ktal of eomitution u íi ktút « f ncctian. In thiabook, the tenn heat o/naction
» reaefiM froten. A proctíi mvolvLag eAtmúoi rtwtíon c&n be coiuidered u
wiü be uaed.
reactive proceu. Then, whU ii a chemIcU rtaction?
l A ekemüí] rcatlwn m ty be deEoed is < rMiruigement o f the atoms of
}
2.2.1 Oelinhton of heat of reicüon
the reactanta dne to the redUtríbation of etcctrou lo form producía that are
Ki dlfereot froto rtacta«U. The iroplicatíoa of Ihit dcSnitioD ii tbat the namber
i
o f atomi of eu h element partidpatlng is a reactun remami nachauged, i-«., The le a l o f rtaclú n at coiuUnC to fin u , tn J a( ceiutant p m i v r t , Hrp,
I; M áefineii lu lAc t n t r f f t i i t i io (r ín ; (X< prodvtU 0/ comU>l>on to the inih'aJ
the cou eivatbn of matter. Thú principie willbe oaed in writing the eqm tiou
for chemical reactiou. U m ptratun, m . 198 K , v k tn > anít gM iiliry o f fn tl m i um ct
I
OTfjen (u m at co n itin t to ltm t 0t * l u iu la n t p r t i i t n , r tip te lítc lf.
) It ti known that a cheniicaliy correct or itoiduooietric mixture o f hydro-
The impUcationa of the above definitlon are u foUowi.
I carbón fuel aad air reacU to produce oaly HjO or COj or both.
Fot example; (i) Ur^ and Ilrp are both negalhre.
Ha + 0.5 0 } — H ,0, (ü) Uff and Hrp are prbperttei of the fneL
i; CO + 0.5 0 , - C 0„ (Si) Urf and H,p refer apeclScaQy lo chemlcalty c o t m t fueUutygen mixtorei
CH« + 2.0,0 , -> COi + 2 H ,0 , reactlng at 29t K.

•I C ,U „ + 12.6 0 , - 8 COj + 9 H ,0 , it may be noled that both and i/rp are meunrable quantltiea.
fl
 (.

■■(

(
Rttcün
ComftUt SüülUilo» •/ Ct SMfiat PntMMt
(
Foc t i t M a iy t it o í ( B f u e t o m b o ilio n , we w ill d cE n c tw o rtl^ tcd e a t r jy
’u n i u , Q , a n d Q ,-, w l i « « tbc U n a <J, .U iu i* fo r e » e r * y w U u t U c o w t u i t Imulatioa (
volomi u d Q „ tht m trsf rtUu* al cooiUat pr«uurc.
(
ÍÍ7 DcSattIoa ol Q , «nd Q ,
(
Th* t i i t m r t U u t i «I u u í t i t U 9c h m t , <3 „ oiKÍ 0 «< r t U v U o t e o n tla n f
pnintrt, Qp, «Tt dtfinti 44 Út kt»t tM rfiti nU utd, «A«i» tkt proJueit e n <
'■caoítJ tú (Ac t<mp<r4l«R, T , o¡ lA< reactoab «okín • «ru’f jvanh'ty o f fuel
(
iv m j t ( (oiutanl teJymt ot o4 touUni p n u trt, niptciivtlf.
N*U: Q , u d Qf w t both |>o«¡tive. They «rt propertií* oí th« reielm t (
'.tnvtBft, r(ítrr»d to »ny Ump<A(un. Tkey *r« eiJcBUud from the K«»t ol
r tu llo * . (

(
2.3 M usurem ent oí V ,,
c
L«t u tu u m t tbai » ditmical rcietioa l i i e i pUce in a clostd rígút container
c
o í i u d volome. L«t tht laUcrípti r, p and v denote the reactaata, tbe
prodacl* and tk« volnmt, r«tp«cUv())r< *■ «yitem can
c
FJg.3.1 Bon^ ulorímtUr
b« writlea u (
<
Q ,~ W = A y. (2.1)
withoBt deíonnation. If there i« « deíonnattoo, irark will be done on the veuel
Since (lier* ¡i no change in (lie voiuoe c f the fjritem, Le. K' « O, cq.(2.l) by the product gaies and the reeolu repoited bccome ipurioss. The vcim I
is placed in a Urge tab containing water al rooni temperatore and ii leít íor a
c
becomei

g. = áu. (2.2)
period *o that temperatnre eqnilibriiim ai veD ai ihorough mixtcg oí fael and
oxygea ii achieved. The fuel is igtiited a ipwk plag. Heat U traniíeired to
c
(he water through the waüi o í the veueL The entire eyitem, which íi íninlated {
The chango ¡a intemal energy doe to the chemical reaction it jiven by
againit heat traoiíer to the iniroundingi, come* io temperatore e<jQfl¡briiiin
at «orne temperatore T^. A cotieclion ii apptíed to redoce the ttmperalort, (
(2.3)
¿y - agún, to the initul temperitore, vii. 20S K.
lí we deiignate the change in intemal esergy AU ai Un, then from
c
e<j.(2.3)
yrp(2M) = y p (2 9 í)-y ,(2 9 8 ). (2.4)
c
The (ubeeripta i and / itand for the varioai ipccie* in (he prodacta and
rcactante, respectiveljr, and /f repreaenle the number o í molee oí the»e apeciu Por oct&ne (C|Hn)i the v;ilac o f Utp c&n be cilcuUUd u
(fael, oxytca, carbondioxide, etc.), and S i< the ipecific inteniU energy u
k J /W I . yr(298) » ( ¡ I c , H „ + (12.S + i ) C o , + 5.76(12.5+ i ) Ü N ,l „ „ (2.5)

Since there are at leu t two reactuU and often thue U more tbas one yp(293) = l8« c o , +9ffK ,0 + iÜ0 , +S.7e(l2.S + * ) S „ , l , „ , (2.6)
ptodact o í reu tion , the lununatioo tiga i* sied in c<}.[2.S).
where x denotes the narober oí molei o í exceu ozygen and 3.76 ii the ritió oí
Tkt quantity U,p u m e u u td u ia g t coutant-volume bomb calorimeter.
N) to O ) in air, calculated on molai b u ii. Sobililutiag eqt.(2.5) and (2.6) in
A icbeaiatic diafram oí the bomb caloiimetcr ii ebown in Fi(.2.1.
eq.(2.4), íre hive
A m euured quantily o í Ihe fnel alan; with exceu air ti introduced inlo
k rigid vcaMÍ, which ¡i deilgned to wilhitand the hi(h preuure o í combiution t/,p = [8ü c o , + 95 h , o - S c . H u - 12.5ü o ,1j „ . (2.7)
 1

8 Coapattc StmaUtha of CI Eofice Pníeuct ÍU u U rt PfocuMíí 9

If Ihe •(«cific «nlliiJpitj of thí vinoiu cotutUuenlt »r« kaown, t/,p c u be The lubscripU r, p and w reíer to the rtactaoti, prodacl* and coolú g water,
from «j.(2.7). re»pectively. The tenn* íj, and refer to the InWt and o o tk t water temper-
aturti, retpectively. The kft-haad ild* o f <q.(2.0] representa tht taerfy added
to b río ; donara the temperature o f Ihe product to 298 K, whlch accordint to
2.4 Mcasurement o f the definition U H tf Therefore,

(2.11)
The he»l of ríiclkm it coiut»nt prewure, i/rp, U meunied in t lUuly-aow
cilorimtter. The detüb tliown in Fig.2.2 »it refaced to the b»r« eueotiJj. where b tht nomber of mole* of water p aaibf throogh the jacket per nait
Fuel tnd »ir ¡n txcttt oí the ehemiciUy torree» rcqnirement enter the re»clioa mole of the fael bomt. Ckarly, n,p b nefative b«<a<u« (i, will be leu than
thimbtr it 298 K, m d Ihe producU trt cookd to the inlet temp«r»tore by Cgui. Now, ffrp can be written u
the wxter circuUtiog La Ihe lorrounding jidcet.
Ifn /íp (2 9 8 ) - ^ ,(29 8). (2 . 12 )

For exampk, whes decaae (dieMl); C|oHn, b bomt, the two tcm u ob the
ríghv-hand lide of eq.(2.I2], with z denotiof the moki of tx ce u oxygea, can
Ccxitrol volume be wrítten a*

»; Jíf(298) e [ í o „ K „ + (lS-5 + *)7io, + 5.76(15.8 + x)^Hi ) (2.1S)

ú Jí>(298) - [lO ltco. + nfín,o + xX o. + 3.79(15.5 + i ) X k , ) , „ . (2.K)

i and henee for decane ¡s {¡ven by

Futí Air Products
I 298 K ‘ ‘ 298K = [lOÍcOi + Il^HiO (2.15)

•i The point to be noted in tht meaiaremeot of U,p and b that th« rtactaat
mixture contalni exceia ur, u d not cbemkally earrect oxygen. Tfaerc are
«1 three rtaaoni for maiia| meunrementa nilni ejceeai ain
(i) Air b rcadily tviilablt whSt cxygen b not.
>!
(¡i) A chemicaUy correet fne)><scyien raixturt woaJJ heat the eqaiproeat ex*
|| ceuivtly.
(üi) Excea atr b o«ed lo toaort eompkt* combattioD.
i| WiZír
Sioce the rtictant and prodact gaa mbctnr** enter and leaw the derke
F lg .3 .3 S U a íj-flo t) ealorím tltr al ihe lame temperalnre, Ihi txcta* oxygtB and nllfojen itnn* os tb« rijht-
i!
hand lide of «qt.(2.S) and (2.1S) will caacti ca l (•«« (<{i.(2.T) and (2.15)], and
i^i II will appear u ihoagh Ihi h«it of rtu lla n w u meaanred for a chemlcalty
If the chingei in (he kínetic u d potentiil caergie* are Degligible, u U correet fuel-oxyttn mixlnrt.
i| uíuilly the e i « , for a ittadjr-fiw ceaiervilion of ener?y If w* know Hrp, wt can calcalate Urf, and vict ytrit, Sobtraelini *<i.(2.4)
fivm eq.(2. 12), we havt
ti /í.(2 9 8 ) + / f , ( t „ ) = ffp(298) + i/.(í< ,u i), (2.8}
(2. 10)
H
/í-(t u .)-/í-(» .u .) = .ff p ( 2 9 8 )-/í,( 2 9 8 ) . (2.8)
The temper atore tabtaipl h u been dropped lince it b nndentood alwayi
The left-hand lide cf eq.(2.9) can be wrillen ai to be 298 K. For f u n , we can write

/f.C .{í,.-t o u .)- (2.10; X -H RT (2.17)

 c
„:íi.... ■(

i{«ictiv« Pnccutt 11 (
10 ComputtíSin^UtioñctCitMglauPi
Hr¡, = the coiutuit-piuiare he^ of reictioa with gu eoiu H3O, (
» b t ( « R ii th« o n iv in a l ( u coajU n t, úa ce tbc «atliaJpy Ti «a d iatcnial caersy
= the conitut-preuufe h<^ cf reittion with liqutd H3O.
D v « la B uU p tr m o b . For tiqúiU kwl lolid* (
Tbeo
K- 0 w 0. (

Í^ K .o x R ;,(H ,0 ).
Th« difftnac* b«lw*«a Ihe cotu iu t-p rcu on u d coiutuiU\'olaiiie k«at oí (
n t c tlo a mijr (b ta b « wirUUa u Witii

u „-v „ [ N ,- N ,) R r . (2.18) 4J9S8 kJ/kmol,

(
With R = t.SU kJ/kmol-K tsd T « 29$ K, lb« vilne o f (he prodact JtT will 6x43959
be 2477.S7, wkicb c u b« kpjiradmUtd to 2480. Tliiu, (
S9Sfl04 kJ/kmol,
(
*» 2 4 8 0 (A V -/r ,), (2.19)
thetefore
c
wbtr* Nf u d Nf dtooU , re*pc«tiv«l/, the mole niunber in the product w d is
lh< n ic tu tl m u tu « U thi | m o u ip«ciei for &ckemluUy correet fie)<xygcn
loLctai*.
-5089100-395B04
c
U ( u Bow wotk oat u «xva p k to u k a U U Iba S,p u d U,^ vtlact.
-5484704 kJ/kaoL
c
TbcM M ksUtloiu «31 rcv’u l (k« tfftcl oí U )0 oa tb* prodncU in tb« Uqaid
or fUMD* íona. H jO k m (be llqnid (ona, (bt va!ne< tit bigber «ad (btreby
Siodiirly, U¡yis gtven by c
v t t«m «d u b ig b v ulorific vahe of facL IT H jO Í£ the product m ia the
I iM o u íona, they v « uUed th* kiwtr calorífic vilue oí Üie fiuL
U' £ r ;,-2 4 8 o x (/^ p -jv ,) c
c
-5484704 - 2480 X ( 1 7 - IS.5)
2.S CiIcuUtion o( higher «nd b n w h u t valué of fuds
= -5491384 kJ/kmol,
c
• Coulder the fuel C iH n . We caa wríu the n tctioa eqoition u
» ch u gc of more tbwi 7.0S5 (tompired lo Urp). c
c
• Couádcr the íoel, C io H », We c u write the reiction equUion u
C ,H j, + 12.S0, - 8C0a + « H ,0 ,
c
N, » 1 + 12.B = 13.5, C joH jj + 16.50, - lOCOj + IIH3O
c
No 8+ B 17. Firom Tibie 2.4, for gueoui C io H » and gu eoiu H^O, «re hive
c
fVam IVbk 2.i, for ( u c o o i C|Hk u d gueoiu E ]0 ú tho product
= -5089100 kJ/kmoL
Htf = -6312300 kJ/kmol,
c
Urp = -6312JO O -(2 1 -1 6 .5 ) X 2480
c
W« cta now cilcu lite U,y u u | eq.(2.18):

U,f = -5089100 - 2480 X (1 7 - I J .6 )

= -6323460 kJ/kmol (>ee Tibie 2J!). c.
t chsage of leu thui 0.2^ ,
= -S0977Í0 kJAmol { * « TibU 2.2), c
L«t Ejf denote the coMlwit-preuart heat of reu tioa with j »m o iu HjO in
» ch u g e of leu tbaa 0.2%.
the product, tad let denote the conitsat-preuure heat of reactioa «¡th
It u a «uUy be ehoirn thU the effcct of coaduulsg the wiUr Vipoor in
liqold E ]0 in tbe product. Kow (
the prodact oa Htp u id U,^ v»Iac* U qn¡l« « a b it u t iü . Let

k c

Cí
 )

13 CompoUr Siniii/ítfcB of C/Eafíae ProceM*» R etctlv Procetit$ IS

Hrp - = /l^K,0 X íl/.ÍH jO ). T » M e 3.J Ury coM tu t.rolB tn e he»t o l f t it llo a for tli« c u e oí
P M o » HjO Ib Ibt prodtct
Witk A /,(H ,0 ) = 43956 kJ/kmol, we h»ve
Liqnid fue) C u e o u i fuel
= 11 X 43955 = 483516 kJ/kmol. F\iel Formit» MoL wt.
kJ/kmol kJ/kc kJ/kmoI kJ /k í
Thcn. M ethue C ll, 16 — — - 797570 -49848
£(htoe C ,H . 30 — — -1421140 -47371
- M 1 2 3 0 0 -«3 5 1 6 Propine C ,H , 44 -2021860 -45951 -2035280 -46256
) n-B ntue C4H.0 58 -2629000 -45327 -2647920 -45654
« -e795SI6 kJ/knioI, n-Pentuie C » H » 72 -3235640 -44939 -3259660 -45273
■) n-Htxine C .H „ 86 -3843280 »44689 -3872200 -45026
t chuije of more {h»n 7.0%.
n-H eptue C ,H „ 100 -4451020 -44510 -4484940 -44849
) Similuly, it « n be «hown tliit Ibc cBinge in th< ü,p v»lue will ilfo be n>Octane C|Hu 114 -50S8960 -4 4 3 H -5097780 -44717
i n-Nonane C,H ,o 128
of Ihe tune onler. -5667100 -44274 -5710620 -44614
)
T te ibort cilcnU tbai «how lli»t wUl* Mcorint htxt of reMlion i^ae» n-Decine CioH n 142 -8274940 -44189 -6323460 -44531
\.
from publálied t»ble*, greitett « r e muit be txíKÚed to note ihe con<ütion of M ethuol CHjOH 32 - 818180 -25568 - 853080 -26659
Ethanol CjH jOH 40 -1503760 -32690
‘í HjO m ibe producl. Al menlioned e»rD«r, aonnüly, the term /ooer ctlorific
vdue refer» lo Hr^ or U,^ for ihe c»ie of futouM H jO in tk* pnxiact and the Bentene C.H« 78 -3403220 -43631
-1543480
-3434640
-33554
-44034
(■ term kifher cdorific vxlue to tho«e for the c u e oí HjO ia ihe prodnct.
T&blei 2.1 »nd 2.2 liit Ihe Utv »»loei for ywioiu fael» ibU c»n be tued in
I the ukDlU ioa oí temperitore ríse due lo hctí of rckctioo in tatemil com bo- Tibta S.J Hrf cou tiat-p m iu e heit oí rtactloa íor the t»M of
li'on enjinet. Similirly, Tkblej 2.J »nd 2.4 Ikt the v»lae« for vtriotu fnel». Gqnld H ]0 U thi prodact
When the ind v»loe$ üited in the tibie t n divided by the mokciilir
weight, the uníü ire converted to kJ/kg wilh numericU reítilt» thit differonly
•liíhtly. It m»y be ooted th a the eoa»t»nt heU oí rewtton per ttnll b im ú Liquid fnel G ueotu fae)
Futí Fórmala MoL wt.
k chiruteriitic of the hydrocarbon Kríet. kJ/kmol kJ/k| kJ/kmol kJ/kg
Methuic CÜ4 16 — - 885482 -55343
I Tkble 3.1 Urp coulut-volum* heat of reiction rttuci for Ethane C jH . 30 —
-1551768 -51726
Ihe ciM of Uqutd H }0 bi thi prodoct Propine C ,H , 44 -2192724 -49835 -2208624 -50196
í n-Bnline C ,H .. S8 -2842580 -49010 -2863980 -49379
Liqnid fael GMeooj fad n-P«nt»nc C * H „ 72 -S491939 -48499 -3518436 -48869
I;
rucl FormuU M o l w t. n-H exuc C i Hi 4 86 -4142292 -48166 -4173692 -48531
kJ/kmol kJ/kg kJ/kmol kJ/kg
_ n-Heptue Ct H ,. too -4792748 -47»27 -4829148 -48291
Methine CHi 16 — - «80522 -55033
rv>Octuie C|Hu 114 -5443404 -47749 -5484704 -48111
Ethine CjHs 30 — — -1545568 -51S19
i Propine C,H , 44 -2187764 -49722 -2201184 -S0027
n-Noaioe C»Hjo 128 -6700860 -52J50 -6140260 -47971
n*D(cuie C io H „ 142 -«74481# -47499 -6795816 -47858
n -B ntue C«H,o 6S -293M80 -50627 -2855300 -49229
E; Methanol CH,OH 32 - 902372 -28199 - 939752 -29367
n-Pentue C sH „ 72 -S4M496 -48396 -JS08516 -48729
Bthasol C,1I»0H 48 -1542756 -33538 -1672868 -36367
n-Hexine C .H ,, 86 -413J6I2 -48065 -•4162532 -48402
lí Beniene C .H . 78 -34434 56 -44147
Tv-Hepl»ne C t H ,. 100 -4782828 -4782Í -4816748 -48167 -3565268 -45709
If' n>Octane C|Hn 114 -S432244 -47651 -S471064 -47B92
n-Noatae C»K,o 128 -6688460 -52253 -6125380 -47855
n-Díciae CioH jj 142 -«7J1176 -<7403 -6779696 -47744
Mtthinol CHjOH 32 - 901132 -28160 - 956032 -29251
Eth&nol C5H4OK 46 -1S40276 -334Í4 -I66760Í -36259
Beniene C.He 78 -3439736 -44099 -3559068 -45829

ii¿
 ( )

í. '
H Compatu Simulitloa ol Cí Eaflot enctattt
( .)
T*bl« 3.4 Utf coutul-pnw Br* btU oT n ulloa for Uie cut ot
( )
(U M U HaO U U « pnxlMt

( )
H^ttid íuel Gutatu fae)
FbnauU U oL wt. T j/fca ot ím r y y tm oi í's/k¡
C j
797570 49848
T íü ís r " 1»
-1419900 -473J0
EtkMt CiH , 90 0
-2019900 -45839 -2032800 -46200
Prop»a« C ,H , 44
fvB u lu * C«Hio 58 -2622800 -45221 -2644200 -45590
-45204
ADIABATÍC ( )
tv-P«ntue C »B u 72 -Í228200 -44830 -3254700
n-Hexu>« C«H u sa -3884600 -44588 -3866000 -44954
-44776
FLAME TEMPERATURE C )
n-H tptue 0 ,H „ 100 -4441100 -44411 -4477500
-44641 c>
n-Octwi< C»H u lU -5047800 -44279 -5089100
-5654700 -44177 -5700700 -44537
n-NoBue C»H m 128
142 -62<1S00 -4 4 0 M -6312300 -44453 C'
iv-Dccue C ioH »
M ttb u ol ca,ou 32 - 814460 -25452 - 851840 -26620
-33500
C'
Etbksol C,H»OH 46 -1498800 -32583 -1541000
3.1 introductíon
B«aiutt C .H . 78 -3399500 -43583 -3433400 -44018 c
UoU: For H ,0 J ¡„ (25*C, 298.16 K) • 43956 kJ/kmoL VirtuaUy «v«ty probUm bvotving comboilion wiQ úrvolvt tbe ctk ok tian of c
«dúbatic flime tcm pcnton. Tli« SsU Ump<ntnrg tk&t c u b« «elilevtd ú
nuximnin for Uto«e «yiUmt «kere tbe combiutioB b úm plete la d tbe lyitem
(
E terdsc i* adilbatíe. In tbis dupt«r, «• diacnu ibe Uckaiqm for tbc ctIcaUtioo cf
(
tba aditbitíc flun< Umptratnrc.
Tbe «dkbatic fiaoe Umper«tnr« o í » eambtutiaa <y«Um dcptndi on ;c
Wriu t compsUr progrim to calcuUU tHc kt»t o í rcK tioa ia k j/k m ol u d 1
m u y ÍKtort. Tbe m»jor one* ue:
ia kci¡/k[ lor th« foUowúg faelj, for tbe etglit (ooditioiu givcn ia tbe c
(i) tbe fael(>],
C »H u , C „ H a . CH jOH , CaH*OH, C H ,. CO. H ,. (U) tbe cbemiul compodlion oí tbe r e » c lu t mixlnre, c
C oM tr> lnt ?u e l H iO In Üie p r o d u c t
(iü) tbe pretsor« of tbe rcactut mixture,
(iv) tbe temperatnre oí tbe reactut mixtore, \
r
C o u t u t volsme Liquid Liqoid
Gaieouj
(v) tbe coiutrúnU o o tbe lyitem, vii. wbetber tbe combiutioa tiicci pU<e Q
C o n jtu t volutne Ltquid at uaitut-voinm e or at coutuU prcuiire.
C o u t u t volutae Gaieona Gatepuj
Fbeli witb dlferent bydrogea.(o.carboD ratiot produce differeat Bame C
C ou ta st volume Gaieooi Liquid
Co& itut preuure Liquid LIquid
temperaturef. Likewite, u tbe eompoeitba oí tbe reactant núxture variet
(le u , cbenúcally correct orricb), tbe flame temperatnre abo varia.
C
Conitaal preuure . Liquld Gaseous
C on ttu t prtuure G ueou i Gaieoui Fttei-oxygen mixtur«< produce bigber Umperatnret I b u fuel-air mix- C
Comlant preuure G ueoiu Ltquid ta ra witb u equirakat oxyges cootCAl; tbe altrogen pr««eat in air b tMen-
tially ioert u d , ai tncb, doe« Bot contríbaU to tbe combutioD reaction bat c;
mer«]y ab«orb« caergy.
A kigberiaitiai temperature of th« reactaat imxtare before com bnitba ia-
c
crease* tbe &ame teraperatire. C oulant-volnae «usbutíon doet oot tranxíer
work to tbe tnrroiudiagi u costraat to couitaoC-pcewaTe combujtion; bence,
tbe «diabatic fliioe temperature at conitaat-voliuae k mucb bigber t b u that

•■a-
’C
 le Computer SimnIttloB of C1 Ecx/oe Prxeu<» AdUbttIc F lia t T ^ p t n t v t 11

at cooíUaVprtJJure. FWther, the reutinC p ra in re c»n »1ío » f f « t lh« flune Henee, for a reactant mixtore conlalnug
Umperatu^e.
1 mole' ¿f fnel + ^ 0 , +3.T<irNj
AccQr»t< d k a litio n o f the a im t Umpcratnre involra a « ( of conipU-
ctltd tqaUioo*. Howívtr, for two reuoiu we wfli confine our alUntion only the prodnct mole number» can be written ai
lo a limpie fct of eqaatiou:
(■] Accorate caltolatioa Un<]i to obtcore the phyilcj of what is taidng plice.
(ü} Approodmate flune temperatnn computation oftcn prodsccs jooJ
$y <y». y > ^ .
altboogh we cajuiot w y how good nnlU appranmale and atcurate -v, = 2( n . - n . N i^ O ,
vaina are compareá.
N i^ 2 {Y -Y ^ ), ff, « N „c,
T le adiibatk flatne tempcratnn calcnlatíoni, tí done mannally, are car* (3J)
ried OBI by IrUl aad error. Tbii can t>« done very eaaüy by a lytUmatic teirck U 3 = O.SNmH„
willi a compatcr. Th» main empliasa in (bii cliapter will b« toward» ttU *nd.
ífi = 3.761', = S .liY ,
N i = 0. A i-r -n c
3.2 Complete com bustión In C -H -O -N system s
Ni throagh Nt cao be uied ai lubtcríbed vamblet in the Computer program,
10 that the inbtcript* 1 lo $ can be made to denote
AaTOtning complete combuition, we can decide the compo«itton of the conv-
bwtion prodncli merely by inipectüig the reactant mútnre. For a reactant
(3.<)
mUtore (bat contain* C, B, O, N aloms, we will formoUte the rolíJ ai foUomrj;

(i) AU bydrogen ú fint caúdiied to HjO. Witb the abovt background, we wQl sow examine the calculation of adt-
abatic íame temperature for
(ü) Alt carbón i* initially <ndd«ed lo CO.
(üi) If aay oxy;en remaini, part of the CO i« oridised to CO j. (i) eoMlant-volame corobuitton, and
n-
(iv) If Ihere b lalEcietit oxygea to oxidÍM aU the carboa lo C O j, tbe excets (ii) conitant<preMcr« combuition.
appean as O3. It ti eaxy to d m to p the «yitem of e^natloBt íor a particular fnel and then
(v) Al! tútrogen appear» a* N j, l.e. sttrogea ti a»om ed to be intrt. pan 00 euQy (o the (toeril forranlitioB of tbt loliitioa for aay («e l
Keeping m núnd the abcve rtJe«, let <u contider tbe general caie of aoy CalcuUtlotti, if done maavaUy, wQl b« qtitt tedlooi aad tlme-coninmisf.
í fnel reprctented by the formula C(HyO,. Heace, it ii alwayi bettcr l« writ« a compater program for the cü colatiou .
1 Let ni denote C , ai N „ c . H, u A '«h , “ d O , ai ^ ’„ o , . Here U „c, AUhi la the next few «ectiooi wt wQl dtvelop thi Beccuary backironod theory for
ÍV the lame.
and ^mOt denote, reipectively, the nninber o f moles of carboi, hydrogcn and
)
oxygea atoms in a mole of foeL
t.
) Let Ytc denote the chemlcaUy corred amonnt of oxygea per mole of fnel
rtíjaired for comboítion. Then, u per tbe sbove rnlei, 3.3 Constanl-volume «diabatlc combuslion
í
;
f.. J V „C + 0 .2 5 A '„H ,-0 .5 ír „o . (3.1)
) An illnitnUioa o í the problem ii givtn in Fig.3.1. The reactanli at temperatnre
b;
29S K and preunrc P, are ignited and both the flame temperatnr* T aad
Let Knta denote the minimntn amonnt of oxygen re<iuired in the reactanti
the Eoal preunre art lo b« calcalated. Since presiure and temperatar*
per mole of fuel, Le. the minúnitm amonnt of oxygen re<jairíd to convert Hj
11- are inteaiive qnaatitiei, the líie o f the vtiaet li o f ao coacera, and they are
to HjO and C to CO.
independeat of the «yitem.
We can expreu this ai
^ A «a U !• tk* t t ««biUSM •( a « n l i K «M tU iu u aMigr tU w m tw r
« 0.5(AT„c - A^n.o,) + 0.25(Af„H,) rRtIIlM M llMn wt cmrWa u t u U O.OIt t| cwVm. T>< •liaisurr lUllln B ul
lIMcUrd IkfT mhf loiladt u«im, B*l««ki, Uu, «Iniraaa m»4 «Urr putJcUi w *
= n < - 0 .5 iV „ c . {3.2) ((H tlltd f n o p » < k M U ttM tt.

i
i

)
 c
(

(
IB Computv SimtJtUoB ol Cl Eaflat F n c tt tt Ádiibttlc f U a t Tunptntan 10

S o b ít itu lin g the v ilo e o f 5 c , h „ £ » n » tq .{S .1 0 ) la to eq .(3 .9 ) u i d íim p liíy ú if,

Rigid.IníuUud Vcuel •re | «i
(

-U rf = aA B co, + » A a a ,o + 3-76rADK. + ( r -1 2 .6 ) A U o „ (S.U) (

wher* (
AHi - - Oi{2«<). (3.12)
(
U m iy b« Doled thtt tke left*hAnd tide of eq.(3.11) á t. mcMiuAble q n u -
(ity tad the rl(ht-huid úde eonttúu p ú n of ialernal «nei^y diffenncu. (
c . « W K - i o á i '^ n c
(
Eqaatiooj (S.S) to (3.7) rcmun nodivoged. In plt£« o f eq.(3.S), w« cía oow
F lg .S .l Ci>atla»(-faUnu adiaictic Mtnlwiwa (
write

('
L«t <u cJioQu to work wUK » tticU a t mixlur* coataininK ose m ok of l7p(T) = (2(12.S - y jü c o t í í ! ' - 8^ )C co . + 8 5 h ,o +S.76KwN,lr (S.U)
fu»L Th» fnel w» u lcct for ¡UuitrUioo u C , H „ . The re tctu U wíH 1» (
Proc<«d¡n{ u io the prtvioos c u « , we h»ve
C | H i,+ y O , + J.7arNa. (

Síbm tke coaiibulloa takc* p l*u ia » r ij ii iiualited Üi*w b no

-CT^ = 9ABh, o + 3.78y¿¥K , + 2(12.5 - y )O co (7)
c
work »ad kcU Utiuftr. H«bc«, thc t n « i y «ittUíon » n b« wriltta M + 2 (r - í.5 )C co, (7 ) + (12.5 - r jC o , (298)
c
t/,(2M ) - Vp(T} (3-í) ■ -8 n co .(2 9 8 ) (3.14)
c
For C|Uii (h« k iit of reiction &t <oDiUirt*volume k (rtftr to c<i.(3.7]j
Por genenlity and ia »«o rd »a c« with eq.(3.ll), wt aeed lo tn aifan a the (
t<{.(S.H) k to » fona thit conttiai oniy p iin of [atersil eaergy differescei oa
l/„ - I«Oco. + W h .o - B c.H „ « -5 S o ,l„ » (3-6)
the n gh t-b u d (id«. We Mn d » ¡t by «dding »ad (o b tm lis g the tcnn* c

2(12.5-y)5Zco(29fl) tad 2 (K -8 .5 ]S c o ,(2 9 8 )

c
c iM 0) y > Y „
Kert, c
on the righUbud lide of «q.(3.1i). We c ía groap them tad óblala
y .(J 9 í) = (E c.h „ + YX¡0. + 3 .7 6 y C K ,l« ., (5.7)
-U^ - 2(12.5 - y )(O c o + 1 /W o , -
c
I /p (r ) = 18000. + W h . o + ( i ' - U .S )C o. + 3.76KuM,lr* (»•>) C
= 2(12.5- y ) A 2 c o + 2 ( K - 8.5)¿LUCO. + ÍAU h. o + 3 .7 6 ^ ^ % ,. (S.IS)
The »bov« íour eqnUloM Ie<ii.{3i) lo (3 .í)j »r« now rauúpiiltUd u r
íoUowi. Sobtlitnlisf cqt.(S.7) and (3.B) u to c<(.(3.S], we gct The importaat point al thU jio clcre b to ttcogakt Ibe tcnn
C
+ l'C o ,+ S -7 8 üh,1,j, (Boo + 1/ 2^ -^ O i)» | r-

- | » a c o ,+ M B .o + ( V '- lJ -6 ) n o ,+ 3 .7 6 y v H ,!r . (J.9) a« the heat of retclion U^, for the dÍMOcialioa of CO 3.

FVom cq.().fij wt c u writt Now, t/^ u a be compnUd oaag iha nlalion

C
®CiKii ■ [ S í c O i + W u , o - 12.S C o,1m , - l ^ r p { 3-10) = J r p -2 4 f| [A p -//r ). c
c
r
C'
 30 CoapnUr Simdithci of CI EnfUe Procttsc» Arf/tbilk n u n * nmpcnlBra 31

The vilue o ( //,p whkk ú » po«ilive he»t o f re»ction for C O j c»n b « found
from ttimdixd hmdtxxiki to be 282ÍOO kJ/kmoL Tbtrefore,

(t/,p )co, = 2 1 2 *0 0 -2 4 8 0 (1 .5 -1 )

= 281560 kJ/kmolCOa

a 281600 kJ/km atCO i.

The rtjulls of the two cuta of Y, vil, Y > Y ,f »oJ Y < Ytt, »re tivín
by <qi.(3.Il) »nd (3-15), m pectively.'Since / f i = O for y > Ya, we eould
»dd tbe tcrm W jA uco o® right-hujd tide of eq.(S.ll) wilhont iffecting
¡U vilidity. SimIUrly, w« c u iJd oa tbe ri|bt-h»nd «ide of e<j.(3.15).
Whea tKu U done, tq>.(S.ll) uid (3.15) tike Ihe íorm
The reu tin ls enter »a inisUted combattioa chunber U a teraperttore oí
Q, = ffiAU co + ^ jA u c o i + ^ jA ü h jO + Ní¿.X¡h, + Ni&mo, (3-16) 298 K. The probiem i* to Gad the tcmpentnre, T , oí the prodact«. Sisee
thcrt ii no heat trniufcr, ihe entr^y e<]nUion cim be wrítteB u
or, in » (impler sotatioo,
ff,{298) - //^ (D . (3.18)
1{-
Q, = ( í = 1 ,2 , S . < , 5 ) /
L«t tu choose to work with n r e u t is t mixture e«olaiaÍn| oae m ok of
fiel. The fael we have «elected for iUaitratioa li C ioIIn .
..í is - ü , p - 241600 xAT„ The beat of rcactioa for C|oHn ia (rtler to tq.(2.1S)]

llí' Aüi = o ,-(:n -n f(2 9 8 ).

^ n . “ (W ’^ 0 , + n lfu .O - - IS 5 ) C o , ) „ , . (3.19)

MI Equttion (3-17) repre*cnU the general expreuion for u y cou tu c-v olu n e
C w « íy r > r ..
tdiabitic combuitlan probtero.
ni Tbe finU preutire ó obtúoed from
We have

ii|
N^T ^ .(2 9 8 ) = ( X c .,H „ + r X o , + 3.76KX n , ) „ , . (3.20)

Hi P.
N.29S'
t f p ( T ) = ( lO T ^ o , + IIX h . o + 3.7 6 Y K s , + ( y - I S .S jX o ,) ^ . (3 .2 1 )
«i where Nf m d Nt denote» (he numbtr o f mok« oí the gaatoiu prodacU u d
rcKtanU, reipeclively. The*« four eqaationi, e<i(.(3.18] to (3.21) art manipolalcd aa foUowi;
ISi
SnUtituliag e<ji.(3.20) aad (3.21) into eq.(3.18), aolvin| eq.(3.!9) for the
lü t«nn X c „ H „ *J>d theo elimijiatini that term from eq.(3.20) reinlti ¡n
3.4 Constant-prcjsurc adiaballc com busllon
M - f f r j , = l O A V c o , + MAJÍh . o + ( K - 1S.5)A K o . + 3 . 7 e y A K „ „ (3 .2 2 )

1-1 An iUoitruioa of ibe probiem ta {ivcn ia Fig.3.2. Since the coaitant<preuurt

where
combiutios ii uium ed to tike pUc« in die«el eapnej, the fae) lelected U
lí - K ((7 1 -Í ,{2 íB ). (3.23)
C ioH jj the reict»at io th » c u e ü

M Note that the left>haadiide of eq.(3.22) is a meunrable qoantit^ and the

C ,o H j, + Y O j + S,7aYNs ri{ht>hand itdt costaiiu pairt of uthalpy differcacet.

i¡
 Aditbtlic 7 íub ( 7Voipcn<u« 33
33 C om píU / S lm titlh a o / d £i(J<* P n e

3.5 CalcuUtion o f adiabíitlc Hame tempcrature

c s ^ ¿ ijjy ^ u < y ^ y »
EqaUion* (3.18) lo (3.20) rtm iia uniJiuiged. In pl>ce of c<).(3Ji) wc
now b»vc Let tu Ent cooiidcr the cu e o f cotulutUvolame comboitioii. For thú proctn,
^ p (T ) =(2(15.5 - Y)K oo + 3 [ y - W.5)Kc o , . <3, t> jivtn by e<j.(3.17), which ú

+ llJ iB ,o + S-W K Íu,jj. <?. = (. = I,2 ,3 .4 .S ).

Pro««dLni u befoK, we ki.vc

ü,' cu i be ejcprtutd ia terms of C, and T. Since the b te m il energy incxeues
ffrp •* IIAC h i O + S.TOKAJÍíJt + 2(15.5 — y ) í c o { r } witb tempertturt, and the itope aUo iacreuej with temperaton, thi Newtoa-
Raphjoa itentív# icheme provide» a rapidly coavírgiaj lyitematic Karth for
+ 2{Y - 10.5)K co,(T) + {15.5 - y)JTo,(29í) • the Same temperatare.
Rewrituii eq.(3.17), we gtt
-1 0 K co ,(2 9 8 ) (3-25)

W« nt«4 lo bríag cq.(3.2S) b t o & farat Ibit co s lú o i o n lj p u n of CBthklpjr X ;í ^ i C i ( r ) - A r i ü ¡( 2 9 8 ) l - 9 . (3.19)

(
diSurencM oa the rifhUhiad údc. Tiii* c u b« done by ftdding »sd lobCrtetini
lEe URiii Fcr the Newtos-Raphioa itexative icheme, we reqaire the derivative of c
2(15.5- y )H c o ( 2 » 8 ) *nd 2 (y - I0.5)A co,(2M ) thú ftmction with fttpect to T, whkh ú iiothiag but
c
on tlii ri(bt<hud údc of eq.(3.25). On reu ru i'u ig the te m t, wc o b u k

- H „ - 2(15.8 - y ) ( X c o + 1 /J Í o , - Í c o . ) m *
(3.30)
c
Appendix B givt* a brief discuaiion of the Newtoa-Raphson method of 10- (
o 2( 15.8 - K)AK oo + 2( r - 10.5)A X c o , + H /íX h .o + j . t s k a I h , ( í.2e) lutioa. Appeodlx C detaibei the formalatioD of algébrale exprtulonj for
Tbe ú nportut p ok t U to recognÍM the ttrm (nthaJpy, iatersal tn < i^ ajid heat capacitiei o f gates. The expreuioa for
internal caergy, ü(T], for example, ú given u folkmi:
(,
(jic o + j S o t ~ For 400 < r < 1600
(
u Ihe h<U oí retctlon fí,^ íor diuodktioo of COj. T h ú reiction h u » po<ttiv«
ü {r) A L + {B L -R )T -y C L ln(T). (3.31)
heU o f rtiction unouDliag to 282800 kJ/kmo) CO3, > vi]u« th»t c u be íound c
For 1600 < T $.6000
íb h u d b ook i;
Now com pirt cqi.(3.22) u d (3.26). A j ATi = O for K > Y t„ w« tould c
«dd th« (tn n N iáK co oa tb t rig h ^ h u d tid* o f eq.(3.22) withoat iltcria{ it«
rílidily. Sima«/1/, when Ymia < V S J c « “ O, m the tenn AT»AXo, e*a
C (r) = A H + [B H -R )T + CHla{T).
Tbe heat capacíly ^ ( T ) ú givca u foUowi
(3.32)
c:
b« added on the righuhkad ikie of *<(.{3.26). Wheo thU U doae, «{(.(3.22)
u d (3.29) t t ^ the fonn
For «W < r < 1600 c
Qp » N iáK co + a K c o j + ^ jA S h iO + + ■í'f»AÍoi (S«27) C-(T ) = iB L -R ) + ^ (3.33)
c
or, in « itmpli£ed form, fot 1 6 0 0 < r < 6 0 0 0
c
Q, - ( » = I .2 ,3 .4 ,8 ) ,
ÜT(T) = {B fí - fi) +
CH
(3.34)
c.
c

ijli
Qf =

■» í¡(r )-^ (2 9 8 )
The valuet of tbe coeScient» A L ,B L ,.,. and for vaiiom gaiei
txe lúted in Tiibltt 3.1 and 3.2, retpectively. Sisee the expresión íor intemal
(
c
C '

c
 34 CktmpaUr S lm d itb a o í CI E ítlm Pmkmm*
Adhbtile Flimt Ttmptniare 35
entrcr {cq.(3.32]| <]m( not extcod apto 2^3 K, U^p u d Vf,, Ytiae* 29S X
w t liitód m TiMc } J for foor |u««. TkbJe S.1 ViloM o r « .a c U .u ÁL, BL.CL u d DL h t 4 » K< T S l«oo K
In ordcr (o uicvUte tk« flun« Umpentore, the Newtoa-RapUoD iUr* « * d h tlit cOciUtloa of 4
U iví »cK«ib« co*ld b« coavtnúntlx «mplojred. For Ihíi, lUrt with « hn>0"
ihetkal vilo* o í lie Hime Unipenture. Thtn, tbe ntw-lune Umperanro b
Caí AL BL
cttiin ed fron CL DL
00 299180.0 37.85 -4S71.9 -31.10
CO , 56835.0 6«.27
r . . . T - m z t ó b i i l . -11634.0 - 200.00
H 357070.0 20.79
c ,(r ) -7 .9 -3 ,9 0
Ha 326490.0 40.35 -8085.2 - 121.00
II thc difTcrtace b ítw eta T u id To,w ú w itk in , lay, 6 d e g n a , tb e it«r«tk>ii H ,0 88923.0 49.36 -7940.8 -117.00
can b e ito p p c d . N, 31317.0 37.46 -4559.3 -34.82
For co u t»& l-p re u Q r« cora b iu tioa , in iU u l o f V p {T ), the v » ]a e t o f H p (T ) 0 265120.0 24.60 -2729.2 13.80
t r t c o m p a tt d lu in t the rtU tion given ia A p p cn d ix C. 0, 43388.0 42.27 -6635.4 -55.15
OH 217810.0 37.36
For txiniplt; -5561,4 -44.06
NO 111050.0 37.81 -2874.8 -15 ,7 0
For « » < r < leoo N 326040.0 17.19 5371.4 «4,67
X{T) = AL + B L x T -^ C L h {T ). (J ^ )

) For 1000 < r ^ 6000, 8.3 ValsM ot coeficWaU Aíf, BU,CU aad D / / for ISOO X < T ¿ OOOO K
b»mS b tli*calc«htt«a et C p,C „ii aad ^
J)
X(T) « ÁB + B H x T + CBln[T]. (S.S7)

.) SimlUrly, úuteid of ^ ( 7 ^ the rklati of Z^(T] are compoted nilog the Caí AH BU CU DH
CO 309070.0 39.29
relation -6201.9 -42.77
) COj 93M8.0 68.88 -16979.0 -220.40
H M7010.0 20.79
) = BL + CL/T, for 400 < r < 1600, (S.SS) 0.0 -3 .8 2
H, 461750.0 46.23 -27649.0 -176.60
s C ;(T ) = B H + C H ¡T for 1 6 0 0 < T < 6000. {J.J9)
HjO 154870.0 60.43 -1M 12.0 -204.60
N, 44539.0 S9J2 -«753.4 -50.24
O 298360.0 25,17
Tb, w i* ulcoUted aim { tbe reUtion -6910.3 21.81
O, 127010.0 46.25 -18798.0 -9 ilS
OH ■ 298750.0 42.86 -17695.0 -92.24
r„. (3.<0) NO 138670.0
C,(T) 39.92 -7061,8 -33.90
N 486400.0 28.91 -I8I59 .0 -20.31
Thete calcoUtbiu are illaitrated by mean* of uamplei In MCtioa SA.
Let 01 DOW coniider the geaenl cate. Auome tbat the reactaat* are at
tenperatnre T, and not U 29S K. Thot, we thootd cakolate Q f and «t the T ibie S.J 2í8 K
temperatnre T,. Siace both Qf and Q, tnvolve heaU of reaction, « « bqnire
iato the varutioa oí Hff and t/,p witb temperatnre. The difference can be
Heat oí reaction CO, H, 0
igaored except íor Urge cbanget in temperatnre, For exampte, O, N,
“ v :,
(kj/km ol) 93«4 57316 17200
(3.41) 15780
H,f,
(kJ/kmol) 6886 E4838 14722 13302
where tbe inbtoipt ce rtíer» to a chemkalJy com ct rtactioa. Uioally, T,
differ* from 298 by only a few hasdred deír««i. Futhensore, the differencc
 -ÍUd-S. ....

A dl^atic F lu s* T im p tn ta n 3T

30 C om pattf SUotaltÜoa o í CJ EagU* Pi

Tbercfor«,
bttwMS ffpC^ u d N ,C, h Mktom luye. Á* » cosMijatoc*, it i* UfUinkU*
to ignora (k* U m j>«rUin varálioa ia ud
n. -
T]i«a, for tk« (c a tr d c u e o í cattft>at>volBti>c kdiib«t¡c ccmbutioik witlt
n tcU s U U T „ ib * flt4au Umptntare á iñ c a h f
12.5.
<7. - E W r )-B í(T ,)),
(3 .« )
Tbos, tke r e u t u t mutore tt
(
Q. = -U r ,~ N c o ^ U l6 0 0 ,
C ,H i, + 12.5 O , + 47 Nj,
(
U ii for coiu luU preuore »di*}>»tic combuUoa
u d iKe prodnct mole uamben are c
N eo == AT, = O,
N eo, = Ni = (
(S.«) «.
Nh.o = Ni = 9,
(
Nh , = Ni = <7,
-F „ -//c o x M 2 S 0 0
No, = Nt == 0.
wilb Q, = - U ^ - Neo X 281400.
fo r (Kt ( t s t n l ctM, tlti ueceiuor «xp rw ioM íor tke Nevtoa-IUphfOB
it«r«tlon Mppur sow for cauUat'Volami co m b u tio i u In *Iible 2.2,1/^ íor C »H „ ú givtn u -50589S0 kJ/kmoL Aj Neo - 0.
Q, xs -f$0SS96O (liquid íaet «ad gateau prodacU), Betweeo 400 and 1600 K,
(j.« ) tbe vatoe of H ,(T) b givca by
r - B B z M i b S i
c ,(n (
Cp(T) = á L+ [B L -R ]T + C L ] ii(T]
t a i íor coBit*aUprt»iow cambailion tt

( 5 .« ) The valué» oí AL, BL and CL are taiea &om Table 3.1. A i = O and
(
Ni CEO, tke tummatioa b doae oaly íor ikree ipecics: Nt,Ni and Ni. Tkú
yleU» (
Whüt d«vtlopbi( a compaUr progrun, wlcttUtíoaf for iTp(T],
t/p(T) = //c o ,[^ £ + (B £ -R )r + C L ln (r )| c o , (
í/’p {7 ), C ,( 7) u d C ,(T ) c«a b t doat by m u ju ot fu c tio a rabprognnu.

+ + ( f l i - fi)r + C iln (r )l„ .o

3 .6 Sotved m m p lc s % + + {S í - « )r + c iin (r }i„,

1. C o m p u li tb t S u n t U m jx n tu re « h t n » cktm ktU y correct mixtura of = 8 x(56B3S + (66.27 - 8.314)400- 11824 b{400)|

Uquid C | U ]f 4a d air úUUUy a 400 K u td 1 U m , b o n u U e ooiU n t
+ 9 X (88923 + (49.36 - 8.314)400 - 7940.8 ln(400))
volome.
T b t r c a c tu l mix(«r« k + 47 X 131317 + (37.46 - 8.314)400 - 4S59.31n(400)j
r\
C ,H i, + Y „ O j + 3.76Yc.K3,
= 1338331kJ

wh«r« Ya ú t i » chtfflktUy c o m c t cucy^ea to íneJ r»tio. Utrt Let c i auume the flame temperature to be 7 .= 3000 K. For temperaturei
bítween 1600 and 6000 K '
//* o » í, A i» a i«W i A'm Qi“ 0.

(
i,.
)

)
36 Compottí’ SUnalitha a f CI Eoglüt Proc^M^ AdtAbtIle F ita * Tbmp<r>tsr* 30
)
U¡,{T) - /f c o .(- 4 ^ + ( 5 f f - ^ ) r + < 7 £ f i a ( r ) | c o . tcmptr*tar<. Olhcnrác, tüiini w T, tltc procttt á rep<ated «JculUui|
) U¡,[T),C,{T] u d r „ , lül converjcBC* is »dúertd. With
+ /^h . o I/í h + ( B f f - • f i) r + C H l n ( r ) I i ,.o r = T „. = 2977.S K.
)
t/p(r) =r 6397297,534 kJ,
+ Nti, [A H + [B B ~ R ]T + CH ln (r)I„,
’) CT(r) =x 2198.18 kJ/kinolK,
= a X [93048 + (6 8^ 8 - Í.3J4) X SOOO - :6979 X ln{3000)] r«, = 2977.49 K.
)
A l ibc lu t vilac of 7 m . ú witbin dbS </ ibt prrriou 7 1 .., thú list Tmw
+ 9 X [15<9rO+ ( M . « - Í.JM) X SOOO- 192J2 x In(JOOO)l ú tiJua u tb« «ditbitic tu n e U m ptntort oí C«Hi|. Thiu,
)
A d ltb tt lc flítn e tem perature = 30T7.40 K .
) + 47 X l« e 3 9 + {39.32 - 8.3U) x 3000 - 6753 x k{5000)|
2. Compute tb« Same Icmperatare whcn » cbeinictliy corrcct mixture o(
■) = M48774.07 kJ Kqaid CioH n »ad « r mitiiUy tt 400 K m d I atro, bure» *l conjt*o(
preuoTt.
')
5 T (r) U cJcalttcd from For C joH n , tbe tia etw t mixtutt á
■) (B - 8.314) + C IT (kJ/kmoI K)
)• C i (,H „ + Y „ 0 , + S .7 6 Y „ N ,
i
wherc B = BL lot 400 S T < 1600 K,
= BH for lf lO O < r < 6000K. %r , ^mOi
N ^ c + — ----------- -----
Thi« givo 4
1^!
9?
22 n O
C .(T ) = ^ c o , ( 5 / f - 8.314+ C f f /T ) c o , ,0 ^ _ - . 15.5

+ ^ u , o ( B f f - U U + C/f/T)g^o
The re w tu t mixture tt

+ 8.314+ C i f / r ) „ , C ioH jj + IS.SO} + 58.28^2

= 8 ( 6 8 .6 8 -8 .3 1 4 - 16979/3000} and the product mole noinbert are

‘1; + 9(60.43 - 8.314 - 19212/3000)

ffc o
ffc o .
=

=
Ni
N,
0.

10,
!|i tfH,0 ■3
Ni II,
+ 47(39.32 - 8.314 - 6753.4/3000)
fÍH. S N, 6 8 .2 8 ,
lí TZ
I No, Ni 0.
= 2199.74 VJ/kmol K with
lí;
í Qf = -H n, - N eo X 282100.
T h í new Bune límperUure ii givcn by
ilí
t FVom TaMe 2.4, the H^p yalue for C joH n (liqnMi f«t! and ga«eo(u prod*
= t - ¡ [ / , { T } - c/ , ( Z ] - q ,]/ ü : ( t } octj) i« -6261300 kJ/kmoL A» Nqo *= O, Q , « 6261300 kJ/kmol. BetwecD
400 and 1600 K, tbe valué o f Hf(Tj ii fíven by the rtlacioa
6445774.07- 1338331.3 - 5058960
= 3000- •
2199.74 M r) = ÁL + B L x T + CL\n[T)
= 29n.5 K.
The valúes of Á L ,B Í and CL are taken from Tkble 3.1. Here, for a
chcmically correct mixture,
} Tkü T m , ú compired with tht tiiomed T oí 3000 K- If the differeno; b«-
twe«n them ii leu (huí lay dbS, thea ii takca u thc iJ u b U ic 9un« o O and » O

l!
 .ÍJU. ñ____ ....... —~

c
(
80 CompiUr Slmoíttloo o/'C1 £ii(la« Fn>c<ue« A d lib itk fU m t T k a p tn ta n SI
(
Henee, íor lammUtoa only thrte tpecUi, le . N j,N i and ire eoiuld- = 10 X (6Í.58 + 189T9/3000) + l í x (60.43 -19212/3000)
ext¿, wilK (
/ / , = 10, A r ,= iU , //«>=68.2S. + S8.2S X (S9.32 - 6763.4/3000)
(
Tlü* yieldi = 3383.86 kJ/kmol K.
(
ítA T ) - N ooM L + B L x T + C lla (T ]l
•(
■^Nu,o[ÁL + B L x T + C L b ( r ) ]
= 3000 - (995709S.S - 1914787 - 6261300)/3383.8« \í
+ V / « , ( A ¿ + f l L x r + CL k (r)| .

For u inl;iil Umperxtox* ot iOO K , i.e. 7 , = <00K,

= 2473.67 K.
k
» 10¡5M35 + M .2 7 x 4 0 0 -U d 3 < U (4 0 0 }l
Tbii Tatw ú compired wíth the usom ed vtlae o í 7 , Le. 3000 K. II tbcir c
diSeience ú leu t h u txy i i , T u « ia Ukea u the adubatic ELuse tcmpcrUore.
+ U[ÍÍ923 + 49.38 X <00 - 7M0.8 U(<00)| OlktrwiM, the proceu ts npeU ed wUh d íw vilue o f r , „ ( it . T = T^rw) tül (
coavtfKence. Tbiu,
+ SÍMÍS1317 + 37.46 X 400 - 4S&9.S la(400)| (
T = T „„ = 2473.67 K,
- 19U767 kJ. (
ffp(T} = 8189598.1 kJ,
L«t o j u ioin e tht Suac Umperttore to b« T » SOCO K. For tempeiUare* (

b<(wt«B ISOO tnd 6000 K C ,( r ) => 3328.92, kJ/km olK , (

ffp (r )-« A r c o ,[/t íT + B iíx r + c ffin (r )lc o , r«, = 2469.6 K. (

+ / fu .olA ff + s í r X T + CH in (r)iB ,o As tb b To,^ vilae U witkis ± 5 of tbe prevbtu Tn,«, it ú tbe idUbatic &uiie
t«mp«ratare oí C toH n. Thos,
+ //h . lA ií + J3£T X r + C íf *' A d U b a tíe f l m e tm p e r a t u r e = 2469.0 K .

=. 10Í93W8 + ea.MxS0OO-ie9T9lal3OOO]l

+ 11(154870 + 60.43 x 3 0 0 0 - 19212 k{SOOO)l

Exefclse C
C
+ {S.2B[44839 + 39.32 x SOCO - 8763.4 ü>(3000)| 1. V M U > c o m p a tt r p ro tra m l o c i l c o l i t t t b e a d U b u i c & uae te m p cra tu re
o f u y fu e l fo r u j r g iv t s ¡o p a l t o n d U b n i.
•• «57095.0 kJ.
2. Uaing the above proprara eakuUte tbe a^Uabatíc &une («np«ritare for
^ [T ) m B + C / r (kJ/kmol K) tbe fueU C iK tt asd C io H » (rom Y»\e¡ to Vniuci « b crc 1-6 Ytt
(tnder conatant-volnme and coutaiil>preaaare comboitioB. Draw a grapb
where, D o fli for 400 < .T < 1600 K, o f idiabatic Baine l«raptra(sr« vergas Y aud dlscuu.
o BH íor 1600 < r < 6000 K.
For tbt Miumed v»]a« o íT = 3000 X

C ,(T ) = ^ c o . ( i ? i í + < 7 ^ / r ) c o . + ^ 8 . o ( 5 t f + í 7 í r / J ') „ ,o

+ NhABH + CIÍ/T¡„,
 ).-
..v.*-v.Tui-ii-M:5firíi2tz30LLUíaM«t.yj.',VJ:evr¿.vv

tiettlro;)íc C i á n f t t o fS tU e SS

ISENTROPIC CHANCES
OF STATE

Fíg.4.1 /IlfLflníion o f »n ttfatuion prectii

4 .1 Inífoductlon Referriat to Fi(.4.1, k t pi and T| denote the initta] date of a mixtnre oí

gM«». We wiíh to detennine the teraperatun, Tj, when the mixture expanda
úentropíciUy to p j. We can proveed tn thre« wayi.
Miny o[ the combnjtion e n p a « involva t tomprtMioa proíeti ind »U of »hem
(¡} We can apply eq.('<.l), End Tj and let it fo.at that.
li involve » » «pu u 'n jn proceii. The workinj Buid M a mixture of ju e » . The
tnüo qae«tton b how to eilenlate the lempentore oí tbe {u c * U the cnd of (íi} We can modify the error of thi &nt roethod by Cnding an avcraje valse
i! the próce« oí compreuioii or cjcpuuioa. In the puton tDgisc, la order to of k. For example, witb k¡ found at Ti, we End T> and the correspondini
ulcolU e the wort d on * by or oa the g u « , the*« CsaJ t«rap«atoret m tu l be valae of J:j. Now we can taie an average between and k j, which thoald
lead to a better approximation for T j. Thit can be repeated nntU two
known.
iQCCeuivt valúes o f 7 j differ by only a imall amount, whatever amount
IdetUy ipetldng, the comprcMtoo u d expuuion procttiei ihoaid tike
we chooK to caU tmalL Bul the maln qoeatíoa t« how to Gnd the averaje.
p lu « npidjyi «ith negC{ib!e hest trttufer^ Reoec, com preoioa u d cxpiAsion
c^ctüitioiu ctQ be mtde on the auamptton of bentioptc bchtvioar. Sinee k¡ {i Exed for a fixed temperature T¡ wbüe k j rariei with «ach
new valué o f T j, what average ahal) we takeT An arilhmetk average Uke
Where the process ii not benlropic, e.g. b compreMon u d torbmci,
(fcj + i í )/2 or a geometric average v^ii •t j , or whateUe? There » no
1 the ñeatropic tímpírttore compotílioo ii »{ill re<}aired, i i n « «Ecieaeies tre
bw íd on iíentropic ptríormiace.
appartnt logic to guide uj.
(üi) We can aolv» for thi» Tj accurately by determloing the valué that eqaatei
'i The relitbn betweea p r e «n «, pi, voloinc, Vi, tnd the tempermture, Ti,
the initial and final entropie* of the | u mixture. The total enlropy
M (or (A idcU g u or « mlxtore o í ¡de*J gtáes tt the tim e eatropy U jiven by
5 ( p ,r ) of a mixture o f ideal gaiet ii gíven by

M
[i.1 ] S ( p ,r ) « (4.2)
C! T, \PtJ \V^J

Theie e;ipreuioiii u t deHved on the uiomptioD that k a contlaat. Ac> whert denotei the mole numbert o f the ipeciet, M the total mole
Sí
tn»Uy, Cf »nd C , is a e u e iríth tempertture, while k decreuu . Since C , ind number, A the univenal g u conitant and a fvnction of temperainrt.
li C , dlffer by t conitinl iroonnt, the chtnje ¡n i wUh temperUure tt not very
predominant. However, the ippb'cxtioa oíe<i.(A.l) mty le»d to ta m o r ín the
i! ctlcolUvon of the Enil tempenUore. The error ts lurge for c x p u u k u &om a
hijher tempentare thin for ccippfeMioiii from « kwer tcispenitire. Henee,
I! it ia worthwhüe to focot cor ittestioa on the expuulon proctst. where ^,(0) ii an integration coMtant.

i|

II
 iMctropJc Cbutfet ctSUtt 35
si Compttu SlmaUtloM ot C! BagU* Fnctuat

f o t » a y | u , 4i{T ) U Ib e ca U o p y p « r m ole kt t c m p c n t o r e T u d 1 « t m .
TkbU C.4 ú App«Bdix O glvu A t v^lac* o í ^ for (U «* Uut tr« camioo»(y
ío u n d in c o m b u t i o a p ro 4 u cU .
T»bl«* 3.1 u<] S.2 ia C bipU r 3 (iy« tbe c m S cícbu tiiU c u b« w d ia
tbe foUowÍBl txpruiio&i;
CL 4 0 0 á T S l« 0 0 .
i - D L h > lT )--^ -¥ V L
l<-4)
CH
4 “ B H h { T ) - ~ + DH I 6 0 0 < r < í0 0 0

Ti ú foaad by *oIvía| thi cqa&tiosj

áS « 0.
(
S i-5 i O, (
tb a t ú ,
5,(p„r,)-j,o>i,Tj) 0. (4 .5 )
r
wkicb u a h* cJcpudcd te

AS- (^(r,) - f,(r,)|- ivíu (4.6)

For lb« lolatlos o í tb« abovt c<iaiUaB, (b« Ncwtoa-Rtpbioa tU ntlvc

mtlbod may b« n*ed. To wnt« tb f rtcunioB cxprtMioa, wt &««d tbt derivativc (
P ig .4 .3 N tw tc n -R a p k io n iU n tü m (ee&nifve
o f A S wilb respKt (o Tbe dtrivitivf c u b « writt«ii u
(
« í. SI - (4-7)
4.2 S um m a ry (
wbere C , = E 'v C
• pr*
i*
r
T b e r « c a n io i i t ^ a U io a w a a ld Ib ea t p p u r u Tbe lu t two cb ipten tlong witb tbii cbipter provided tbe neceunty
(4.8) bukgrooad tbeoiy re^uired to itari tbe limoUtioa proceu. Howevcr, tbe
T ,„ , - T , ^ l -------------- gr^5Tj j. faadanenttlj of workiag priaciple* uid tbe nomeacUtores w octaled witb Ihe
cam pm tioa igaitioo cagiae tenniaology will belp tbe reider in undentudíng e
U ow tvcr, lo r n t e m m u t b e u e r c iM d b t c u u t th< c&IenUtton wUl i t o p
tbe lironlitioa proceu. Heace, tbe next cbipter ¡i devoted to expliia lome
« b u T u ,m t u r o f u p BCgaiivt u t r « a U o í i h t l » f s r í i b m f u c t i o a k «ii.(4 .4 }.
importiat detúls (maay of tbe readen inay know tbete tbiogi atready) abont (
F i f v t 4 .2 iiJ u jlr * (« i l b « p r o b le a . T b t f b p « e l Ú S p lo tU d » | ü a s t T j wÚl
tbe eoinpreuion ignitioa engíae, *o tbat evea a beginser caá leara lúnulalioo
d e o T iM u ib o w a b «c«B M T j l s a « u < « f u t c r i b i n C , . •c
witboot macb diCcnlty.
T b i U m itla i v » l i « fo r t b t ia liU l g o e t i fo r T j U ü tb o w o in t b t C gort.
T b ) c U c o l u l o n « i l l i l o p tf t b t iU n t io a b «| ú u w it b » U rger v ila e . S ia ct U
u Bot p oia ib lc t o k oow t b « lim it b | v i l a t l í tb e o a tM t, w o c u y c b o o t t u y
T ] l o b tg ía w itb I b t {I t r t l i o a kad t b t a d e c r t iM T ) b y a fixed u n o a a t luitS
Exc rd s e l
» p o si(iv « T j t i v ú o b l ú n e d t n m (b'c r e c o n io o « t U e n i t s t . T h e n i ñ e r , T jttw

irÜl r e m tia p o ilt iv c . VKite a C om puter p rogra m t o etlb n a te tb e fiaal tem p eratu re dnríag a
F or tb e c u e o í ú e a tro p ic t x f t a t h a t « «orn e ip e cifie d v o lu n e , V ¡ , tbe c o m p r e u io a or e x p ^ u l o a p r o c e u wíkii initial co n d itio a e k s o w a , u iiag tbe
« * A t b u i c in e tb o d o f i l t r t l i o n i c í a b e em ployed p í , b e ia g fixed b y l i í t e m e tb o d t d e tcrib e d in tbi> cb a p ter.

Pí = P J j^ jT (<-9)

T b u i, I b t c o m p a ta t io a o ( T ¡ w ill h elp l o o b tU n (b e v ila e o f t ls o .

 ) Cam pnm k» ¡ftlIloM E aílntt ÍT

)
COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINES Pto»««lBDC

)
CxuMtlng n i

Creakilnfl
5.1 Iníroducilon

In order to umolate the com preubs ¡ sqUíod (Cl) eogtne oa & digital com<
pater, Gnt of tU it tt n e cm v y to know the vtríoat proccuci o f thc CI engioe,
wtd iu workiBg príocíple u well u the nomencUinre u sociit«d with it. la
thLi ch»pt«r we wiil rcview brícSy tbe wofkiai principk of a fonr-itroke CI
eagine. F ig .S .l BatU fOwtr-dtftlofÍBf comfontnlt o / » CI tnfint

i! 5.2 Som e baste dcUiIs and nomenclature The cyllader ha* a imooth inrface *o that thc piitoa, with the aid o f pi*-
ton tingi aad i labricut, caá cRit< i ital todi (hU do |U u q tia p < bctwMS
•¡ U t IU fint deEiic a cycfc. A cfcle ii a complett leqoenc* of eríct» «tuiint
tbe piiton aad the cyCnder walb. The pbtoo ti eonaected to the craalahaft
M by meanj of a eonnectbig rod *o that the redprocaitag moiton Si converUd to
ftom ont itate and rctttnúiig to the lame (tat« ii^the unte «ray. For exunple,
) rotaiy tnotion by mtaaa of the coBoeeting rod and «raak auembly.
it may b« an intcnral or a períod of time occapíed by ene round or conne of
cvent* repeating in the Hjne order in a «trie», loth u the cycle o f feu on i, with Tbo pctition o f the workiag pliton aad the moving pane, whkh are inft-
ipring, lummer, anlumn aad winter foUowing ctch other and thea recnrring. dhanicaQy conneeted to the piitoa, at the moment when the dircction of iti
m otbn u revened at either o í the cnd polnta d the atroke, m called tbe dead

'i)
Similtrly, an IC tnjint cfcle i« a »eríet of eveat* that aa iotemal comhs**
tion engine undergoe* whSe it ij operating aad deliveríng power. Stace thcie
centre. There are two dead centre*, vii,, lop dead centre (TDC) aad bol-
kom dead centre (BDC). The limit of travel to which the p'utott can move,
eveoti occuT in a certaia xquence, they are MÍd to be tímed.
fíi A l already ttated, cor intereft lie* ia revicviag the worktng priacipte
u calJed TOO and the limit to «hich it more* in the oppoeite directloa ii
calkd BDC. For each revoloiba o f the craok<ha/l there ar* two droke* of
of a four-ilroke C l engine. The comprtuiaa ignítion cngine w u orífinalJy
K| the p'ttton, on« np and ose áotn, a n u n la f that the cylijidcr 1* la a verilea]
devetoped by Rndolf Diuel la Gtnnany in 1892. Moit o f the reciprocatisg
potitioa. In a foor-itroke CI engbt, on« cycle U compkled b> two revotationi
engine* operite on a foBMtroke five-event eyd«. There are foor itroket oí of thc oraakihaft.
the púton, two op and two down, for each engine operating cyck. The baiie
Figure S.l Olutratei the bore and itroke of the eagúe. The oomlntl
power-developing compoaeati of a typical Cl engine are ihown in Fig,5.1.
Inner diameter’of the cylinder ii caOed the k rt, tbat 1* deilgnated u B aad
They are:
i» cxprcMed la Rua. The nominál diitiace throagh which a working pittoo
(i) the cylinder, (iü) the connecting tod, movet between two aaccotlve rtvtn U i o f Iti directian of motioa ii caUed the
(ü) the piitOB, (iv) the craakihaft. itroU and it deiignated u S aad eicpreued ia mm.
iS CoapaUe SUaatillon olaEatlt* Ptoi Compntiíoa Ig ílth a E a ih u 39

As cogioe bavliig » bore eqaU lo tEe itroka ii o lUtd » «ajine. lí

tti< »troV« is lu í thu» iLt boce, U i» t«lled «a ovei^»<io»r« tagine »nd if U
ú mor» thea it ii csUed »Ji undtr-»<io»r« tníine. U c m b< m n th u , ia lh«
Egorc, tbt bore utd «trokc kre m vked u 100 mm.

c
(

fig .E .S Tep ané íottam ¿tai c«n<re (

Fig.C.3 JHulníün « / ton « n i t ln it

U u Ím|>ortiat to «m denlw d tbe po*itbn» o í T D C ind BDC, u thtu
potitwai of th« pifton V f OMd ia Mlting the ínjecliott » « well w vth e túningt
tad dtUrtmning Ib* vUvt ovuUp.
Top d«id c«a(rt a i y *1m ba dtSaed u the point when tbe pUtoa U a aad effideaey.of tbe eogiae. Piutber, ít coatrol» the maximam power thal
mtxiinan dUtutce from tbe ccotre Un* ot (be crutkibtft. Bottom dead ceatre
m iy tlio b< dtfiaed u tbe poíat wber« tbe ptitoa k ftt a mioimum d ú tu c e
from tb« ceatre liae o í tbe a u ü u W t . Pisare 5.3 Uliulr»tei tbe púlan potitioa
» ( top dckd eenlrc u d U bottom dead ceatre.
Diíflattm<nt «s/vine ii tbe aomiaal volame iwept by tbe workiag pliloa
wbea travelliag írom ose dead cc«lre to (be olber. It ú detigaaled ai Vu.^
and Bomally expreeied ia cc. It ii cakolited u tbe prodnct o f tbe piiton
area aad itroke.
Vdi.> " (6-1)
ComprcMioa ralio, r, ii tbe ralio of eylinder vokm e lo dearaace volame;
c
í
' - fe -
(
Compreuion ralio b aa importaal paraneter wbkh delermiau tbe type
(
can be devtloped by tbe eagiae, provided olheríattor» rexnaia the »»me. The
mudrauni power ia a e a « » wilh iacrea*e in compreaiba ralio, However, for CI
eagiae* tbe limit o f tbe compreiiioa ratio ii decidid by ili power to weigbl rallo
nace, witb iacreue ia compreuion tbe eagiaet bave to be iturdy. lacreaiiag
the comprtMioa ratlo of aa eagiae iacrtatej iU therroal efficieacy aad bw en
•pedfic (ael coaaoniplioa. It wiU be u ea that the eSciescy asd power oolpat
o f C í eagiae* aot oaly dependa opoa the compreuion ratio bul alio on a ralio
called tbe ca t-o í ratio (Ke Cbapler 6).

Cíunnc* lolutru ii tbe aoaiaal volune of tbe iptce above tbe putea 5.3
whea it ii U TD C. U ii deaifnaled u and expjrcwed la M.
CjlU itr ttiumt er tbe loUl 9ohnt is tbe ipace abcve tbe putoa wbea
Ike púloo ii i t BDC. U It datgaaied u V^e uid oiualiy e ^ r « ü « d in cc.
CyUndcr pressure Indicator dlagrim
A typical cyliader preuuw indicator diagraai ii jhown ia Fig.5.< for foU
c
load opératba oader ideal coaditioai. FVom Fig.S.4, the icdicated power caa
 ^0 CompatiT Simalithn o f CI Espine ProccMÉ CompntsloD !fiilíha EaglneM 41

be c ilc u la t d . The d U p u n ninrtr»U i tbe p rt«a r« _r«K dnriag the tom pre^ ncm ber o f cyliaden on op er^ ioa |ive* the work done by the catire engine,
«ion itrok í »ad com tiat prm nre daría* h e»! «ddilion. Further, ¡l »howí the per Krcoad, in W itU .
príMUm drop w ilb the expiniioa o f the c « « duriag the povfer itroke u weü Indicited power b then given by
u d oricg he»t rejecfion.
¡\^SAnK
Com putU ioM o í t le indicUed power ir » loniewhit «únplified bjr o iin j •F " (S.3)
«X » 0
»he a v e n je prewure i í t b j oq the píiton thniBghont the w o r k k í »troke, T hi.
»ver»ge preunre, ofUn o U td the n w ia effetlivt p r w o r t , tt Qormally obtun td whert A ' u-et of the pUton ia
frotn thú indic»lor d U p im . K nomber o f cyliaden
n » Btunber o f workiaf (troke* per miaute (rpm /2) per cylioder
fl* » ladieited m e u effecthre prtuur* ta N/m’
S = length o f the itrok* la m

5.5 Brake power

Br»ke power, ip, ii the M tuJ power delivered by an engine tt the e r»a b h iít.
It ii the dlfference between the indicited power, i>, ind the frietion power,
/p . FVictioa power is thtt pirt of the total power aeceutry lo overeome the
ftictb n o f the moving pirU ia the engine «Jid lu acce»»oríe*. The relitioajhip
between them m»y be exprttted u

»> - /p - ( 5.<)

It m»y tlio be ttU«d thU hp ti (hit pirt of ihe tolü power developed by
the engine which c ía be nied to perfortn work.
1
I,

í; 5.6 W ofklna principie

Id 1 four'itroke c y tk eofine, th i cytle o f o p cra tb a U com pitted tn four ttroke*

f! F l g .6.4 P rtn«re-»olum « {náiator ¿t’ajm m
o f (he p iitoa, tnch u lactioa , com p rtu ioa, ex p u u ion la d ex h isa t. £ ic h
•troke coQittt« o f one revolnlbn o f (he c r i n b h i f t or 180* o f crin k r o titíon
I!i »nd henee a c y d e c o n « il« o f 720* o í craink rotition.
The vtnotu tlrokei ire illutrated in Fig.5.5 ind (he com tponding idetl
•I 5.< In d Jc a td pow tr cycW p -V d iig r m it iliowa in Fig.5.8.

J’ i The working principie o f the engine ii deicribed below.

IndicUed power b defiaed u the t«tal p w er convertid by tbe engine from

«i he»t energy to mechwicil energy. It á tuniBy »bbrcviutd u «>. $.6.1 Suctbn itroke

i If the chtnclerótici of la engine u t knoirn, the indicited power riting

c»n be CMÍly tilcoUted. The tot»l forcé «cting on the pUton in e»ch cyliader
ll ti the product of tbe indkited mein effective preMure (K/ra’ ) uid «•«», Á,
of the pbton hetd in
ll
The prodact of the totul forcé u id the dtitifice through which it act» i?
I one íecond give» the wMk done per tetond. Thii product mntlipUed by ti
p e inction itroke ii repreaented by 0— 1 in Fig.5.6. It it u t j when the p'uton
b it TDC, ind ibout lo move downwtrdj. The blet vilve b in Ihe open
poíition lad (he exh iojl n lr e b b the cloied po*ition [Pig.5.5(»)]. Dnriag
Ihb Itroke, dae lo ihe lucking iclion of the pbton, lir from the ilmoaphere
i] driwn into the cylinder. At (be end of ihe luction itroke, the inlet vilve
cloiej.
 CooiprMiiaa 2{sillaa ¿cfiiiM 43
42 C om pou i SlmiíUtioB o f C¡ Eagla» Ptoctu4t
S.6.2 ComprosJon itroks
¡tltur
TKe compresaloo t(roke ú repretentcd by l->2 ia Fíg-5.6. The air tikea inlo
ihe cylmdcr doring the «action itroke, doog «riih tbe producU of comboition
o f the previooi eycle, u compreited bjr Ihe return «troke of the púUin l - » 2.
Durúig the comprtsiioD (troke, b«th ¡alet u d exhauiC valvet remain clo*ed
|Pt{.5.S(b)j. This ú r U compreued Uto the cleuance volume at the tud cí
the alroke. However, jo it beíore the esd o f the comprtuioa itrokc, the fací ú
injected with the help o f as bjeetor. Even though combiutioa onght to i t v t
únmediately, in actual engiaei, it itarts after a vtiy imall mterval of (¡me
called the deUy períod.

latekfnimdMn c

(a) SuctioB [b] Coinpres*b&

c
c
c
CtWtM ('

(
F lg.6.0 ¡dtal p-V dii¡rcm
•C

D urini the combualion p roceu , the chemicU energy o f the futí b rtleaacd
is t h ; f^nii of heat e a e r ^ , p rod ad og a temperatuje r iú e o f aboat 1800 K
and the p :t«aan wUl rcmain conitaat (rtpreieated by 2->3 in FIg.5.6).

(c) E x p a u io n (d)
S.( 3 Ejtpans^M tUoke

F ig.5.5 KaniM Uroka in C /(n ;t n (

T he expaniloa lUxjke á lepreM&tcd by 3 -»4 ia Fig.S.O. The bum ing gu«a
forcé the p iitos towaida bottom dtad centre. During tiiii «troke, botb inlet
and exhaust v)üvei rem ún closed [t«e F¡g.5.5(c]|. T h si, power ii o b tim c d only
during thii «troke. Both preíJiire and temperatnre d e c r e « e during expajuioa.

r
 « Computer SImdtlion c f Cí Entiat Peocetta Compnmh* IfaJlJoa E e fh t» áS

S.S.4 Exlutiit strolx

The cxliiiast ilrole ti rtpreitnlcd by <-*0 ín Fig.5.6. At tbe cnd oí « p u u io a

itrak«, tbc exhtiut n lre op«&i in d tbe b k t n tre remúat clos«<] |Fig.S.5(d)j.
The pbtcm i o o t c í from BDC to TDC tnd txptli the burnt { u u from the
cyiinder throDgla ike cx liu il vilve, Tke exh»n»t vilve cloaet tt th« tnd of the
exlaiut ilroke lad «orne rctidaU g u c i rcmún in the cyliader. In s maUicylia-
der englae, e « i cylindw of the four-«troke enjine completct the »bove foar
operttbiu ia two cngine rcvolutionj. Whcn ui engine exccotei (hese foor
»trok£«, doring the crwk rot»t!oa of 720* the preuiire virie* coiuidtribly.
The varialian of the pre*iure with rtjpect to crink »ngle (p-f) a iHiutrited
in Fig.$.7 for > CI cngíae workbg on an idcil Oietel cyde. One of the mún
iÜTU o í the eompater limaUtion ü to produce the virUtioa p -í, ind »ce bow
cióse we are to u actual etigine.

) FIg.5.8 Geomttri o¡ Ikt ncipncitinf pistón top n t

Ki.

,1^ of connecting rod i and compreailon ratlo r. The diipUcement yolome V^u,
i) iwept c o l ai (he pistón m o n i from BDC to TDC.
lí
Now,

h;
(5-«)

Sinec
ití

iii

tí we may write

III'
(5.9)
r -1

Ui: Flg.S.T p-i Jiagnm ofan iáeal Dicicl cfctt 1

Vuc - (S.7)
r -1
N-
With 6 denoting tbe angular diapUcement of the craak from BDC, tbe voIome
Pi:' / ( í ) at any cnudt aagte ii repftaenUd by
)
ti 5 .7 Engine kinematlcs
) j _ l-c o » » . L 1 / / 2¿ V
(5,8)
íí*
) Foor-itroke inteniai combuition «ngineí are corrently produced in two ccaBg-
tiratiou, reciprocating püton and rotary. k3l¿
Hi
)
The basic geometry of a reciprocating púton engbe is ihown in Fig.S.S. It <In2j
ñ ii dcKiibtd in term» of cyiinder bor« (diameter) B, length of itroke S, ¡englh
- tia í (5.9)
\
V^(2¿/S)’ - i i n » í
l'<l
)
ffi
i6 CoBpa tu SlfliBUÜM e l « E«fU « Ptottuim

DispUc(m<at voluroe ti u i importuit m tu a re o í eagiae dts’i fn u it U

din ctly rtU u d lo IbcorttUtl work oatput ta «a td<il «ngise cycle. NoU Ibkt
ia t i c »bovc exprtMWB, I « O when ih* pstoa b BDC d w io t tht i t u t oí
com prtuloa strolc.

Exexcise 6
Duivc (he cxpruiloai (S.6) u d (5.6) u d write » compnttr progrvn to calcu- CI ENGINE SIMULATION WITH
lu t u d prinl out Ikt vüue* oí V {t) u d V'[t\ kt u y crwlt u { l e #. Dtvelop
ikt profrun b lucli • «a y IkU It c u prút eul 720 viluei in «t«p« o í cu li
d c p t* t r u k u | U . Sulliblt headis|i »ucli u lactioo itrokc, campreutoa
AIR AS WORKING MEDIUM (
urak«, «U ., in»y »1m b« m idt (o príat U tppropríut p itea .
4
r
c
6.1 InU oduction

M u y work-productng dcvicc$, *.g. laUr&U com bution engúei, liway* ntil¡s«

ft gueoBS «OTkiBg finid. Mott ugiaecHag itndtBU ire funilúr wUh com pro-
tion ignition «ntomotive «agine* oied in tnidu, b u e i and loiríes. In the<e
engine* there ii a cliu g e b tÍ*conipo«itbaof the worldng fluid beu'aM du in g
com b u lb a , tbe reu C u t — «h id i it a fnel-air mixture — c h u g ^ iu con*
poútioo (o fona (he prodact of.CAffibaitbo. Combiuiioa take* pitee taiide
tb« fytttm , u d {oT t b » reuoa (hete e sg b e i trt ciUed b lera tl com boitbn
engbe<:

Stnce tbe working Soid doe« aol go tbroagb a themodyntmic. cycle in

tbe engine «ven tboagb (b« tagine opeitle* in a m ccbtaictl cycle, intcrnal
com biulioa engiaet opef»t« OB tbe (o-ctUed open cycle. Henee, Mimetijiict
Ibey u e ctUcd open Z/útel eyclc enfitui u d tre coounoaly nied b aalomo-
bUet. Cosiptrtd to SI engbei, CI engmet tr« more clfieieAt dae to a btgber
tomprcuion ratio u d co n ftu t pretisrc beat iddition.
In order to antlyM intenitl com bu tbn «agines, il i> advuttgeoui to
deviw cíoted cyde* tbat approximtte op^n cycle*. One incb tpproacb i* tdetl
I
cycle (jjnnlttion (IC3] witb air a* tbe workbg mediitm. Ideal cycle limalatioa
ií
i< bated on tbe foUonrbg aunmptiou;

(i) The working finid throngbont the cycle is a fixed m au o í air.

(ii) Tbe worLisg mediara ti unuoed to be u ideal gaj.
(iü) Tbere ii no btak« or exbaut proceu.
(iv}-Tbe com biu tbs'procM ii repUced by a beat addilion prx>ceu b-om u
. extemal lonrte.
(r) Tbe beat addition takei pUce at conitant preuore.
il.
 L

>
49 Caapattr SImalilha ofC Í Ettfbit Pcocet*Ci CIÉagÍBt SlmaUtloa wltk Air u WarUs} MtdJam 49
)
(vi) Tbc cjrcle U compl<t«i by hctt rtjcclkin to Ihe tajToaatllAgi <.t cosiUst (proccu 2->3), hett (dditioa b «tu ted whea the p atos ¡s U tbc TDC. B cctoie
) Yolame (ta eontrut Co (&e exiitoit uid tnttle procct*« of <lie «d e tl oí ktU addition, the tempcrttnrt ri«* . Ptocím 3 -» i rtprei«at« úentropic
ezpuuion u thc patoa movei {iont T D C to BDC; la d pctKtu 4 - « l rtprcM sti
) engine).
iaittatueoQ i h » t rcjectloa »t cooitaat prtuarc wbcn tbe púloB u i t BDC.
(vü) AU proct*K« »Tí ¡nterniUy revtrtibk.
) (vüi) Thert u no htU truufer U> (be luiroBDdínp.
(ix) Tbcrc á no frkCton invotved. . 6.3 SImulalíon w íth alr as Ihe workino me<lium
)
(x) Tlie workúig rscdium h u conttuit ipcdfic btaU (C , uid C ,).

Oar iatercft b tbit limaUtioa b (o ctlc«t*t« p,V uxd T tt poiati 1 to 4

6,2 Ideal Diesel cyde (Fi(.fl.I), u d kIm tbe work ontpat tad tbtnn»] «fficMncr. A u a m b f » «ait
q a u tit)' o f alr, wt kive
He»t iddtd, a ^ » ( 7 j - Tj)i
The m ü i idc» of C1 engloe liravUlion oiing idetl Dietel cyck U to ea»t>le
Ibe reíder to qu»l¡t»tively *x»jnm« th« ínButac» of ilit di^crent w ú b le i
H cít rtjíctíd, ?, a C , ( r 4 - T i).
OD ilj pcrfonnucc, Th< retolli obtuaed from ideil cycle úmnluion, lacb
M p ie u v tt, temp«r*turei, (fficieBcy uid meui eSectivc prHinrt, víU difer a Tberefore, tbe act work oatput per unit qaiattty oí ilr ú
jr tU detl from tboíe p«rtüain( lo iht K to il esgmt. T h etm pliu íj, thertfore,
.) ¡9 co r c«iuidention of tht liiniiUtion of ut idcil cyck wiU be prinuríljr on - c,(r,-r,)-c,(r«-r,).
tbe quklilativa upecti. T b o j the tbermil ctSckacy f)n, b
)
Figure B.l ¡U ajtrilu «o ideil D iexi cyck on {l« p-V d iijrim .
) y .-ir
>Itk
lí t.
I
n

1
í; Coiuideríng tbe prvccn 1—í

(6. 1)
Coiuiderínf tbe co a itu t prcunre proceu 2-«3, wc btve

V,
íi
Ti Ti
íí'
T,
F lg .e .l p-V Jiúfnm o/oB i¿eil l}üiel cfcU
t! Ti

Iti r, -r ,r .
( « 2)
1 We will wiiune » co m p r«u b n n tio (r) of i6;l, i c u t - o ín t io lr t = Vj/Vj)
U; oí i in d &iptcific ht»t r»lio (k) oí 1.4. ).w e hkve
luntiapic compmtioa o f úr occnn bctwmi 1 u d 2 (ri{[.0.1) «a thc
MÍ püCoo n ovel {rom BDC to TDC. KeU ts tbcn kdded tt c o u lu it proiitrc T, = riri-»' (8.S)
l|Í

Mi
 (

(
(O Ccwpaiu Slat¡iUoB oí Cí Eailat FnctutM d i Et/U* SlaaUtka wítli AJj- u WorklBf Mtdita SI
(
■ CoBiidcnBf the procta S->4, w« Kkvc

,h -» )
(
(«.<)

b->»
-

(6.5)

Rom <qi.(e.S) u »i (flJ), we k»v«

c
(
T, - r ,r < » -‘ í r . { ^ ) TirJ
(

(
iD U td .
FlS.6.3 EJeel o¡ comprti${o% ratio c » i ntú> on tffitUiUf (
1- -
c
r b - '» r , - r < T ‘ I 6.4 DevIsUon between sclu tl and Idut qtde
c
1 [ r ;-l 1
. 1- Some of (be moi( importuU wtyi b wbicb (be «cla*i cyd e compreaioB igú- {
(ioB eogiae deviitei (rom tbe idetl cycle irt u foUowt:

vrktr* r b th« comprtwtoo r»lio u d r. ii tbe cut-off rUio, ftvcü by. (i) Tbe working medi(.m ú not tir u d tbe ipecific ke4(4 o f tbo ictna] guKj
iscrtu e witb tempentBN.
c
Va (ü) Tbe combBition proceu repUcej (be beit tn n ifer process U bigb tem-
pentores u d (be combDition cu y b« bcompIe(e. c'
(üi) Eicb mecbuiictl eycle of tbe engine iavolvei an inlet u d exkust proceu
c
u d , due to tbe preuore drop tb roo^ tbe ralvet, k MrtuB u aou it of
Figur« 0.2 «baws (kc eff«c( o í r oa the cScieocy for variou cu (-o7 ratíof.
Work is reqoired (o cbtfge (be cyimder wilb (ael>ur mixture u d alio to
The importUkt poUt to bou b tb u (be cfficicBcy oí tb* ideti Dieael cycU L
dríve out (be product* o f combutioa.
Í> ft fanetion s o l only o f tbt camprtuíoo raiio baC'tUo o5 (be cuC-off rsiio.
(iv} T b e » will be considerable beat traaifer betweea. tbe gases is tbe eyüc<icr (
Bven (boagb «S cu a cy u cr«M «« witb (be c o m p r c u io i'n (io t( dtcreue* « i(b
aad tbe cylioder wiUi.
M iocrtue Is (be c i( ^ ff ri(io. T bú ú dae (o (he ÍK t (b it (be exp«nik>a
n (io dccrcAM* wUb u iacreue in (be CQ(-aH n (io . I( is »lio (m e o í u (v] Tbere will be iirevenibilitiei isiocUted witb tbe prcM on aad (empera-
tsre gradieat.
»c(aal com preuioB ignUioB eB(ine (bU (be e&cieficy t u be ÍB creued by
¡acrtu iog (be compreuíoD n t i o . Tbe írend (o w u d i bi{bercampret>ion n (t0 3 Tbai, we lee tbat (be timnlUnn o f CI tbgise procesKs tbroagb u Ueal (
is promp(«d by (be effoit (o ob(«in bigbei (bermil cScjeacy. Uowever, in (be cycle wO.gire tbe bigbest preatnrc u d Umperatore valué* wbícb ir« rery

c
»c(u*I cagiae th u t k la ¡bou m i íb wei(h( of (be e n ^ e u tbe corapretttoo differeat írom (bose (or (b« u to a l u gint. “Ib move a at«p cloati (o aa actual
n (io is U creued. Tbertfore, (be mudmum com pm iioB rUio (bat ctn be esgiae, let us iscoiporate (be Gnt two pciat* in o&r analysls. Tbis ualytts ú
ui<d is fixed from (b« poía( o í op(imum weigb( to powtr rUio. retened to u simolalton o f CI «Agine p rocm tl tuiug fsel-air mixtare a j tbe
worlüftg median. Before tbat wt will wock eat a «iaiple «xanple. Tbe reader c
is adTÓed to wñte a compater program for tbii worked-oat cximple «o tbat
tbe resalís c u be cbecke<L c
(
(

c
 63 Cofljpatv SinuJílfan o / CI E a tk » Ptoctatt* CI E a th $ S ia iU tlct frllh A lt u W orkhf M<xi¡sm ít

6.5 Solved «a m p ie 2j “ r ,x T t

m‘ 4 x0 0 9 .4 = 3M 7.6K,
T le compttMioa ru io for in tdcil Die*tl cyrie b 16. At th« bífíaning of Ihe
comprtnion ftrole Ihc pre*»nr« ú I »tni ind tli« ttraptrittire 300 K. The V, = Te X Vj = 4 X 3«.9
cnt-off ritió M i. Determine
(i) p,V,T T»loe» al Ihe end oí í i c i p r o « « oí the cycle, = 147.8 cc.

(üj tbe thermal eSctency, u d A l potnt'4 (ead o( txpuuloB);

H the meui «fectlve preñare.
Tkke tbe bore (B ) u 80 mm, u d «troke (5 ) of tbe ejigine u 110 mm;
tbe ritSo of ipecific bett» for »ir ii 1.4, Cp ii 1.0W kJ/kg K ind C, ú
0.717 kJ/kj IC We b»v«
l .«
í X B’ X S
- “- ( I S )
í X «(J’ X 110 X 10"’ 7 tlm»

)
i. IS2.9 « ,

r
VUc X Vdup
1
la X 552.9
1 8 -1 = 2090.1 K,
)
f = 5Í9.Í te,
) V, m Vk,, . Í N .I t t .
t
V|d5 = UmIj — Vjup A iia m iof aait m tu o( »Ir

= S0.9CC. expuuion work, ÍVop - C,(r,-T«)

Now p, V, T vUnet U poiat l (before compre*iton) ire:
= 0.717 X (3M7.6 - 2090.1)
r. pi = 1 »tm; Tj = 500 K; Vj ■= Vmc = 6B9.8 cc.
fr) At pciot 2 (tt the end of comprtttion):
= 1109.6 kJ/k|,

combtülion work, = / { x (Tj - Tj)

Pi Pir* 1 X 16'* = '48.5 atm,

=■ 0.287 X (3637.6 - 909.4)

3a
8/ » 783 kJ/kg
300 X 1 6 ('< -‘ > 909.4 K,
J? compretílon work, V T ,„p = C .[T, - T|)
Vj = Vio, = S6.9CC.
K At polnt 3 {it the end of beii Iruuítr); - 0.717 X (909.4 - 300)
1
f>3 c3 pj = 45,5 tttn, o 436.939 kJ/k|,
«!
t
M C ea p a ltr SlatUÜoM o t Ct Pr

H tU »ad.<!, B m - C ,(T , - r , )

L 0 0 4 x (J « 7 .« -« (» .i)

17S9.1 kJ/ki,

Thtrtíoi»,

aci *n>fk doa«, K^tnp +

1109.6 + 7ÍJ~4M J>

CI ENGINE SIMULÁTION WITH (
1455.7 kJ/kj,
ADIABATIG COMBUSTION (

tltcmiAl «fficUncy
ty ..i (
lÍM

U5S.7
r
J7J9.1 (
7.1 introductlon
c
m t u tffecüv* prtMwrt o . flS L íL ÍÍ)
\ V iu J \ ItT x J \ 101305 J
k tbe Lut e h ^ U r we discuutd CI esgíne lúnoUtbn wilb atr u Ike work- C
14S8.7 101S2S X 6Í9.8 X 10“ * 10» X itf* in{ mediun. la (hit cbipter we will coiuider fa«l*tir mixtuM u the workioi
X — — — X
101S25 ( ,•
SS2.9 2S7X300 median and abo iaclcde Ihe iotikt proceM witli iom « üaplityiai aaamp- ♦
tb o«. F^uther, we wiO iacorporate tk« cooitant-prcaaore adiibatic cambti>-
» I B .» b u . tbn ca le o litb u , ia order to ibialat« tbe com butíon proceu. We wiü csU
tbis analyiU fnel-air cycle limoJatba (FCS). C
ffotr, la (U« « z u ip it , tk< cat>off n tlo ¡f tmamúd w 4 which ú • iiUla too Fignre 7.1 illutrate* a typical cyde, ibowiog all tbe proceuet, iaclsdiag
U t(c. Hidm, th« «SciicBcy i( ooly SS.lX. NonnkUr, U wül b « b«hrM a 2 u d tbe iatake and exbaut etroke. It ibottld be ooted tbat, ¡a tbii ■imnlatbn, tbe
S. TliSi QliutraU* tkU Ihf cal-oS r U b b ako » decidkf ftclor in a Dictcl
tatake proce** b ratbef bit ovtMlsipli&ed. We will coatider tbe iatake acd
cycla. ( ^
tx b a u t procéis ia |rtat«r detaü ia Cbipter S.

Exercise 7.2 Engine details

WríK » profrun to ilmaltU CI eaglat proccuc* u b | u ideal I>ies«l cycle.

C «a cn t« tki rM)iür«l daU »t <wh dtgre« c r u k u g k tu d n w tb« p -f *ad
p-V du(Tun<. P m t'o a t Ikt «fficUncy u a üuicUoa c í Ikc «om prm ioa rtlto
u d cut-off n t b .
Tbe limaUtioo tbat foUow* ia tbis cbapter and ia tbe rcit oí tbe book wiü ex­
imio c tbe performance cbaracteiistia of a piiton-cjrliader eagine. Tbe detaili
of tbe eagioe oader coaaldexatuo for tbe limutatbo are givea ¡a Tabl« 7.1.
Tbe maia aim of tbe limuUtioa uiing adiabatic co m b u lb a ealcnlaüoa*
ii to evaloate Ibe p«wcr eatpat asd tbem al eSciency lor a pvea eagine
ipe«d, ambieot air t e m p l a r e , (ael «sd (nel-air ra tb . la tbii cbapter we wiD
ilmulate CI engine íor natvaliy upirated and inpcnliarged co a d itb u . It
ii boped tbat tbli wiQ m ü e tbe reader sodentaad and appreclate tbe effect
of intake ptocesi aad aii^fsel riiio on engine períotmaace, wbicb were nol
indaded in tbe ideal cycie aimalation.

r
■í

i
S6Cemp iil « SímoUIfoo of CT Eaf be Pracetttt C ¡ Enflat SlwaUtloa irltk Ad/t&il/c Combiulha 5T

L«C Tt u n b ic n l u r U m p e r a ls re u id
= ia lil* m ui/bld tem pcritut;
Tkert wiD be no Umpcratara drop ú Iht icttlu m u ifold u lliii foci U
úij<ct«<! taU> tht tylinder, Thtrefore,

T„ r .. (7.1)

Lh « i > o» ikEnt ccrtaía temu thit are lutd qoilc o fu a in th« limaUtion.
Nao Iflomolt» oí »ir pío» fuel viponr ia a m u tg n coatiiaiag
1 kmol of fnd.
Npt küomolcj oí prodscU formtd from Ibe com butioa o f ffgto-
küomolct of ú r tUen In dariot tactioa.
kQomoIo of fucl iiijKttd.
tfx küamolet of retidokl u h ttu l from tk« previooi cycU lo tbe
cBfíae darías tba com pm iioa itroke.
ffp kilomolci oí prodocU formed from ibe comboition of N, + Ni-i- Nt.
ipocific b«U of tir.
C ,f iptcifie b«it o í íuel.
A/F ili^foe] rttio.

7J.1 iMfltropk compftulon procai l -*2

Ftg.T.l Diticl t fc lc al tuiiunlly aipiraltá eowíiltsn

U l M tonada tbe «ajíae cyele (rij.7.1) » a í itirt from poiat l. InilUUy,

we h»ve to « w in e tbe vilnet oí N, u d Ti, bolh depead'mg on tbe prtviooi
Tkbla r . l Dttalbolthtciitiattortiinslaüoii cycle, wbkb !n tora, dependí oa tbe cyde before tb it, wid to on. To iltrt
withi let iti uiam e
B Bore 80.0 Eun
S Stroke 110.0 mm //, = 0 tad r jB r ,, (7.2)
L Conaectiai rod lengtb 2J0.0 mm
T Compreuioa ritió ie .5 P iV ^
(7.J)
DkpUcemeat voldine 552.9 cc RTy •
Kiup
Vkí. Volttiae i t TDC 35.7 te
Voloine U BDC 68S.( ce Al tbe bejianún o f tbe comprt$iJon proee*$, there m mole* of
Vuc
tbe workiaf Raid.
Let Cf, be tbe cou lint-preu urt beU e»p»c¡ty (kJ/kmol K} for tht re-
7 .3 N ítu ra lly asplrated operalion
ICtMt ff^ + A ,.
Tbea tbe polytroplc índex for compresjíon [k <= C,/C,) cu i be wrUlea
M ix im u m p ow cr o f th c c o m p r íM io a -ifn ilb u « a f i n í w M b t o b tú n e d w litii it
U n a U fall lotd md tW» condilion, *n hivt,

1 Um{My) (7.4)
Pi Pi P. imbitnt preMUrt (C p c -/i)

V, Vwc wbere iJ = Í.3U (k j k m ol"' K "*). Siace we kaow Ti u wtU u r, we je l

 ( )

■ (

CI Eefüit Süoahtha niti ÁdUbttíc CoabasUoD 60

68 Conpo<«/SIfl>o]iUan«rCTS»/ia»Ffo«»*«

(7.5) We bive
r. = T ir ^ -‘ .
íf» .- = 1+ 0 9 7 (7.1J)
(7.6)
pi = Pit^'i
= 17 + 3.70 y , füC 10.5 < y < 15.5
Vi = Vtd.. (7.7)
(7.14)
= 4JS + 4 . 7 6 r , ío r Y ¿ l6 .S
7JJ AdUbatk combuitloa ^ocew 2->3
* From Tibie 2.3 in Cliipter 2, tbe valué of ¿Trp c u be oblained, whicb ii
Lcl iii u ium e tbU tha com bution pUc« uliibatic&Uy «J>d c o n itu l do»« to -6,796,000 kJ/kfflot o í C io H » v»poiii.
preuore. Sínct I h m is ao beU (ruuíer, tke cncrgy e<}a»tioa cta b« wrítUa Han tbe aote nnmbera and tbe vake of Qp r«q<urcd ia eq.(7. l l ) caji be
u wrítUa ai follGwa: (

cntlialpy of til* R K ( u t <3 iatlit){>]r of tbe prodact,Le. 1015 < y < 15.5 (
y > 15.5

A r i= 2 (lS J -y )5 , /f} = o f
a ,[T ,] + B ,{ ,T ,) = F p ( r ,) ( 7J )
^'a = 105/
« k « 4:c ti>« laffixt* r, f and p dcaoU Ike moles o í nactanU, fael *ad
/Í2 = ( 2 y - 21)5',
(7.1S) r
JVj = U S / fíi = U S/
t]i« prodacti o f coabottioii. A i-«3 .7 6 y S y Ar« = 3 .7 6 y j/ .(
Tka (ola lk a o í c^.(7.S) wiU k« Ukta np akortljr. By aolvútg e<i.(7Jl) wt
^■* = 0 = ( y -1 5 .5 ) 5 /
will gtt th* n l j* o í r » . S'uM, tht prout* b tt eoatitat pnuBre, wt cv¡
WTÍU ;!(
“ (ffn * -rífco x 2 3 2 ÍC O )j^
(7.6) ÍTi
P» = fí.
wbere H
i
Km wIb( pt and T j, «r« c u « afci UU
(7-3*} j(

y» (7.10)
" -“( B Tbe valse al Y ñxu Nmo and <Vp, by eqi.(7.1S) and (7.U ), reipectivetjL (
Tbe ca le factor, 5 / , redacta tbe Buk.som baa to a proper alie to £t tbe
No«r k ( u coulder lh« com bu lioa proceu 3 -«3 ia d«laiL For a (ciutant' engint, once /f » and JV, ir t known, or anomed in tbe caae of N^, for tbe £ n t
pmsura tdiabadc com b u tb oj w« cas writa {rtíer lo eq.(3.43}] cycle.
By aabstiloting tbeae valué* o f Ni» ia e<i.(7.1i} and evalnatiog hit oilai
(7.11) tbe tbem odysaim c fancttoa givea ¡a Appendk C and wtviog e<{.(7.11}, by
<j, -
mean» o f tbe metbod already explaincd in Cbapler 3, tbe adiabatic fiame
Equation (7. 11) caa b< convesÍMtly aotvtd o i k g tbe Niwtoa-Rapluoa temperatsre, 7 ), can be «aktdaied. Vj can tben be evaluated uiing e<{.(7. 10). (,
iltfUioB tcdiB¡qa«, oact w« kitow U>« valau oí tbe product gw mote niunl>cn,
Uf bi •q.(7.11). W* wiO «valaal* IhtM mok aom ben in U nni o f tbe actsal 7JJ iMJitroplc e;ipanilc« proce» 3-<4 (
valoe* h r U i «apaa aadar coajIdcxaUoo.
(
?or CI tn fia u aornally dleiel, C ie H », i* tbt fue) iu«d. Ecnc*, Iho Having caleulited tbe valueí o í T j,p : and V-, we caa now proceed to
v it ie u prodocU moUi trt mI u cjjcu lu e tbe vahea c t Ti and pt doring ihe expwuioii pioceM 3-»4. Kow, (

• N ,-C O ; N t-C O t; AT* = K ,; » O ,.

(7.17)

L ilY Kprtwal molu o í O j per mole oí CtoH j], thea the reactanl foel-air c .
mixture i* (7.18)
(
C ,oH n + Y O ,+ 3 .7 f l Y N j (7.12)
(■

(,

c
 60 C ojaps(«5im a]ilíon o f Cl Eattn» Proctttt» Cl Eafíat Slmalttha wUb Acffibilfc Oombattha 01

where

Cpp (7.19)
{C ,p -lí)'

Vbdc. (7.20)

7J.4 EAb«t»( »nd bulte ptoceuti l-»5 iml 5 -»l

Al point 4, we uinme »h»l the exiu iit y»Ne opea» m d lfc« presiure dropi lo
unbient, uid IhU the t«mper»turt oí th« exbtiut dropi to

r. = r . ( y (7.Í1)

A l «te pbton move» from BDC to TDC, mo«t of the exh iojl ju e » we
piuhed oot, »iid whit reraiint in the tngíne »t TDC ú

N. (7.22)
JlTt
T ig.T .l Intake i l n lt ia púton-tfUnétT iñfint
The cxh(U«t n lvc now cV»e< aad the intake ntve opent. The ptitoo
r
more» lUrwJy lo BDC pooition, dnriB j which time / / , mole* of *ir »re dr»wn
fe into the workiog tpice; »fter múdng wilh Jfx, the rttdtiag lemptrUnre will and by gronpbg the U and pV Um u, we p t
be T|. Note (h tl ff, i$ not given bjr e<i.(7J). í f , and Ti are lo b« foand
by antlytmg the mtike proceu ihown in Fig.7.2 u d Mtting np the energy
N,h^{Tt) + W .A .(r.) - N,¡i^{Tt] + / / . / » . ( r , ) . im
e<ioition.
Let u( u jom e thit the air that «rili be drawn tato the engioe doríiig.the
Repbcing enthalpy termi by prodncU and ootiog thit
itttake ilroke ttJlially occnplei i voJwne V, 5n tbe iatake manifoM, A control
%■
masi ú placed aroand + fíx, as ihcrwn in Fi(.7.2. The imtial eserfy in the
PiV'bd.
control m u s a ff. — Nn, (7.29)
RT,
/ / . S ( l 6) + ^ . « . ( r . ) (7.23)

A» the pistón movts throogh the length of the ttrole, an unount of Work the energy eqnalioa reduce» to
eqaa] lo
(7.2<)
(7.S0)
will be done by the gue* in the working.ipace, whUe work amoonting lo

l' p.V ; (7.2S) where ia the conitant-preamr* heal capadty oí air b k l kmol'* K * ‘ .
Bqnatioa (7.30) cas be lotvcd fot Ti. However, ií the düfertnce betweeo
ii done on the control masa by the air behínd N^. Al BDC, the energy in the
Cpf and Cp, it igsored, eq.(7.30) rtdgcet le
control mau ti
w * « p (r ,)+ //.« .(r ,) (7.26)
rT,
(7.S1)
Now w« can combine e<]i.(7.23) to (7.26) to fonn the energy e<iuation u r - i + ( r ./r » ) -

w ,u p (rj) + ;v .u .(r .) - p,(Kbd. - v u « ) + p ,v . To retnni to the ehain oí eaJculatlou, wilh the new valué» íor T| (e<i.(741)|,
N, (.q.(7.2S)| and N , h.(7.22)|, a new vilne for C^, U cakulated and the
= ^ « u p {r ,)+ J V .u .(r i) (7.27) computation» procetd throngh a «econd cycle beglaning with the compreaiion
 c

,(

(
6 3 C o m p o U r S ia a U lh a o í C t E e f h it P t o c t M t
Ci £agln« £IiDiiUtioa wHh AdUbtth Combait¡oa OS
(
itroke (iq.(7J}|. A lhir4 cyclc c u foUow th« *«x>nd tjid to oa. The costpalk- fVom cqt.(7.22) u d (7.29), it folkwi th u
üoat u t to b« halud w b u »accc«*>ye cy clo prodnce Umcat tbc u m e vtlac*. (
G tatrilly , ib t c o n v triw c * b ^oilc n p k l.
Tibl* 7.3 fivcs lh« rottb* ai Uii com pntuioa (wtlh (cmr decimai kcca- l á K = ^ --r h (
ncjrl] for thc cogin* dt*cjib«<i In TlbU 7.1 in tbc sU a n lly u p in U d conditíoa
T te tbcrmd «fScicncy, ó c«kaU ud {rom
u d n u o la i «1 ISOO rpta. (

X ib U r.S SlmaUUon wlth tdUbttlc combsttkiA Vih = (7.36) (■

A» ■
l o p a t coodlU ooJ uxd p r e d lctcd rcsulU
ChcmicAUy co m ct mixture Tbe m e u cScctive preuurt, pati, » dcEaed u ihc bfpotbetical prtunrc
FttU load optntion
Sp««d ISOO rpm wUcb, if u t u g tbrougbout tbe power itrokc, would proiuce tbe «JcalU cd (
ÍVid C ioU n wcrk of tbut itrokt, le.
r. MOK pj l Um
f
FViction u d heU truuícr oc|kcted r ia.5
(7J7) (
VarUble* Cycle 1 Cycle 2 Cycle 3

T, K 300.0000 31U 110 314.8340

•o that
r
Tt K 91S.22S1 9S9.8059 960.0320 H'.
2SS3.eSM 2897.3770 2897.6672 Pmrf “ (7J8) (
r* K Vaup
T« K 1M2.M24 1951.2449 19*1.3900
Anotber w»y of «xtm lninj tbe ratio oí net Work (or power) to diipUce-
r» K 1340.0672 1347.SBS4 1347.9858 mtnt volujne ñ to itart witb
fa atin S0.3374 S0.3057 50.3139
Pi atm S0.3374 50.3057 50.3139 W'mji + lícomb ~ ^nm p, im
7.0310 7.1860 ■ 7.1861
Pi atm t
u 3.38S7 3.4463 3.4464 whicb c u be wnttea u
tr 1.3979 1.3977 1.3977 <
K 1.242« 1.2427 1.2427 » ' « t = « p (up(T,) - up(T4)} + N,R (T, - T ,) - N, (u ,(T ,) - u ,(T i)} (7.40)
0.9804 . 0.9853 0.9858 (
P l k W l U.S01S 11.5327 11.7227 wbu-e ¡fp »nd N, denote tbe mole» of piodncti &nd reactut*, reipectívety.
lara] 16.4239 16.4681 16.7393 Now (
P l m i l 1

I»| 43.3490 45.4710 46.2199

V . k <í, - ~ .í V l^ - — V.diip' (
RTi r -1
Heoce,

7.4 Wark output and elfidency calculttloas

Vdup \ r -lR T j
. H triag u lcolU «d p ,V ,T valnti «t tbi (alient poinU ta (b« cycle, we c u now
* ctkalaU tbc work outpat u d cScieocy oí tbc cycle. ^ {Up(r,) - up(T«)) - {«.(T j) - u ,( r ,) } + y , R ( r , - r^) (7.41)

Nel work ooiput o(- tb« cycle

In Tibie 7.3, calcuUttona w t ahowa íor > SS3 cc diaplacemeat voloine
M'iwl = H'.XJ + “ Wtompi (7.32) eapae. The mcstMO of dúplMemest volunie b u no rneulog, or rtiber l i d j
no m eum g. AU 16.5 comprenioo n tio engiuej wtil exhibil the valuu ibown
w. í'pírO-í^píU (7J3) in Tkble 7.2. Por tbat matter, 2Íl 16.5 campreuion n tia engmei operxting
on cbeoúcally correct diei«l-uf mixture wül produce 21.21 kW/litre niining
w.tcmp ( / /. + W p , - J ? ) { r a - r , ) . (7.3Í) al ISOO rpm (mder nalurally upirated cosdition « ít b 30C K intake manlfold L

r
 M Compattr Slmttltiha o( CI EniUit Procttttt CI S lm títih i irlU A dU btIk Cbmbiutha OS

T^blc T.s EffKt cl r oa m io o j tu fln i p in s itU n T a b lt T.4 E ícct oí «tifriU aca rallo oo rv io a t lafU* paruDiUn
(re«iltJ Iroia tli* conruted cycU) ir fU c tlo f Ibt tÍ K t o( (it l raporUatloa
(rMolU íma Iht caanrftd cyclt)
Input eon dlU on j ta d p w d lcted rerolU
Input con d ltiom and p rcdIcU d rem ita
FVU Jo»d opentioa CkemÍHUy «arect mixlore
F\iel C ioH u Spe«d 1500 rpm Fall toad operation Chemicaily correct miatare
i \
r, SOOK
FViclioa »J>d Ji«»l truufer ncglected
Pj l»tm Puel
r«
C ioH n
300 K
Speed
pt
1500 rpm
1 atm
n. 15.5 r 16.5
r 12.0000 14.0000 16.5000 18.0000 M.OOOO fHctioo and heat trassfer aejkcted

I, Tt K1 321.12&8 317.7575 314.S340 313.4828 512.0170

960.0320 989.7369 1027.4467 Y „/Y 1.0000 0.8860 0.7950 0.7210 0.6600
T, K1 M2.0258 907.3971
í i Ti 28I2.58S4 2B52.2996 2397.6672 2923.W0Í 2955.3616 /í a f 1.0000 i.1290 1.2508 1.3870
í :
Ti ¡SI
Ti ;k i
2127.7612
im .l4 8 3
2054.3193
1386.5930
1981.3900
1347.9358
1944.9009
1328.5470
1902.8473
1306.0485
y
Ti K
15.5000
314.8340
17.5000
314.4977
19JOOO 21.5000
1.5160
23.5000
314.1844 313.8915 313.6172
52.2125 39.9750 50.3139 56.8301 6S.85M
i: Pi itm] Ti K 960.0320 959.5187 959j0402 958.5934 958.1749
Í2.2125 39.9750 50.3139 S6.Í301 65A584
1 ?i itm j T» K 2897.6672 2731.2021 2593Í796 2477.8313 2379.0757
'.7 .7 «7 7.4540 7.1881 7.0476 6.8885
Pt «tmj r. K 1981.3900 1821.6040 169U729 1584.4867 1494.1532
'3.8U2 3.6294 3.4464 3.3S49 3.2490
) fe 3» K 1347.9858 1253.3303 1176.2166 1112.1477 1058.0471
1.3974 1.3976 1J977 1.3978 1.3978
í-i K Pt atm 50.3139 50.3408 60J658 50.3894 514114
1.2Í34 1.2431 1.2427 1.2425 1.2423
Pi atm 50.3139 50.3408 50J658 50.3894 50.4114
H N J [ N , + N ,} 0.M 12 0.9836 0.9858 0.9869 0.9981
Pi atm 7.1861 6.5610 6.0609 5.6518 5J1ID
PlkW ) 10.2394 10.9807 n.7227 12.0982 12.5400
u 3.4464 3.2243 3.0438 2.8941 2.7679
M.6213 15.6799 16.7393 17.2755 17.9065
Pto.f [»»ml k. 1.39n 1.3979 1.3981 1.3982 1J9Í4
-í.h \%\ 39.3949 4^7958 46.3199 47.9S6Í 50.0008
1.2427 1.2481 1.2521 1.2569 1.2605
íí
0.9658 0.9848 0.983Í 0.9829 0.S820
P (k W j 11.7227 10.8348 10.0870 9.5004 8.9375
1 ««mptnture »nd with = 3.44. Howí w , H Buy b« noted th»t die»*l tniinei
Plm.f I«tm| 16.7393 15.4715 14.4036 13.5661 12.7623
f nonnilíy^ open t« oa lein mixtorc* »nd rtrtly oa chemktJly correct m xtam .
1%1 46.2199 48.2299 50.0316 51.9543 53.4217
Tht-importuit ftUarc fti eq.(7.41) ii the í « t »b»t Ihe coraprewton ntio,
í:: p rtn o re , tm p e r ^ u rc imd mole n t i o quintitin t1i»t a p p tir oa the rigKt-kud
(ide «re iateiuivc p arancten; that U, the ilie of the eogine doet oot mflDcnce
II is «ten thal Ihe peak ttniptraturt and powtr art prodaced by the
M them.
chemIcaUy correct mixtorc. The thcrmal tIEciency tends to {aerease with the
Alío, e<j.(7.4l) dotí not indícate how net wbrk or power mnltiplwd bjr Icaner mixtore «h ile the power ttnds lo decrtaac wilh (he leaner mixtnre.
í 'i
half th« rpm, chiaget u r, pi or Ti ir« chaiged. To examine thete elTecti,
the cyck cakulatioQi moit b« urried thraofh. Table 7.3 Kveali the cíect oí
í\
eompreoion ratio oa eofine performance. Af the comprenioa rstio iocreues,
7.5 Supercharged opefsUon
the amoDst of rttidna] exhaaxt gas b the cku-ascc volnme o f the engiae de-
creaset, as doei 7í, the cylinder temperatore, at the itart of compreuioa.
ri These two faetón combine to produce as iscreaie in pewer and thennal effi-
Diesel engines are somially lapercharfed in order to iacreue the power out-
ciency as the compression rallo increaset. It may alio be noted that with the
pat. This is achieved by inslaUini a comprcaior ia iht inltke lyiltm , ihtreby
Vi iucrease in comprtsiion ratio, the cut-o9 ralio demases due to mcreaie in Tj.
iocrtasing the density of air at the start of the compretiioQ slroke. Usnally,
Tabte 7.4 iltoitnUs the inSucoce « f eqaivilence ratio on the op^ratinf the cojnprti»ot n placed in the inUl manifoid pipe. Becausa of the soper-
Ivi
virUbtes. F\icl-alr ratb is indicated by Y moles.of oxygea per mole o í CioH»j, charger both iatake presiore and temperatiirc !acrea>«. Theie two factors
íi for which the chemicaliy conect valué is Ycc = 15.5. may improve the fuej vaponiation when the futí i» injected.

N
)
 ■
-- ■(
-- .

08 Com pal*/Sietíillei e/CZ Í i /U * Pa k w w C¡ Eofú< SltaaUllos witb AJUbtIle Combutha 00

('
(

(
r:

c
c
VTOC VBDC
''o l (
Flg.r.S Th* tiKéut-UUU loof /or an tiU u t H tKm tvpenhirgtr c
(

Tb« p«titioa ct tic vilv« detcrmÍAet tke frtclioB ol the exhaast Sow
r i g . r .6 An «xAsMt itrh'nt ínjxreAaryír (
tbkt puMU tkroa|h lb« tu b U t. Thtu, th« povcr ootpat oí Ui« tarbine !i
coDUÓlUbU. TkU (cilurt ii aot avtlUbU b • { u x l m t a la p ercbu ier. la (
gttiMlrivtn lapcrcbtrgtr, to codUoI tbe p o ix r mpot to tbe com preuor, t
The rtquired «xKiuit muiifold prMnire, pt, c*a be eomputed by equitiog (
gt«r box would b« rt<niír«l. TJiíi ia c n u t i tb« complcxity of tbe (yUent. coraprtMor work inpot wilb tbe tarbine work oatpat:
Tb« work rxiaircd to drtv« iba compreuor ii, M befot<, c

jv .c ,.( r , - r .). . fe) ffpCpfTiIJtxub

(r.«) L
wbik tbt work oatput o f tke lurbine, u iu n in f (bat tU tbe exh a u t pu«<(
For la exbiuit torbioe ijrtUtn, n«t work ii c«IciiUted &om
. tkxoogb tbt lorblat, b
M'iiti “ + H^comb ~ ^eaap + H'ioopi
(7.47)
wbere work done by tbe gu ei on tke piíton it givtn by
wber« T, I* tb« ou tU umperature in tbt turbine for Ueitropic expaiuIoB u d
ijiurt i» tbe tarbine effidtaey. W itb deaoting unbjent pretiore, tbe turbine
í
M'uwp •= {pi-PiW üM p, (7.M) •
work ootpat c u be wrítteo in tbe form
(
u ibowa in Fig.7.S.
Ttble 7.S givc4 tbe p«r{onnuce detiQi o f 4n e x b iu t drivea inpcrcbarger ( .
H'iliuk'
/
X
(?) ‘¡KUlb- (7.48)
engine, witb lU tbe exbtott prodacti flowing tbroagb the toibise. Tbe gain
c
 10 C om p a ttr SIiobIíUoii o f C ¡ E aíln t P ro c tu t* C I E n flít SbavUtloa witk Á dltbtllc C om butloa TI

T ibie ? .{ EíIkí of »ope/ti«xii>f on Tirloiu enxim piruDíttn T .b le T.8 EfKt of igptixhirxisi os nriooi pu^m«t«n
(|nr-dthf<a iaj>tttli»rt«r) (ezlitait drlrta topcrchtrpr)

la p u t coa d lllooa m d predicted reíult* la p u t con ditlona and p redicted r « u l t s

F\ül lotd operttion Chíinicilly corrttl mixture PbU b »d operatioa Chenticilly corrtct mixtnre
Ftiel C ioH jj Sptfd 1500 rpm ruel C joH n Speed J600 rpm
r„ JOO K r 16.6 r„ JOO K r 18.6
FVictian uid bett truufer oeilected
FHctioa and hent truufer neglMted
Pi 1.1000 1.2000 l.SOOO 1.4000 1.5000
1.1000 1.2000 l.SOOO 1.4000 1.6000
Pl
1 33J.63S9 340.9414 Ti K 809.2019 317.8242 325.9474 333.6359 340.9414
Ti K J09.2019 317.S242 325.9474
986.619» 1007.5700 1027.3920 n K 940.6669 964.3836 986.6198 1007.5700 I027J920
Ti K M0.6609 964.3538
r. K 2902.6280 2920.9390 2938.9660 2956.8630 2973.8840
Ti K 2902.6280 2920.9390 2938.9660 2956.8630 2973.8S40
r. K 1966.3790 1970.3440 1974.9880 1980.2970 1985.5200
Ti K 1966.3790 1970.3440 1974.9880 1980.2970 1985.5200
ir n K 1332.6730 132S.8850 1320.4380 1316.1500 1312.4820
K 1351.W70 1360.7770 13704310 1373.7920 1388.7940
1 Ti r. K 1351.0476 1390.7771
1370.3314 1379.7920 1388.7930 1370.3314 1379.7920 1388.7936
r' T» K 1351.047S 1360.7ni
64.9276 69.7813 74.5816 Pi |«m 55.2167 60.0797 64.9276 #9.7613 74.5816
) atm 65.2197 60.0797
69.7813 74.8816 Fi ¡átra 55.2167 60.0797 64.9276 69.7613 74.8816
li. 65.2167 60.0797 54.9276
Pi atm PA ¡atm 7.8170 T.9939
1 8.4M2 8.9292 9.3866 8.4642 Í.9292 9J866
P« atm 7.6170 7,9939
1.0000 1.0000 Pi 1.0255 1.0505 1.0749 1.0989 1.1225
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
Pi P* 1.1000 1.2000 UOOO
1.2000 1.3000 1.4000 1.5000 1.4000 1.5000
p» 1.1000
t 3.1534 3.1104 r< S.S157 3.2546 3.2009 3.1534 3.1104
re 3.S157 3.2546 3.2009
1.3943 1.3935 ir 1.3969 1.3960 1J951 1.3943 U 935
1.3969 1.3960 1.3951
i-1 i. ¿p 1.2427 L2425 1.2424
1 .2 «7 1.2425 1.2424 1.2422 1.2421 1.2422 1.2421
Jto
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 ffM +K) 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
li + 1.0000
15.3540 P jk W ) 12.3796 13.2400 14.0866 14.9223
PlkW I 12.3116 13.0984 ■ 13.BM7 14.6195 15.74J7
1 1B.7038 19.8009 20.8757 21.9246 Pu «f 1atm] 17.6775 18.9059 20.1149 21.3081 22.4812
PI-^I latml 17.5B02
45.5938 45.6939 45.7885 45.8660 r;ib 45.7337 46.0864 46.4186 46.7369 47JM03
niU 45.4824
vi

íb power ontpat ii oetrly tke txme for tfce two lyitenu when tJl th« «xh»uit
flowi throB|h the turbint,
p'
Hovcvcr, ‘IVble 7.6 d ou not reprcaecC t trae exunple of u i exhioit tar-
biao lyttcra b tíiu st it b u been calcnlittd on the uiumption of foU «xliíoit
Soir (broQgb tb< tnrbiae. Thtre it tbe ticit uium ptios tbat tbe raú tu jce tbe
V torbíne offeri to g u flow cin b« kltered by »oroe meini, tbewby »lttriag pr«»-
lure p( npstreant from tbe tnrbiae. la tbeory thix could be tccompUihcd by
I cKuigínt tbe blude lettiag; bowever, in prxctice tbii wouU be diEBcull to do.
W btt cui be done t« {Uaitnted tn Fig.7.0. The exiiiuit control n lv e deter-
lí minet tbe qntntity of exb«iut p iu la ; throsgh the tnrbiae, with tbe remimios
dlverted directty to the »tmo»phere.
tí;
U &[rutloa / of the exhiuut pisstt through the torbine, the equition for
K turbine work oatput ü now given by
IVjatb = /AfpCpy (T s—Ti) íjiu/b-
Then in eq.(7.49), for f wül tppew la th* dcnomlmtor o f the Mcosd
part of the expreuioD, with > re«allu| IncrtiM in p*. The a tl effect on power
ü to detreiíe (Fi|.7.5), th tn by decreulaf lh« power outpnt.
T b t (n d u io t o f tbe fu to r, / n tb« ttkuUtloa* doet not preieat u y
corapatUiontl diffcnlty, ralhtr th« probitm ii «Be o f knonring how • reil
torbine opertte* U coajunctiott witb «o exhtnit control v*Ke, which c«n be
poiltioaed u we pleue. T b t vtive for / ii Exed in iccordance with the reUtive
Bow resbtince* of the torblae u d tbe control valve, and we htve a probiem
tn fluid tnechasiu dcUiag with divided flow.
Note that with increue in p», which wili occur with dccrctsísg / valnes,
not oniy will Wu,tf be reduced, but alio when earricd to the poiot wherc pi
exce^dj pi, the islike maoifold preasure, the eaglne will no looger Kiveage
m idua] exhaujt gaie* completely. One of the deiírabU featurei o f tapet-
charged engiaei ii thea loat. AU thii measi that the tarblne mait be matched
(7.S1)
lo tbe enginei and, to aoWe the proWem properly, power ca)culatioat requlrt a

)
73 C o a p il 4i Sim»¡*tion o í C t S ttla t P rocttttt

d e t 4ÍJe<l k a o « ] e d { t o í t o r b u e d ia r a c U r itt k » u wtU u cx}>w ut c o n tr o l Tahre

le o m c lr y .

E xerdse

1. Otvclop » comtiaUr progm a to «tmnUu u C1 « a f b t U n tionU )' u{4>

8
r«U d u d fo p rn liu fe d condilioM. D « v (]^ »h o Üw po*l<procc«*ar for
piru a «tñ c itadltf. CI ENGINE SIMULATION WITH
2. OUmI tii(U<a konntUy oj>«r»t« o s » d a il comboition cyck . Uodüy tlie
akowi progrun to ttke iato tccoost tbe coaituit T o h n c t a i co u U s t PROGRESSIVE COMBUSTION
pm toT* a d iib tik com butioB. T it a , com ptfi jr o v r a o lu wUk ijo m il
(
c y d e fla a lt iio a .
(

c,
B.1 Introduction (

(
la Cbaptcr 7, the CI e c tu e límaUtioQ » u ctrried out for mtiir&Ily upirU cd
u d mpercbugcd ccoditioiu, U kin; ioto uconnt tbe concept of »d¡»bU ic í
u m b u tio a . Tbc a ú n tuumplioii iu. thit im ljftii w u tbout tbe bcU releue
wbicb 1* AMUined to be «t cou lu t-p reu u re. In actiuil cagkei tbii ú not tbc c
c u e u d it will h m t >igni£cuit effect oa tbe ptiform icce oí tbe eagiae.
c
Figure 8.L computa tbe meuared u d cikoU ted power autpat for >.
•Ingle cylmder reciprocttiag eogine nttonUy uplr^ted conditiooi kt fall r
load. It ii u e s tbit peak power occon troond ISOO rpm. [f IdeiJ C yd«
SimolitioB (ICS) ú cm ied ontwitb idübatie combiutioD for tbe «uaa eagine, (
the oatput versus ipeed plot wül be u tliova m Pis.R.l, » itriigbt Une p u iio g
tbrougb tbc origm. (
O or imiaedute concera U not wUb tbe dtfference in valcej between the
two curves; tbe c&kulaled p«wer u expected to excecd the meunred perfor-
mm ce. The ib»pe of tbe w eunred p w e r curve i< tbe feature of int«re«l.
AU natortliy' uplrtled engines exbibit a. power peak witb retpect to ipetd. ic
Henee, it is cleu tb»t adiibitic combaition u t ly t ii miut be tr.odiSed b &
, lú ttb ls wiy to ubkve clo»er tpproxiinatioo in order to itudy tbe bebkviour
oí actual eagins.
Witbin tbe metbod» and tactic» o f tbermodynamícj, modification* can be
attempted in tbe foUowing tbree pr«^t*ítt»:
[i) tbe combuition proceUi
(ü) tbe g u Mcbaoge proceu, and
(iii) the beat trm fer proceM.
We wilt ttJie up the firat modification in thÍ9 cbapter and will cali it
prcgreuive combiution limulatios (PCS),

!C

c
)

).

) C! Eailnt SlwaUlloa triti Profrtuirt Cbmbatlha 76

74 Cooputtf Simal»!»!! oíC I Ent/o«
8.2 P fo g re jííve com buslíon

In rtiJ coraprosioo-igoition caguei, tbe prvccu of hett tddition bttwrca

pomti 2 u d 3 c í Fig.7.1 is to b« rcplued by a $aitilik n l t of com bution
e^aUioB. In u kletl CI eoglne, bigh comprtuiion n tio i bríng the ü r to
high tcmpcfitore i t the end oí compreMÍon itroke. FUel bjcction begint
ínunedut«Iy, u d the quutity of futí ii)jrct«d U idjiuted with the putoo
niovcment lo keep cylinder prtMsrc conitanl. Is thli ualytU comboitioB li
utnmed to begin u toon u inje<ldl fuel mak«« eontact with hol tir wlthoot
m y ¡gnition deUy and contuaei in tbat manner, with no necd for a apark.
Howtvcr, it may be not«d tbat ihii doei not bappea in an artoal eagiae.
HcBCf, we want lo examine CI tngine combuitioa ia greater detail, for
reuoni thai will becom* cvident thortiy. lo order lo achieve, or lo approxi-
mate, conitanl prtatort dnriag the comboition procesi, fuel muit be injectcd
and bomed over a fiiül« ipajt of crankihaft rotatioo. Dietel com bution ii alio
progreajire and can be aaalyied ia a limilar way, to tbat of a tpark-igailioD
enginc.
If mau frattion, ¿ n , of fnel buna while the piitoo moves throngh a
veíame chaoge amonotiag to AK, the rcaultiag change in preaiore, A P , can
;í be given at

Ap = - P t ^ + {P 3 '“ P j ) ^ A n (Í.1)
Spad(tpm)
vhere i b the ratio o f tpecíEc heatj (Jt >» c^ /e,],
P lg .8 .1 PouKr eulpvt n tpetJ « / an C ¡ tnp'íie
P] b (be prennra at TDC, at end o f tbe comprcnion itroke, and
p}> b the prtn ort that woaki be reache4 íf Ul the fatl burned
isatantancoajly at TDC (Le. at cooiiant volnme].
CotnbtulioD ¡A ta actax] compreulon-ignition engise a nol iiuUntuieou.
The fint texin in eq.(8.l) repreaenti the prcaiure changc d ie to piiton
The injeclloa itaxU well befort TOC uid combulion dependí oq m u y fae­
movement aad the a «on d term b doe to combiution.
tón, ihc promintnl oaei btln*
W len we Mi Ap >• O ia e<).(l.l), along with p = p j, awume ¿ to be
(») the iraount oí fuel injected conjtant dnring combnilion. Eqottion (8.1) cxn be integrated and can be
ihown to be
(b) deUy period
(c) the togise ipeed,
k (d) the injeclor locUíon,
(e) com b iu tiott ck im b e r lU e in d geom etry. where Vj ii the votame at the lojlant when combuition b compteled and can
í b< detennined £rom
Thennodyaunk* laggetU í wty lo deil wUh tombo»liott that proceed» U
tome Sttile r»t«, dthongh it «hedí no üght whiUoevtr on the centnl quatioA
oí the rite itietf. ProgreMÍve combtutíon u whit we » « jo in j to diíCttít ift y, V,i. (8.S)
thú chapter.
In order to calcsUtc the net wol-k done by the |u«« btlween the il»rt
of ignition uid (he end o( combiution, iuUUUy, we hrre to deSne thete two Equation 8.2 deacríbei Iht manner in which fatl mait be b jtcled and thea
bamed withoot any ignitlon deUy if conatasl prestar* i« to b« maiatalned.
evenl* in the cycle in iddilion to the p-V Irtce dnring <ombn«llon.
Thennodynamtei makei oo dblisctlon between Injectlon and bumlag, whereu
Firtt, il ii Beeejairy lo find the volume, V, of the cyUnder wüh reapect
in real tnginei, Ihere conid be a timt lag betwtcn ídJccIIob and borebg.
to the craak wgle, f. The relition b«tw««a K and I U gwrerned by the engine
geometry »nd Úneraitici. Thá h u Ure»dy be<n d«»h with m Chipter S.
 C l £a{ia« SlmiUjoji irlth Prggreutv* Combulicui 77
TO Compattt SlmaUtlot ol Ct Eaflai Pracatc*

N on ' w « c u e x u n in c th e tim e n t 4 oí b i u n i n i , rc p r tM o tc d by the r&tio
d n jd t, w r ít ln i t h « q n o tú n t in tk c (oQ ow iot forn u
dt d v d> a
(í.<)
Qcrt, f dtnoU i eaiiac a u k u g U , «kilc V "(í), t t it U ciiiuge o f votame
wUh í , wkicli rtprcM&U ibe fonctiond relUion b«tw tui cogíne volune u d t.
Tbe &nt Urm oo tbe ríg b t-b »d >id< of the tq.(S.4) com a ¿rotti eq.(8^ )¡ thxt
U, wc tu a m c w« u » d « lü i( with u tagiat deii^ned ÍOf c o u t u t pr«*ior«
comboilioa, itartiat kt TOC. Th« toUl q u u tity o f foel to b« barncd £xej
Vi, to tbt Knt t«nn in cq.(t.4] a t y be treiCcd u c o u t u t . Aeeonlins to
c<].(S.4), Ibt tim« rtU cí batoiaf reqnind to cnústun e o o s tu i p r tu n n is
proportiooü lo «ogia« ipMd u d iacn uM wiib $ m barning proMedi, líacc
V '( j ) b a poiitiv* íoActioii. Figure (.2 illoiin tc* tbe m euuig of «q.(8.4).
lucb thtt the mm imom allow^ble banúsg rite ú rcu b od befar» aS Üie foel
b u be<B iai<clcd tnd b o n e d .-U tbi< condilvon b fixtAd to exst, lie n wc
kuoine tbU lU «ab»e<iaeat bonúng woold proc«cd t i tbe mudmam bnrnÍD(
rUe, BOt U tbe btm tn f n t « rtqnirtd for conitint preuare eombtulioa, u
ín eq.(l.4). We u a cxp«cC, tbercfort, tkU if tbe mucimum bam inf r«te ii
reacbed, tbe balance o f the combution proccM wtU not mtinltia » eou tast
preaiare; iiutead, preaaure wOl faU olT aad witb it a decreaM tn work ootpat
for tbe cyde.
Witb tbe' abovc badcgroand, tbe detiik of tbe ptogreuivt comboitioo
IB CI eigioe* c u bow be ontlined. We begiu with known valse* for Pt
and T], randitioti* iX tbe ead of tbe compremoa itroke. The fne}-air n -
tio if knowa. We now compote Py, tbe prcMure u if tbe com butioa i* at
coiutaat-vaJiuzie at top dead centre, and tbeu Vj, from eq.(S.S), tbt vol<ime
a: tbe end of eoutant preunre combiutíos.
Snppote tbe máximum barnÍDg rUe ii knowa or «orne bypotbeticil vaine
c
¡j agreed npoo, we can fiad íj, tbe crank asgle corrupoodtcg to Vj, and for c.
tKe gtYu ipeed, we can compute
(
(
&om Aj indicated in Fig.t.2, tbe manmom reqnired bomisg rate c
oceon at tbe ead of combution. We tbonld compare it witb tbe maximom
aSowable busing n t c . If tbi* rate it Bot ezceeded, tbea we know tbe catire (
com bution proceu wiU proceed U c o u t u t prcMure. We can cakolatc Tj
(
u in g tbe followisg eqaation:
l(
(8.S)
“ ] p

Tbe w oti done oa tbe expantion ttroke &om

w .„ = ft (v ^ 3 -v ,)+ {W )-í/,(r « )} (8.6)

Oa tbe otber baad, if tbe bnraing rate calcnlation indícate* tbat tbe
maximom wSl be exceeded, tbcn tbe com butun proce** m u t be foDowed in
a itep-wiie fubion. Suppote we cboote to carry oa com bution in N ttep*, to
tb it

1 ,-m
]Plg.8.3 Buraínf n it ettnti fer a áieid tnjine N iC
i
AV = V '{Í)A Í !c
la tlx Ggort, wc bav« utum cd v b i l M«ms to b « u «Ilogethcr rt u o u b le and u loag u tbe máximum bomiog rate it not excecded,
«xpM lU iM , B in u l/, IkU lh«r« ii an Upptr Umit to the kUawablc *Ad acbwv*
•bl* banilaf ral«, ia tima, wUdi cuutot b« «xcetdcd. Ai iadicitcd b Pig.8.2, An =
AV
(8.7) Í(
U ii tstírcljr reaioatblc to auun< Ibxt togint ip tcd cooJd b« lú ie d to » vilue V i-V u .
J .....

78 C c a p iU i Simtli-tioa o f Cl E nih* Procetset C ¡ E ofls* SímalilJoa trlli P nfrtttlrÉ C bo& utfoa T0

Once ihe bnniiüg r»U rtaclíc* the raiximnm allowibk, In pUce of «¡.(3.7) Figure 8.4(a) ii aaother «ray o f lookiag at tho lame caknlaCiatu.
Injection and combiution begúu at T D C . At (ha maxúnnm tUoirable b om ia i
rate increaae*, ít !i reached latcr and tater m (he combatlioo procet*; tk« to ­
An - At (8.8)
tal cranluhaft «pan ntation for combnation decr<ate« and carreapoodingly
w tA
power ontpat ako iacrtue* |Fif.8.4(b)|.
for »U üttbMqacnt ¡ncr«menti in lime. T bí íiit«;ratioa ú completed (j.e. com-
IniectioB may b« bUiated at «ay cranl angl* of oor chok*. If den oto
baittoD tj complete*]] wkeB the crank angte at (he «tart of inJe<tioa, (hea tft place of e<{.(8.4].

X ;A n = 1 (Í.9)
( 8. 1 1 )
4fld the work o f expiniion ú ctk u lai«il from - ■

where the lomnutioD ip pliei for the «ntire combnjtion p n x e u , and T j b the
.} tcmper&ture *t the tnil o f com boition.
Figure 8.3 iliiutntei how the prtuure-volume trice of the CI engbe cytk
)■
¡1 iltered when (he mudimim «Uowable boming n te íi reached. When the
hi
mudmam »Uow»ble bumln| n te ñ Urge, i»jr 450 it i> readhed, ia thi»
c u e , jo jt befóte the end of combiutlon; whereu a rate of 500 allowablc
boraing rate b reached early in (he combuition proceu, foUowed by i ih up
decreaie in preuore and in power OQtpnt.

60

CRsIÓJ
50 SpeedsISOOipni
,1-----3001/i ydn p -661.45 ct
TM-300K
.4 0
R A F «U

I |30
i?
E
' Ctsmbuttion poHx) ioijjcucd
b)f w I kI Uocs
0 .2 0

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

FJg.8.3 Prciturt'totame Irocei for (uv om m cá manrntím tvm in f mtti Fig.0.4 Sffrci of rete (a ) Ctiutúnt prciiirt c«m liu(i«n
( l ) P o v tr c ttfv l

■i
 Cí BafiaM Simsiilfoa witk P/ogrt(tirt Ooobul/an 81
BO C om j» Ur SlmaUtiaa o / C l PiocMu*

Fi{ur« S.5 illiutrUtft jnrt bow d n jtk tU y th« prenare-voliunt U tct oí tha
cyck c«n ciita(« u Ib* lUxt oí th» mjc«tioo is d u a ftd . WUli M iiy !nJ«ctioa,
10* bU oR TDC, Uer« ú » n U lt s t i il |ua is p o«cr boC U (he expense of u
tqoUiy la U tu itú I iacTC«M ia p«>i prtuorc. On tJU oUitr h u d , b)' deUjÍJif
Ujcctioo ttnin 10* kiUr TOC. p u k preuurc ii redacté cooiU trib))', bat to
alto U p «w cr. H t «karp c b u g u ia tli« com b ojtiaa c o r v o v ith 10* l>«for«
T D C , u d T D C iaJactliMi, iadic«U tbat (b e m m lma m a lW ftbIe b o r n ia f r »t«
h u b ees reicb ed .
A j » final commcnt, note tbat it ¡J not n e«eu u y to e<inip C1 eoginet witb
tbrottlei in order to control power oatpnt. Inalead, powtr can be controUed
by fací fiow. Tbe end o f combiution ii bxed by tbe anoont of fael isjected
wbicb can be vaticd over a wide ru g e of liroltj, down to loinetbing quite elote
to tero. Tbe npper limit oa fael ú (eserally «el by tE* amotuil ai emoke Ch^
can be (oleratcd in the engine exbaaiC. Prtaamably, tbe appearaace o í tmolie
•ug|oU (He |>rtKaea o f anbnraed carbón, indlcating tbat tbe esgine tnay be
operating at the Umit of maximnis boming rate or at the Umit of avaüable
oxygen, or botb.

70
Coatatk» peiM
laJeaioabctiasM lOCbTDC 8.3 Com bustión m oddling
¿O
\ j^ ú o d b e » líi« T O C
JO In tbe prevíoui lection we deaii witb progrcuive Datare of combnjtion.
[ajcojos bcfiiu tt l(T *TOC
Some general obiervation* abont modeli of cugine proceue* provide a context
e<o for tbe detaili tbat foliow. In cnginea, the proceues tbemielvei are extremety
C R -IU complex. W bik mncb it Icnown about tbeae proceaaet, tbey are not adeqaately
§ ■ Sjxola UOOi^a underatood at a fandameatal kvcL At pretent, it is not pouible to conitruct
v£ipaMI.45CC
modeli tbat predict engine operation (rom the b u ic goreming eqaatiou alone.
r m -X O K
T h u , the objectivei of any modd development «ffort iboold be cleirly defined,
20 RAF-W
and tht ttructnre and tbe detaied coatent of tbe m odd ibonld be appropriate
to tbe«e objectivei. It it impractvcal to conitm ct modeti tbat attempt to
10 describe all important atpects of c jg b c operation. Henee, limited objectívcs
aze appropriate.
) --------- - Dae to tbe complexity of engine processes and our inadeqaate onder-
O OJ 1 u
0.4 0.6 studing at a fundamental level, most engine modeli are incoroplete. Emplri-
V_ cal reUtions and ad boc approxlmationi are often needed to btidge gapi in our
undentaadlng of critical pbenomena. SInce nodels wül continne lo develop
f Í2 .8 . ( Pniiurt-toU m c tracci Jor Ihnt injutíet timioft over a period witb greater eompUtenesj, the erapbatit Ln this cbapter ii oa
the batic relatiooships oied in engine proceu modeb ratber Iban tbe current
ilatus of tbese modeb,
U ^oriunitity, thennodyskmíu doe* not proride nt wi(b (be «mxUett Tbe progre«ive combustioa model we have di»cussed in the prevíous tec-
(bred of iaícroution t«(wdiag probable vaiuu /or (be mudmum b&roúg rate. tion b a littie over^iimplified. In tbe modem ilmulalion techniques, vaxious
Lu(«ad, wt m u t (orn to wbttever cxpertmentil erideace may be availabte. modeb like tero-, one-, two- and multi- loae/dimetuional modeb are being
Tbe potat of útrodacisc (be ootioa o f • maximam allowable b t m is f rat« atlempted.
b u bees to dtmonjlrste'tbat U caa «xerl a aifnificant ioSneiice oa CI engiae Fot the procesies that govem eagine performance and emistions, two
performance. Of cootm, tbt notion of *one* maximnm boniing rate k «a* batic types of modeb bave been developed. Tbete can be citegorbed as
doabledly an ovenimpCficalion. It b more Iban liU y tbat Uj va]a« cbanfci tberm odyiiam Jc or fluid 4 ynunJc in nature, depending on whether the
u combusltos proceed«, rtfiecting Ibe d c o t a u in Bomben o f avsilable oxyges equatioM wbich give the model it« predomiuant ttnicture u « based oa en-
molecolei. lí Itiii k lt«« - tbat rnuámoiik buruAf n t « d e o « u « f in vilue u ergy conservation or on a íuU analyib of the Soid motion. Other labeb gtven
combiutioa proU tdi - tbca the tSect oa power, u y, nhich m a lu whea the to thermodynainic energy-cooservatioa-based modeb are: tcro>dimenxiona]
maúniun b o m k i rat« i* itacbed^ wiU be more pronouiced tbas b n g g a te d (lince in the absence of any flow modeliag, geometric featuret of tbe fluid mo-
in F i(i.j J and t . 4. Note tbat tbe isaxiaiun bsialag rat« i* aot likely to be tion canoot be predicted], phenomenokigictl (tince additional detall beyond
rcaebed ia eUfioca openting at ,n ód *n t« ip«ed *or ia engiacj operatiug witb the energy conservation eqaations b added for eacb phenomenon in tum ), and
waal! futí S o w /jo tbat (be dontiou of con ¿a ilioa b ibort, to bcgin witb. quasi.dimcasioaal (where tpecific geomctric featurei, e.g., the «pul'ignitlon
 )...

)
i
)
8} CompBlw SlmoiilioB o f CI E n f k c Pn>ce**u Cl Enjlot SlaaUtlo» wlth Fr»putlr* Coabattha 0S
)
t
B une o r ih e d i a t l fuel » p r i / t h t p t t , u e id d e d l o the b i « c th e n a o d y n u n ic
K a o v i o f the ttm p erA tore « t t r t r y cruak u i ( U , the p r c w u ie at cacb e ru ik
) i p p r o ic k ). F lu id -d y n u iú e -b u e d roodel» u t o f u n c t l k d m nllH Ü n iín iioD »!
u i| Ic c u t it o be d eterm la ed b y the reU tloa
raodeli due t o llicir inherín t ib ü ity l o p m rid e d e l w k d f e o m r t ñ c ia fon n U ion
)
Ott the flow field, b « « d on loIatloD o f tlie joY era m * flow e q n a k H u . mRT
j
rin»U y, » n im p o r tm t tu n e is « a u y o v trU l t n íin o n w d tl ■ b i li n c e ¡a y --------- ----
)
i com pltjQ ty in d d e t ií) u n o s p t th » p r o c t n lu b -in o d e U . A m o d d U no m ore
n w u rU e t h i a iU w e a k u t U ni. T h iu , c r ilic t l p h e n o m e o i ilio o ld b « d t íc r ilx d S b ct, ¡a the lero-dúneaiIoBAl model we c u tito tike Lato ifcooa t the l|-
i i l c o m p » r » b lí leveh o f f o p l B l i c i l i j n U> » c U ív e b e tte r re ta lt». aitioB deUy, tbe ifaitioa deliy period U dclcrmiacd by iate^rUtai the Wblfer’i
’) reUtios (Wotfcr, I9S9], whkb ia (ivea by
f:
) 8.4 ZeicMÍlmenslonal combustión model
V- - 1 (8.16)
s
f. In thU MClion w« will dUcuu Ifct ieri>-dimenjioDtl modcl. Tht loítwwe ( ¡ j the tim e u le c o a d j o r ia * C A . P { t ) u d r ( ( ) v e u i a m e d t « b e q a u t l t i e i
)
corretponding to both progm itví combaítioa *i well m lero-dúnemioiiil w h ich v u y d a r ía f c o m p r e u io a . la W olfer’* rcU tioa
modeú k»ye btta incorporated In ike eompoUr progw a (ivta is ibt Aj>-
).
pcndix. In th« lero-dimciuioBU modcl we klx> tale into accoanC tli< ifnition
C m 2272. , - -1 .1 » , I - <650.

J dcUy.
Tlii» model b b « e d oo tbe £ n l Uw of ihemodyBumc», The •tiitíni
T h e a bov c raJud tre l o b o Gttcd tn lo cq .(fi.lS ) to get the ífD ttío n dd&y.
potnl of íbe ihermodynimlc cüctilUloa u tboten it the inítint ti w hkí tbe
InUl n lve clotei,
The «aeriy cquuioa for the clowd cyde period c ía be writtea u
8.5 H e a t r ^ s c ond h u t transfer m odds
(<u rf|V
(S.12)
'S í Jí di ’ di
la eq.(8.12), ^ is the heit reltMe r»tf. As already commeated, ihtr-
E q u ttion S.12 i t i t e i t h i t the n t a o f ch u ig e o f ia te rn tl e a e r iy á dne to Ihree modyatraics eu n o t ihed w y li{ht ia qautifyia( the n te . Heace, cae h u
f u t a n v i* ., r»te o f h e i t r t U u e r i t e o í h e » l t r u u fe r ^ in d t l e « t e o f to look into exptriracntil rtsnlu or «mplricil tquilioa*. M u y ttCtm pU b m
Work t n a i f c r beea mide to ehtracterise the hett reíeue pattera ia C] eagtae«. Oae sach
A u sm ia f thit u is t faoctioa of temper^tnre oniy, rtpUcin( the «rorli attcmpt is by Wiebe (Heywood, 1988) u d this is explaiaed ta the foUowtai
•cctioa.
trinifer ^ by o r m R T ^ lad writing the hctt triw íer rite in Itrmi o f
heit truufcr coefSueat A, vú.,
8.S.1 Wkbe heal ftlesie modd

(8.13)
dS The Wiebe heat reléase pattera is biied oa the expoaeatUI n te oí the
E q a U io a 8.12 b ecom et chemica] reactioas. la this model, it is assamed that all the fuel is iajected
before the ead oí ¡(aitioa delay períod itselí.
£T 1 d<?. M (r -r ,)
^ ÍS 141 The fractioa of heat released is ejrpretsed by the aoD-dimeasioaál cqoallon
dS ' mC, d) mC, crv ¿í'
Thertfore,
1 - exp (8.19)
h (^ )'
By dUTertallatiai eq-ÍB.!®), the rate of heal rtkased -r f í r r t u be expreoed
Thtti, A differentUl equitioa of the Ént order, reUting the tempertture.to the
c r u k tngle U every po'iat b obtilned, whkh c u b« lolved DameriuUy'b} \m
Range-Kattt rotthod. CXJ» (M 7 )
/ - \ M . )
 C¡ Eofint SimoUtha «rjtl Profrewiv* Combujltoo SS
ti CoiapuUt SlauUtlon o f CI BAfint P n c t tt a

Bolii u d (B.tT) irc BOB-dimeasioiullic4 e q o t t b u . Eqaatioa <.17

c u b« cxpnM td ¡B tcm * o f K J/*C A u foDoir*:
m +n
(Í.18)

wli«r«
A ». durttioa o í comboitioa ia *CA.

$ crvtk kotU u>y ú u lu it

li crwtk u|t« U tke tt»rt o f combniCioa

k<U rtl«u «d per cyck ia KJ.

a Tkit U lli* p w n e U r whidi ch in cU riiei tbc coroplcteneu o f com>

biucloa. WUb« u xtm ed Ssws ^ O.KQ «ad , henee, a «= 9.90S.

m U ii tb« puuntter cb u ^teríitag (be r*tt ol combiution. Tbe

«nuU vkluu for m roeisi » hi(b rale »t tbe be{inm n{ ot conv- (0 -fl,)/A 9
biution, wbile lirgt valuu o f m m euu » U (b r»t« by tba ead of Fig.S.T Heal nieatt n lt <u s fttrution of nlalitc ^urotion e f cenú^ticn
comboitioD.
The ploU of tbe fuactioa x u d a fl-BO) for Mv«r«l
valoe* o f m t s t ihowu la Ftgf.8.6 «ad S,7. .Rowever, (b b b bcKer t b u (be progreuive eombaiCioa model ilace we c u
utculU e (be deUy period b tbii model from tbe W ólíu’i TeUlbo {WolTer,
vil. troca e<t.(8.15).
F iguc 8.S ibowi th« variiXton ot brtke oalpsl wilb ipccd. It ij seta tbat
tbe Power peak occun it i ipeed of 2100 rpm._ Bowever, at ÚOO (he
power oatpnC fallt t* tees in Fig.8.8.

F ig .t.B N u t n lc é ie u « /« b c ’ ío » o / nlaíiet d u n tie n o f com itu lion

Tb« bcU releue n U dtpcndt npoa over&U equivalenee rfttio. Kaowmg

lb« fuel-air ralio, w« c u fix (be miH o( »ir «dmitted. It ibould be &o(«d
'S p ccd (rpm)
(b »( Ibt »bove m odil e«niio( (»k« c u t o f premüed tad diínsive com butioo.
F ig .8.8 Effect of ipuá on potatr onlpvt
 ....

86 C cm ptttr SlaalUha a [ CI E aflat P rvctM f

Tliú ú the ditxicU nitic oí iKe dia tl eogioe wlúcb eonld not be prtdicted
by Ibe Fbel Oyele Súnolitioa (FCS). Il » fr*tífym| lo n o k tkU »1>* pre<l¡ct«<i
CMVt (tir t i dnpIicUinf the tetad tnjinc m ti* trend. Howevtr, ¡t ti to
b« cleirly W n « ío miad th u profrm ive comb<utioa ind »eroMÍimeniion»l
modeli m too liinptiEt*!. W iU llie Mthor Irie* to cit«btú}i tt Ihtl, nnder-
il»ndm i C1 eupne eombtutíOB w d tnodíllinf tb* tune wíU b« r«w»rdmg lad
by incorpor»lbjb«ltereom biution modeUbclttrprediclkxue*» b« obtiined.

E xcfdse CI EN Cm E SIMULATION WITH

GAS EXCHANGE PROCESS
Develop a compnter proíram lo limnUte preíreMÍve combuition with barn-
iag r»t« concept ksd fero-dimen»ionil, itngte-ione modcl Extend the »beve
progrvn to nie tw^ione or u y olker better com butioa model.

9 .1 Intfoáucllon

la the liit tlim chtpten w< k&Vi M<n tht fttp-by*it«p únpnnrtme&t In the
predicted perfonuMce chvK tcríiIlct, itirtin| (rom ideil cyck u itlyiit to
profTctiire combnitton uiüyti*. la tbii cbiplcr, wt wiU move cto«<r to the
utn&l taftee by l ü t b i iato « c o a a t Ibe roUo>irúi| two pre<cM<*:
(i) f u exchui|c proceu, u d
¡i-
(ü) hett traaifer proeeu.

1 Plirtker, w« wtll ilio ttke frktloa lato accoaat u i n i emplrktl rclatioM.

We wil] cUI tbis uiU ytb actai] cyelc limoUtioa (ACS), u tlmoet alt the
procexMs are takeo Inlo «ccoant.
)
íli
9.2 Gss uch sn ge process

The is ily iu of the exbatut and iütalie proteuei for fnll-lotd u d part-load
operationi (Chapter 7) w u btted oa the anomption that the putoD movei
vety ilowly doriog lattke and cxhaut itroke. Howtver, it m»y b« aotcd that
ú in the actnal engiaci the puteo move* at Salte ipeedi, whicb can become Urge;
whtn Urje, their motion ezerU a coatroUini InBaeace on enjtoe petfonnaticc.
i. In thú ehapler we wiU r»-«xunliit the b ta le aad exhaoit proccu«i (gas
eichiage proeeu) and develop ntw Khemet for foUowlng the progreu of
evenU. S in aU tbo of the g u exchange proctM b rather invohred in eom-

4 parúon to other procetjt* in the engine. However, the efforl ii well rtwanled,
for thecakalated performance corve begini to daplkate r«tl eagise operatioc.
é Figwe 9.1 Ulttjtratei tbe gas tjichtflge proteu; a eoatrol volnme aoalyiú
•I fita the problem easUy.

I
 ■(
•■■■<

(
C¡ Eatlat SUBoUtka wllh G u Exciuifa Proceu 80
88 Caapaltr Slatlitioa oí C! Eafbii Ptxtctutt
(
dM Doríng the túne isterval dt, energy
(.
...i... P- -d M C ,T (ü)
~i r Uavc* the coslrol volume, and the work done by forcé í" caten the coalrot
í

volume: (
P.V.T.M ^ V .T .M Fd¡f = (p-po)Apdy (

= -(P -P O K , ('
(«■«>)
Lin wbere Ap u the púton area and dy tt poúttve as ihowo ia Fig.9.1. (
<«y
During túne dt, let lorae air dS^ mole* enler the control volume bringing
r \ 7 " T i io eneigy givea by
(
F <JNiCawn>lVoIun.e ?
(
y \ .... |A|—
K dN , (y.+Pow.)<íA'.
(
“ lA|— U^dS,-p^dV
(
p«Jp JH<^
Let lu aiíume that no beal traniíer occar» acroM tbecontrol volume
i«<k V4dV V+<JV l
1 bounduy.The enugy in the control volume at túne t + dt u
T*<rr T4<rr
M«dX< M4<ÍM (W + dM )C , ( T + i T ) + U^dN, („) c
IIIIIIIII
'
UllilUJ Now, according to the Uw of coiuervUion of eaérgy, c
(
© (O“ («O+ (‘«o+ ('«) = («).
Ineerting eich tenn and iúnplilying, redueea the equation to
c
F ig .« .l Ántlytú o¡ tska*tt ta i mtal* iln kti vitk tlu pitUn mo*ÍKj a( (
« ip€CÍ -p d V + [ C , - C , ) T d M - M C .d T = 0. (vi)
(
Ajjuming that the exhaust gaj behavcj like an ideal gas, we can wnte
Lcl o* fint coB«¡d«r the cxliauit tCrolce. F ifu c 9.1(«} HhutriUs tht (
dcU ib íar tb* reciprocU kf M pnt. Tht pUUa movt* feom botlom to top.
P Y (««') (.
At lonM «B fiai volom i k l tk« pfCMore, tcn p «n ta r« u d tke m tn of
the «xJitut | u b« Pf, Tf u d reipcctivtly, uid k l theM n lo e i b« kaowa.
At tLn« (, k t p . / . T aad J / b« tb« prtunrc, volotte, tem pcrslon and
Eliminatiag dT betw<en (vi) uid (vü), we get (
taasi of (he «xhtttil g u , rtfpccUvebr, iniidc tbe cylmdcr. l dp ¿V dM (
Al tia t ( + di, Ut thcM viluc* d iu g c top+ d p ,V ■ ^ ■ iV ,T • ^ d T aad = O, (9.1)
kfp'*'V~M
U + dM. c
C o u c m t b n of m an r«i|a(rt« that m u í - d U k iv e i tLc cyUnder ia the where ¿p = C^p/C^
in tem l dt. (A j timt puMJ, U ¿ t a t u t t u d , thertfore, dU k neiative,)
Integratkin of e<].(9.l] yieldi
L<( po denote exhanit maaifold aad crank cate p r tu o n . A t tlm« (, the
u ergy !a the control voloa * ii
c
tíC .T W
= pw*» = conitant. (9.2) c
(
(

t
 ;

■>

a Batliit SimBUU«» wllk O u Etcktmia F rv cm 91

) 90 ’ CoBjpotaf Súnul»tío« o f C TEoflaf P r o « « t «

Tbercfore, tbe worklag Ibnn for tbt istake ilrob* ii

E>{uition (9.2) couU htvt ht<a writt«a dowa wíthout toing thn>o|h tii»
loiJj'iti, mertly by ncxing thaC tfae g u tbit remúiu iniide the cyllodcr luder-
jíx a *a «du bitic, reríraiblí e b u g e ol «lite; wiethqf tht d iu it< li cutMd by
dt T dt Y d t)
piiU>a mation or by f u flcrw or by »ome combisUion o f tbc two u immitcmL
Since we wüh io [oUotr ennlt u tb* putos uiove», we w tíu t<i.(9.l) b tbe A more conveaient form can be
form ,
dp . / 1 ¿W ld V \ ÍE. fRT^dM páV \
(9.4)
dt “ ^ ^ di V d t ~ V dt )

Now let tti conikicr tbe inltJíe >trok<; procctding in (he w n c rubíoa, (h«
entr^y w tbe control volume »t tirae t b
MC.T+U^dN..
The <a«rgy enttíiat wilb m u i dM ( i poiitivt qauitity} ú
C^TJU,
Botb f<{«.(9.S) and (9.S) reqiirt m u t Bowi ratct dMfdt, wbtcb are to be
obtainid trota tb« c<)oatlon« o f inid mecbaslca.
Wben a g u at p.T w itb a beit capacity ratio k 8owi tbroagb aa openlng
v itb as tffecttvt a m A (U . A b tbe prodtct of tbe actaal arta optning
roaltipGed by a id ta b lt diicliargt coefficUnt) b te a rtfioB at prctinre po, tbe
fiow mtut b« couidettd to two rtfim n ; iabaoBic and lapenoñic. T b « critical
preuort n tio tkal deEaea tb« two rtgiine* 1* called and dependí oniy
OD tbt valae of Jk of (bt gai.

where T , is tbe t«mp«r»tnre of tbe fr««b »¡r in the mttkc pipe.

Tbe energy that enter* tbe control volím* u a raulc o í the »clioa oí = ( ^ ) (9.8)
t!
I forcé F íj
KÍ; -Fdv - { p - po)itp d\i Wben p/po i> PJtcHu i* •<>t>*oi>ic and tbe m au flow rate ii
ftven by
= - ( p - po)tfV,

dji beiag po«ít(ve, u ibown in Ftg.9.1(b). 2fc / p y * * ‘ >^‘

dt (9.7)
4y Air íj puibed out of tbe coatro! volume by pUton movement uid ctrríei
with it energy imountiag to
)| fir (fc -i) U / ,u )

Tbe flow will be snpenonlc wbeft p/po tx u t¿» PRcrtt »ad dM/dí i i gjven
/ /..(W . = ( y . + pov.)<<^» = y.JJV. + pocfV, by
M
JXf / L / i \l*+>)/(‘ - 0
Tbe energy in tbe control volume at time ( + lit ii
x - V n ír T T ) I»')
(W + ¿A/)C7.{r+<íT)
Note tbat eq.(9.8) doei not coatain po> «b lcb ti cbaract«rútic o( inper*
loaic Bow; «AdI mctttrt ü «Aere (At fai ü ccmiitf /rom, sitiT not w&erc ti ú
í|, Combinmg tbeae termi into *n energy contervUioa ititement, cincelling yotaj.
in d ilropping lecond^irdtr tem u, rcmlt* in
Oa the exbaut itrokc, p b tha cylinder prtuore aod po ii the exbatut
íll
m u ifoid pretiBrt. Os tbi btake itroke, p b tbe intaVe manifold prcaort,

4 C , p ^ c , { c , * y v T M
and pe i* the cylinder pretisre.
Two oUervatloni concerainf ibe treitment of e<)i.(9.3j and (9.5) may
if be osefaL Tbe Gnt ti conceraed witb tbe eveata at tbe end o f tbe exbatut
Here C , u d R ttitt to gues in the cytlnder, while Cp referí to tbe >ii Is
•troke. With tbe pbton at TDC, tbe m an o f cxbaut in the working volome
the ictake pipe.
ii and repitient* tbe retidnal gue* tbat wQl remaia in tbe ecgice dnriag
Now
tbe cext cycle calcolation. Tbt cylisder prenurt al TDC b gr<at«r tbaa tbe
4 intake inanifotd pre*inre, p„, or al tbe very leait e<jttal to p ^ . If tbera íj
^ = -
 -—K

C[ Ebfiat SlaaUlJoii wHi C u E itciiaf$ Ftoccu 93

g3 CcmptUt S iath iloa •( a SMfU* Procmtm
Tbe Mcoad commeot k wilb r « {u d to tbc tccbniqne for ü lcgraliai
M OTuUppUf o í ikt vtjvu , thea txh iu il valir woold ]i*ve jiu t cloted
eqi.(9.S) asd (9.S). Tb« roUo«ÍBt.procedvt » iag(e<ted. L«t
U TOC, umI u lh« pútoa movei, tk* inttic vxlve will btfln to op«A. TbU
voUmt iacrtkM wUl ct«M k redoctioa la tiie p r e u s n m (kt workinf ip&c«, /id w ijy\
u i l U tkc u m « time, *x^4U»t |*« wUl low bwik Uto tkc intiJM muüfotd, (9.9)
d'MpUcíni Ihc (rcib air. T bá b ¡deniified is fig.9.2 u Región I. Tbe oatward
Eow ot citliuul vUi coalinn* ontil p u rcduced to p . . Wilb (urtlier píslon
isolioa, p wiU f«U bcknr u><t tk* 8ovr dirtctioB v ü l revene. Bzbxtut /R T .d M PÍV\
” ‘ 'V T '- i T y ■£■/ (9.10)
t u wblcli fin t flowdi isU> tbe intaJie rouúíold wül rctuni to tbc cylúder, u
cTÍdeat tn Refioa IL Now e<]i.(9.3) aad (9.5) taJu tb« genera] form
iVeib atr will aot begia to CDlcr the cyliodtr notil tU Ihc exba.uit h u beta
Rliuned to tbe workisf ip u t. It ú n tttu u y to idea'.ify tbe ia s tu t wbcn Ap = Q ¿t. (9.11)
U = Mxit to get thc co m ct reiult from timulUioa. T b u coadttioa mwk* the
itart of £tmK air flow ¡ato tb« cyiíadcr. Tbe paipOM ot t detiíled trtUmcat ' Let OI define the nnjámnm allowable prtuore cbange for evtry it«p ia
ot thc ¡Btak* itnik* k , Cor tbc u e o n t c eompatUion o f tbe mau o f (rcih air tbe iategraiion for tbe cxbanti and tbe iatake itn k e. Tbat ú,
ic tba ea fiat at Ib* itart of tbc compreuioB proccM; aad tbis ii «cbievtd by
P-Ptt
Iviu n ia j ap ib t «ouU amosaU o f írcth air, ¿A f, tbai flotr ia duríog <ad) ittp Apauc|< (exbaait itrok*), (9.12)
m
ia tbe cainerícal iateiraiioB. !f ibe inininatioB b to be accurate, w« m sit (
kaow wbcn to coraneacc the «ammlng ptoceu. Pn-P
(iatake itroktj, (9.13) _•i
m
wbere m i) a nomber u y , betveea 3 and 10. (.
Let ui deSoe tbe marimam allowable time interval for eacb itep lo the
integration. Tbat ii, k
*■
i.e. A (aun !» tbe túne for n degreea of craakibaíl rotation. We coold cbooee
n abo between, lay, 3 aad 10.
Now, eitber ra the exbaut or in tbe mtake ttioke, £r>t caknUte A p . , . . ,
for the valae of p (cyltader preunre] tbat pievail],
Witk tbb Apatxi caIcnUte the maximam valué o f the flo*^ rate di{¡dt \w
Ing c<i.(9.7) or (9.S). Depeadiag «pan tbe valué of Pileriu dV /di b calcalated
witb reífect to tbe engine tpeed.
The valae o f Q u calcalated from eq.(9.9) or (9.10), dependlng upon
whetber it ii tbe exhauat proce» or the ¡ntake p rou u .
Oa ccamíning e<{>.(9.9) aad (9.10), it b leen tbat Q caá be ejtber potitive
or aegative depending upon vhether dUfdi prcdominatei over ¿ / ¡¿l or vice
Vina, k tbe Umit (and vtxy rarely) the £x»t Ierro [ (l/W ) •d t¿¡¿l or R -T a
[dtj/dt)\ can beíome exactly eqnal to the lecond term ta eq(.(9.9) and (9.10),
reipectivcly, »o tbat Q cas ü itio.
Wíth the valúes o f Q and A p .u i <* calcnlUed lutng eq.(9.11) and
tben compared wHh A t n u obtúned from eq.(9.U ).
U*e tbe imaller o f the two a« tbe determinant for tbat itep in the inte-
gration p.'occas.
r ig .9 .3 fartietU ri o/c»<it(J in ÍÁe tatlj ínteie * ín U Figure 9.3 givei a flow'^bart of the logic tbat controb each ilep In the
iattgratiaa. It may be more ioformative than a verbal desciiptloa. ic
ic
u

O i‘ Coiupatt/S/fflTx/*tíofl of CT
Flg.0.3 f í o » chart for in teín tion of ci¡t.(9.3) and fS.Sj [ite ti¡.(9.Il)} ■
However, »orae forra of control mtut overiM the inUgrition, A nnifonn
i Ae kC «»th lUp miy le»d to A P vilae» lh»t rtduce cyllnder prwnre b«low
po dming th« eih nu t procea», or «bove Pm duriog the inlike procm .
On the other hind, with i fixtd A P vilue. MC«wiv«ljr Urge Ai vJuet
jn»jr rcíull ¡o over»IiootÍDg the ümiti oí puton tnvel.
The tcheme describid »bove wUl work lU iifictorily for the «ntire exhiuit
(troke, u>d for thit portk>& of the inttlie itrolu identified u Repon III in
Fig.9.2. Bul it m»y not work doring the eirly period of the intake itroke,
bec&tue if we lúnlt pretiore cJiuigei to
ll
P -P o
Apmt.
i exchange procesi, it b oeceuary to ipecify the variatlon o f the effectiye ralre
p cinnot drop below po or, in other wordi, we íuinot uie the relitioa
i Thii vahre aro» calcolation dependí opon the engine geometry and ihould be
Po - Po
i m
4 for the inttke itroke untUpbecomeskHlhxn P e Once TDC á re»died on the
(jchiust Itroke, the proctdtire ii to decreue p repestedly by emtU, pr«itríbí¿
OI 5iü)a/At/ofi trítb G ms EkcJiájige Piocets OS
unountj, ttíiai e<j.(9.1l) to compute the correipondinj At, nntü p bicorne*
leu th»n pa (Región ! in Fig.9.2); »fter whicli Intüít o f f u from the Intike
pipe wiU begin ind Fi«.9.2 c » i be »pplied. Note th*t the Snt portion of g u
that flowt ¡o Región II ( b Fíg.9.2) wQl be retnming exhaiut thit flowcd out
of the cyUnder doring Región I.
It b 1 conunon pnctice to hive y»Jy« evtrUp, i.«. cloting of the exhw it
vilve tfter TD C and opening o f (ntik* n l n bcfort T D C . Tki) mty re<«h for
the mo(t p u t in inproved Kirengiag tad ÍBcreu«d pcnrcr. The cUmenttry
theory dbciuted ktre c u be tppISed to nJy» o«trUp, ^thovgh the ctJcnUtioa
in' Región I becomet more iavotved (rig.9.2). Witk cyliader preuurt p greiter
t h u exhattJt maaifold prcwurt, po> uid blet muiifoVl preunrt, p . , when
botb the Ytlve* a n open, «jüiaait g u wDl low ihroagh bolh the v ijre*. It
is neceiury to kecp treck of lh»t portkn of the «xliauit whtch flowi tnto the
Intake pipe, linc* it wUI rctnm before freah alr cu i enter. If the cxbaoit
valve rtm alu open for a long period, exliaMt g u may ilow (rora the exhasit
manifoM throagh the cylinder and into the Intake manífold. When thu occon,
the engine performance will deteriórate.
A complete treatment o f the g u exchange procen would take iato a ccou t
the velocity datríbatloa o f g u in the cylinder, alnce ¡tt momentnm affecti the
Bow o f gas oat of the cylinder. Likewue, once the Bow h u begnn to cany
fretb air iqto the cyUnder, iti velocity along the Intake m u lfoid contribotei
to tht Sow n te . Simulation o f th a e faetón ti coaiiderably complicated and
wiU not be examined beyond the*e qsalitative rcmarkt.
Now, let u deSne the term volnmetric effictency. It ii the ratio of the
votume occopied by the freih air drawg (ato the engine on the intake itroke,
meunred'at intake maaifold conditioni, to thi diiplacement volume.
The m au of g u in the eyUnder at TDC, A /ij, ii known. Bjr lom m inf np
the dM amoiinti o f freih air that enter duríng Región III, Fig.9.2, the mau
in the cylinder at BDC, AÍm, ii known:
Wbdc •* W u lí+ ^ d W (9.15)
Then the volumetric efBciency ii glven by
.>f, _
m
(M u. - r.
------------- ---------------- . (9.18)
PoK)t.|.
In order to carry out cycle cakalationi that incorpórate detaüi ofthe g u
are» A, that appean in eq».(9.7) and (9.B) u a function o f the crank angle.
ipeciGed by the reader.
C a m p tU r Stmal*t¡oB o f C í EcfUi$ F roeta tt CZ £ a fiú f‘SImQÍ4tioíi G u £ x c ¿ u ^ « 2Voc««j 9T

Uowcvtr, » iimpl« tchcma c u b« m*d ú fi»ea btlow: Untess otherwiie tpeci£ed, the tablea and figures given in this chapter
apply lo u i eagine with ths foUowing apecificaliou:
in lv « : A Bore (0.0 nun
of€u* U BDC, 1 —0
Slrolce liO.O mm
ckMc* 4t TDC, I - líO*.
p .l7 ) U2.94CC
tal^ki vUv« : A » X u (l»U #D ‘ ^ L 230.0 mm
0P«11J at TDC, « - 180* r 16.S
< lo .í» * t B D C .# -íW , OperatioQ FuU load
Intake manifold preuure la tm
w k e « A „ M d i i u M* t k i w id e^ j> «a n h e t r e n í o r X , » a d m » y b « m u m e d
t o b e Id ea licíJ íor both v»Jvm. G tn e n U y , th e «zkwut « I v e ire* b Urjer Intaie manifold temperature SOOK
(h u í Ui« ialtkt vü vi tr tt (la c; (h e (pcctfic volom* o í Ute exh isit { u i* m a d i Fuel C jo ffa
kiglier d u e l o iti U g li le m p t t ilB r a . T lú i e* n U w i y « u a y in e o r p o r tlt d in Air>íad ratio Í2.S
Üie limoUlioB. Valve-tiraing
(9.19)
As per e<i.(9.17)
Fiiure «.< ihowi X /y » « w A¡Au « » a k mgl* u per *<i.(9.17].
Wide-open valve arias 3.0 cm*
It m»y be noted (hU p r o v i^ a j rnoit b« m»d« ia th« C om puter p rofn m to
incorporUt the reltvut « k » virú tioo'oí Iko v»lv*» o í tL* tasúte coacemed. E^xhaost valve opeas al «O*
Exhauit valve elotes U 554’
lolet valve opens at 527*
Inlet valve closes at 750*
c
Duration o f combostioB, Aft 50* ■
V
Combwtbn.model Zero^imensioasl
Injection advasce 27*bTDC c
Speed • ISOO rpm
i'
F lg.9.4 Vana(toii 9¡ t«/»í arto raiia Á jÁ n er AfAx^ toitk eroní onflt t Figures 9 ^ and 9.6 Uloitrate the variatLia of cyllnder presture with vol-
orne, durínj the g u exchange proceu. Figure 9.S elear|y ¡Uualnlea the effect •c
oí valv* area al conjtaat ipetd. whereaa Pig.9.6 dcpicU the effecl o f ipeed at
a particular valve « « a . It dearly thowa that th< work aiiociated with the
The E od «l«m rt<jaired lo eompleU the eyelc «Icu litioa is Iftecp, Ihe
Kavenging proceas may sot be iniignificant, and aiso reveali the profound
work tuocU led wilh lh« cxhitul u d iaUke itroke*:
eSect the aeaveogiag proce» e x u ^ in the way of liniítiag power oiitpat.
. Table 9.1 ¡Uastrates the effecl o f valve area on oatput power and vol-
W,loop
nmetrtc efficiency. It may.be ooted that the increaie in power íor a larger
valve area li obtiined tnainly dae to the improvement in volametfic eScieacy
where Ap deoole* Ibe ch u ge in prcusre ucompuiying ihe volume c b u je and comparatively redoced exlauat gai'dilutioa. It may be noted that the
AV'. The iuranutloB «xUad* from ihe polol in th» eycle U wUcíi Ihe exhiajt Yolujnetric efEcieacy improvea som SSSí to 99% io the CI engine and, ií one
valve optnj lo lb< poinl U «rhich the inUke valve dote*. . compare* the valuea íor SI tngiae, one may find that the magnilude o í vok -
A Bumber o í Ubk* iiave b » n iaeludtd lo Ihá chtpter to iludy Ihe effecl raetric efficieacy is comparativcíy hígher íor CI eogioes (« í« r Table 9 .’ of (he
of vviotu ea(iae p w u n e te n on powerontpnt whea the a cladcydetún tU iw n book on CempuUr Simtítiion c f Spark-lfailion Enjine PToceii<$, Univenity
is euTÍed oot. The m iio idea ia to próvide the reader with leta oí resolta,, lo Press, Hyderabad, 1994). It ¡s nainly due to the fact that in a CI eagine there
ihat the profrua «hea (omptled and execated ahoold give the auné idestical it no throllle and the Bow reatHclion is oot aa high at Ib» SI eagine. Fnrther,
reaalta. By thii, oa« caa be aure that the projrim in (he reader'a compnler hígher compression ratio o í the CI engine aulomatically reduces the exhaojt
is the tune u that ia tht Appeadix. ( u dilutioa, which helpa in the improyement of power outpul.

■(

r
 98 Compílff SlmoíitJoii of Cí £oi¡«e PrwroM»
Cl Eaflat SlmtUtSoa wlli G u E x c iu g t P m ctu M

T»b1e 9.1 E ff«t of v»1yo » « » . on powtr ind Yotaia«lric clEcknqr

[for tht (le«<ril>«l by cq.(O.I9])

Spetd : 1500 rpm r : 18.Í RAF : 1.5

Cem¿ur : 50* Start o f injection : 15J*

x«/ Ti N .. Power
«I» (kW) >7tk
Ala (K) Nu, + N.

2,0/2.0 3 «.5 3 0 «5.116 0.980 3.918 28.882

2.6/2.S 312.099 90.771 0.9S2 4.586 31.458
3.0/2.5 311.440 0O.8S3 O.9S0 4.635 31.744
;
t S.0/3.0 299.173 94.008 0.950 4.912 32.413
) J.$/3.S 289.797 96.612 0.949 6.145 32.938
ü i.O/i.O 279.816 99. M5 0.943 5.347 53.220
J

Fipire 9.S ihoiri tliít i( 1500 rpm, witk / ( „ *> /iu =* <-0 cm’ , preMurt
fUlí lUuJily ifu r Ihe exhiiut vilve optni »C BDC; whertM wilh 2 J cm* r»lvt
m x , tbe puropmg b u U Itrfer u th« rualt of compctia; cffect* of piitoo
movcmtnt ind 9ow golsi ont of tbe cyimder. Anothcr fcatsrt diipltytdi io
Fit.9.5 U Ihe dlfferínce ia tbrottUo{ cffccU o í y»lve are» n lo e i on th« intakt
i:;
) itrolK. With tbe imaUtr n lr e ixtk, tbe pumping toop u Urger. Tbe preñare
I-.' uid temper»tora tt tbe it u t of tbe conipreuioa ttroVe determine, b pirt,
] tbe qa u tity of freíb »ir ia tbe cylindcr, whici in tnm, controti the powtr
developed.
lo tdditioa to cbuigiag tbe vaJuei of tbe inlet u d cxbauit valve v e u tbe FIg.O.S K ffctt of taJft ort« oa tAe f u czckanjc f r t x o i
exprestioQ in e<].(9.17] itMlf mty be iltered, imosntiog to chugúig the valve
cun proEle lt«clf. For bejt reialts the most deiirable combinUioa is q u id
I'!
opealni uid bigb lift vitvei, wbich wlU eu orc bett KiTenging of tbe exbatut
lod the I&rgcjt Litik« of frejh lir. At for the thennody&mic u ily iis , u y Tkble 9.2 Effect of comprtsiloa ntio on pswtr asd tbcrmal «fficlincy
) vilve urangement U permltted and niay b« exunmed for itj effect en power. [bt tb* «afta* dttctfbcd by »).(9.|9]|
However, i& prulice tbere are limitatioiu. Becanse of tbe isertia and dctiga
) of Ibe valve cam, there are tímit« to tbe rapidity witb wbkb a valve mty be
Speed : 1500 rpm A » M í« : 3.0/2.5 em*
opectd or cloted, If eitber one is excestivt, tbe cám foUowcr will Iom eontact Rá F : 1.5
A i. : SO* Statt of tajeclloQ : 153‘
witb the cam, rejultiaj in vaJve burning and, very probably, fallare of »ome
piece in the valve. í Ti Powtr
Note in Table 9.2 bow Ti «lightly de<reaie« a* tbe eomprestion ratio, r, (K) nth
*. (kW)
ii incrtased. Tbii tligbtiy bigber temperature at knr comprtuioa ratio, vis.
12, íi due to comparatively iocreaied exbautt g u dDatioo «b icb reduce* tbe ■i 12.0 310.016 »1.325 0.948 3.931
íi 26.778
amount of frejh air in tbe cylinder, accounting for a p«rt of tbe power de- 14.0 313.383 B1.152 0.950 4.322 29.516
ri
'!
crease at lower compre«ioa ratios. The point to note is that the voluraetric
cIGciency remaúu almoit conttant lince variation of Tt ii very imall witb b -
i 16.5
18.0
311.440
310.500
00.883
90.800
0.950
0.953
4.635
4.770
31.744
32.786
) ;• 20.0 310.307
creued compreiiion ratio, indicatmg compreuion ratio hat negligible effect on 90.478 0.955 4.904 33.778
«i
22.0
li Yolumelrk efficiency. The trend of thermal efBciency variation is as expected
due to the increaje io compression ratio.
.
309.808 90.244 0.950 4.984 S4.Í21
100 CompaUr SlaalíUoB e t C l E at¡»* CI E ntU t SlmahthM witi C u E xeikat» P n xtgt 101

TibU 9.3 iUiulrtU* Ihe tfftct ofenjint »pt«d on ihe powtr M tpot. Il e»a
b« ob«<rv«d tliU Ib* power b crtu e s wiUi ip«c<]| bal tlie r»U of uicr«»»« in *-
iKjJly eomtt down u)d d c c n u t i ifttr 2<00 rpm. Power p « i i »t » pirticaUr
■pN<i il • «Lunctcrátic o f tlic d icu i togine.

T k b l * * . * E A m I • ( S p M d 00 ? t m r ( f o r I d»crib«i br «t-ce-»)

r : 16.S ; 3.0/3.5 cm’ . RÁP : 1.5

A i. : SO* Stari of bjectioa ; 153*

Spetd Tt N» Power
’h (kW) ntb
(rpm) (K) N »+ N ^ ( ■
1200 29t.sei 93.753 0.948 3.997 33X08
UOO J07.434 91.70S 0.954 4.450 33.284 c
ISOO
1600
Slt.440
S18.09S
90J83
90X06
0.950
0.953
4.635
4.835
31.744
3U 69
c
ISOO S23.419
343.844
81X97
85.133
0.955
0.975
5.133
5.184
S0J31
38.683
c'
3200 S56J99 83.345 0.980 6.307 37X40 c
V/V^
2400 373.920 74.933 0,987 5.049 34.985
2600 3S3.765 73.097 0.933 4.933 33.233

F lg.9.0 Efftel c ¡ ipud on iht j u txcicujt fro cu i

F i( v « 9.6 UJu(lrU«> preuun volume traca for two ipeed< lo r the enginc,
c
ipeci£td by eq.(9.19). At ISOO rpia, preunr* dropj ripidly u «oon u the L*t ni deaot« by tbe cru k u g le at wbicb tbe «xbanjl vaJve begia*
cxluiut viive opcoi U BDC u d r c m ú u elote to 1 Um d a r ú i th« rcmiinder to opea, u d k t f|a deaoi« tbe craak u g le at wbicb tbe iataka valvt cloiet.
ol tht «xJiAUt «trole* ifid tli« lubM^aint ú t ^ e sItoIm. At Mglier ip«edj, vis. L«t tu cxprea u d <<u ia t*mu of f , u
3000 rpm, prtMurt c b u (< i« p a d n il from BDC to TOC, revealis( how Sow
u d pbtoa mavamiat con p «(«. On lh« iotalu (trokc, th* preMor« dropt to 1>/í
O.S Um, rticU ag iroosd 0.9 atm »t th< (tirt of tbe compreuion atrolte. Aiw itn
in I
180+ í „ 1
Tb« u p w (t) in th* fifure iadicUci Ibt potol in tbe intalM ttrole »t
(9.20)
SOCO rpra whea (reih tir b e ttu lo (oír into tbe cyU&der from tbe ínttke ..y .
maol/old. B<Iwo« b TDC u d tbe «rrow point, t x b ^ t giJ flowi ioto tbe i4{nalÍ0 180
U O -li= i (
iatake muUold u d tbea rctum* to tb* eylindtr. Tbe utow poeitioa is ibout .
40* c r u k «ogW rotuioa tfUr TD C. . (
Tbeae «xprm ioni are cboaen for (implicity, óace tbey reduce to «<{.(9.17) for
Al meatioBcd abovt, u d u ibowa in Table 0.1, tbe wide.opca v«lv« «rea
may b* w ic d , u d th* ibape of tb* valvt arca c w * agaiatt thi craak u g le <= O ud fu *= UO.
may be alt*r*d dúreiirdiag all tbe conpkxitiei o f tbe mecbanicaJ motion oí
tbe valve traía mcdianUm. la additioBi Ib* pointi la tbe cycle wben tb« vilvei . A* tbowa in Table 9.4, v«}v»-timing clearly bai itg ii^ cu t eff«ct on power, (
opto u d cloM may bt aUtrtd. Tb* «Secti oT cbaaget in valve-timíag can be
examised and art ib o ra in Tablu 0.4 to 8.7. A valvt-timiag diagram ihowing
eipecially at Mgber ipeedi. T b ; reaioni are made «vide&t by T ^ le 9.$.
Th« nunben in bracketi ia TVble 9.5 rtíer to voliunetric eíSciucy. Tb«
c
typical valca for a 01 tagia* ii giv*p in Fig.0.7.
preiattrt pj it.io atmoipKerti. Not* tbat tbe eogla* ú runntcg at foÚ b td , <>
witb 1 atm preitore in tbe iatak* tnuifold, u d tkU for tome coaditioaj of
valye-tlmiag u d ipeed, Ihe preiauie in the.cyliader at the itart c í compreuioa

(
 Cl Enxltt f/maUlioa Htk Gu Pnc*u 103

T^blc 9.S E ík I of TiÍT»-llaUt oa pi u d rolgmflric «Kcl«Bqr

at Tufou

r ; 16.5 S.0/2.5cm ’ EVC : 554* RAF : 1.5

A i , : 60* Start of injection : 153* IVO •. 527*
P l (atnu) and Volnmetrie effidency (?{)

EVO/IVC Speed (rpm)

(deg) 1200 1500 1800 2100 2J00
360/720 0.996 0.990 0.96S 0,921 0.878
(89.479) (86.949) (81.687) (77.311) (73.961)
340/735 0.99J 0.993 0.993 0.993 0.977
(91.849) (88.775) (85.292) (80.097) (76.181)
340/750 0.993 0.993 0.993 0.993 0.993
720 (92.531) (8Í.853) (87.336) {8U 79) (n .9 2 0 )
320/750 0.993 0.993 0.993 0.993 0.993
Flg.9.7 A iypkii *a/ct-íímítij ¿ía;rotn/or a CI «nji'ne (92.721) (89.821) (87.406) (81.724) (76.816)
290/765 “ 0.993 0.993 0,993 0.993
(90,810) (88.107) (83.551) (77.818)
( * ( p i n t l a b t x k e U 4 n o 4 < n l » r 1r1< • f l l < l » c r )
T«ble 9A Effect of nlve-linúsg on povrer »t m looi

líi (bow, im oD( other thinp, thit the combinatioa of n lv e trent* thtt prodncei
r mudtnam power for a (¡ven ipeed dependí mtínty on apeed.
r : 16.5 Aft/Ain : S.0/2.5cm* EVC : 554* RAF : 1.5
ASc : 60* Start of injection : 153* IVO : 527“ In TWble* 9.< lo 9.7, the lataie valre openi at TDC u d the exhaiut Y»]rc
( cIo*e» at TDC. In real enftnei, the intake yalv* U >et to open befon TD C whlle
EVO/IVC Spted (rpm) the exbauit valve clcaei aíter TDC. The period whea both vaKcj are open U
(deg) 1200 ISOO 1800 2100 2300 referred to u vilve overUp. The overlap períod may be modelled a ilo f the
Power (kW) pñnciplet of tbermodyDamici and finid tnechaalca already dcKribed. OverUp
(■I reqaire» a aomewhal more «cmplicated analyib. Durinj the ralv* overUp
360/720 3.326 S.926 Í.120 4.149 3,963
4.727 4.77Í period, one h u lo cloaely monitor the m u i Bow rale, not ooty throngh the
SÍO/735 3.632 4.288 -«.622
S<0/750 3.997 4.635 5.133 5.229 5.167 exhatut maoifotd bul abo tkrough the inUt manlfold. When ihe cylinder
320/750 3.Í22 4.504 5.124 5.276 5.327 prcuare becomei leu than the mani/old prcsiurt, whatevtr f u e ( that have
290/765 - 4.09B 4.547 4.845 4.984 gone tnto the inlet manifoid wiU fint enter the cyliader, Howtver, If the
exhauit valve cbiín g it detayed very m uci, ihert may even be iome kxa of
fnel throiigh the exhaoil valve. AU lhe»« detaili are to be talen into accouot.
U t!(we lo lh« miaifold prenure, O n « BDC hw b««n pu»ed on the int»ie
ü! With regard to computationa] id ie m u wíth ubitrary viKe-timing, eu ly
i. t(raV«, thc pbton motion lendi to mcreue the cyliodcr prtuure oppoeed by
exiauít valve opening doei not preaent any problem. Thb b not ao for the
í floT» out of the cjrliídeí biík to the intike mini/oId; w hid of the two prevuti
intake procets. Early in the tslakt itroVe, the cylinder preuore p dropi b e W
dependí on the cru k uigle ind ipeed, u well u on the vtlve cv n pro&te
the intake maniíold preuure, p „ , and reroaini btlow pa oBtil BDC. At that
jiveB In e<j.(9.17). It m»y be noted thit u«le»d of eq.(9.17), eq.(9.20) cío
poinl,
•lio be u»ed.
í P “ Pi. - c. O O
The in»Iyüj of vílve-timlng effecti on power uid other englne p»r»mettr»
miy be carrlíd í itep further by alterinü exhioit nive opening uid íntaie A l the intake itroke costinnea, with intake valve or port optn, p will b -
vjJve clojíng independe'ntly, m »hown in T»bte« 9.6 i&d 9.7. IVblei 9.6 »nd 9,7 creaae owing lo tbe comblned effetli of the iníow of |»a and ihe piíton or
10< Compou/ 5I»iil*lí»» o í Cl Enjliit FtOiMut Cl EalU¡* Slmalxtha witk Gu ExciiMft Pne*u IOS

T ib U •.» E ftcl of nhr*-Ual>( oa p o w « d roluDiUk «aScUncy T*bl« ».T Effect of nlv»-Umiat «a powtr u d voliim#tik «Btlinqr
(.p««l - tSOO ip s ] (ipMd <3 1000 ip a )

r ; 16.5 A../Ai^ ; S.0/2.5 cm’ B V C : 5SÍ* JlA f : 1.6

r t U J Á..lÁ i^ : 9.0/J.6 cm» i : i 'C ; SS4* ; 1J A i , : 50* Stirt of iaj«<tk)o : líJ* JVO : 527* Sj>t«d ; 2000 rpm
A f , : SO* Stirt oí iajtcltoB : >U* ÍVO : S27* Sp««a : ISOO tpta
Brak« powtr (kW) aod Volumttric efficiíBcy (54)
BriJc* power (kW ) ta d Volmacuic cS ck a cy ( ^ }

EVO (def) IVC EVO (deg)

(deg) 330 560 (deí) 270 300 • 330 360

270 300
720 }.410 4.M2 3.026 720 - 3.90S 4.473 4.137
(M.M9)* (M.920) (86.949) (78.687)* (79.275) (79.053)
7JÍ S.61S 4.352 4.1S2 735 - 4.207 4.743 4.481
(M.77I) (sgxue) (88.791) (81.963) (81.209) (80.903)
7S0 4.000 4.«54 4.539 750 - 4.630 6.194 4.939
(S9.(M) (t9.W l) (90.097) (81698) (83.227) (83.489)
,7«S t.0 U 4.937 í 765 - 5.209 5.703 5.396
(90.UÍ) (90.833) (90.819) (85.034) (84.420) (84.136)
4.4S2 5.056 4.957 780 - 5.347 5.916 Í.667
7»0 ,
(91.922) (9I.M1) (92.054) (86.456) (86.462) (87.014)
:C
(* Ifurr» U bcMkcu <l«m«U ouluiMttk «Hkkpcrl (* ifurci Ls dvaolc v«liua«ifie <&eUM]r)

rot«r moviment. Al túne pu*c<, ( will dccreue, If tbe po[st o( th* intllce
vilvt doting b dcUytd for » n S cicotly b a g « p u oí crtJtk*liaíc lo liiio n , p
will t y c B t a ^ «xcetd p^. I b «diieve tkii, bowev«r, *bni(c foixt* ii rcqairtd.
TbU is, wh«n ( b««amei iafSciently imall, ujr k w I b u 1% of pm tb « calca-
Itiioo fhould be inUtrapUd aad p m w t b« K t u :
p = p „ + <.
and long-duration com buitbo. Tbey, tbereíorc, ie<}a¡i« vilve area valucf more
do*«ly proportional to Ibe bor«-cob«, rUher thaa tbe bore-tquwe, iine* tbe
vohrae.oí tbe ezbauit to be mdí ool ú proportionil to tbe borecnbe. la
additioa, múltiple injecton may rednce tbe combuition time. In tbcocy, lirge
eagine* c m produce tbe «une power per unil diiplaceraent volume u imall
engine» can.

Thii will rev m t the dirtclioa o í íow . Tbe flow o f frtsb ü r «nd « lid o * ! The finü peiíonumce fijurei for tbe engine ducribed by eq.(9.19) i»
cxbauit out of ihc cylindcr willrcdBW p, wbiic Ihe putos molioo will incrcMe gtveo ia Table 9.9, iboiring how tbe fsel-air ratío a fecti tbe operati«n. Rere Y
p, (ince BDC b u beca paucd. Tbeie eompetíag «BfecU detumims tb« cylicder deaotei tk« mole* o í oxygen/mole of fael. lalake tauU old temperature, Ta,> ü
prtuurc al tbe iiutafit tb« íbIiJm valye eloM«, or tbc iotake port a cover«d. Vuumed to be conitant al 300 K, by deiíga. Tbe dnrition of combution variei
accordicg to tbe empirical expreuion given below. Uowever, thii ticpreuba
7 b « (Bgiae «ú « txtru a «Uosg iaSusac« o s powcr, u i* to be expc<tcd.
i< by co meaai a complete ititemcnt. I'. ihould be uoted tbat die*el eaginei
Wbil* cocnparing «ngúi«* of diStreot iUe«, powcr outpul to unit volume dU*
oper&ie on leaa mixturas and, tbereíore, tbe calculUion ibown ii for y > y « .
pliccmeat ú a coavcoicat si«uare. Table 9.S compare* leom drícally limilar
U U u ea tbat wilh Y > 17,5. tbe jxjwer u weü u tbe «fficiency dropi.
CQgúiM. In «acb cu e , tbi.itroke lo bort ratio [^/B] and conscctlag rod lo
bor« ratio [CRL/B) art a« givtn la Tkble B.l. Wtde-«p«o valve m a ú pro-
portiooal to bore^iquan. Siact com b u tú a time a a be auuinc<3 to b«
fiu d , it k u b««a takeo to b« proporiiooil to tbe bort. In t<{.{9.19], a b o n of
A i. = <0 + 6 ( ^ - l ) . 1 6 6 ( ^ - u ) ^
iC
(.0 cm U assumed wilb • com bulion duration of 60*. Injectbn advaoc< li,
in all c u e t, k ( a( ooc<balf combulSoa duratioc. Other fealurts o í Ihe engine
k
í
tbat ar« indepeodent o f liie are «4 lUl«d bi eq.(9.1S). Large engine* ( b a ge-
ometrically iiralU ricriu} Ji»ve tbe dutdvutage of poor volametríc cfficieocy
i<
i<
 C¡ Ea¡ln» Slwaltlloa wilh C u Emhutfe Procat 107
100 Compulíf Slnioi«lfon ofCI Enfim Procatet
by tbe worlÍD| flaid in one complete cycle It (ivcn by
T » b le 9.5 V»ri»tion o í ip »cillc powet wUh €i¡jin« tlj«
(|com«trlc»U)r tlmlUr tritw ««)

16.5 Rá F 13 wbcre Ap ú the prcn on chtnge tniüle tbc cytiadcr u t rcfotl of pUton motion,
C on iv - •'Ion r*tio
2.875 borí Sptíd 2200 rpm com butioa, lo v b to or oat of tbe cylúider lod b t»( truiifer.
CRL
Strolce 1.375 bore m - ^
The preusrt cbutge áp dae to heat trájufcr it fiven by
for exhitut v jv e ¿ 2 /W = 3.5/M.O ■ 0.05S
for blet vibre ; a. 02 = 2.5/64.0 = 0.039

r, P MC,T.
Bore AnIMa Bnke A#c ^tol
(mm) (cm’ ) Power (kW) (CA) («) A'^ + Wx (K) where A, 8 heit trinifer coefScicot,
25.00 95.559 0.948 288.950 A B bterior mrf»e» tr tt of eogise volume,
40 1.00/0.7S 0,862
2.00/1.50 2.645 37.50 89.724 0.953 312.377 T. “ bterior in tfu e lemperttiire,
60
78.316 0.984 359.4Í6 U m m u í of workmg fluid,
80 J.EO/2.50 5.241 50,00'
100 5.50/4.00 8.775 62.50 70.850 0.980 388.245 c. X2
workbg Buid ipeclEc beU,
8,00/6.75 11.683 75.00 60.006 0.982 397.879 T XI workiag fluid temperature.
120
|S. 11.00/7.7S 11.171 87.50 60.683 0.983 401j0«3
UO
The Duls problem with c<).(9.22) U iht cboict of » proper vilae for tbc
b e a Im u fer coeSdent. The beU tm ufer betweea the w ork b f floid u d ihe
Sltrt of injíction - (tic = 153*)
bterior tarfjLce b by foixed coDvecttoD, Md tbe vUue o f A, dependí on the
g u vebcity at the inrítcet. A i littie t> kncnni aboat the | u motloD íoiidej it
b common to s u lome empirical fo m o lie for CAkalatinf K,. Tbe fortnalic oí
T«bl« ».fl M « t oí »]r-fael ntio od p6«wr ( i ) Alhley-Cunpbell, (ü ) Sitkei u d RuiuntUb, (ü i) Haheobeiti (ir) Pflkam
[fot Ihe «Bglnn ducribod by «q.(9.19), O 1500 rpm) u d (v) AnAud irt widely aied.
(I) Aihley-Cam pbcll cquatlon
t- ComprcMÍoa ratio 5 16.6 Speed : 1500 rpm
)
Stirt of bjeclion k J /i K. (9.24)
i:
Bnke Lh
I RAF Y Illh where B cytiiider bore ia m,
Power (kW)
P cyliader pre»jure in ttm,
1.06 16.5 4.118 28.265 61.57 T worktnj Suid temperituie in K,
j 1.13 17.5 6,001 31.344 65.17 Z worklng íuid velocity tn m /f.
1.19 18.5 5.714 31.133 58.69
) 1.26 19.5 5.312 30.623 63,07
V 4.996 30.177 66.96
1.32 20.5 (II) Sltkel tn d Rjunaoal&b e^uatloD
1.50 23.6 4.121 28.277 78.67
Á
0.0< (1 + i) Kc»J/m»h*C. (9.24)
i!
9.3 K e a t transfer process
where b O - 0.03 fpr He»»elin»n-lypt direetion combuilion chunber,
J
O.OS - 0.10 for piiton chunbex,
H » t truufer ú t muit m !C «oginn to miúitún cylinder wtlli, cxlináer heidi 0.1$ - 0.25 for iwirl chunber,
and píitoa fice> tt •J e optniting Umperttnm. HeU ii trutrerred from or 0.25 - 0.35 for precoinbuilioa chunber,
ri
to the worklng finid during evíry p»rt of í»ch cyde, ind th« ntt work done g u prtuure b tlm,
 ...
....... t....

C l Eaflat S iaalith» mitb C u E x c iia ft P n c e u 109

( )
103 Compuiw SlmaUtlat «lC ¡ Etflu* F/aMM»
O for compmtion «trokc oí C1 e n ;u e , { i
Cm *■ m<ut pbton ipt«d, 0.37 for oiker ilroke* u d 2.S1 for CI cnglati,
Tf •» g u U m p«rU u«, A thtrmü cosdttctÍTÜy of |u ia I c il h~‘ m *C "*, ( ;
d, *• «q o iv iiu t dUmtltr o í cylinder = <V¡A.
fie Reynold’i number =
( )
C„ M e u patea <p««<l,
(Ul) H o h ca b crg '* «<]u«Uon • - A lot of rcMUch ú b e b g cu rie j oat to Bod a. «taglc cqumtioa to •ait
all eagmet, ttlcis; inlo KcoDst the w i o a i ÍKk>.’*. T k u U, indctd, t veiy
(9.25)
■ --------y o - o i i u i - ^- • K- difficnll job u d (U! lucb u «{au ioB t> urived at, oae b u to dcpcad Uriely
upou empiiicil fonnulM for tbt detamlnitkm of kg,
Tbc importanec o f beU lruuf«r in «imoUtioB ti wortb a o tb g. H » t
w h ere K, »• c y lla d e r v o lw n r , (m ’ )
p = p t tu o n (bar), truufer rtdact* tbc powtr oatput, u U itdacei tbc cxpiiuioD «rork u d ú -
< )
T n m « u ( u Umpcr»tsre, c r t u í» tbe compreulon work. OuriuK lb« txb&ut itroke, b » l Iniufer from
C „ B m t u p iil« a « p t « l . tbe w orkúi floÚ wiU t«ul to u increuc ia tbe qats.ltty o f ra id u d f u c f ia
tbe eyimder. Tbe beU I rm fe r to ibt w orkkj fluid during tbe iatake itroke
wtU decreue tbe qntatity o f frab tir isbtled.

(hr) P fla u m n ju tU o n
( '■
9 .4 FricÜon calculations
(9.26) (,
K « V O T / ( C - ) K « > / » * •‘* 0 .

whtrt A p u t o f tbe powtr developed b tbe e ylk d a of aa IC engine U «btcH^d (

to overcome friction ia tbe viriooi compoaealt, ialet u d tbroltliag louei
/(C „ ) - . u d ptttnpiag louei. Tbe cmpiricti reUtboi propo*«d by LN.Búbop (i?X£ c
IVatuulwBi, VoLTS, 19&5) bave beea u e d to cilcitliie tbe power tbtorbed
{ ■
Tk* pMItivt (i|B {| Mcd, if ia friction, u d tbe viriouj expretiioni are u gWeo below. 1
(i) M e u effective preuure (MBP) lott lo overcome frictioa due to tbe gu (
pretiu e bebiad ria p .
u d Ib* acgAl¡y« « l(s b nt*d, if (

"incpl = 0 .* 2 x (p ^ -p ¡^ )x — ( ,
Cm S S.0 m/i<

w kcxe ff « p r t u iir a (U m ), x (0 .0 8 M C , X 10 (9.2Í)

X
Tf = m «ui ( u UraptritoK (K),
M m e » » piitOB i p « « i ( m / i ) . wbere
= ttmoepberic pre*iure (bu-),
Plnf á= muíTold ncunm ( b u ) , .
s at Itroke (mía),
(v) Auaa&d'a cqtiiiUon (.
B st bore (i.-jm),
r = comprexiioa ratlo,
= meas piitoB ipeed (m/mia},
Fmtp = frictioa mcia cffeetive preuore (bar).

kcil h” ‘ m "* K " ^ (9.27) (ii) M e u eíeclive prttiure absorbed ia frictioa dne to w*U tetulon o f ringi |(

10 X
O.S775npr
(9.29) |c
w buc a 0.35 to OJ inereuing willi Inereued ipeíd,
c
 CI Eoflat Slathlhe wtti Cm E x c iu t » Procat 111
lio C om p v ttr SimB/ífJbt ’í’d j/iií P eoc

9.5 Comp«rhon of simulated resutCs

wbcre np, - -i-mber oC rin ji.
(¡ii) MEP » b » o r M ü> frictioQ dae lo pUton and riagi
TabU 9.10 |iv<a a comparíaoa « f •linalat«d m a lta , u ín g tbe inclkoda and
(9J0)
eqoatloni deacríbed in C baptoi t t« 9, wbca ib t aotlvart gtven la tht Ap-
pendix ia joat n a . It !• avidcal, takbg alnoat all th« proceaMi btto aecoaat
whtre P,i » p’utoD lU rt-leaftli (mm).
(Cbapter 9), how •&« can approacb actia] ea gb t itmalattoB. Howtver, it may
(ív) BJow-by lo9» be caalioned hert Ihal the valaei prcdieted art oaly indicativt. More refiae-
fatp* ~ V'P» ~ Pliaí mcalt o( varíoiu m odtb ihoold be allempled « b ic b , ¡a the anthor’t opinion,
win be weU rewarding and theie art te(t to the reader. Kowever, tbe demon*
(9.31)
0.121r‘' ‘ - (0 .0 3 « + 0.00105Sr) x j itration o f the capabilily o f the code validatloa with experimental data baa
been done and the detaÜt are diienned in the foUomring aectiona.
whert / / = «peíd ia rpm.
(v) MEP loít in ovucoming inlet « d itroUling I o « «
Pr (9.32) 9.6 VaMatton oí the Computer code
+ Pioif
2.7S
♦rhew p, = <xhitu( b»ck preuure (bir). tn order to valídate tbe compatercode (givea ia Appeadix) developed, ezperi-
I.
(vi) MEP absorbed lo ovirtome fnctioa doe lo Iht v»K e ge«r menli «ere coadncted oa a aingle^yliader CI eagine with a eompreation ratio
/ *N \ of 16.S, Meuarcmentt o f importaat parameten were made tuiag itaadard
(9.33)
initrameaU aad power cBtput by a nriaging fietd dynamometer. The detaüj
tó of the meuttnmtnta can be foond ia Ram Reddy, (1093 b).
T*bert G = number of intike vilveí/cyUnder,
Tbe vaCdation of the coda haa beca attempted luing the Iwo^soae modeL
H = íntike T»lve dUraeter (mm).
Progmiive comboition and the lero-dinteaiiona) model caanot predict the
(vii) MEP lojt in pampúig • detaib acenrately lince they are empírica! in n U v e . Therefore, for better
1^
predictioDj the two-ione (ombnjtloa mode] bai been aaed. Readen may ia-
(9.3H) corporate (iQI better corobnition modela for better predictioaa.
ín tp l

(yüj) MEP ibiorbed in beiring frklion

9.7 Engine performance simulation
(9.35)
W - O.OSMX

ii The engine performance dala obtained from the dyaamometer traib have been
(i*) MEP «bw rbíd in ovtrtoming the combuslioa «liunbtr ind w»U pninping
cotnpartd with (he predicted reaolta ajtng the developed code. Elxperimeata
! :■ tostel were cosdacted al full-load coBdilloat, It may be soled that even at falt-load
(4 ) operatioBi in aa actual engine, the manifoid prejiare need aot be atmoipheric
due to reslrktiona in the flow pauage.
TotÜ MEP loil io frictíOB, Fai^ ~ fmtvl + . . . +

N«t brake MEP « Icdiciied MEP - FHclton MEP

Mi 9.8 Préssure-crank angle diagrams
MccituticU ífficiency =
tnjíp
tí;
Howíver, when ; u ucbingc procew is iscludtd, lomt of ihe frícllonil
f. Preiaure biitoriea for the experimental and lero^imeniional u well aa
losMi cut be neglecUd in frklion cileaU liont. Tbe tbove bise iou ci ixt only i
i •; two-ione model are plolted b Fip.9.8(a) and (b), for tbe rated operating
indkalive, uid ihould b« ipplied with ctulvon. The «xprcuioni m giviea
condilioDa. In the «ingle tone modtl,tbe cylinder lemperature and e<)«ivaleace
ia ord<T lo makc thc retder fu n íliv with fríction cakciUlions. A uptratc rallo of the mixture are asaumed lo be aBiform tbrougbout the cylinder and tbe
iiibroutine in the Computer prognm ibould ( i l e care oí fríction caJcuUtioo]. lingle Weibe'a heat correlatioa (Miyamoto t< el., IMS) ia u»ed. The deficiency
 ..-4

. (
C7 £ixls( SJisiilili«a wiU Cm £xdiu(« Pnct*4 IIS
■(
113 C a a p B U /S t o a i.t b .< r f C /a í)« í’« x —
o( under prtdtcttoB for tlie prtmixed «&d ovupttdxtioa ia iLt difloiive mode
(
u t rcvcaied. So it nuy be coaclOded tbU the bm of tUs typ« of model ti
T k bU t.tO Corapukoa el v u io w ilmsUlloa mtlhixi iai Ib» «o [ls*
dueribtd U •^.(9 .19) U nUthi* k!r-fo<l nüa, JiA-F l.CO
limllcd lad w t f d oaljr for iakUl caleoUlkiu.
•{
u d cat^C ntto, Kr “ S.7S. In P i(.9 J (i), tbc compaUd prcMUre báteric* for tb< (»x>-ione tnodcl U
lito preM0t«d for compiríson witb thc cxperimcnUl prtuurc bUtoríea. In
AC3 Ibü u k ly tü doabk Wcibt’t b«4t rclcu* coircUtloa ia ú t ¿ , wbick >de<)a»t«]y
VkrUbl** íes POS PC3
b u d lc* prtnúxtd tsd difftulve corabsitboi. HeU I r w f c r u lcd M io a i u c
I

■(
LOOO 0.093 bttlcr 'la tbk model, b ea oM tbe borsiog loae u d tbc aon*bttraia| loae
1.000 1.000
58&S92 U8.693 tcm p en tn m we icpiratcty delennioed. U u obccrred tbat tbc compatcd
Stt.SS2 5SU92
3 ltM 3 314.669 preuurei talijr weli witb tbc expcrimeatil valuei. It b alio o b jc m d tbat tbc
SOO.OOO S14.8M
50340 18.845 computed peak prcMue aad it* occurrcnce »gn c Wcll witb tbe expcrimeatal
s o .u t U .S U
9S.»72 31.672 72.638 valod . Tbe p n n tin ploti u tbowa ia Fig. 9.S(b} íor tbe two »oac modeli at
3S.872
Ma032 059.139 728.0S6 ISJ cocnprtxiioa ratio, alio tbow tbat tbete b a reaiosablc leve! o f afreemcot
g30.MI
50J42 77.765 betwccB tbe computed and expetimental valse*.
50.831 (a a ii
112.363 114.091
WJ.771 122.M1 •
2S24.910 80
W I .W l 2S72.06S
r > l« 3 Sp»l.|jO a.pa
I.IK 6.56S 4.061 ipatm liOOrpa
e jo s
5S8.S92 586.592 588.593 ■ n f .lJ ^
S(8.fi02
1981.S90 1751610 1153.188 1 ®
190S.»20
LOGO LOOO 0.989 \ * / «^A (
1/ *\ \

A
35.672 35.872 45.820
1347,986 1218.472 S12.465 |40
*\ C
800.218 70S.191 G00.8U
771.M«
SiO.127 507.306 307.485 267.M1 A * e K
43ft£69f 463.190 |20 ^ SintkBJoe
S O iM S 444.901
23.301 — SUikicoe ^ * EipcnoKOttl 'í
0.000 OOOO
0.000 ----- Tm b m -----T m m e
673.050
9M.5S2 937.813 8JT.675
10470 8.413 0 C
12.057
B4.eiS
1L723
40.220 43.943
• -
38.562
89.663
140 160 ISO 200
Cnink Mgles (degtet)
220 240 140 160 ISO 200
CnaiangtesCdegree)
220 240
c
>}vol V
0.959 FIg-O-S VsnatMA e/ cytmder prtutre viüi erani u fU jt t «an'oiu moitlt
0.986 0.9U
1.000
f^m + Ú 950 12.013 (
irwp [b»i[ 17.217 16.739
iiTup [bw]
tp [kWl
17.217
12J>57
16.739
11.723
1X.S77
R.'807
■ 9.661
6.766
9.9 Brake m u n efTeclivc pressure
c
>?klk
q„
S<j613
100.000
46.220
100.000
36.966
&4.123
31.012
80.422 c
Brake mean cSccttYc prcuore ia oae cf tbe impoiiant paraineten in deter- c
mining tbe perionnance of tbe engine. Figure 0.9 abowa tbe predkted aad
experimeatal m atls of imtp witb retpecl to injectic» timiag. The ctasdard c
o f thú corrtUlioa U (hU ic c4miot hui<il< thc pr«müed u>d diffeiivt m odu
injection timlng of tbe experáneatal eagioe b 15i*, Le. 27* bTDC. lajeclba
o í combuslioa. So tbc model b u cd os (Iie«« iM cm ptiooi, ntiag tingle W«Íbt’i
timiagi are raricd ±20* te ttody tbe effecl on tmep. I( b leen tbat íaJcc- (
h«U r«teu« modtl, aa<icr>pr«íicU (ii< prcM vei {xru lsijig lo tLc prm Lud
modt u d «vtfprtdicU, ío ihe tatcr part corrapondU.{ to the diffu iv« mode.
T b ü tr«ad ii c j c v ) / o ú irv td io tbU trutf< r by ladiatica á bot
tion Ktard (m om g cloter towardj TDC) reduce* tbe imtp. A* expected,
it cas be abo «cea tbat a two-ionc model predio* detalla better tbaa tbe
c
' uro-dimen*ioBal model. It it to be empbaaúed tbat firtber reSnemeat ia tbe
coasidend in (b b modtl u (b< buroíng lone UmptnUtn u aol cooipated ia ;C
eom bution model b necemry for obtalning better prcdlctioBJ.
llii5 modeL F^ocn Fi{.9.t(b), for » comprcssion ratio of 1S.S, t lin ú lv (rend
;|C

l!(
 ).

)
n i C onjpu(«/Sím ufitioB o fC J E oí/ü * Proce»»*» Cí Eaiint S¡mtUtha witb C u EMchtí[» Proctu IIS
)

)
CR0 I6-5 9.11 Mechanlul efñdcncy
) Spoedo iSOOrpra
níniS
) Fifttrc 9.11 tkowi tkc vanUioB ot inKktaictl tfficltncjr «ritk retpcct te is]*c>
Í3 tioo timint. Ezpcrifficsti iliow iktt mtdktaical tfScitncjr ii it« mudmom
) x>
frhm the enfin* optxiUt U lUadird {ojKtioa tlmlag. Howevcr, on «ih e r
a c'de of the ttu d u H Injeetioa túniai ihe m tcliuik») tffidtBcy ftÓi. it m*y
)
X» be t««n thtt netther of the modcb predict Ihe detUli well. This ¡1 dne to the
•mpinctl e<inUu>nj w d io frictioa modtl c a k a lu le u . Henee, proper frktion
) * EKpenmáu]
model tppropríUe to the eofinc thonld be tncorporaed for better prtdktioni.
- ~ Tworonc
) ---- , Single ytfie
■) 130 140 ¡5 0 160 170 ISO
Inj’cclion tíming (dcg CA)

Flg.9.9 Efftct of {njcctiotí tíming on iroAí mean c^íclí*e ffíMiirt

d)
130 140 ISO 160 170 ItO
9.10 Brake thermat effidency
tí: ti(l<ciio*d<ih((dftCA)
)
r¡: Fijure 9.10 ihow» the effect of injíCtloB timiag on brike ihermil elEcieney. It Efftct efinjntíeh timinf «n methtnúél tfftcÚKCf
j u ttta Ih il mudnwm b r i^ ih e m il efBcitncy occan ilm d v d injection
tirain*, vu. 153*. On «iOjer ikie of tb« ttuiaira injettion timinj (i.t., ±20*)
J
the thtTroU «ffickncy fiUj. A l c»a b« «etn, th« two-Jone tnodct prtdicta ihe 9.12 Volumrtric efüdency
) w u t io n bttter cotnpwred to the lero-dimeuioaal modcL Pnrther refinemtnt*
ts io ttie combtutioa model b a moit for bcíter predktioiu.
) Fifore 9.12 ihowi the vu ütion of votametric effideflcjr with itipect (o b -
Ip ^34 jectioa timÍBf. It may be leeti thit injectioo timinf h u littie effe<t on vot-
C K -16Í nmetric effidency. A i ihown in the fijure, volnmetric effitieney ii almoit
Spc<d«l50arpai
^32 riíVlJ eoiutuit. Both the modcb predkt the detúls wetL Howevtr, it m*y be ooled
0 th u combojtion modeb h»ve very littie effect on the prcdktion o f volamttríc
5 30 effidency.
’ü
£28
i C X -I6J
1 26 Sfccd» tX »< n
ri Ü fT li

[i
I 24
• £i{>cr(ncnul
O
— ----------- Twoione * EifCfteaul
NÍ m 20 -----, Single ywt —- Tvouac

130 140 150 160 170 180

lil IK 140 IM 160 170 180
Injection üming (dcg C A ) bj«tioa tiaú( (*1 CA)
lí!
P lg .9 .1 0 ESc<t of ínjccfvon h'míny orv ^roie lAermoJ tgicietuj Fig.9.13 Effect o f injtctioK Kminf en toltm ctric c/ficiency
1»!

kf

«I
JXO Cwapattr S lm tlitha « ( C ¡ Eaflat Fn<4tt4*

9.13 EtTect oí ipeed on paíoím ance

Figur» 9.U lh« viiUtion o í p«*k príMure wUh ra p e ct to iajectioa

timini. It b «Mil tliil the two-»one model prédieti the det»fl» belU r t h u thí
xcTO-<lim«iu!aaiJ modal.
&S
CR- 14J
Spttd-I500c}« Appendix A
n f-1 .5
75

e
65
ti
3
UnlU and thcrmodynamic properties
•55
In tbe SI nnit lyitem (Syetem* Interaatioiial d l/n itei), tba baie añila ar« u -
bítrariíy tbown. Tbejr are; leogtb, melre (m); time, » t « n d (i)¡ tm p « a ta ft,
45 • Experime&ul
KeKio (K ); amoont of labttance, mole (mol}.
- - TwoxQoe
-----SíatltzoK
The derived uniti are a* folkfviri; C
The N e w t« a (N ) is tbe forcé that accelerate* a maM of one kik>grani at
35 (
130 140 150 160 170 180 tbe rate o f one melre per («eoad.
InjEctíon üming (d cg C A ) The J ou lo (J) ti tbi work done wbta the point of applkaion of ose
newtos i« dúplaced fay a diitanee of one melre in tbe direction of the forcé.
F lg.0.18 Efftct c j injtclion itminj «n ftak pmturt (Tbe joule i« • relatively « o a ll qnastity of esergy. In tenni of day>to-day
cxperíence, ose kilojoate li tbe eaer^y releued by bommg one ‘atrike>any-
where' kitcben match.) C
n«n> Üit p ú fon n u ee picdietioni u d tke cxp«rímea(«i corapuitoa, it ii • Tbe W * tt (W ) ii the power that givei ñse to the prodaction o f energy
(
(««B thal Ibe dtveloped co<l« witii tke Iwo-fOM comboilion model predicU tbt at the rate o f oae joule per lecond.
variou p u m c U n reu oa ib ly «eU. Bowcvcr, a ort rcGuemenU i n n<iaÍTtd The P u c a l (P * ) i« the preunre exerted by one Newtoa diitributed o»er c
for •till btUcr tgrt«méot u d thts lu k it k it to tli« r«»der. one iq a u e melre.
Note tbU with tbii cod« » &Djnb«r of p u vn etrk itodies c u b « mkde. It ú (
In the SI nait lytlem, NewlOD’i aecond Itw doe« not reqatre a dimemioatl
tbe doir* of tb( katbor Ibat lh« aader-gnda<t«, poat-Knda4t« u id doctortl conventoQ factor.
itadent4 u wcU u p n ciltm f ugLoetn n i y om tlu< eode «xtcu iv tly for
In tbe ideal equation, pv = vhtre
v ilid u b f ibcir «0|!n* datk. Tbe autbor b u prorided ooly a braad Ibeoictical
(ttup for lb( bltr«>(«d ■tadeali aad m «ai«bcni to work on birtbir. Siace,
R = Í.JH kJ kraol-‘ K -* .
• (ource code ú fiv<n aad it ú alio is tbe (Inictw td fonn, any modlScatioa
rcquired for furtber r«&BcmeDli can be doa< wítb «aie. It Li Uf< to the reader
to altcmpt w io u i poaxible modificatioM a«d ia tbis, c o l / (be «ky ¡i tbe limltl Tbe foltowing are more coavenient A vaina « h e e dealin; wllb engine»:

cm* atm (
R ¿2.06
mol K
c
litre atm
0.0820e
m olK ■ f

\(

¡r
I

‘C
 lis Coo)p»(«rSliaEUt»a OÍCÍ £«xla* FrocíM*» AppiadlxA 110

Tbc m o le it t&c unosat af a «obitu ice o f i $yitem tbit conlaiiu u m u y Internal energy and enthalpy are itroag fonctiont of temperatore:
tUm<atU7 (ctU io u tkcre we cirbon m 0.Q12 k| or 12 | of cu-boa 12.
The du nen tu y tnthia m u t be i]>«cíSed and tEey roty be atoms, moUcol<«,
u (r ) - r c .jT + u iT o ), (A.e)
k>u, tkcCroa*, otbtf {>articlet, or ipecíEed |Toup« o( incb parikies. J r,
In th« SI sait lytUm, tbe mole repUeti the p a n mole ((m ol).
The nQmVer of estitie* in a mote ii 6.022 x 10^, whkh k alio known u
M r) - r C,dT + x>{To) + RTo. (X.7)
A v o fu b o ’l c o o it u t . Jt,

1 Biol o f 0 } h ti a mau o f 32 g, The temperatore Ti and u{7o) or /i(7o) may b* aaiigned arbitraríly.
1 mol of H} h u a m u í of 2 g, Entropy ú a more compUeated function and ii derived from the Ent law,
1 mol of K } h ii a mau of 28 ( ,
1 mol o f O hai a mau o f ISg, etc.
T ‘
The £ n ( three are known aa molecolir wei{hU and the laat U known u
atórale weight. which c*B tikc aajr ene of tke íoUowídj Ihrte forma (for pV m /JT);
The íntcrnal enerty, u, and enthalpy, h, are rtlated by
lif
C.-5T + A - ,
ti + pV. lA.l)
it (>1.*)
For ideal (aaei, we can alio wríte 'T p ’
m
dt
u + JtT. (X.2) V p
w

« Inlernal eoerfy u d enthalpy are deGned by In lrod ocb i a function ^(T) deGned by

du =• C,tlT,
(/1.9)
dh « (/l.S)
the entropy diferente between two itatea 1 and 2 can be writteB u
C ,-C . = R. (^ 4 )
• 2 -> i “ ^ (r ,) - ^ (r ,) -/íb > {A.10)
The ratio o f the «pecific heata t« deiipiated by k, given by
Mi
The Ubalated valaca o( ^(T ) are Uited in Table C.S (lee Appendlx C).
i\
‘ = I- ■ Since k |e<].(A.S)| ii not a itroag functloa of temperature, c<|.(A.S) may be
integral^ treating Jb a« a conitant;
M
The heat capacitita Cp and C, ar« weak fonctloni of pretisre but itrong
pV‘ conitant,
II fuoctioni o f temperatore. The valuea of C , are tabnlated tn Table C.2. The
inperacript * meini that the valuea are for 1 atra preuiut. l^ble C.S gWei
coeScienta to calcúlale C ,, for gaao normally eneoontered in internal cora- coiutant (i = conatant], M - ii)
H
boilioD engine calculitlobj. The expreuíon ii of (he fonn
R r w * -' coutant.

If C, « a + ir ( k J /k m o lK )
Equalion (A .U ) will glve qnit» accurate valúes for Urge temperature
rangei. Eqaation (A .10) ii, of courae, more preciie lince the fnoctioa ^(T)
II and b vaüd for the temperature rangc 298 < 7 < 900 K. taket ¡Ato acccuDl the temperature variation oí Cf.

n
 Ápptadlx A 131
130 Cowfattr SlmaUth» e lC l Saglet Pn r mtm

la k mixtar« o f fWM, «U b »,• 4uoU a| Ü>« mole aambcr ot g u Uie

loU l moU B«mb«r í f i* f i v » by
c;
N -

laUrnU w «riy U, tsUiUpy JET, is d tsliopy ^ o f » mUtni* w «

obtuatd b f u ld io f tkt cOBtdbatioiu bom «ick cou lU acst | u :

y (r ) -

B[T) - (A.12) (.4.18)

■SÍPiT) * X ^ N ííÍW iT ),
ud

nhttt tb i partía! p m m « ft b
c; C. + 5 3 “ i ^ . V 'eoajtu it. (A.19)
’ÜLe c
fi
(> (.« )

P E « -
Under certún clicnm itucei, tb< Mcood ttnna b eq>.(A.18) u d (A.19)
may b« aabatuitUlly larjer t b u Cp ind C,, c
The molecnUr wcigbt of t mixture, Mw ■i* aimply rtkted to the molícular c
T k * iB U raa l «B w o r, «a tb a lp y » m í «oU opjr o í • m txtwrt p < f m ota o f m tx- w«¡jbta of tbe coBititaent guei,
Iv a M a b« M p n a *«l I 7 la t r o d a d i i f U a b u U I t k í í o b * { , f i n a b}- c
W, » (A.20)
l. M -M ) (
A* a genertl rute, whea the composltbo of a mixtore of ideal guea ¡a coa*
itaat, aaj property o f the mixtore, per nicle of mixture (when approprixte), ii
u d thea
derived ^ wcighlng the eomjpoading property of each cooitituent accordúg
“ (D - c
to eacb mola frMtion.
MD - J (>(.J5) In the regioB o f amall apecific voltunt, the ideal gaa cqaation ¡a modified (
aad appeara ai
*(pi31 « . 5 3 » .» < (p í.r )- , (
p (v -6 ) = ítT,
Wbea Iba be&t cipaáty tá t mixture o f (u ca la wiitUa witb u p iU l C ,
(
where R >9 atill the aniveiial conitant and b ii the ca-tolame which takea ¡ato
accoaat the vohme occapied by the gas particlea themietvea. Valaca of i are c
ahowa to be oae-third the critical apeáEc volume and henee var)' amoag gaaei,
aa the follovñag valuea ahow: (
lh« proptf noiU ar« J K " ‘ Of kJ K “ ‘ . Wben writtco wlth km treua e,

Gaa Air CO H, N, 0, COj UgO

c
Cp = X^ííCi^i C, =
b
SO.S 51.0 21.7 so.o 24.7 31.} 18.7
ícm ’ /moU
lh« p r o p « n a iu m J mol"-* o f ralxtate K "* or KJ mol"* o í mixtura K "*.
(
EqaatioB* (A.IO) *ad (^ 1 7 ) ipply onlx ( « mixtarea witb fixed conpoai'io&i.
U tt>a compoaitioa cbta|«a u » rcaoU o f cbtnúcü reu tios, tbca tba btU For a mixtore o f gaaei, the valué of l cas be approximated by
(
u puitiea u « identificd by aAd Q u d ar< fom olited from tbeir b u k
dífialllott»: ,
(A.22) c
(

(
1J3 CcapiiUr SímiUtha o t C í E a t l f P eocoff*

The »ppnudm»tí chu icltr oí tq.(A.22) c»a bo obMTved by notinf tbit

u r h u k lirger i vilse tbui botb O ] tuá N j.
Aii- coaiitU ot BÍtrogeD, oxyf en tad tmtU unoiuiU of tcverkl other |u«t.
Fot CDtmecnni cücnUlioa», the lilU r m«y b« ¡2nort<¡¡ the mote frict'iou
•Htfned to nitrogen u d oxygen v t u foUowt;

rji, = 0-79; *o, = 0-21-

The r»tio U z n ,f x o , = thn», e»£h axygen molecale i* accom pukd Appendix B

by 3,76 nittogea motecnle*.
WhOe d e tlú t with the fiow of fu e i, it i* tuefo] to inlrodnct tbe coBctpt
of itagnation Itmpcralure lad to dbtínguUh it from tlrtam Umpenlun. The
formee U meuartd with a thermometer thtt ii itiitioatiy with reipecl t« the
movlng g u , while the Utter á meuortd with u iaEaitetimklly im tll thtr-
momeler th u tnoYei with the g u . StkgQitbn t « m p « n t v u trc ijidickted u
T*, while T deaotei the «treun tempentore, For i ( u moviog withvel<x-
Solutions for r ( T ) » o
ity C, the relttioiuhip betwceti the two temper4tare« U givea by the enejiy
eqoitioa Solotioni for F{T) • O cta be oblUatd ia 4 ruSely of wayi. Two limpie u d
MT) + 5cr> « M n. (>iM) weU-known methodi tr« dcacríbed her*.
Id o rd e r l o produce a m c e s i f n l a lgorilh m , lo m e th la g m u t b e k n ow a
lince the kinetic tnugy ii converttd b to th em il energy u the finid dtctl- a b o s t th e fo n n o f F{T). The m ore we know , tb e e u l e r it wili b e t o write
trites to lero velocity when it irapieti a g m it the ititloaiíy (hennooieter. the a lgorith jn aad the b etter tbe chan ce that it w ül b « lu c c e u fu l in all l i t o w
Eqaition (A.23) c.;ntalni eathilpy termi per otiit m u j. Wríting them u C^T t io n i. When ^IT ) O anict lo th e rm o d y iiu n jc a a i l y i b , w ith T rep rtM n tin g
pmdacU, v e ¡ti tbe a b io lu te te m p e n to r e , w« know a o b c « that w* are coD cem ed o n ly w ith
p o ilttv e T ralaei and th a l F(T] m <ut b e ú n g k -v a l« e d . The f o r m i fo t f (T)
^ ■ "* (0 enconntered & e^ «enlly, and p rom in ea tly , u e t a e r f y eq aa tioo* m cli u

A i m eximple, for lir C , = 29.2 J mol"* K"* »t room tem pen ton , or aboat
1 J g~‘ K“ ^, lince the molecaUr weijht 2i 28.90. Thni, F(T) - H ,[T )-H r {T ,)
or
(B.1)
T+ K.
f(T ) o V ,[T )-U r[T r)

with O ia (m /i). or iientropvc changa of ilaU from 1 lo 2, for whlch

CooK<iuentIy, At a vekxüty o f 45 m /l, the diffutnce betwecs T *nd T*
unoaati to l'C . Wheo C become* Urge, the virixtioo of C , with T moit be /• (f) - 5 (p i.r )-% „ T ,)
ttken mto kccoant to reich u i iccorite vilce for the tem peritnn differencc. Of
(fl.2)

m = s(K„r)-s(/„r.)j
la both c u e t, T I* «nanbiguou; thert ii only one lohtion, lo that ¡a the
range of Intereit, 7* poeitive, F[T) it a liagle-vained functioa. We know more
than th u . In the cu e ofeq.(B .l), we know that T i« greater th u T „ where T,
rtpreienti the initial tempcratore of the reactanli. Whcn e<).(B.2) deiaribei
an expanabn, then wt kacrw that T m u t be leu than Ti. lafonnation o f thii
lort limpUfie» the conilniclion of the program.
 (

(
T
(
i
i (
lll ComptUt SimtUth» t f c t E a ^ t P to c ttf A pptítdU B 126
(
Newtoft-fiaphion kertüon lechnique
(

t r u c f y o f tbit Ucratioa tc<luii(}ae ü üliulrttMl ts Pig.B.l» Coiutnsct (

ib t U a i u i l o the enrv» U Tt- T he t u g e s t ia U n cc U Üw r> u d « » t T j, t a i
bjf dcfialiúa lh« «lopc U 7i U (

(flj) (
(T i-r ,)*
(
wWdi cm b« íoWed íor T» lo gívt
(

Ta = T ,- [BA) c
wbicli U kntwn u tbc rtcontoa tqaition for T j; & IxlU r «ppradnution t» (
tk* Miatioo i h u T| MB bt compn(«d firom Ti. By itp«at«d tppUeUion of
to h llo a UA b« »ppñneli«d u cloMly u we dtiire. r»; fot co«»ei carvts fij fir CDiuMvt cu n a c
initicl f s e i f ú otJ J ie a lÁ initiaí fiu n ean te at Á or B
c
F i g ^ .2 A'(vl«a-i2opAion t^raCton (

I TO. ERROR tnd DELT bwwa I c

PCD c
T=TOj
O c
T2 TI
^ TN E W °T.F<T)/Fm f
c

U T N E W >400? c
T o T -D E L T h - c

fftv t o n -I t a flu o » íU nH on
c
I b rr.TNEW<ERROR7~|
(■

^ a («aerU rale, Vke Newtoa-lUphioa iU n lio a eoavtrga more n pidfy

T-tN E W c.
Ibui tbc otber a c l b c ^ . But w« ne«d to know more tboat the cbiracUr ol
U ordcr to um tbe Newioo-IUphwo hcrstioa sñtb utnrad incctf i. For
.c
ooe tbiai, f l T } m w t U difiiutAtUbl*. T bii b Mldom 4 probkm.
Figtitt B ^ illiulnXt* lb« lott o f probtemi wbkh may wím; bowiver,
co N ra u E
c
Fig.B.8 n»v> <hart Jar íicriiion-IUphoñ iUratian (
*^<«1 u ia Fig.B.3(b), tbe c o m b coackve Qpw*rd«, tb« u latu n c u be fouad
^ U y ilu tln g T vilo«. NoU tb it tbe lolation U »pp<«acbed from abonre;
(.
n c c « ii¡v ( approxúntliou m etch im tller.tliu tbe prectdÍAg valae. TVoable
(

•r
■(
 136 CompBUJ-S/aufitfoii oíC l EsíÍdi Ptocattt

lu rb in Fi*.B.2(»), where llit cnrrUurt ii toncive downw*nü. Ü we rt»rt U

B, h r e u a p k , (ie tiopc U th*t poiot m iy be tadt m lo c*h k the tuiftat
lo íc(cn ccl (omrwbert oa tbe scgUrrt T -ax». U i^(T] co n u lu k>{(7^, u
ü tbe CMC oí tí, h u d ^ foiictiou, the pro{run »kodd ibort. Tbli c u bt
«voided by atartúf «t A, u d (be «ohtioD «hostd be «pproaclied from bttow.
Sincc the tbcnnodynuníc ronctio&i are compvted wUb cxprtuiooi IbU u e
not viltd betow 400 K or ibove 8000 K, T viluei osUide theM túniu m ut
be kvoided. (ActuaU)’, tbe U|lfte»perUQre limít ti »eldom » retí probWm.) Appendix C
Figure B.3 Acmt í fiow cb u t for the NewloD-Ripktoa iteration. The ñcnr
cbirt is im m jed to ctrrf tbe ctkuU tbni to a »olatioa for «ny Ta, provided
it ú gnater t b u 400 K, by fyitem»tic»Uy rtdada| T by DELT sutil (be
!ÍÍ rtcnnion exprtuíon prodacet ui tcceptkble vtlae.
But tbere ire circimutuice* nodcr wkicb the flow c h v t ia Fi^-BJ wíH
not coaverje. Thii m»y otenr ¡f tbe derivitive f ( T ] dt>«* nol b creu e oc
Aígebfalc expresslons for thefmodynamlc functlons
d em tM oni/onniy w d coBtmnouily with 7 . When (hli condition ii not met,
ki
F[T), irhiJe inono(oajc, c u y be S-ihaped. la thu ctte, lome cu alpsiitiooi
ux rtíjaired to di»cover »a isitiil T vilue thit wlU faariatee coaverjence. For huid caicüUtioiif, the labsUted valae* of Cf, tbe conitut-preunr* htiit
capaclty, h, the eothalpy, the tempentore portion of entropy aod K ,, the
reaction coM tast, are adeqvtte. Por compaler pro{rami, a ljcb n k expre*-
lioiit are re<}air«d. ThSi caa be accompUihcd b lertra] wiyt.
«i The fooctioai are reU(ed by
I
A (D = íc^dT + hiTo).
h,

m
m | * ‘ | í r + ^ ( 7 'o ) . (C.l)

and for the reactioo

4
V ,A i + V , A , íí ViAy + V,A4,
n|
rao't Hoff’ i eqoation providei the valae of K;
I?}

iti

^ — V|A| - ViK¡
(C.2)
«f l R r

in With experimenlally delermined valoe* o f c , . íonnerly dtvtloped from

calorimetríc data aad more receady from analyib of ipectroacopic m euore-
iff menU, taboUted valué* of (be enthalpy and entropy functios can be preparcd.
For the porpoee of linalation, (he foUowis{ cxprctiioB b u been choMO
líi
to repreítat Ihe enthalpy ía thb book.

«f A(T) = A + flT + C b»(T ) (kJm ol-*)

ii|

1
 ' D i b i * C . 1 Co«ffieS*aU f o t c t k s U t l o n a « í t l i « m e t l o B e o s a U a b K , t l M • q m k t l e a

X , - «*p [ i + ( * + j ; ) la ( r ) + á ] f»n<l far IMO < T < «000 K.* k n k aait« cS atao*pK*rM

Raactioa a • T ' " « ¿

Ha + tO a sa h , 6 42460.0 .U0740 -2147.0 3.261S
C O + JO a«»*C O a 9S806.0 0,7422 1 «J -10.6730
2 H »-H a 33687.0 OJWM 3327.0 -20.8083
20 «O a 6T12«.0 ^ .0 1 0 0 SM.O -10.3201
2H + O «»« HaO 104702.0 ^J181 1480.0 -26.8073
O + H *=*0H 442ie.O -0.131» 1298.0 -13.1303
C O + HaO COa •Ha -a«48.0 1J182 2312.0 -19.8264
Oa + Na 2NO -14000.0 ^ .«8 9 3 -1376.3 9.0080
2 N -»K a 108142.0 -1.7440 -3658.2 0.6960

TWbU C .3 c ; { ü km^r* K"^) for f»*ei

...
m r ■ éó tb ,— u Ha HaO N - m - Na O — ÜH"
300 29.14 37,21 20.79 28.86 33.68 20.79 29.85 29,12 21.00 29.87 29J8
400 29.34 41.30 20.79 29.18 34.26 20.70 29.97 29.26 21.48 20.00 80.11
500 29.79 44.01 20.79 29J0 36.21 20.79 30.60 29,68 21.20 20.49 31.09
«0 0 30.44 47.33 20.79 29.32 30.30 20.70 31.26 30.11 21.12 20.61 32.09
700 31.17 40.68 20.79 29.43 37.48 20.79 32.04 30.70 21M 20.05 32.9f
800 31.90 61.40 20.79 20.01 38.72 20.70 32.77 31.43 20.08 29.92 33.74
000 32JÍ8 63.04 20.79 29.87 39.09 20.70 33,43 32.10 20.04 30.27 34J0
1000 33.19 64.37 20.79 30.20 41.20 20.70 34JX> 32.70 20.01 30.68 3Í.88
1100 33.71 6S.60 20.79 30JÍ8 42.46 20.79 34.49 33.26 20.89 31.13 36,31
X2UÜ 34.17 60.44 20.79 30.00 43.67 20.79 34.90 33.74 20.88 31.69 36,08
1300 34.68 67,24 20.79 31.42 44.03 20.79 36.26 34,10 20.80 '32.00 JflXW
1400 34.03 67.92 20.79 31.80 46.04 20.79 36.60 34.63 2 036 . 32.62 S0.29
1600 35JJ 68.63 20.79 32.30 40.68 20.79 36.82 34.85 20.84 32.9S 30,60
2000 30.25 00.08 20.79 34.29 60.24 20.79 30.70 •36.09 20.83 34.70 37,78
2600 30.84 01.09 20.79 36.83 62.53 20.82 37,22 30.05 20.85 30.04 3S.92
20.97 37.68 37.07 20.94 30.93 39.90
>
3000 37.23 02.94 20,79 37.00 64.03 'p
3600 37^ 03.60 20.79'' 38.13 66.01 ' 21.28 37 JO 37.38 21.09 37.72 40.84
4000 37.72 04.25 20.79 39.00 66.08 21,82 38.10 37.01 21J0 38,33 41J» &
4600 37.90 64.76 20.79 39.07 60.17 22.60 38J2 37.80 21.66 38,87 42.09
60Ó0 3S.00 06.21 20.79 40.79 60.67 23.46 38.63 37.07 21.80 30.35 42.49
6800 38.20 06.07 20.T9 41.66 60.00 24.60 38.73 38.13 22.06 30.79 42.79
0000 38.33 00.1S 20.79 42.20 67.34 26.00 38.93 38.28 22.29 40. i8 43,0]

•
rV's/^jutr.Éigi^iís^., ...
' • V /~N -S
 ST ^ 55 £ S S S 2^ SZ. SZ. ^ ÍE

a.
a

I
T k U « C.S E»pr««*km» for tb» *p*clSc he»t cf k'm* »b<1 vi.pouri: e, «= o + i T (kJ kniol” ' K~*)298 < T < 900 K

Gu & b MolecoUr wei^bt

CO 27.H0 O.OOS8 28.00
COj 28.80 0.0280 44.00
H, 28.30 0.0019 2.00
HjO 30.60 0.0103 18.00
Nj 27.60 0.0061 28.00
Os 27.00 0.0079 S2.00
Air 27.60 0.0067 28.97
ca , 20. XO 0.00S2 16.00
C ,H « 62.30 O.IMO 30.00
C ,H , 25.30 0.1620 44.00
C (E ti 38.40 0.42?0 114.00
C ,o H » 3S.10 0.0560 142.00
CHjOH 8.37 0,1260 32.00
Q ,R »O H 18.B0 0.16S0 46.00
C íH , 27.20 0.2180 78.00

•nibl. C.4 h* (U kfflor*) for gu«<

t {k Y CO COj H H, rijO w N, NO 0 OU 0,
298.16 283764 9364 363212 290540 57316 365894 16780 106865 256109 195948 17200
300.00 283807 9433 363260 290593 57376 365932 15834 106907 .256149 190003 17254
400,00 286729 13367 366329 293499 «0773 368011 18761 109895 257061 198975 20225
600.00 289684 17688 367408 296421 64252 370090 21691 112084 260452 201926 23284
600,00 292694 22269 369487 299346 67836 371974 24674 116006 262570 204880 26444
700.00 29S775 27118 371666 302287 71667 374247 27717 120421 264678 207834 29699
800.00 298930 32172 373645 305241 76399 376326 30827 122400 266779 210811 3J036
900.00 303165 37405 375724 308214 79363 378404 34004 125709 268876 213819 36442.
1000.00 305443 42769 377803 311217 83425 380483 37245 129079 270968 216868 39904
1100.00 308788 48262 379879 314257 87610 382562 40543 132504 273058 219958 43414
1200.00 312182 53860 381958 317335 91911 384640 43892 135973 275147 223094 46963
1300.00 315620 69543 384036 320456 96321 386719 47287 139481 277234 226277 50547
i4 o a o o 319096 66301 386115 323620 100835 388797 50721 143022 279320 229506 54161
1S00.00 322604 71124 388194 326828 105446 390876 64190 146590 281405 232779 57804
2000X0 340499 100974 398587 343493 129722 401270 71929 164740 291821 249731 76394
2600.00 367154 131662 408980 361039 165485 411671 90101 183229 302238 267449 96569
.WX).00 377309 162907 419373 379373 182117 422114 108539 201931 312682 286713 115294
3600.00 396000 194566 429766 398076 209392 432667 127166 220793 323180 304394 135501
4000X0 414806 226547 440169 417383 237073 443433 146906 239785 333783 323411 í 66108
4500.00 433713 258798 450582 437160 265039 464520 164760 268891 344494 342715 177025
6000.00 452704 291288 460945 457340 293225 466024 183705 278102 3S5331 362274 198176
R-
6600.00 471769 324009 471338 477926 321609 478015 202732 297416 366293 382060 219501 o
6000.00 490903 356919 481731 498C79 SS0186 490537 221837 316829 377379 402054 2409S4
AIk », h* {•At. Uqoid Oa, 00 K ) - 4 SIS {kJ W l - ‘ )¡
h* {»G d C, 2 0 a .l« K ) = 5#5 i<0 ( U fanoí"»).
 Ie
E

I
8-

TkbU C .S «i e j ^ K alMolau «atra^ t í 1 tím (k j kmol“ * K~*) fcr fSMi-

•co . CO, H ü> H ,0 N N» NO ■ 0 0, OH

208.10 187^10 213.840 114X11 13a590 188.720 153.195 191.490 210.820 180.954 205ÍM0 183.830
500.00 213 j0«O 234.780 126.357 145.840 208.480 183.941 208.830 220.140 172.091 220.810 198.980
lOOOXK) 2S4.7W 289.181 139.784 188.122 232.708 178.348 228J)8e 248.404 188.883 243J0S 219.822
ISOOJOO 2 4 » .v n 292.098 148.192 178.752 250.491 188.778 241.778 282.579 195.147 257.997 232.494 .
2000.00 m .9 6 7 S09.2S8 154.172 188.327 284.433 192.758 251.978 273.018 201.140 288.68S 242.235
3C00.00 2«7.125 322.*48 168.810 198.151 275.907 197.399 280.083 281.28$ 205.789 277J38 250.137
3000.00 2TS.«74 334.334 182.800 202.797 285.825 201.208 288.805 288.084 209.597 284.427 S58.794
asoo.00 2T9.«3« 344.098 185.804 208.591 294.032 204.459 272.545 293.898 212.835 290.855 282.552
4000.00 2 M .M Í 362.ftM 188.580 213.748 30L424 207.ÍM 277j a i 298.970 215,885 298.158 287.830
4S00J» 289.115 S80.23S 171.028 218.401 508.011 209.944 281.993 303.471 218.188 301X184 272.177
5000.00 293.110 387.081 m .3 l8 222.855 818.950 212.388 285.98S 30T.C19 220.471 305.541 278.298
SSOO.OO 298.781 S7S.318 175.199 228.579 319.381 214.853 289.811 311.200 222.581 309.808 280.069
eooo.00 300JOSO 379.052 177 JXM 230.225 324.333 218.831 292.438 314.578 224.490 313J39 283.548

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n
a
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1J 6 C o n p a l * / 5 /in c Iit f e a o í C l E a íío o P to c a ta ÁpptodU D IST

............................... ........................................................................................ . • ’ V3(CC)•. -IXAXCK) •, ^«(BAR) *, -VÍÍCC) *. ■T4(IC) •.

C SDíUUnOK OP 4-BTBOKE CCJffHtSSIOS ICKinON EKQIKE • *PB (aA R )'.*V 6(C C )*,*T E W . 'PC C B U )'. •V6(CC)',
................................. ...................... . i ' I 6 { 0 ' . ’ irEXP(J)'.'VCO)(P(J)\ '»CO)(B(J)*, 'VIjOOPCJ)*,
8L0CI OKU » ‘ iníiTCJ)*. 'p o m (m t)* . 'y o l. r r r . ' ,
................. .............................................................................. .......................................... .. t *»ADKAX’ . •DffiP(BAR)\ •BXEP{BAR)', 'BPOreidnO ’ .
C IH THIS ffUBROUTIKE VALUES VHICH AfiE KOI UKELT TO CHAKCE ASE » 'BRIHOT", •KECHEPF' /
C GIVE MOLE KUXSm DP CARBON. UTBROCEN. k QXYCEN
C orVEH AS DATA
REAL U,n>.Kli,KC.KHP.KH.l(O.WJLin?.W,K.X.HH.HAOHAX.KKO. C IH THE r m . VALUES CIVEN RERE ARE POR DtESEL.
C (C10H22)
# KP.KPO.KX.KBR
DATA KC . KH . KO /
i! UÍTEGE» EVD.EVC
LoaicAL n>ma.iPRi(rr.i6UPca,iswET,HT_iKDEX » 10.0 . 22.0 , 0 .0 /
¡ii CHA8ACTEH.10 XV.YZ C HEATIKO VALÜE{EBP) OP THE FUEL 18 OIVEK HERE.
COHMOH/OEOV/B,CT,C8I..8,VBDC.VDIB?.VI1VBI>C(T20) .VOLÜHE(eoO), C HRPP 18 IX rj/DTOL. CIOHJJ
f VTOC DATA HRP/-0.62613E07/
C0KN0H/THEW</aEP,K0LiriP(B),Pl,?2.P3.P«,Tl,T2.T3.M,TE,T6.TA, C COEFPICIEXTS POR THE CALCUUTIOK OP THERKODrXAMIC
I V1.V2.V3.V4 C PROPERTES OP THE EJtHAÜSI OAfl C0K8IITUEXTS.
COHNOH/CHEK/KA. KP, KR, H(S ) , KA. XADHAX. JfKO. KP, WO. KX. RKE, m . C THE VARIOOS EXHAUST CAS C0K8TITUEKT8 ARE
I KC.Ha.KO.R,UJTAT.MEC.Y,TCC.t«K,PKOI.VT C CO , C02, B20 . M2, 03
COKMDH/CPCOEF/CV.ACPP,BCPF.ACPA,BCPA,AL{6),AH(E). C COEFPICIEXTB POR LOY TEWERATURES <400<T<1600)
I BL(E).BH(E),CL(E).CB(E) DATA AL/2M180.00, S6B36.00 , 88M 3.00. 3131T.OO, 43388.00/
COKXOM/IKDEX/IPTTHR. IPaUfT. HCYCLE. HT.IKffiX DATA BL/ 37.8E. M .2 7 . 40 .38. 3T.4#, 4 2 .2 7 /
COI«0»/aE}i/CB(40.<) .A(10.16) ,C{E) .D(E) .EZTAfl.EAP.P(B). DATA C l / -4BT1.90.-1155«.00. -7940.80, -4SSfl.30, -663S.40/
■» PPM.FV«,0(B).KEP.PIW.P01fEK.RPM C COEFFICElfTS FOR BIOH TEKPERATUÍE8 (1600<T<6000)
CQKKOH/IKEXH/rVO.IVC.EVO.EVC.AEY.AlV DATA AH/S09070.00. 83048,00.ÍS4670.00, 44639,00.127010.00/
COKMOH/ÍUPECH/EfOCOH.EFOTOk.lBOTCH.lSUPET DATA BH/ 39.29, 68 .E8. 60.43, 39,32, 4 6 .2 6 /
CQKXOK/COXBUN/YCOXB.BRKAX DATA CH/ -6201.90,-16979.00,-19212.00. -676 3.40.-18796.00/
CQIO(0»/IDIE8/PA, VS, BTSOKZ C ACPA.BCPA ARE THE C0K8TA«T8 TO EVALUATE 8PECIPIC HEAT OP AIR
CQKVOIt/HTMOD/KODFBT DATA ACPA.BCPA/2T.6 ,0 .006 7/
COKMOK/VALAM/M .BETA.kDDFVA C HOLVP 18 THE KOIECULAR VEIOT OP PB0DÜCT8
r COKKOd/OVm/PID.OKEOA.DmX.CAINT.AM.BDCKAS C CO C02 B20 N2 02
COKKON/PS8A/CPR. DT. DTHDDT, IBC, lECPC, IKC .OAíKAS. * COHP. m P . KCECa. DATA KOLVTP/ 28.00. 44.00, 18.00, 28.00, 3 2 .00/
s f Vm.VtOOP.PSPS.KL C R : ÜSIVERSAL CAS C0N8TAHT,
)
CO«KOH/ABC/TíT. C O « m . CPA, KK C RLITAT : WIVERSAL OAB COHETAHT IH LITRE-ATKOSPHERE.
CQKKOH/raiCT/P D ff, PEHF. PSL. KPa. m p C PID4 : PIDIVIDEDBY4 (I.E . 3 .1 4 /4 .)
6' COKMOH/PRPHOD/HODPEP data R , ILHAT , PI04 /
COKMON/ABCD/DK. ITETA. IIETA3, L » 8.314, 0.082060. .Í8B3980/
b: COKXOH/TFCOK/COKDUR.M C PPK AND FVK ARE KUtTIPLICATIOH PACTORS POR PRES8VRE k VQLUKE
COKHOH/HAX/PRHAX. ICAXAX, JCAMAX DATA PPH,FVH/10132B.O.O,OOl/
r COKXOK/COXOD/KOOCOH DATA STROKE/4.0/
COHHOH/BWOD/KODHR C ENGIKE DETAIL8. CBAHCE THE DATA FOR YOÜR EKOIHE HERE,
i‘
COKHON/PRms/XVde) ,YZ(32) C HOTE; B0RE(B).8TR0á(S),C0MHECTU(0 ROO UHOTU(CRL) ARE U KX.
DATA XV/‘ I1{K) •. ■•n(K) •, *T3(K) *, '1 4 ( 0 *. ’ TStK) ’ , 'P2(ATM) ‘ , C VR 18 THE FUEL CUT-OPP RATIO
f
t •P3UT«)’ .'P 4 {A T )0 '.* VR KR •.* KP • .’ HADKAX', DATA B,8 . CRL.VR/eO.0 .1 1 0 .0 ,2 3 0 .0 .3 .7B/
e # ‘P01fEa','^TAB‘ ,*KEP(A'n()'.* ITRÍI8 7 C CIVE THE C0VPÍE88I0K RATIO OP YOÜR EHOIint RERE.
DATA Y2/-PKIC8C) *. ’V! (CC) *, 'Tl(K) *. ’PJCKSC) *. *V2(CC) *, ’T2(K) ‘ , DATA CR/16.6/
K » 'PKAXÍKBC)*, C QIVE IHITIAL PRESSURE A«0 TEXPERATVRE VALUES BERE.
X38 C o m p a U r S lm a U Ü o a c í a E a f ia t P n o ú M
itppudix D 180
*
DATA CAINT,AM/6.,4./
C MOTE: p azssu iz IS IH ATK0SPBZS28 k I D l P E a A m Z M E L V I H
PA TA C ‘U* 18 TEE C0Ü8TANT USED Dt VIEEE'8 BEAT KELEASE EQUATIOH;
DATA Pl TI
C n 18 CENEEALLY DETEBXIllEO PROM P-THETA DIACUX 05TAINED
1 1.00 ,
3 0 0 .0 0 1.00 9 0 0 .0 0
C PIDM TEE ACTUAL ESflIKE
DATA W j l . t /
KCEXG : NUKBER C OM STm JU nS IN TBZ EXEAUffT SA8. DATA K/3.00/
DATA CI>A,IIZ.IICEXa/30.0.0.,e/ C COKDUK Z8 DUIATION OP CONBOSTIOH IH KCBEE8 CUA)nC AKQLE
B U U Z 18 K A X IM W A 1U VABL8 BUUlUO KATE (L m e S /S ) C n KAY BE ASSUXED B S n m 40 n 80 DEOKSES.
DATA CaaxiK/SO.O/
TB 18 18 m i e z j w ) roí p u k k e s s i v b c o x B u m o H mooel.
DATA B B K A X /W O .O /
C VT 18 THE MOLECUUE VEIQHT 0? TSE PUEL AKD.CONQT 18 COK-
ac 18 THE CKAMK AMOLE AT VHIC8 F U a 18 liIJECTEO
C BUSTIOlf EPFICIEMCr( HOJUALLY BETVEEH 0.8 k 0.9)
U P M 0B E 8S IV E COJfflUSHOK W )D E I.(k O D a 1 )1 8 Ü8ED THEH IBC-IBO
DATA lfT,COKEFP/142.0.0.a6/
CPSIUX 18 KAXIWM ALLOVABLE PtESSUKE E18E BATE 01 ATX/DEC.CA
DATA I B C /1 S 3 /
DATA PBXAX/IO.O/
DK 18 A COMBTAMT CBQ8EX BETVEZJi 3 0 i 6 0 IK P S O O m S I V E COMBUS­
C NODCOK IS THE COMBUSTION XOOa USEO.
TION KOOa. TO DETEUlIKE BUAU. IMCBZUUrtS DP CSAXK AHOLE.
C POS ZE£0 DIKEJISIONAL COMBUSTION MOOa UQOCOH -2 k
DATA D N /E 6 .0 /
IPTTIUl 18 7«UE OMLY TOí IDEAL C Y C U ¥ITB SUFEECHA&OES C PO» PaOOBESBIVE COXBÜ8TI01I MODEL KOOCOH -1
C DATA MOOCOM/3/
DATA I P T T H K , I P l I l l T / . P A U E . ,.n U E . /
ISUPET U .n U B . rOJl EZBAUST D U V E K SUPEMHAjUKK. C MODBE 18 TEE BEAT RELEASE HOOEL USHO
isiipca u .n u E .p o ji c o u f b z s s o k d r iy e ic suPEscHA&aan o t oeak o aim DATA K i a W i /
I ? AXy OXE 0 7 THE ABOVS I S TBUE, THEM I P T i m 8E0UU) BE . T U S . C KOlVSP 18 TEE XOISL POS ENOOIE PKICTIOK
DATA K OO PSP /1/
DATA I6 U P E T .IS U P C H /.P A L 8 E ...T W 1 E ./
C SPEED. OP TEE ENQIKE
DATA I S U P E T ,I 8 U P c a /.T S Ü E .,.F A IÍ B ,/
DATA E P K /1 6 0 0 .0 /
DATA IS U P E T .fS ü P C H /.r A IS ? .. .P A lfiE ./
EKO
EPOCOM AMD EPOTUl AAE EPTICIEMOIES OP C0KPBE8S0K k T U E B Q S .
DATA E P O e O N ,E P 0 1 V I /0 .9 ,0 .9 /
NAIK F K O a U X
-C AEV 4 AIV A lE HAZ. A U A OP O P E N U O QP GCEAUST i INTACE
C VALVU U SqUAIE CM.
COMMaM/GEOK/B. CE, CU.,(.VBDC,VDI8P. VDVBOC(T30). VOLUXElBOO),
DATA A E V .A I V /a .O .a .í /
« VTDO
VALVC 10111108 I
DATA E V 0 .E V C ,1 V 0 ,I V C / M 0 .5 S 4 .I 2 T ,7 M / C0MK0H/OEN/CB(4O,4).A(tO,16) . 0 ( 5 ) .D(6),EETAH.KAP.P(E).
CP t CV A U TES 8PEC1P1C BEAT AT C O m A X T VOUlXB
I . . PFM,PVN,a(6),M£P,PID4.P0y£B,RFM
AND COUSTAVT P U 8 8 U U lESPECTIYELY (CJ/KXOL) C0M}<0H/THElW/HSP,M0UfTP(8),Pl,Pa,?3.P4,Tl.T2.T3.T4,TS,T6.rA.
I V1,VJ,Y3,V4
DATA U , C V / 1 . 4 , 2 Ó . a 9 « /
PiKP t PENP m ULET k m u jsT KAvzpou) n E sso m . OPEK(UXIT - 11, PILE - 'CIMJMM.OÜT*)
P8L 18 TUS PI8T0M B K U T LEVOTa k KPS 18 THE VOHBEX OP C VEITE(«,*) ‘ EKTER C0KPSES810NBATIO :*
C ÍZAD{»,*> CR
PISTOK u n o s .
DATA P D t P .P Z X P .P S L .K P i /l .O .l .O .f l .O .S /
C m i E ( » , « ) ’ EHtER SAP
KODPBT IB THE EEAT TUMSPEB MODEL V8ES U THE 8UBU3UTIKE
C «KAD(*,»> RAP ,
C « T tE C » .* ) ‘ EKIER Pl(ATX)
EZAT TSANSPEE (STKANS)
C , EEAD(»,»> P:
DATA K OOPHT/Í/
C W ITEC*,») ’ EHTER SPEEO (RPM)
KOOrVA 18 KOCEL POl VALVS AEEA l»ED IN THE SUBaOUTXXE
C BEAOC*,*) EPM . .
VALVAE. SFECIPY E m DI k BETA IP KODPYA 2 IS U8ED.
C ..■ — ■ ■ ■ .■ ■ ...I , I ■■■,,, ......................................................
DATA HOOPVA/l/
CALL íe s
CAIMT 18 TES CRAKK AMOLE IKTESVAL - I AX IS AKOTSU
C IN t a i s SUBBOUnNE AIS STANDABODIESEL CYCLE (ASOEL) IS
PACTOI. T V m AlE V m IN SWROUmB OÁSa JUO
C 8IMUUTED, . . .
THEU VALUE8 6B0UU) BB BETVEEJI 3 t 1 0 .'
 1^0 CompattfSlotUtha oíC! EniiaoPratatt* ÁpptadbsD 141

IT CALCinUlTCS P,V,T VALUES AT STATE P0IKT8 í TO 4 IX CALL P R i m

c
C T8I8 SOBROUriKE P8IKTS OUT RESVLTS
c THE CYCLE.
mSKIKO K E M W IS AE8UHB0 It) BE AIR ¥1TH COHSTAKT C? c ALTEBATI0N8 KAY BE KADE TO OET THE PEIKT OUT I«
c
c THE IBJUIRED SrfLE
c AMD CV VALUES.
THEXH 18 KO PÍESSUHE XISB DUSDÍO.COMBUSTION AXD DHLY C
c
CUT m 8ATI0 IS TO BE QIVEK. CLOSB(UHIT - 11)
c
COKBUSTIOK IB ASSUKED TO BE ADIABAHC AHD AT COKETAÍIT STOP
c
EXD
c PEESSURE.
c
CAIi. FC8 SUBROUnKB íes
c IN THI8 6UBR0ÜTIKE FUEL-AIR CYCU (FC8) 18 SIHUUTEO.
c IT CALCUUTES P.V.T VALUES AT STATE POIHTS O TO « IH THE REAL U.KP.Kt.KC.KEP. KH. «O, WJLVTP.IIA, K.MADKAX.ÍIKQ.
c THE CYCLE HP.KPO.HX
THE IfCRKIKO KEDIUK IS ASSWED TO BE FUEL AKD AIS WIIB CHAKACm*10 XV,YZ
c
c VASIABLE CP AND CV VALUES. UX5ICAL IPTTHR.IPRIHI.IBUPCB.lBUPET.PVPRJfT
c P82SSURE CUAUQE DUE TO COKBUSTIOK IS CALCUUTEO USIHQ COKK0X/0E0K/B,C«.CRL.S.VBDC,VDISP.VDVBDC(72O),V0LÜXE(8OO),
THE AOIABAnC H.AHE TEXPESATUBE CALCUUnOKS. VTK
c
c THE CDKBUSriOH IS ASSUKED TO BE IKSTAJÍTAJÍEOUS AKD AT COKMOH/TKERM/HRP, MOLYTP(6 ),P1.PJ,PJ. P4, TI. ra.TJ, T4. TS.T6. TA,
c CONSIAKT PHESBURE. Vl.V2.V3.V4
c COKMOX/CKEH/EA, KP. KR, K (S), HA, KAIDIAX. m . NP, KPO. NX. m , m .
CAa PCS HC,KH,KO.R,RUTAI.MIX,T,YCC,YNIN.PMOLlfT
c THIS SUBRQUTIHE SIKULATES lOEAi DIESEL CYCU IfITH PROCRESSIVE COKMO«/C?CCEF/CV.ACPF.fiCPF.ACPA.BCPA,AL(6),Afl(6).
c COKBl/STIOH (PCS) BL(5) ,BB(E),a(S),CB(S)
c IT CALCUUTES P.V.T VALUES AT VARKWS POIHTS O? IHTEREST CO»IOK/ARRAY/DELV(r60) .DV(T60).PCBOO) ,DEU((800) ,DELP(800).
c AKD ALSO VALUES OF PRESSURE k VOLÜXE POR EVESY DECEEE THETA(800),V(800)
c CRAMK AKCLE. COHKOX/OEH/CB(4 0 ,4 ),A(10,1 6 ) ,0 ( 5 ) ,D(5) .EETAH.RAF,F( 6 ) .
c THE líOBJflHC KEOrUH 18 AKSÜXEO 10 BE FUEI. m AIÍ VITH F P H ,m ,0 (6 ) .KEP.Pm .PO m .RPK
c VA8IABLE CP m CV VALUES COKMOX/IOnS/FA. VR. STUKE
H c COMBUSTION IS ASSWED TQ TAKE PUCE OVER PERIOD 07 CBANK COKXOS/PSSA/CPR. DT, DTHDDT,IBC,IECPC.IEC,QAB)(AS,WCOKP. nJCP. HCEIO,
c AKCLE ROTATIOH ANO THE PRESSURE SIBE DUE TU COKBUSTIOH VKET.IfUWP.PSPS.KL
II c 18 CALCUUTEO USIKQ PBEORESSIVE COKBUSTIOK. CO«KOX/PRIKT8/JV(16). YZ (M )
c KEAT T IU N S F E K EFTECT IS IU C L W K D . COKKOH/ABC/WT.COKEFP,CPA.HK
R)
c ••••• STATEKEHT FUHCTION CEPUtlTIOH FOR THE CALCUUTIO* OF
CALI ACS '• • • • VOLUKE AT VARIOUS CRAHÍ AKQLE8.
M
c THIS SUBROUTira SIHUUTES AM ACTUAL DIESEL CYCLK (ACS). VOL(THETAS)-VDISP*(CR/(CR-1.)-(t. -C08(THETAK)>/2. ♦
c IT CALCUUTES P.V.t VALUES AT THE VARIOUS POIHT OF IKIEBEST (CRL/S) -. 6.5(JRT( (3. «CRL/Í) ♦«J-(AB8 (SIH(rtíETAI))) • ♦?))
N
c AHD ALSO VALUES OP PRESSURE t VDLÜKE AT VARIOUS CRAKK AKCLES. WITEdt.SSS)
N c THE VOaXIHQ KEOIUH 18 ASSUKED TO BE FUEL AHD AIR VITH 65S F0R)aT(20X.'8DWUTI0H OF AIR STANDARD DIESEL CYCLE',//JOI.
c VARIABLE CP AKD CV VALUES. 1 38(ÍB-))
N c PROGRESSIVE COKBUSTIOK 18 ASSUXEO AHD HEAT TRAHSFER IPRI-0
c EFTECT IS IHCLUDED. PVPRKT-.TRUE.
c PROVISIOMS ARE KADE Tt) INCORPORATE VARIOUS HODELS FOR PSPS-RPN/120.
c COKBUSTIOH. KEAT TRAKSFER ANO VALVE AREA CALCUUTIONS. C IF(BTÍOKE.EQ.2.)PSP8-RPH/60.
c CAS EXCHAJÍCE PROCESES IB INCLUDED AND THE E m C T OF VDISP - PIM»B*B*8*l.0E-O9
c VALVE OVERLAP CAN BE STUDIED. VBDC • CÍ/{CR-1.)*VDI8P
c VTTC - YBDC-VBISP
 (

:(

143 CoaptUr SimuhOf el Cl £«<b« freceiw ÁpftadbcD 14> (

c a ( 3 0 ,l) ' VCOKP {(

va - VIDC
V« - VB6C C S (3 l,l) -HCOÍQ
0 (2 3 ,1 ) - 0.0 '■(
Vi - V3«Vt
n - T i » a » « (a - i .) ca(33,i) « iran
K
ra - pt«cx**u 0 ( 2 4 .0 - POVEB
n - vi*ta 0 (2 B .l) - ECTiH
(
« - pa 0 ( 2 6 .J ) - 10000000
T4 - n*(V3/VB0C)**(U- l.) C8(37.1) - 1.0 (
P4 - P9/((V 4/V9)**u ) 0 (3 8 .1 ) - m
KA - (Pl«n'K)«CVMC*m)*lOOO.O/C»»Tl) 0 (2 0 .1 ) - WP (
o •••••• VU u m KUKBa cp kxou ik tbe c y c u . 0 (3 0 ,1 ) - POVEB
«coxp - cv*(n-Ti)*iu 0 (3 1 ,1 ) - £ETAa (
VC0K8 - K *(n - n )*iu 0 (3 3 .1 ) • 100.0
vaof - CV«(T3-T4)»IU . C TO 0E7 P-V VALOÉS SKI PW M r -.lEUE. IS THIS BUBEflirriHE (
m r • m p * vcoxn - «coxp IP(.K07.PVPm) 00 TO 108
(
B T M - (l.O - ( T 4 - r i ) / ( U * ( n - T 3 ) } } * l ( » . 0 «ITE(11,600)
p o m - raT*P8Pi*.ooi 600 POEJai(8X.’AllOLÍ'.8X, •PUS8UI£’ ,6X.*V0LÜ«E7,
(
KEP - mT/(VDISP*PrM) I 6X.‘ Dea.*,8X,' UTO) * ,M ,‘ (K3) '/)
iF(iFU.Bq.o) n x n iii.x ) PH>*3.1416926/ia0. r
as pouuT(y/a,7a(iH- )m . 'cb* .ex, -tiío • .bx. 'l a u ) • ,6X, 'l a m • .n . XKCa-io
l *14(0 ',ax, •M ETaJ/KOL) * ,*X. ‘ OmH' ./6X,73{Ut-)) v(D-voL(pn)) c
n m d i . u } c K .n ,n .n .T 4 .r a T ,iK r ia P(l)-Pl
so n m .x ( j s x . r 6 . 7 . 4 X , n . o , m i . 3 j i 3 .i , r u . a / / s x . 7 3 í i B - } ) DO 700 1-1,178
THBTJUl-(I*l)*Pn)
c
n m (U .40 )E E T A l
40- P3m T(//SX.*AIK 8TÍNDAU m T lC m C t lS DIESEL CTC1£ -‘ ,n .3 , v (m )- m (iH 2TJUi)
• • X 7 /) P(I+1)-P(I)‘ (V (I)A (I+ 1))**U '
c
133 FDm T(SX.Tn0.3) 700 CONTUlUE
C 8 (l.« - Pi I» 800 > 1 .1 8 0 ,» » c
08(3,1) - VBOC»1.0BO« • K-J-1
C8(3,l) - n m T E (ll,7M ) X,P(J),V(J)
a a (4 ,i)» P 3 Boo com njz
CB(8,1) P VTDC»l.0EO6 VSXrB(11.7S0} X,F(180),V(1B0]
O ( e . l ) - T3 P(I80)-Í3
CB(7.1)- P3 V(180)-VOt(líO*PIO)
0 ( 8 , 1 ) - V3*1.0E*Oa • DO 900 1-180,369
• CH(9,1) - T3 IHE7Ail-(I+l)*ÍID
CB(10,1) - P4 V(I*1)-V0L(IHCTAR)
CSdl.l) " VBOC*1.0EOa p(i»i)- p(i)/((v(ifi)/v(i)) **>:*)
C8(13,l) - T4 BOO COHntlWt
CB(13.1} - 10000000 DO 1000 >180,360,ixca
CB(14,1) - 10000000 > ■; mTE(ll.7fi0) J,P(J),V(J)
C8(ie,i} - 100000000 1000 CQKTIKUE
CB(16,1) - 100000000 760 P0mr(SX.I6,6X.F10.3.6X,F10.8/) í(
cB(ir,i) - loooooopo m T E (»,*) 'A U 8T0. DIHSEI. CYCU OVER'
(
cBda.i) - 100000000 • 108 EZTURÍI
CB(19,1) - VOT ENO (

i(

Jr
Com pattr SinoUlfcia oíCIJEc/ía» Ptactua ÁpptadUD li6

IFdSUFET.OR.ISUPCS) TA - SCO.
SUBROOTIK? FC8 IF(ISIJPET.OÍ.ISUPCH) TI - T A * ( ( ( P l / P A ) « * ( ( I l - l . ) / r » ) - l . )
• /EFOCOH»!.)
REAL M.ICP.KR.NC.HEP. XH, MO. KOLirTP.HA. It.KK.HADm.KHO, IF(8T«0KE.IiE.2) VI - VBDC
1 KP,KPO,HX C •«•••IHITIALISE KX-0.
LOOICAL I P i m . ISUPC8. ISUPET, t P m t . BT.IKCDC KX - 0.
CUmCTER*lO XV, TI c cAionjmoK o? Aii-rua m tio.
C0K«0H/GE0K/B.CÍ.Cia.B.VBIíC.VDISP,VüVBDC(72O) ,V0U«E(8OO).
c ................ reo REPRmUTS CHEXICAlir COm CT D2/FUEI. lATID.
« VTDC c Y ECRESEKT8 ACTOAl, 02/FUn,«AnO.
COKKOH/rKEM(/E8P.MOLlfr7(S).Pl.P2.PS.P4.Tl.T3.T3.T4.T5,TS,TA. C •••••• Y <YCC KZAK8 MCH MECmi!.
t V1.V2.V3.V4 C ...... y >YCC KEAJfS U A » HIXTVIH.
COHHOH/CHEH/KA.KP.a,X(6).»A.)tADKAX.KHO.)a>.HPO.KX,R«B,m. C ....t . YviH i m m X T f l MIMIKUX 02 KQUIREO.
t KC.Ka.KO.B.íUTAT.UdX.Y.yCC.yMM.PMOm YCC - KC«O.J5*KH-O.E*KO
COHMOK/CPCOKP/CV. AC?P .BCPF. ACPA, BCPA, AI.(B), AH(6), YKIK - YCC-.6*KC
I BL(6].BS(6).Cl(6),CH(S} Y - YCC'RAF
COKKOH/IKDEI/IPTTHR. IPÍIKT. SCTCU, BT.IHEHC AFR » 4.rS»Y
COK«0N/OEH/CB(4O.«),A{10.16),C(5),D(6).EETAH.RAÍ.P{6). C * i M .. CALCUUTIOX DF TH(?mTUK£ DROP DVE TO THE
f • rpx,m .o(6),KEP.PiD4.pom .sp« C VAP0R18ATI0K OF FUEL.
COKXOH/BUPECH/ETOaW.EyOTUi.ISUPCH.ISÜPrT
C C£l.TAT(IKOF)-HFOF(IB)F)/(ArR.CPA»(ACPF(II(DF)tBCPF(WDF)«TA))
COKHOM/IDKfl/PA, VR.STUKK C IFC.KOT.IfOMOP) TK-TA-DaTAT(IKDF)
COKVON/PSSA/CPR, DT, 0THDDT, IBC. lECPC, lEC .0ASKA3. ItCOKP ,¥EXP. KCEXC, C• IF(.KOT.KOWU)P) Tl-T)l
( ¥NET.»UI0P,PSP8.XI, C TV-300.
C0KM0H/PRIKT8/XV(I6).YZ (32) C YKIX-YCC-MC/2.
COKHOH/III/nTCO IP(8TE01CE.KE.2.)Ga 10 8
C0HN0N/AmY/0aV(76O) .DV(TM) ,P(800) ,DELH(800) .DELP(BOO). V128 - VI
• TBETA{BOO).V(800) VO - 2.*V0I6P
C BTATEXm FVXCTIOH DEFIMITIOX POR THE CALCUUTIOH O? TI - TA
C •* * .* * VOUflffi AT VARIOira CfUUÍÍ AKGIBS. EZ - l./CR-l.
VOL(THETAH)-VDIÍP*(CR/(CR-1.)- (1.-COS(THETAH))/2 . *
«1 - PA*(V1-VTDC)/(RI.ITAT*TA)
l (C8L/S)-.6‘ 6(J8T((2.»CRL/B)«2-(ABa(SI)((IKETAH)))**2))
II - PA*Vl/RÚTAT
m>co - 2 8 COKTIKUE
C •••*• COHVEMIOX OF BOKE A«D 8TE0KE INK E i m . IP(Y.CE.YCC)00 TO 101
SE - i . 2
C H(l) TO H(5) írpRESEXT THE EXHAU5T OAS COKSTITUEHIS.
W - O.CK)l»B
C ...... H(l):COi K(2):C02: K(3):H20¡ H(4):H2; K(S):D2.
SM - 0.001»S N(l) - 2.»(YCC-Y)
RCa - CR/CC8-1.) N(2) - 2..(Y-YNIK)
AREA - PIM«BM*BM K{3) - MH/2.
EAKEA - PID4*4.*BH*S«*ECa H(4) - 3,76.Y
C CALCUUnOH QF VAMOUS V0UIKE8 ' K(6) - 0.
VDISP - PIM*B*B*B«l.E-06
KPO - K(l)+H(J).)l{3)fH(4)tN{5)
VBDC - CB/{CR-l,)»VDISP . CO TO 102
IF(8TE0£E.Eq.2.) VBDC - (C!t*SE/(ra«CR-l.))»VDI8P 101 K (l) - 0.
VIOC - VBDC - VDI8P N(2) « KC
IF{8TE0KE.Eq.2.) VI - fRtVTDC ' K(S) - KH/2.
C •••••• IHITIALLY KB IB ASSUMED ID BZ 1.40
KX « 1.4
ii N(4> - 3.76«Y
H(6) - Y-YCC
 ÁpfitadícD UT
140 Coapatu Siaulitiaa oí Cl Eafia» Pnatt*/
5P « -(HIP + M(i)*2Weoo.o)»(i«/«(o)
W O - V (O t)l(3 )* )I(S )* ll(4 )V t((E }
c ••••• CAtcuunolí OF n u s u m u q KErroH-iAFEscii xm o o.
103 COmMUS itrnui - o
C •••••• CAiCULilIO» Or AVZMCE KOL. « . ATO 0A8 COMSTm.
T - 300C.
tata - i.(K 4 .r6 *Y ’ tsi im - T-(C1(.(HP(T)-HP{I3))-(!P)/CP(T)
HA. - Pl»VBOC/(U.ITAT»r.l) KITM - M T ÍlItl 1
» ( • NA » Í A /in
H'(ABSCl-níElí).LT.O.l) 00 TO 19
iFCrraoKE.Bj.a.) ma - p i«vi/{a u TA T.n )
Z F d i m .a T .i o o ) oo to 16 (
J - o
T - rm
l - o (
CO TO ISl
8N - 0.0
15 comwffi
SUN • 0 .0 (
p. V, T VAurea AT m t s pqikt s .
DO es I - i.iccca
tJ - T»B¥
BH m su * > ( ! } (
PJ - P2
EUM > 8UX ♦
V3 • K P .Iim T »I3 /'P 2
es coKTiniK (
V» • V3/V3
AJÍOLW - OTM/8M
VI - V0OC c
ÍK U •> K/AXOIVT
C «»•** CALCUUTiail OF IKDZX FOt EXFAÜSIOM (KP)
K » O
C .»»»• FOi TBZ EEUTIOH P*Ym KP - C. (
«ClfCll - O
CPF - CP(T3)
108 KCYCLK > > n C U » i {
EP - CFP/(CPP-»)
X - *♦ !
C •••** p , V, T VALUES AT 8TATX FODIT 4.
m r - TI (
P4 - P3/((VB0CA3>**KP)
CPR - ACPA»BCPA«n
V4 - VBOC (.
CFR > (CPt*IU*ia*CF(ri)}/(KA>KZ)
IF(m OIB.B}.2.) V4 - VI
a - c p i/ ( c » 't )
T4 - T3*{V3/VBDC)*«(KP-1.) ■('
c NxsNia - )iH/(ia(tia)
c:
P6 - PA
c ••**** c A u u u n o v o r ikoex m co)s>B£8sxati(n)
1F(I?TTHZ) P6 - P1
C F U m KBUTIOK F * V * * 0 < .
3F{I8UPCH) P6 - PA
c T - n
C ***«•• CALCUUTIOH OF HET VOUC (UTFUT. lEESMAl EFFICIEMCY c
C IF d T N T l.E q .l) T > n
c **«••* axd kean e f f e c t i v e f t z s s m .
C CP7 - ACPf(MDF)«BCI7{IHK')»T ('
VtOOP - 0 . f
C CPOa - ACPQ2*BCP02*T
líCOW - (HA*ia)*(CPR-B)*(T2-Tl) /'
O CPV3 • ACPN2«acri(2*r V
UPT3 ■ CX‘ HP(T3)-B*NP*T3
e CP» - (CFftY«CPW*a.76‘ Y*CP)l3)/H«0
UPT4 - CH*HP(T4)-E*HP*T4 (■
c cpi - (crmK«>a«(cp(T)^»)>/(»n<*ia^
VCQKB - (PJ^FP^^CVS-VJJ^FW
c a - cpi/(cp»-»)
reXP - UFT3-UPT4 ( '
C ....... P, V. T VAUJW AT BlkXt POIHT 2.
C CALCUUTIOMS FOK SUFERCHARCED EMQIMES.
n - p i« c i» « a c*
C •••••. BOTB OEAB OaiVEM CCKF&ESSOK i Em UST
va - ynw 'í
c •••••• Dm£K euFEacuABom ase consioeszo.
T2 - Il.C R ..(a- l.) c
IF(.XaT. ISUFET) CO TO 200
c ••••• CAicüunoH oy qp
Ras - (l,+KA«CPR*(Tl-TA)*(P4/PA)«*({IP-l.)/KP)/ (
CH - U(/IO(0«KX/n>0
» («■•C?P»T4*EF0roil))
KP • KPO*CK
c UBPr - 10Pr{I>iDF)-K«2fi8.*(KFO-)IKO) .
c •••««* P6 K£7E£fEi«T TUZ EXHAUaT OAS PKEfiSURE ENTERIHO THE TURBIHE. c
P6 . RHB»*<KP/(KP-1.))*PA
C IP<Y.U,YCC) qv - -{UMF+3.*(YCC-D*28UOO.)*MK/IWO
VLOOP - 101.32S*(Pl*P6)«VDISP c
c i? {Y .o i.y c c ) QV - -inu’P*jw/j(KO
í

r ,

c
 149 p o a p a t i SlauUthü o( Cl PrT>c<«»«# Áppuitx D 140

¥KST - tEXP ♦ ¥COHB - IfCDKP ♦ VtOOP n'(STM K E .K }.2.) HA - KAl

00 TO 300 I?(Sn01CE.Eq.2.) KX - KXt
200 CONTIKUZ IF(rPTTH») 00 TO 888
m r - ¥cowj ♦ i r m - vcoxp - looop TKKP - TA/TS-T6/TS
IF{.ltOT.imjPCH) 00 TO 300 TI - C8*TA/(CS«P6/Pl»TDa>)
VfiPCB - IU‘ CPa*(Tl-TA) YLOOP - (P5-P1)»VDISP*101.32S
VLOOP - 101.33S»(P1-PA)»VDISP WET - lfCOHBtraP-»COXP-¥U)Op
m r - wcoKB ♦ ircxp - vcokp - vspch ♦ n c o p EZTATH “ (raT»KVO)/(-Klll>*KM)*100.
300 COHTIKUE 888 IF(KCYCLZ.Eq.l) CAU VKITEl
EEIATH - (WHZT«HKO)/(-HÍP*HH)»100. T8 i F ( m o n . E q . 2 ) n - tsjs
rS - T4*(FB/P4)**((KP-1.)/KP) A (K ,i) - r m
XFCfiTOIK.ME.a.) CO TO 18 A(K,2) - T2
TI • I4*(PA/P4)**((ia'-l.)/KP) » A(K,3) - T3
rS - TA/(l,-(TX-TA)/n»EXP{EE)) A(K,<) - T«
VS - Vi A(K,S) - T6
V6 - VBDC A(IC.6) - P2
VO - 2.*VDI8P ACr.T) - P3
) A(S.B) - P<
VB - V0/{V1-V2)
n • X1*EXP(EB) A ( í,9 ) - n
TS28 - TA/(l.-((IX*TA)/n)*BO'(EE)) A(K.IO) - n
HI6 - PA*Vl*EXP(EE)/(Bimi*T5) A ( x . i i ) - n>
)
MAS - PA»V1/(RUTAT*T6)-KX6 A(X,12) - MAOITAX
) KAl - (MAS»PA»(VBM-V1)/(U.ITAT»TA))/ÍR A (x .i5 ) - pora
T62fl - (0(AStHXS}«TS28tPA.{VBOC-V12S)/(RLITAT»TA)*TA)/ A(X,14) - ESTATH
) 1 ((MAS»HXS)tPA*(VBt)C-V128)/(W.ITAT»TA)) A(K.15) - KEP
KXl - KIB/B8 A (K ,i6) «• «irán
)
T6 - T62S trC.HOT.IPTTBl) TI - C»«TA/{CR-1.*(TA/T5))
T128 • T628 IFCI8UPET .01. I8UPCH) GOTO 109
m P 2 8 - (HP(T3)-HP(T4))»C« IF{ABS(T1-TMP).OT.O.OI) 00 TO 108
ÍC0W2 • (KA1+HX1)*CP(I2)*(T2-I1) 109 I7(IPRIKT) CAU «IT E 2
YCC2B - P A *V 2*(C R -l.)»((V S /(n -l.)X ((V H /(V S -1 .3 )**(rE -l.)) cB(i.a) - ri
I CB(2,2) - VBOC/rW
yC02B - 101.325*VCC28 CB(3.2) - TI
VHET - »EXP38-»CQKP2-lfCC28 CB(4,2) - P 2
18 comnuE ^ C 8 (s,2 ) - m c / m
KEP - ¥KET/{VDISP»10t.52B) CB(6,J) - 12
......... P8P8 IS THE KUHHES OF POlfER 8TB0KES PER 8ÍC. CB(r,2) - P3
PSP8 - RPM/120, CB(8,2) - V 3 / m
IP(8TM!(E.HJ.2.) P8P8 - RPK/60. CB(9,2) - T3
•••* « •• KOTE: m r IB IK joinxs. C0(1O,2) « P4
P O m - WET*P8P8*0.001 . CB(11.2) - VBDC/FVX
IF(IPrTHS) T8 - TE*(P1/PS)**((KP-Í.)/KP) CB(12.2) - T4
«C - P1*VTBC/(RLITAT*TB) CB(13.2) - PS
IF(IPTTHB) HX - PA»VTDC/(SI,ITAT*T6) CB(14,2) - VTDC/rVH
HA - P1«VBDC/(ELITAT*T1)-J(X CB(JS,2) - TE
HADHAX - KA/(HAtKX) C0(16,2> - P1
X50 ComMtu SlmtUtJoa oí Ct Earít,. p -------
A ppu ilx D 161

C 3 (i7 ,a ) • inoc/Fvx m T E (U ,T 6 0 ) J.P(J).»(J).VDVBOC(J)

C8<W .a) - T8
eoi COHTIJ<UE
cs(is.3) . n xp DO 000 X • ITBETU.SSS
< 3 (2 0 ,a ) - »co»
IHETAK - (I* l)«P D )
CBCai.2 ) - «coa
V (I»l> - VOL(THETAB)
0 8 (2 3 .3 ) - WLOCP
P(I+1) » P (I)/C V O I,(IIE t«)A O L(I*PID ))*»SA
ca(33.3) -m r
TOVBDC(Itl) - V(I)/VBOC
c 8 (2 4 .a ) - m a
W ITE(ll.TEO) I+l,P(I+l),V(I+l),V D V BD C(I*1)
cB (2s , j ) - ErxAra
900 COMTIKUS
e s (3 6 ,a) > lOOOOOO
760 FOaKAT(6X,I5,£X.F10.3.EX,F10.B.6X,K10.8/)
c a (3 7 ,3 ) « lA O m
« I T E ( » , * ) 'IDEAL D i r m CYCI2 o m '
C B(3«,3) - UZP (
KETUM
CB(39,3) - va ^
EXD
cB (3 o ,3 ) - poina (
C 8 (3 i,3 ) - m m
SÜBROlfTDffi PC8 (■
C 3 (sa.a) - lo o .o
PIO - s.u i$w 8/ieo.
00 l a i IB - 1 8 0 .0 ,3 6 0 .0 .0 ,6
KAL KP.K.HC.KEP, KR. KO, HOLTO.M.HA.HK.HADXAI.KXO, c
k KP.KPO.KX.NECHEP
o m r - 1M(V0L(TH.PID)-V3) a r c c a i evo. w c (
i F ( o i r F . u . o . o o i ) ra m
LOOICAI, IPTna.IPRIKI. HT.IKDKI
THEIM - TH (
CHAKACra*10 X V ,n
OOTO laa
COUl(0H/C£aX/B.CS,CRL.8,VBOC,VDlSP,VDYBl>C(73O} .VQLUME(BOO).
. UO0 (.
u i comriKUE I VTOC
C0KX0ll/IHEaK/flSJP,M0Ufn'(6),PÍ.P3.P3.P4.n.T2.T3.T4.T6.I5.TA. . (
laa r n n ( * .* ) • r m u - *, thbtís
f Vl.Va.V3.V4
m iz (u .6 o o )
COKKON/CHEH/KA, KP. n , K(E ). KA. HAOHAX, NKO, NF. NFO. NX, m , m .
600 W m T ( / // 6 x ,* A ) i o u . ,3J .y jy jjg . /
f MC.KH.KO.R.EUTAT,EMU.'lt'.yCC,Tn(IX,PMOLn
CaiOÍOH/CPCOEF/CV.ACI7.BCPF,ACPA.8CPA,AL(6) ,Afl(B).
a c » - 10**
• BL(6}.BB(S),CI.(S},ca(&}
V(1J - VOLCpid)
COJOÍOM/IHDEX/IPITHI, IPRIKT, HCYCLB. BTJKMOC
P(l) - O.B
Ca»)0K/OEK/CB(4O,4),A(10.16),C(6),D(6).EETAE.8AP,F(S),
DO TOO I - i.xTO
f FP«.FV)(,0(5).KEP,pm.PCníER.RP)(
'nSTAK “ (1»1)*PI0
COHHON/IMEXH/nO. IVC. EVO, EVC. AEV. AlV
V(I*1) • VOtClHETii)
COHKOM/COHBUH/líCOWI.BmX
C0kH0H/IDIE5/FA.VB, STSOXE
700 OOKTUIUZ COMKON/BTMOD/KOOFBT
00 «00 J - 1,180 COKHOHAAUSE/Dl.BEIA.HOian^A
CQKMOH/OVm/PID. OKE&A, OntAX, CAINT, AN.BOCKAS
800 «íníuí'^® ^^ '’ <‘’ (J>.V(J).VDVBOC(J) COXMOH/PfiSA/CPK. DI, DraDDr, IBC, lECPC. IKC .OABMAS.VCOKP. IffiXP. HCEXO.
$ «KET.WjOOP.PSPS.W,
V3RATI0 - VDL(IHnU*P10)/VBD0 COHKOH/AKRAY/DELVÍTSO),0V(7E0),P(BOO).DEU1(800).DELP(800),
nH K Ttí - UaíTHETJU)
f THErA(800),V(800)
M » 0 W - iei.lTHBTA3
C0K)(0H/F&C0/CK.BR,F3O
PÍJ) - P3
COKMOH/ABC/VT.COKEFF.CPA.MK ( J
V (J) - V O l(j.p iD )
COHHOK/HEATSA/ASEA. BK, RCB. 8 AREA. « . TK. VP
VOVBOC(J) . V(j)/VBoc / J
CO«KOH/FEICT/PIMP. PEXF, P a . KPB. FKEP

i )

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m
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 162 CompotttSlmalitíoactC¡ Eiiilf Pcocattt Á pptoibt D IES

CflHXaH/FRPHDD/HODPRP p o m - ¥KET»PSPS*0.001
COKHO(l/ABCD/OK. ITEIA, 1TETA3. L EETAB - OfHCT*lO«3)/(-HRP*K)O*10C.0
CflKXOII/PRIKTS/XV(16) .TI (32) leP - m T/(VD ISP*101.32S)
COKMOH/III/IFPCO CAU FKEPC
COMION/STtJRE/PaEÍBOO) ,TD(P(800) .BRaCaOO) BKEP • XEP-PXEP
COKMON/ANQLE/ICB. ICE.IKX.n) H P O m - BKEP»101.32S*VDISP*PBP8/I000.0
COKNON/I7CO«/CCmm.H KECHEP - BKEP/XEP.ICO.O
COKMOM/m/PRHAX. ICAXJUC. K iM X BSTHE7 - KECEET'EETAH/IOO.O
COKMON/COXOO/HODCOW I7(M0I>C0«.Eq.2) n C - ICB
COHKOH/HRKOD/HODHH CB(1.3) » Pl
C0HK0H/HATWt/cmO(8OO) ,PÍES8(800) .V0L*AT(800) .TKPK(800) CB(2.3) - VBDC/FW
COMKOÜ/COKB/PHAX.TPKAX ’ CB(3.3) - TI
m(THETAS)-VDISP*(C»/(C»-l.)-(l.-COS(IHET«))/J. ♦ CB(4.3) - P(IBC)
l (CRL/8)-.B»SI}RT((2.»CRl78)»«2-(m(8IK(THEIAR)))»»J)) AIBC - ru)AT(nc)»pio
ira iiE í».*) CB(5,S) » VOL(AIBC)/m
ireiT B (*,o CBC6.3) - TEKP(IBC)
V8ITE(*,*) •ENIW IBC VAUJE F08 PEOQRESSIVE COMBUSTIOK* CB{r.3) - PHAI
v s m ( « . * ) •POR P.C MC IS 170 TO IBO DEQ C.A' CB(8.3) - V0L{ICE«Pn»/PVM
READ(*,0 n C 1T(K0DC0K .EQ. 1) Cfl(B.S) - V 5 / m
USP « -6274940.0 CBC0.3) - TPHAX
líFCO - O CB(10,3) - P4
KOBCOH - 1 CBdl.S) - VBDC/FVK
HT.INOeX - .FALSE. CB(12.3) - T4
O U IfRITEl CB(13.3) - PS
10. - O CB(14,3) » VTDC/FVH
HX - 0.0 CB(16.3)-T5
Ti - 300.0 Ca(16,3) - 1000000
ICTC - 1 ca(ir,3) « 1000000
111 COmKUE CB(18,3) - 1000000
c m . PRICAL CB(19.3) - VEXP
. CAIX COHPIUI CB(20,3) - VCOKP
CALL COKBH CB(2i,3) - VCOKB
CAU, EDCPH CB(22,3) - 0.0
c iF d c y c .Eq. 1) CAU w i t e i CB(23,3) - \fMET
l a c - ICTCM CB(24.3) -POm
líEP - TI CB(26,3) - EETAH
P4 - P(EVO) CB(26.3) - 10000000
P6 - PA CB(27.3) - HADKAX
TS - r4*(P5/P4)*»((KP-l,0)/ICP) CB(28.3) - KEP
HX - P1*VT0C/(W,ITAT*TS) CB(2fl.3) - BXEP
■HA - P1*VBDC/(M.ITAT*TI) - KX CB(30.3) - BPOm
KK - KA+HA/(4.76*T) 03(31,3) - BRTHEF
TI - Ca*TA/(CR-1.0 ♦ (TA/TB)) ►’í CB(32.3) - KECHEP
17(AB8(TREr-Tl).OT,0.05) 00 TO 111 M m T E ( * .« ) 'IDEAL DHÍEL CTCLE VITM P.C OVEJl'
IF(IPilIKT) CA a PRIKTl RETURH
P5PS - EPK/120.0 EXD

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HT.1KBEX - ,I K E .
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P1 - PA
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222 CQKTiniE
C0KWJV/(20K/B.Ca.CU..8.VBI)C.VI)I8P.VDVHl>C(T2(J) ,VOUMB(800).
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CAU, COKPU
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f W.íffl.MO.I.UJtTAT.IJin.y.TCC.YKDliPWLlfT CAU. EXPH
(
COJOOW/CPCOZr/CV.ACPr.BCPF.ACPA.BCPA.AKS) ,AH(B). CAU. GASEZ
« BI,(S),BB(S).a(6}.CX(E) NA - Pl*V0IJ«E(IVC-ri9>/(HUTAT»TlM a { '
COMXOH/UOEX/IPTTHB.XFUXT.KCYCU.BT.Iim KK - KA*)U/{4.T6*Y)
COW(ON/OEII/CB(40.4) .A(I0.16) ,C(S) ,D(S) .EETAB.BAF.r (S), KOUHT • IOUKT+1 < ■
f n>M,rYN,0(6),MEP.FIM,F0m.U>U IP(MUJII.0T.20) COTO 223
COUHOH/IXEZB/m.IVa.ZVO.EVC.AEV.AIY IF(CAB8(Tl£y-n),GT.0.6hOi.(KOUMT.Eq.l)) 00 10 222
CAU. W O T X
COKXOM/COMBUX/VCOXB.BUOX
IF(rPIUülT) CAU. P R i m í
COiUOK/tOIES/rA.VS.ffTtOia!
COKUON/rSSA/CrR.DI.DTBOOT.IBC.lECrC.IEC.OASXAS.lrCOXP.VEZF.XCm, ttíIPaiHT) CAU PUKT3
223 »HET - »IOI-»fU)QP {
f VNET,VU)0P.P8P8.Mt.
COMMON/AiBAY/OaVCTU) ,DV(7S0) ,P(BÚO) ,DQJ((600} .DOPCBOO) , p o m - mr*P8P8*.ooi
(
f TEnA(800) ,V(800) EETAfl - WET/(-HÍ?*IO(/MKO)*100.0
COKKOK/FUCT/l'DÍK.Paa'.PSL.m.raP KEP - »m /(V D I8 P n 0 1 .3 2 6 )
COMKON/ABCD/OX.ITETA.imAS.L CAU. FKEPC
OOMKON/XII/IPPCO BMEP - UEP-FNEP
CO»UH/8TOX£/PU(BOO) .TSa>(80O).HU(BOO) MECHEF - BMEP/NEP
COXXON/ANaU/ICB. ICE, u a , 10 BPOWER - BKEP«101.326*VDIBP*PSP8/1000.0
OOUMON/TrCOU/CQXDUK.K BSTBEF - KECBEr*EETAB
CS(1.4) - Pl
COUiOK/MAX/PIXAX, ICAKU. JCAXU
COKKON/COMQO/KQOCOU CB(2.4) - VOU«ECEVO)/FVM
COKUOII/nUtOO/KOOBI CH(3.4) - TI
COtO(OK/)aTU/CKAkO(800} ,Pm S{800) .YOmT(eOO) .IVPSCSOO) CB{4.4) -P(IBC).
COMMOM/COKB/PKAK, TTKU CB(6.4) - VOUB(E(IBC)/FV«
COXMON/OAS/?t(eoo) ,V0U)(B00) ,1E(S00) .KY.T.PSVC,TDUF7 CB(5,4) - TDO>(IBC)
CB(T,4) - PíUI
W ITE(»,*) CB(B,4) - TOUBffi(IEC)/m
VUT8(«,*} 'tNIEK IBC VALUE rtU ZISO'OmNSIQHAL KOOZL' CB{9.4) - TPJUI
«U TE(*,«) *?0R Z.D.U D C 18 163 DZO C.A CFOt THIS EVaiKE}* CB{10.4) - P(EVO)
nc C3{J1.4) - YOUBffl(HVO)/FVM
( .
ÜEP - -63r4MO.O a ( 1 2 .4 ) - T4
P8P8 - ÍPK/IJO.O CB(15.4) - PEVC
DTCO - l CB(14,4) - VOU«E(EVC}/FVM
KODCOX - 2 CB(15.4) - T6

J t ai
 150 C o a p íttr SliciiUthit c f C ¡ £a(loi P to c tu a Ápptxdbí D 187
)
COKXOK/III/in’ CO
CB(16,<) - 1000000 COMXOK/COKOO/HODCOK
)
CB(IT.4) - 1000000 COKKON/HRNOD/XOORR
) CB{18.4) - 1000000 PID - 3.U 16 92 7 /1 8 0 .
c B d s .t ) - m p UÍP “ -9274MO.O
) CB(20.O - WCOHP COKVERSIOX OK BORH AMO BTOjn! IK KETER8.
C B (J1,0 - ttCOMB ff(KL.KE.O) GO TO 999
C8(22.4) - ¥LOOP U. - HL«1
ca (2 J .4 ) - WKET mí - O
C3{24.4) - P O m 6R - 1.2
C B (26,0 - EETAB BK - O.OOHB
>
CB{26.4) » V0LEF7 SK - 0.001*8
CB{27.4) - HU>m RCa - CR/(CR-1.0)
>
CB{28,4) « HEP AREA - PI04«BX*BX
CB(29.4) - BKEP
SAR£A - PID4»4.0*B)(*8K*RCI
CB{30,4) - BPOVEK
cALcuunoM np v a rio o s n m a s
) CB{31,4) - BRTHEF
VDISP - PID4*B*B*8*1.0E-08
CB(32.4) - KECBEK'ICO.O
VBDC - CR/(CR-1.0).VDIBP
> I?(.HOr.IPRINT) CO TO 1091
VTDC - VBM-VDIBP
S 1051 COHTIHUE
RETURK
CAU VOLCAL
} iM n iA ixr n i i s absukzd to be 1.4
) EKD
m - 1.4
I IFdBUPET.OR. IKUPCH)TA-300.
; SUBEOUTIKS PRECilL
F(ISUPET.OR.I8UPCH )Tl-TA*(((Pl/PA)»«((KR-l.)/KR)-l.)/EPOCO)(tl,>
IP(8TR0KE.KE.J)V1-VB0C
REAI. ICA.KP.ial.KC.KEP.HH.NO.KOLVTP.NA.H.KV.KAflNAX.KXO.
CALcuunoH CP A iK -F m u n o .
HP.HPO.KX.m
YCC REPROTHT8 CHEHICAIXT CORRECT OJ/TUEL lATIO.
UXJICAL n-TTHE.IPRINI.ISUPCH.IEUPET
T E£P£m «T8 ACTUAl 02/rU tt RATIO.
COHMOH/QEOH/B, C i. CBL. 8. VBOC. VDISP,VDVBDC(720). VOUWE (600).
Y < YCC m u s RIC8 KUTURE.
VTDC
Y > YCC KEANB LEAN KECTUSE,
COHNDH/rHEKK/H8P.KOtVTP(B),Pl,P2.P3,P4.Tl,T2,T3.T4.TB.I6.TA.
YKIM REPREÍEHT8 KIKDflW 02 REÍJUHEO.
V1.V2.V3.V4
C01WOM/CKEH/ICA.KP.Ka,H{E),HA.KAD))M.NKO.KP.)a>D.)IX.R)<R.m. YCC - KCtO.aB*KH-0.6»)(0
YMIN - YCC-O.S*HC
HC,XH.HO.R.W.ITAT,llMIX,T,YCC,WIK.PHOm
COHHOH/CPCOEP/CV.ACPF.BCPf.ACPA.BCPA.AL(6).AH(6). Y - YCC*RAP
Bl.(S).BH(B).CL{S),C8(6) AFR - 4.T6*Y
n'(STROKE.KE.2.C)C0 TO 8
COlwbll/IHDEX/IPnHR. IPRINT, KCYCLZ. HT.IKDEX
V128 - VI
COK«ON/CEK/CB(40,4).A(10.16),CCB),D(B).EETAH,RAF,F(6).
VO - 2.0*VDI6P .
ÍTH.rn ,0 (6), ffiP.PIM. p o m . RPK
COKKO!f/8UPECH/ErOCOK.ErOTUR.ISUPCH.I8UPKI TI - TA
COKNOH/IDIES/PA.VR. 8TE0KE EE - l.O /C R -1.0
C0)tM0K/P88A/CPR. DT. BTHDDT, IBC. lECPC. lEC .OABHAfl. ¥COKP. T O P . HCEXC, K1 - PA*(V1-VT0C)/(RI.ITAT*TA)
XI - PA^VI/RLITAT
h VNET.VLOQP.PSPB.W.
8 COKTIKUE
COKNOH/ARRAY/DaV(TSO) ,DV(T60) .P(800) .DELN(BOO) ,[«LP(800),
THETA(800),V(800) IP(Y.CE.YCC).00 TO 101
COXHOH/PRmj/CH.BR.PJD X(l) TO N(5) REPRESEKT THE EXHAUST GAB COmiTimiTS.
}í K d ) - CQ : H(2) - C02 : K(J> - B20 { H(4) - H2 ¡ X(6) - 02,
COtWON/HEATRA/AREA. BK, RCR, 8ASEA, 6X. TV. VP
 Á^ptoibi D 159
168 Ccmp,UrS¡m*Ull»moíClEaiin*Ptoa^
IJV - -{URP*H{l)»28UOO.O)«{Hil/KHO)
«(1) - J.O»(YCC-Y) CAIXUUnOK OF 13 USINO HE¥TOU-RAPHSO« KETHOD.
»{2) - a.O»(T-UUJI) HITEN - O
V (3) - KB/3.0 I • 5000.0
> (4 ) • S.76*T 151 THEW - T -(C H » (U P (T )-U P (I 2 ))'Q V )/C V B (I )
H(G) • 0 . 0 MIIEN -
UFO - I(X)*N(2}>K(3}«KU}»X(6) IF(ABS(T-TKE¥).LT.0.1) 00 TO 16
00 TO 103 IF(KITU.OT.IOO) 00 TO 16
101 > ( 1 ) - O .o T • TMEW
» W • «c 00 TO 151
MÜ} - KS/2.0 16 COliTIKUE
JíU) - 3 .7 6 *Y
P. V. T VALUES AT BTATE POIHT 3.
« ( i ) - y-Ycc T3 - TlffiV
UPO - íl(l)*JI{3)»X (J)*Jí(4)+V(6)
P3D - P2*(T3/t2)«HP/(NA+ia)
102 CONTUVE P3 - PJ
c i u u u n o a or i v m o i kol. vt. ano qxs c o H s r m .
CPP - CP(12)
rao - 1.0«4.T6*T i
KP - CP(T2)/(CP(Ta)-E)
NA ■ ri*VBOe/(ILnAT*Tl)
»1IT E {».«) • PEECAL OVEi*
U( • K A « U /m K£TVSK
(
i r ( m a a . E q . 3 . ) na - r i* y i/(R U T A T m )
ENO
ÍN - 0.0 (
c**
8UM - 0.0 SUSBOUTINE COKPaN
DO 66 I-t,NCEZa
c
IK - >N*H(I)
«UN - 8UK»N(I}*Hm.VT!>(t)
TBI2 SUBELOUTIKE CALCULATES THE VASUTION OF P&E8SUfiE c
AKD VQWME FOR EVEEY CEOSEE CKANK ANCLE TAXIXO BEAT
es COHTtIUE TBANSFEB INTO ACCOUNT F&OK THE 8TAST OF C0KFRE8S10N (
PXOLVr > IU4/8N TO THE STWT OF COKBÜSnOH
lü o iv r - (KA*3<.Oa»IU*PKOin}/(MAfm
NOTE ; OXLY AN EKPIRICAL FOENVU HAS BEEN USED F0&
u o x - v n B ir t
KEAT T8ANSFEX.
m - I/INOLVT
BUL KA.KP.KR.KC.XEP.XB.KO.KQLlnF.lU.N.NADKAX.NHQ,
9M CONTINUS
# NP.NPO.NX.m
NADNU - NA/(NA*NX)
IHTEQEE EVO, EVC
CP* - ACPAtBCPA»!!
UWICAL IPTTHa.IPRIHT.HT.INDEX
CPI - (CP»*NA4NX*W(Tl))/(NAtKX)
COMH0H/0E0K/B.CR.CaL.8,Vi:DC,YOI8P,VDVBDC{72O) .V0LUXE(8OO),
a - CPK/(0>t-S} » VTW
P. V. T VALUES AT STATI POINT 3. CQ)aOK/TH¿KJ</HHP, KOUíTP(5), P1.P2, P3, P4. T1.T2. T3. T4. T6, T6. TA.
n - p i* u « * a # Vl.V2.V5.V4
va - YTDC
CO»(OH/CHEX/KA.KP.KK.K(S),NA.NADHAX.HHO.NP,KPO.HX.PJtt,m.
R •• Tl«CB**(a'1.0)
f NC.KH.MO.R.Wam.EXIX.Y.YCC.YXW.PKOLVT
c C A Lcu u n oN op qv
C0KX0H/INDZX/IPnHR.IPBIKT.NCYCLE.HT.lHC2X
c t-ap FOa C10H22 l í (JIVEK m z , VUP - -«274940.0
CQK)(0N/i:EN/CB(40,4} ,A(10,16) .:(E ) ,D(S) ,E£TAU,EAF.F(6} ,
c k-HZli FR0ÚEE89IVK COKBümON NOOa 18 USZO IN 02DEB 70
# F P H .F V X .O (S ) .H E P .P I M ,P O m .R P M
c CALCVatE 'fSO* .CONSTiUtT V3LUKE tD U U n C COMBUSTION
COKHOH/INEIH/IVO, IV C .E V O ,E V :, AEV,AIY
c FZ0CES3 i s v m m u n c o m m F t z s s m á d iá s á t ic
CONXC.f/IDIES/PA. VE. 6TR0KE
c c o m n i o M . m e e <¡v ú t o b x c a lc u u t z d in s t e a s op qp.
CO)OiON/PS SA/CPE, DT, OTKODT, IBC, XECFC. lEC .GASHAS, VCOKP, VEXF, NCEXG.
ex - NX/jnOhVZ/NFO f VHET,¥LOOP.PSPS,HL
NP - NPO«Ol
31..

160 Computer Siattliíha o( C¡ E o/icí P tocata Apptadlx D 101

COKKOH/PROC/CH.BR.PJD COK«OH/CEGM/B.CR.CiU..B.VBI)C.VDIBP.VDVB[>C(T20),VOUflaj(800),
COKXON/Amr/DELVÍTSO) ,BV(7S0) ,P(800) ,DOJ((800) .IJELP(800). f me
« THETA(800).V(BOO) COKMOH/THERK/aiP. XOUfTP ( S ) . P l . Pa, PJ. N . T i. n . T3. T4. T í . T6. TA.
«IIO(Q«/ABCD/DX ,1TETA. ITETA3. L * V l.n .V 3 ,Y 4
COKXOH/III/IFPCO COMKOtt/CHEM/ICA. EP. Kl. H ( S ) . MA. N A O m . KKO, KP, IPO, irx, U a , m .
C0>«aH/STflRE/PEil(800) ,TEW(800).HK8(800) I MC.ia.)«0.«.U.TTAT.I)<U.Y.TC0.Y«M.PK0Lrr
CfSKXS - (P1»FPH)*(VBDC‘ FVM)/(R)(U*1000.0*T1) COHHOH/CPCOEF/CV.ACPF.BCPP.ACPA.BCPA.ALÍB),AH(6).
rzxp - 0.0 t Bt,(S),BU(S),CL(S),CB{S)
CVR - CPI - í COHXOtf/IKDEX/imM.IPRIKT.HCTCLE.ÍT.IKDCI
TEHP(IBC) - T1*(VBDC/V0U«E(IBC))**(ÍR-1.) CO!WOK/OEK/CB(40.<).A(10.16).C(S).D(5).EETAH.lAF.r(S).
«OKP - {KA*NX)*CVR*(IEXP(1BC)-T1) # PPH.FVK,G(6).HEP.PIM,P0rai,W)(
DT - 60.0/CaPX060.C) COkXON/IKEXH/IVD, IVC.EVO.EVC, AEV. AIV
JJJ - nC-T19 COKKON/SUFECB/EFOCOH.EFOTUK.IEUPCy.ISUPET
IF(I7PC0.EÍ1.0)JJJ - 1 COKKOH/COKBUH/VCOKB. BtWAX
P(JJJ) “ Pl COXKOM/IDira/PA, V i. STROKE
TEHP(JJJ) - TI COXKOH/HTKOD/HOOPHT
V
PRK(JJJ) - 0 . COXKOH/VAUM/Ol. B H A , HODFVA
HRR(JJJ) « 0 . COJOíO'J/OVEaL/Pn). OVEOA, OTXAX. CAIHT. AX. BOCKAB
)
DO 1000 ITETA - JJJ.IBC COHNOH/PSSAyCPÍ. DT. DTHDDT, IBC, JECPC. n C .0A8XAB .VCOKP. m P . KCEIC.
/ OELV(ITETA) - VOHmE(ITETA+l)-VQU«E(ITCTA) f VKET.VIOOP.PSPS.KL
P (U “ P(ITETA) C0)«01í/AJ«AT/DELV(760) ,DV{760) ,P(800) ,OEUI(800) .DELP(800),
) F(2) - OT • TH nA(800),V(800)
F(3) - CA6HAS COKXOK/PBOG/CN.BK.PJD
) COK«0 H/HEATKA/Am . BH. RCR. SA M A . 8M. TU, VP
F{4) - Tl*(VBDC/VOLUME(ITETA»**(a-l.)
F(S) - DELV(ITETA)*FV)(/F(2) COHKOH/rBICT/PDff. PEJff. P5L, HP». PXEP
IF(HT.IKDEX) THEN COKMOM/FtPKOD/KOSPItP
CAU. HTSAX8(F.PH) COKHON/ABCD/OK.ITETA.ITETAJ.L
ELEE COKHOU/III/IFPCO
PH - 0.0 CO)0<D»/8TORE/PM(800) .T E W (800). m ( 8 0 0 )
ENDIP COKHOK/AJfOLE/ICB. ICE. IKX. ID
) P (m T A * l) - P(ITETA)»(VOHn(E(ITETA)AOUJ)ffi(rTETA+l))»*KK COMXOH/TFCOK/COXm.U
f
COKMQN/MAX/PEXAX, IC U U X , JCAKAX
> P(ITETA*1) - P (im A »l)+ P H
PRS(ITETA) - P(ITETA*1)-P(ITEIA) COHHOK/COKOD/KOOCOM
■) roffdTETA) - T1*(VBDC/V0LUKE(ITETA))«(KR-1.0) COHKOH/HIWOO/KODHR
HRHCITCTA) - 0 .0 COHH0N/HATUycaAKC(8O0) ,PHEBS(800) .VOLaAT(BOO), TXPRÍBOO)
¡ C ¥RITE(*,*) ITETA, P(ITETA), TEWdTETA) CO«HQJ(/COKB/PMAX,TPKAX
1000 CONTItíUE COKXOK/HEAT/HR
) VRITEC»,*) 'COKPRESSIÜH OVER* DIHEH8I0M m ( W O )
BETUEK VOL(TETAB) - V D IS P *(C R /(C a -l.)-(l.-C 0 8 (T E T A «))/í. «
EHD i (Cíiy8)-.B.SQÍT((2..CRL/S)..J-(ABS(8IN(TETAJl)))«2))
............................... .. VD(TETAR) - 0.S*V0ISF*{0.6*8IM (2.*TETAl)/(8q»I((2.*CRL/8)**2-
BUBROUTIKE COKBX f (ABS(SIK{TETAR)))«2))-SIK(TETA«))
..................................................................... .................. PIO - 3 .U 1 E 927/180.
BEAL KA.ICP.KR.KC.KEP. KH, MO. KOLn?.HA. H,)(ADMAI.KKO, CO TO (11,12).K0DC0K
f HP.KPO.HX.KOEL.m 11 coHTimra
LOGICA!. lPrrKR.IPaiKT.ISU?CH,IBUPET.HT.INm THIS KO D a IS BASEO ON PROOREBIYE COKBUSTIOH
 ' n .

’ ( .

1B3 Computé/Slm^iUoa «í Cl EagUt PncMMt Á fp tjiju D íes (

V5 - Y Il)C »(l.*(P 30-?J)/{K P*P 2)) (

ttXP - ÜPI3-UPT4
ITETA » 1 w a u o - P3*PF1C(V3-V3)«rm •
a IF(AB8(VOLW(E(ITOA)-V3).LT.E.E-OJ) CO 10 1 (
ttC - ffIX(TETA3)
9 ITETA • rxiTA+l lECPC - lEC c
GO TO 2 DO 1 « ( ITEU - aC.IEC
1 jr u r e n . l t . i b c ) oo ñ d P (n z tA ) - F(Q C ) (
TETA - rUIAT(ITZTA) 144 C am N U E
TBIA3 • TETA v m - VEZP * VCOMS - ycINF ( *
P (m A S ) • P(IBC) CO TO 330
TOTAI - TEU*PID 20 CaKTIWffi (
DTH - (8PK *360.0)/60.0 o a r a - (TKtA3-PL0AT(nC»/DM
DT - 1.0/DIH SUXK - 0 .0 f
DthsoT - B.O<PUM«BPM/eO.O »COKB - 0 .0
BK - VD{TBTA3*PI0)*PTHD0I/{V3-VTOC) (
L - o
I7(IBC .LT. 181} CO TO 3S TBTA - FIOAT(IBC)
DO 30 I - 181.IBC TETAR “ TETA*Pn
ITETA - I m - p(iBc)
TETAJt - PUIAT(I)*PIB 4 VOEL - (VD(TKAi)-VD(IBC*PID»*DaTE*PIO
lE T A lJ - PUUT(I+l)»PID r r í í X .LT. ISO) OaTAJt « VD(1STAK-FUlAT(IBC)*PIO)*OaTE*PID/
PH - 0 .0 k (V3-YI0C)
•ico««r - rouKT+1 DttTAY - VaL((ICTA+MLTE)*PID)-VOI.(TETA*Pn»
P ( í o m ) - P(ITETA)*(V0L(TETAJl)A'0t(TEIAljO)*»n> BS - ((VD(TCTAK)-V0(IBC*PID))»DTHDDT)/<V3-TTDC)
PUOIWI) - P(1IKTA*1)»PH IF(BB.C 8.Bm X) 00 TO 6
TEKP(nETA) - n /((V O L (T n A J J ) / lOEL > AB8(VDZL/(V3*mC})
á V 0L (T K IA JI))*»(rP -l.O )) GO TO 6
PP - P(KOUKT) 5 NOEL - BEMAX*saTE/DTa
TT - IZKP(ITETA) : IF(I£C.LT.180) CO TO S8
n> - C P (n )/(C P (T T )-») 6 BUXN - BU10ltABS(KDEl] l
30 COKTIKJK • ■ 00 TC 87
36 COHIIHUE 98 EUMN - BU)ül*AB8(DELTAK) (
U'CB&.CT.BSXAUGO TO 30 97 COHTJMUE
0 (1 ) - P2 TETAR » TETA»?!!) (
0 (3 ) » DT IF(IEC .LT, 180) CO TO 7
(
0 (3 ) - OASKAS POEL - -PRS*KP»VDEL/VOLfIETA]l)
• D (0 - n k ♦(P30-P2)*VTDC/V0L(TETA»)*AB8(KDEL) (
0 (S ) - DELV(ITCTA)*FVM/D{2) CO 70 99
IF(BTJMDa) r PTEBXl - -PaS*KP*DaiAV/VOL(TETAE) ,(
CAU UTSAK8(D,PU) PTESK3 - (P3D-P3)*Vn>C/V0L(TETU)»AB8(DEI,IA«)
ELSe POEL - PTEEMl+PTEta
PH - 0 .0 99 CONTXKUE
DiDir D (l) - PRS (
P3 - P3*PH 0 (3 ) - DI
T3 - (Pa*VJ)/{íUTAI«KP) (
D(S) - GASKAS
14 - n 'ÍV S /V B D O ^ íítP -l.O ) . 0 (4 ) - PE8*FPK*VOL(TETAa)»PVX/(E«nC*aAfiKAS«IOOO.)
UPI3 • CH*HP(TS)-»*»a'»T3 D(E) - V0a*FVK/D(3)
. . UPT4 - CK*BP{T4)-R*)ff*H IF(H?.IHDEX) THZH

(
J il
 I ...

A p p ttd lx D IOS
IM C om puttr S fa olilion o l C ¡ Eagiat Prt>ct$sti

P(l) - P(ITETA)
CAa HTSAÜS(D.PH)
) P {2) - DT
ELSE
F(3] • 0ASKA8
PH - 0 .0
) P(«) - Tl*(VBOC /YOU«E(lTnA))**(iat-l,)
EHDIP
P(5) - DELV(ITSTA)*m/I'(2)
PDEL - posi.»pa
.) ir(HT_lTOEX) THEX
pas » PRa*PDEL
CALL HTRAK8(P.PH)
ÍCOKB - ltCtWBt(PHB*PDEl*O.S)*VDEL*FPK*FVK
) ELSE
ITZU - ffECCmA+DELTE)
PH - 0.0
) FCIIÍU ) - PRS
ENDIP
líHPEH - PKS*FPH*VOL(imA*PID)*FVM/{CA£MAB«RXU*lOOO.)
P(ITETAtl) - P(ITETA)»(VOLWa(IirTA)AOUn(Z(mTA*l))«ni
) L - L+1
TÜ(P(ITITA»1) - Tl»(VBDCAOUJ>aam Atl))»»(n- l.)
CíAKOa) - TETA
rU N dM ) - 1.0/(0.00044*P(ITETAM)»»(-1.19)»
PRES8(L) - PRS
• EXP{46S0.0/IEXPaTrrA»l))«6.0»»PM)
VOUAT(L) - YDL(TETAH)/VBDC
6UM - 6 U X * (m (I )* m { M ) ) / 2 . 0
T«PR(L) - TO ffQ
IPÍSUX.OE.l.O) 00 TO 100
lr(8 U »(.G E .l) 00 TO 8
r - i» i
TETA - TETAtDELTE
ITETA - ITETAn
m ADDITIOM
CO 10 200
TETAR - IKTA*PID
lOO COSTIIIUE
00 TO «
lEC - IFII(TETA) ID - ITETA-nc
PKAX - P(IBC) ICB • 1BC«ID
220 P m - P(IBC) DO 121 ITETA - IBC.ICB
T?WX - TEKP(IBC) DELV(ITCTA) - VOLUXE(ITETA*l)-VDUn(E(rreTA)
DO 222 I - IBO.nC F(l) - P(ITETA)
PKAX - A«AX1(PKAI.P(I)) P(2) - DT
TPHAX - AHAXl(TPKAX,TEKP(I)) P(3) - OASHAS
222 CONTIIÍUE F(4) • Tl»(VBOC/VOUWEaTCTA))»*(íl-l.)
DO 221 1 - IBC.IEC F(S) - DClV(ITETA)»rYM/FX2)
1 P (P (I)-P (I*1 ) -CE. O.Ol) 00 TO 224 IP(HTJKOEX) THEH
221 CONTIIÍUE CAU HTBAHSÍF.PB)
224 lECPC - : ELSE
'COKBUSTroH ovek ( proohzssive cohhustioh K o o a )- PH - 0.0
223 EETUKK ENDIF
P(ITETAtl) - P(ITETA)«(VOLUKE(mTA)/VOUJHE(mTA«l))**KR
12 COHTIKUE P(ITETA*1) - P(1IETA*1)*PH
C THI8 18 ZERO DIKEH8I0HAL GLOBAL KODEL PRAdTETA) - P(lTETAtl)-P(ITCTA)
C PBUY í m O D 18 CALCUUTED BT IKTECRAnNC TOLPER’ S EELATIOH HRJl(miA) - 0.0
C V8IH0 TKAPE20IDAL RULE. TEXP(rreTA) - Tl*{VBBC/YOUWE(mTA))«*(ICll-l,>
SUX - 0. C ITCTA, PdTZTA), TEXP(ITETA)
H) - O 121 COKTINUE
I - 1 CVI - CPR-»
) HETA - ib : T - TWP(ITETA)
200 m i(I ) - l . / ( . 0 0 0 4 4 * P ( I T E T A ) * » ( - 1 . 1 9 ) * E X P ( 4 6 5 0 . /T m ( l T E T A ) ) * irCOW » (lfA«HX)»CVR*(TEKP(ICD)-Tl)
I 6.*R PK ) ICE - ICB+COKDUR
DELV(ITETA) - V O L U K E (im A n )-V O L U «E (IT E T A ) ái VCOMB - O,

M .
 ......(

Ápp*Jidlx D 167 . (
lea Cúfflpglv SlxaaUtha oí C¡ Enfíaé PtoctMt

DO 2flO I - ICB.ICE.3 .(
rttTA - ICB
TEXPCrrertó - t b íp c ic b ) IPÍTPKAX'TBÍPd)) 300,300,2«0. •,/
C lU tK E -m T i KETHOO IS USH) TO FIltD TBíPmiUBES At VARI0Ü8 300 TPJUX • TDÍP(I)
c aun AMizs JCAJÜUC - I ;r
44 T - TD(P(nETA) 390 CONTINUE
12 - a « K I I E (* ,* } 'COKBU5TIOM OVEA (ZERO-DIME COUB UODEL) * (
II - ia /3 KETUax
U COVTUUC EHD (
u i - ia*m(lTETA,T) ........................... ........................................................ ............................ ..
s u - u * m (irn A tii.T *o.6 *u i) SUBaOUIINE EXFH l
m - I2*m(lTZTA«Xl.T*O.B*U3) c .« .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1X4 - I3*TU(ITCTA*U.T«UCS) BZAL KA.KP,a,KC,KEP. UH, MO, m VT?,N A. H.KADHAX.NHO, f
ITKTA - IIETAtJ * KP,NPO,KX,m
(
TQlPdTETA} - T«(U CU (m ^U9)*3.*EX4}/6.0 INTEOEB EVO.EVC
P(ITCTA) - TO<P(ITETA)»(ím*(UmS*1000.)/(FPH*V0Un(E(nKIA)* LocrcAL n>Traa.n>RiKT.BT_iNDEX (
« rvx) caKK0N/aEOM/B,Ca,CaL.8.VBOC.VDI8F.VDVBDC(T2O} .V0UniE(8OO}.
CeUdlETAJ - P(IIETA)-P(nBTA-a) t VTDC (.
C KAZJXIM AUZnABLE rtEBSOJSZ IB AB8WSD AS 0.6 TINES lEE C0KM0H/IHESH/aHP,m«P(S),Pl.P2,P3.P4,H.Ta.T3.T4.T6.T6.TA,
C FBESmE VHICB VOUID HAVE BEEM ÁTJAXm JF COMBUSnott I Vl,Y2,V3,V4
C TACES ru ca at comstant volums. COKMOH/CEEH/IU. KP, KR, X( 6 ] . HA. HAONAX, UNO. KP. NPO. KX, m . m ,
n a “ 0.6*P30 * KC,KB,K0,S,BUTAT.8MIX,Y.YCC,YHIH,PK0LVT :(
P U (im A ) - DELP(HKTA)/I2 COKNON/CPCOEP/CV, ACPF.BCPF.ACPA.BCPA,AI,(6) .AH(5).
(
IP(PU(ITCTA).OT.PmX) CO TO 600 « BL(S].BB(E),CL(E}.CB(S)
XPCP(ITETA}.aT.PMX) 00 10 600 COHHOH/INDEX/IPTTH» , IPilKT, HCyCLK. HT.IMDEX
V.
BB&CmTA) - BX C0KMQH/0£K/CB{40,4) ,A(10,16) .0(6) ,0(6} .EETAB.RAP,P(6) .
voa « VOUJKE(nBTA>a)-VOtUXE(ITBTA)
«COMB - «COKB»(P(ITnA)«O.S»DnP(ITETA))*VDn,»m»FVM
f PPM,PVN,0(6),UEP,PID4.POm.U>M
COKNON/IKHXB/IVO,IVC.EVO,BVC,AEV,AIV
c
IP<ITWA,flE.ICE) 00 TO 600 CQKKOK/COXBUN/VCOKB .BBIUX T „
CO TO U C0MH0H/ZDIES/PA,VS,8TS0ICZ
600 ITETA • ITETA-2 COMNOH/P8SA/C?t,DT,OTHDDT, IBC.IECPC.IEC.GASKAS .VCOMP.VEXP, HCEXG. K.
s a - nzTA I ¥KET,W.Q0P.PflP8.KL !
i
KOOm - 3 C0KH0H/AmY/DaV(76O) ,DV(7S0) ,P(800) ,D£LN(SOO> ,DE1P(800).
T - TDff(im A) I THBTA(80O),V(BOO)
00 TO t{ COMKQH/PiUH/CM.Bt.PSO
600 CONTIHUZ CONKOH/ABCO/OK,ITETA.ITETA3,L ('
If(ITrA.OT.lCZ) xa - nsTA>3 COKHON/III/IFPCO i
x a - niTA COMM0H/8TCaE/PaS(8OO).TENP(BOO) ,UU(BOO) í.
PKU - PCICS) COWON/AHGLB/ICB.ICE, IHX.ID
c TO pura uxauu ?usmju COXXON/.COKQD/HODCOK
DO no I i c a . m . a COKKQN/MATSX/CBANOCSOO} ,PK£SS(aOO) ,V0LEAT(8OO) ,THPil(800)
ffíFRAX-Pd))!»,120,110 TEAC IS TBE TEMPERATWIE AT THE CKAKK ANCLE IfHEK COHBUSnCB ENDS. (
I
130 PXAJC - P(I) CO TO (3.4).KOE»COK
ICAJOZ - I IFiSB.LT.EEXAX] CO TO 1 ( ,
110 COKIIMUE VOLUUEÍIEC) « VQUAT(L)»VBDC
e TO pura KAiDíuv TB íprn im Q'(BR.Cr.BUUX}P(IEC) - PaESS(L)
TPKU - TBff(ICB) TEAC - P(IEC)»VOH«E(IEC)/(IU.nAT*NP)
>

108 CfempoUr SimaUihn ot C¡ Eü¡lit P r x ta a A ppeadlx D 169

» V 1 .V 2 .Y 3 .V 4
GO TO B
i EC - ICE- COKXOH/CHEM/ÍA. IIP. KR. H( 6 ) , HA, XAOHAX. NKO, KP. KPO. KX. BKR. m ,
m e - P(ICE)*VOU«E(ire)/(Ü.ITAT*HP) » K C .K H .K O .K .IU T A T .IU (IX.T.T C C ,T «X«.P H O L»T
COHXOtí/CPCOEF/CV. ACPF.BCPF.ACPA.BCPA.AI.(S) ,A H ( 6 ) .
_S KP - CP(IEAC)/(CPCnAC)-R)
T4 - •TCJlC*((rOU«Z{IEC)/VOUWE(EVO))**(n‘ - l . ) ) » BL(B).BB(6).CL(S),CH(6)
UPIEAC - CM*H?(mC)-H*NP*TEAC C O » (0 « /O E K /C B (« O .4 ),A (lO .1 6 ).C (6 ).D (B ).E E T A H .B A F .r (B ),
• r P M .m .G (6).H E P.P IM .P0m ,R PK
ÜPT4 » CM»HP{T4)-S»fiP*T4
COKKOH/1KEXH/IVO. IVC.EVO.EVC. AEV. AIV
WEXP - u p m e-u p M
¥NET - ¥ErP«¥COXB-VCOXP COKXOH/OVERL/PID. OHEOA, OIXAX, a iH T . AM. BOCHAS
00 TO 2 COHMOK/PSSA/CPÍ.DT.DTHOOr.rBC.IECPC.IEC.OASHAS.VCOXP.rEXP.KCEXO.
» VKET.VLOOP.PSPB.KL
1 p (iE c) - p ( n c )
TEAC - P(KC)»VOU«E{IEC)/(IU.mi*!¡P) C O X M O X /A m Y /O a V (7 B O ) ,DV(TB0) ,P (íO O ) .0 E tN (8 0 0 ) .DELP(eOO) .

U - TCAC*{(VOLUXE(IEC)/ VOLÜXE{EVO))«»(KP-l.)) • THETA(800).V(800)

J ffíIFPCO.Eq.O) EVO - 360 COXNOK/HEATRA/Am. B « . »C«, 8 AXEA. SK. TK, VP
DO U S ITETA - nC.CVO COW(Of(/OAS/P»{800) .YOLB(BOO) ,TE(BOO) .KV.T.PEVC.VOim
0(1) - P(ITETA)
C0KX0K/0AS1/THETA5.THCTAU
coMvoK/pai cT / fix r, pexp. p h l, kp*. r keí
G(S) - OT
COWtOK/PRPKOD/KODPtP
0(3) - CASKAS
0(4) - TEAC*(V0Unffi(IEC)AOU«B(ITSTA))«{KP-l.) COXXOH/ABCD/DK. ITETA. ITCTA3, l
0(6) » (Vtm«B(mTA)-VaLUXE(mTA-l))/Q(2)*rVM COMXBM/IXI/IFPCO

IF(HI_IHDKI) IBEX COMKOH/IKOEX/IPnM. IPÍIKT, XCTCLE, HT.l HDEX

cA u H T m s(o.p a ) COKKOH/SUCnO«/THETA_$UC.P».SUC.TEJUC.VDU)_SUC
EL5E C STATEKEHT FUKCTIOH DEPIHIHOK M í THE CALCUUTIOM OF
PH - 0.0 C VOLtna AT VARIOUS C&AKK AXCLES.
ESDI? VDL(THETAR) - V O I S P * ( C R /( C « - l .) - ( t .- C 0 8 ( T H E T A ] l ) ) /2 . ♦
P(ITETAtl) - P(ITBTA)»(VOLU)ffi(ITETA)/VOU«E(ITETAtl))«KP • (CRL/S)-.6*SQRT((J.*CRL/S)«»2-(Afl8(8IH(THETA»)))*«2))
P(ITETA*1) - P(ITETA+1)+PB DATA ISUBPR.ISUPPK/2‘ 0 /
PRR(ITETA) - P(lTHTAtl)-P(ITBIA) KY « O
roff(n E T A ) - m e * (v o u «E (iE c)A O L ü X B (iw rA ))»«(K p * i.) T« • TA
BRHdTETA) - 0.0 P D ff - PIKK*FPH

IT - lEKP(mTA) PEXF « PE W 'PPK

l í R m (* .0 'EIPK : *, ITETA. P(ITETA), TEMP(ITETA) PRESS - P(EVO)*FPM
M6 COHTIHUE IVAR - O
¥SITK(«.») •EXPANSION OYER' DIHAX - CAIHT.eO.O/CSW.O.RPH)
laiURN w oop - 0 .0
END EPSLON - .01*PIMP
PIO - 3.M 1B928/180.0
BUBROtfTIKE OABEX THETAC - EVO
HV - HVtl
REAL KA.KP.ICR.HC.KEP. KH. KO, KOLrrP.KA, H.KADKAX.NXO, THETA(HV) - TKEIAC
i NP.KPO.HX.IlfHASS.Kia THETAX - THETAC*PID
)
IKTECEE EVO.EVC OMECA - 2.0*3.1416*RP)I/00.0
)
LOOICAL HTJKBEX EXXASB - V0L(TMETAR)»FV««PR£SS*0.001/(RHIX«T4)
COM«0))/CE0K/B.Ca.CÍL,B.VBDC.VDIBP.VDVBDC(72O) .VaLUXE(800). 10 CONTINUE

; # VIOC C AHALTSIS OP EXHAUST PRDCEfiS

COHMOH/THERM/HSP. NDLVTP(B ), P1. P2. P3 ,P *. T I. T2, T3. T4, TB, T6 ,TA. POPO - PRESS/PEKF
)
N

í: í
 ..... - ..t—
•(

( '
Ápftadix D IT l
170 CoapiU r S/mulítion oí Cl En/lo# P n cta tt
(
C(l) - PiEBS/FPM
lyíPÍEBS.lB.PEMFJPDPO - PBÍF/PÍEBS C(2) - DELtr
TBETA» » THETilC»PID C(3) - EDU8S
CAIX VALVAE(m.mXV,THCTAC) C (0 -T
BPXAX - ü>E£Sa-PBff)/W C(S) - DVCDT
T - PEE8S«VOLCraSI*«)«FVK/(EX)<AS8»;uaX*1000.0>
CPP - CP(T)*K
tF(H T_IKDE D THE*
CAIX HiaAXSW.PDBT)
r
0> - CPP/(CPJ»-S) dS E (
CA - (0*-1.0)/KP POHT - 0.0
QK - (XPtl.O)/(KP-l.O) EJffllP
CP - {2./(tP*1.0))**CK POHT - PDfíT*FPH
CRIT - (O .S«(D **1.0))»»(IC P/(IC P-1.0» c
C TOTAL PHESSUSE DEOP CALCUUTI0K8
TC()(V) - T O a iA P - DttTAPtPDHT
ÜNDB - 8Qir((2.0»CUy8)«J-((AW(8IK(IHETA«)))**2)) (
VDVBC <• VOL(iaETAl)/YBDC
DVDDT - V018P*0.6*m>(.6»81U(3.*7EETAa}/UMOK-8Ii<(TEETAa))*OMEQA
PB(KV) “ P m 8 /P P K (
ir(poro-cuT) 100 , 200.300 VDU)(MV) - VDVBC
100 VP - PK>0*«QA PÍE88 - PRES8*DELTAP
OHDOT “ A H m *P B (P *8 H »T (2 ./(O A »M n *T )«Y P «(V P -i.)/lO O O .)*{-l.)
EZMA8S - £mSStDELn*DKI)OT
IP(I6UBPt.E^,0)THETAS - IBETAC TBKTAC - IHErAC+360.0»SPH*Dan/60.0
I8UBPR - 1 KV • ífVfi
00 70 300 THETACKV) - THETAC
300 OKDOT - AKm*PU88<8qKT(ICF/(l^*T*1000.)*aP)*(-l.)
C VLOOP 18 THE VOUC DONE OM CASES D m v O EXBAU3T AVD INTAJCE STSOICES.
IF(I8t)FFK.Eq.0>reKrAU - TBETAC VLOOP - ¥L00P*{PgE£S+(DELTAP/2.0))*reLTV
ISUPPI - 1 c m n ( » , » ) * r a A 8 T : •. thetac. pbess . t
300 COMTINUE lP(THBTA0.tE.IVO)00 TO 10
QEX « KP*PR£88*((Ua)DT/EZ}U88)>(DVm/(V0I.(TBETAa)*rVM))) TaZTA(MV) - TíIEIAC
IP(qEZ)360,2T0,280 BOCHAS - EXHAS8
360 COMTIKUE m T E C * .») • EXHA8T OVES' \(
IF( (-DPHJÜC/QEX) - BWAX) 20.50.J0 IP((EVC-1VO).E<}.0) ÓO TQ SOCO
20 {«LTAP - 'OPtUX CAU 0VmP(EXKA83,PK£88,TEnAC} {
O a n - AB8(DmAP/QEX) 3000 COKTIKUE
í
CO ro 50 EXXEYC - EXMASS
30 D£LTT - DIXXX PEVC - PRESS/FPH .(■
D&LTAP - QEX'DELTT 16 - T
00 TO SO C .......... AHALY8I8 QP THE IHTAKE BT50KE.
2T0 DELTAP - 0. imiABS > EXHASS
D t t n - DIXAX KV_ÍEr • NV :(
CO TO EO 950 CONTINUE
380 IF({0PMAX/qEX)-DmX}40,60,60 THEIAE - THETAC*PID
40 DELTAP - DPKAX CAU. VALVAI{AIV,AUKV,THETAC) •'f
üELTi - m i m w / q a ) r - P8£8S<VOL(THETA&}«pyH/(:)OU8S*BMR*1000.0)
CO TO BO C M M «t CALCUUTION OF EP i KS
60 C£LU - OrXAX CPR - ACPA«flCPA*TA
UaTAP - QEX'OaTT CP» « (CPa.KA+a»CP(TA))/(ílAtKX)
60 COHTIUUE CVT - CP(T)-Í
CALCUUTION OP PtE8SVB£ DDBF DUE TO EEAT T U K S m m - CPR/CVT
DELTV • DVDOT*DELn
 ... ...........;___ ■•xr:/.y^/ct»:i»«m n¿xw .rr¿"Tm ‘3 tr> y H «/:rn a ^ m ia

172 C oD p a tff SliavUtioaofC í Esílnt Pnceuf Appudtx D 17S

CPfil - ACP*»BCPA*T DELTAP - QEX*DaTT

CPRl - (CPRl»K**Hr*CP(I))/(HA»Hl) CO TO ISO
1000 OaTAP - O.
CVTl - C P (U )-»
KR - CPKl/CVT DELH - OTKU
XP - CP(T)/CVT CO TO 150
1100 lP(DPm/QEX-DTXAX)160.170,170
lE(KV) - T
Y U IE («,* ) ‘ m A H r . T, KV, TCÍHV) 160 DELTAP - DPHAX
UNDR - SqRT((2.*CRL/8)»»2-{(AB3(8IK(THETAR)»**2)) DELn - AflS(DELTAP/qnC)
ff(ASS(PRE88-PD(F),I-E.EPSL0N) PRESS - PDff-EPSLON CO TO JEO
FACTOR - PÍ2SS-PIKF 170 DELn - D T W
IP(FACTOR) 17,17,18 DELTAP - qEX»DElTT
li IT COHIIKUE IBO CONTINUB
ITAQ - O CALCUUTION OP PKEBSUSE DROP DUE TO HEAT TRAKSra.
IVAR - 1 c a r v - DVDDT*D a n
WMAX - ABS(PIkP-?EES8)/A« CCl) - PRMS/FPH
h C(2) - DELTT
PDPÜ - PIKF/PRE8S
CO TO 21 C(3) - IKMASS
IS K>KAI - ABS(PH£flS-PD(P)/AM C{4) - T
POPO - PRE£S/PDff C(S) - DVDDT
21 COMTIKUE ly(HI.IHOEX) THEH
CRIT - {0.6*CKR»l.})*«(ira/(KS-l.)) CAtL HTRA)IS(C.PDHT)
DVDDT - mBP*.B*FV)C(.6*8IH(2.*IHETAB)/U}fDR-81M(THETAR))*OKBOA EIÍE
M IP(PDPO - CRIT) 960,970,970 PDtrr» 0 .0
P60 OA - (KR-1.)/1CS EHDIP
VP - POPO«OA PDKT - PDHT*FPX
ÉfQT - 2.0/(CA*RMR»T)*VP*(VP-l.)/í000. TOTAL PREBSYK DROP CALCUUTIOK DÜRIKO IKTAKI PROCBSS.
DKDDT - tóIKV*PIHF*6<}RT(8qr)*H,) VDVBC - VOL(THnAK)/VBDC
ii' IF(IVAR.EI).l) MíDDT - AftIHV*PRE88*BQRT(6qT)
CO TO 980
DELTAP - DáTAP«PDHT
PRESS - PRESS»Dn.TAP

■: 9T0 CK - (KR+1.)/(KR-1.)
CP - (2./(ltt*l.))/*QK
IT(ABS(PRÉSS-PÍEST).LE.0.001) COTO MIO
PR(KV) - PRESB/FPH
I
DKDDT - AflINV*Pfi£6S*8QRT(KR/(m*T*1000.)*CP)»{-l.) VOLO(KV) - VDVK
)
f- ff(IVAR.Eq.l) DHDDT - ABIHV»PIMP>BqRT[KR/(8«R*T*IOOO.)*CP) TIIETAC - THETAC«J60.0*RP)(»DELTT/60.0
eso COHTINUE IF(THETAC.CE.IVC) COTO 1400
í IF(IVAR.Eq.l) CO TO 199 n'(IH ETA C .C T.7Í6.0.AK D .TH E TA C.LT.T22.0)TD C t<A S - INKABS
QÍX - KRR»PE£8S«(DHDDr/IKHASS-DVBDT/(V0L(THETAK)*m)) m T E (» ,0 'TÜCKAS-. THCTAC, TOCHAS
CO TQ 299 KV - HV+1
i09 qEI - KRE»((R«H*TM*DMIIDT»1000./(VI)L(THETAR)*FV«))' TKETA(«V) - THETAC
( (PSE8S*DVDDT/(VOL(THETAR)• rVK))) IHKAS8 - IHKAS8tDELTT»DXD0T
3M COHTINUE VLOOP - n.OOP«(PRESS*(DaTAP/2.0))*DELTV
IP(qEX)090.1000,1100 IP(THETAC.aE.IVC)THETAC - IVC
090 líCÍDPKAX/í-qEX) )-DTXAX) IJO, U0.140 PREST • PRESS
130 DaTAP - -OPMAX CO TO eso
W L n - AB8(DELTAP/QEX) 1410 COKTIKUE
CO TQ ISO TI - T
UO DELTI - DDOX PRESl - ((IKHAS8*t«l*Il)/yOL(TKErAC*PID))*FPH
r-
 ---------- ‘i . ' - - ............ —

(,
ApfttaJix D 116
(
C ooíB U r o f C Í B n tU , F /o —
111 COKHOH/GEOH/B.at.aL.B.VBOC.VDISP.VDVBOC(7JO) .VOÍiWE(BOO).
YTCC ( .
. m s 2 - ({iiík X £ s » B ja » it)A o t((ia B T A C fi.o )*p iD ))*m
COIOlON/THm/HSP.KOt!fTP(6).?l.P2.PJ,P4,Tl.T2.T3.T4.TS.T9,TA.
CP - PIE81-FUS3 í
DEiTV - (v o t((ia E n c » i,o )« p iB )-v o L (m T W « P iD ))*m V1.V2.VJ.V4
COKUOH/CUEX/a. K?, ES. N(S). lA. KAOIAX, MMO. KP, HPO, XX. BMB., nt2,
( t o o ? - VU»P«(PUU1*(OP/3.0}}*I>ELTV (
KC. KH. W). fc. UJT AT. IH U .Y. YCC. VJini. PHOLlfT
ir(THxno.ae.ivc) coto i*oo
COJtKQH/CPCOEF/CT.ACJT.BCPP.ACPA.iCPA, AL(B) , AH(B),
m u c - m n e * i .o (
BL{t).B8(6),CI.(5).ca(5)
OOTO u t o
e0MH0H/CEH/CB(40.<>,A(10,16},C(B) ,D(S),EETAH,RAP,F(B).
UOO COKTIKUI /
FPN.PVX.OCE) .KEP.PBH.POm.BPM
TOtTA(KV) - THEIiC
a . - u ¡a N c> n i».ri COKXOK/IHEXH/IVO, IVO,EVO.EVC.AEV,AlV (
COHNOH/OVEaiTPlS. QKEOA.CnUJC. CAIKT, AM. BOCHAS
TI - T
p iv c - p m s /p w COKHOH/PSSA/CPa.DT.OIHDDT.IBC.IECPC.IEC.CAfiKAS.VCOKP.VEíP.HCEXO, ¡(
MZT.VUXIP.PSPB.KL
Tí - PIVC
C0HKOK/Amy/DttV(76O) ,DV(7SO).P(800) ,DEUI(800) ,M1P(«>0), Ic
«IDOP « AB8(VUnP)
THETA(BOO),V(800)
u m s • im s8
n m m . • (m u A s -E x x z v o /U K io a COKXDN/HEATaA/Am.B«,SC».SAÍEA.fiJ(.T¥,VP
PD ff - PXXF/FPÍÍ CO>WOH/CAS/Pa(800).VOU)(8CO) ,IK{800) .MV.T.PEVC.VOLEPF
COMKOH/OASl/THETAB.TUETAU
PB ff - r m / r ? u
VDLZP7 - (n>aU8-BDaU8)«Ua*TM*1000.0/(PO(F*VDiaP) COHKOH/FBICT/PIXr .PEKP , P a . HÍ8, FHEP
C LOCATXON QP TES CtAMC ÁXOLZ VaESZ m XÁSS PUV 18 ZEBO COHkOM/FSPHOD/KODraP
C DUUHa OAS CZCSAKSE PS08E88 COKHO«/AflCD/OM. ITCTA. ITITA3, L
P*HP - fl(M Y J £F ) COKXOJÍ/m/IFPCO
DO 113 I » HYJ£F, KYJUF^KO COHKOH/IHBEX/IPITHR . IPilirr. MCÍCLE, HT.IHMX
IP ( P I(I).O r.P IE P ) THEM BTATEKEHT PUMCnOK KFIIUTIO» POR THE CALCULATIOH
LOO > I*1 IHE VOLUKE.
TBETIJUC - THETil<U)C} VOL(THETAB) - VDI8P»(Ca/(CR-l.)-(l.-C0S<THETAB))/2. +
PK_SUC - fULOC) I (C&L/8)-.E*SqST((2.«CBl/8)**2-(ABS(8Ii((THEIJU})}*>2}]
lEJUC - lECUJC) EP8L0Ü - .01*PCKF
VOU>_EUC - VOUXUC) IH - lA
00 TD 11< QFHAX - 0.0
71 m 9S0 CONTINUE
em « p » (i) TiíEIAR - TKEIAC*PID
00 TO l i s POPO - PRESS/PEMF
KMDIP IF(ABS{PRESS-PEM7).LE.EP8L0N)PEE6S - PEJÍF-EP8L0X
113 coirriKus IP(PB£S8.LE.F£MF)P0F0 - PQO'/PKZSS
lu r n iK C » .» ) 'L o a n o i i * , thetájbuc , p » j u c . ts -SVC, y o l d jü c OPKAXl - AB8(P8£SS-PE)£F)/AJI
n m (» ,» ) ‘ oxa a c w ü ic z o v e i* IP(DPl(AXl.aT.OPKAX} OPKAX - DPKAXl
KETUSM CAa VALVAE(AEV.ARCXV,THETAC)
ENO T - PmS*VCL(IHEIAa)*FV)(y(EIXABS*RMIX*1000.)
CALCnJkTIOM OP KP A KK
SU3U)trriKE 0VEÍLP(EX)USS,PKES8.TKSTAC) CVT - CP{T) - E . .
........................................ KP - CP(T)/CVT
SEAL KA.KP.n.UC.KEP, KH, XO, KOLVTP.VA. K .lU A m .m O , QA - (KP-1.)/KP
« NP.KPO .lU .m OC - (KP+l.)/(KP-l.)
n m iE i: iva.EVc CP - (2./(XPH.))»»GK
UMICAL ÍT_I)IDEX
l,..

176 C c m p a U r S la n h tk B o ( C I E B t h t P r tx w e * Appeadíx D 177

130 KLTP - -DP«AX

CRIT - (.6 *(K P »1 .))**(K P /(K P -1 .)) OEirr - DELTP/q
TE(HV) - T CO TO IBO
Ü)ID8 - SI)RT({2.'CRL/B)..2-((«8{SIK(THETAa)))**2)) UO DELn - OTKAX
DVDDT - VDISp.,B*FVH‘ C.6*8IH(a.*'nffiTA8)A™DR-BIM(THETAR))*0>ffiCA
DELT? - q*DELn
) 1F{PDPQ-C8IT) 100,200.200 CO TO 150
100 VP - PDPO»*OA 1000 OeLTP - 0 ,0
) DKDDTl - AlEXV*PEHF*SqaT(2./(OA*RMIX«T)»VP*(VP-l.)/1000j*(-l.)
OeLTT - OTKU
IFÍPRtSS.LE.PEKF) DXOOTI - AREXV*PR£S8*SqRI(2./(CA*EHEC*T)*VP»
CO TO 150
(V P -1 .0 ))/1 0 0 0 .0 1100 IFCDPKAX/Q - DTTUÍ)1M.170,170
CQ TO 300 160 DEtTP - DPKAX
200 DKDDH - AHEXV*PE£SS*EQRT(KP/(RMa»T*1000.)«CP)*(-l.)
DELTT - DELTP/q
IF(PRESS.LE.PENF) DHDDIl - AmV*PEMP*S()XT(KP/(RHIX«T»1000.)*OP)
CO TO 160
300 COKTIKUE
170 DELn - DTXAX
C ANALISIS OF IKTAKE PROTIOK ¥ITH OVESLAP
DELTP - q * u n .n
CALL VAIVAKAIY.ARIKV.TKETAC)
lEO COHTIKUE
irCABStPRESS-PDO.LE.EPBlOlOPRESS - PDÍP-EPSLOH
C CALCUUTIOH OF PRESSUEE DIOP DUE TO KEAT T lW B F a.
DPHAX2 - ABB(PRHfiS-PDff)/AJ<
OaTV - DVDDT»DaTT
IF(DPKAX2.0T.DPm) OP«AX - BPHAX2
C (l) - PRESB/m
IP(PltZS3-PD(F) 17,17,18
C{2) - DELTT
17 COHTIHUE
C{3) - EXKABS
POPO - PIHF/PRESS
C (0 - T
CO TO 21
C(5) - DVDDT
18 PDPO - PREBS/PIkF
ITÍBT.IHDEJC) THEH
21 CONTIHUE
CALL HTRANS(C.POBT)
) CRIT - (0.6*(KP + 1.0))»»(KP/(ICP-1.0))
ELSE
IFÍPDPO-CRn) 960,970,970
PDHT - 0 .0
> 960 QA - (KP-1.0)/KP
EX0I7
V? - POPO«*OA
> PDST - PDHT'FPK
SQT - 2.0/(OA»B«IX*T)*VP«(VP-1.0)/1000.0
C TOTAL PRESSURE D«OP CALCUUTIOH DÜRIHO IKTAKE PROCESS.
DXDOn - ARINV*PIW’«BqBT(Sqi)»(-l.)
) VDVBC - VOL(THETA»)mOC
ly(PRESS.LE.PlKF) DW)DT2 - AXrKV*PREfiS»sqRT(SqT)
00 TO SSO PRESS - PRESS»OELTP»PDHT
) PR(KV) - PKESB/m
970 CK - (KP+1.)/(KP-1.)
CP - (2./(KP*l.))**CK YOLO(HV) - VDVBC
DMDDT2 » ABIKV*PRESS.8qilT(KP/{RHa*I*1000.)*CP)»{-l.) IP(THETAC.Eq.EVC)GO TO 1400
IFÍPRESS.LE.PIKFjDKDOn - ARIKV*PIKr*BqRI(KP/(RNa*T»IOOO.)*GP) THETAC - THETAC*360.0«RP)(‘ DELTT/60.0
980 CONTINUE IF(THETAC,CE.B40.O.AHD.THETAC.lT.B48.O)B0CMAS - EXKASB
DMODT - DKW)T1 * DlffiDT2 KV - KV+I
IPÍDKDDT.LT.O.O) THE« THETA(HV) - THETAC
) q - KRR*((RHn*TM*DHDOTMOOO./(VOL(THETAR)*FVH))-(PRESS* EXHASS - EWAS8«DKD0T*Dan
I DVDDT/(VDL(TKETA»)*FVM))) VIOOP - VLO0Pf(PREBSt(DaTP/2.O))*DELTV
) XF(THETAC.0T.EVC)THETAC - EVC
ELSE
q - KP*PREfiS*(DKODT/E)0(ASS-DVDDT/(VOL(THETAR)*FVH)) C V R m ( * .« ) 'OVERL? THETAC, PRESS, T
)
EHDIP CO TO 9S0
1 IF (q) 990.1000,1100 1400 CONTINUE
990 Ii>(ABS(-DPKAX/q) - DTHAX) 130,140,140 THETA(KV) - THETAC
)

)
§
e
a.
tr
180 Compalti Slmtluha oí Cl Esf iat PtMe*ta Af>piadlx D 181

a . - l.-COS(VTETA) DIKEHSION a ( S )
T O « - (ICK-CX*!).6«RCLfl-UDRT*0.6) COHXOn/GEOH/B .C*.CRL.8.VBPC.VDISP.V0VBDC(T2O), VOUTO (#00).
E2X - 2.»SDI(nETA)»C0B(VTETA) f VTDC
VOLUXE{ITÍT/l) - Y D ISP*im CO)O(QH/THERH/HRP.K0Lrr?(6).Pl.P2.P3,f4.TI.T2,T3.T4.T6,T6.TA.
VDVBDCdTÍTA) - VaLUH£(ITETA)/VBOC t V1.V2.V3.V4
100 COMTIKUE COHKOH/CKEH/KA .KP. KR, H(S ). HA. KADHAX. KKO. KP. KPO. KX. RKR. m ,
8ETURM I XC.KH.KO.H.mTAT.IWIX.Y.YCC.YXrK.PMOLVT
EKO COMHOH/CEII/CB{40.4) .A(10.16) ,C(6) ,0(6) ,EETAH.RAF.P(5).
» FPM.rYX.C(6).KEP.PID4.PDm.»PH
EUBROUTIHE KmCOK COXHON/HTIIOO/HOCFHT
CO«KOH/mTRA/A*EA. BX. RCR. SAR£A, 8 H. TV. VP
uwicAL c r m .ip a iH T COKKON/A8CO/DN.ITETA. ITETA3. L
C O I«0 tI /C H E K /K A .r P .S R ,H (6 ).))A .N A O m .K )(0 ,H P ,H P O .N X .m ,m . COHMOH/ADDN/PADt.VEL
I KC.HH.HO.R.RUTAT.RMIX.y.TCC.YXIK.PHOLVT C HODFBT 1 18 DUE TO CAKPBELL ASULEY
COK«OK/lHDEX/IPTnat.IP8Iirr,N(nrCLE,HT.IMDEX C «ODFBT 2 18 DOE TO 8ITKEI k. RAMAKAIAH
C0»«QH/GEH/CBC40.4) , A ( 1 0 . 1 6 ) , C ( B ) , 0 ( S ) ,EETAH,BAF.F(S). C HODFKT 3 18 OUE TO ROSEHBERC
# m ,m .0 (6 ),K £ P ,p iM .P 0 r a .íP M C MODFKT 4 18 DUE TO PFUUM
COXXON/KEKGEK/CEARCIB) .E ( 5 ) ,E q il,llK (6 ) .ICOHBH.IHDF.ITXTl.HODRO CV(T) - CP(T) - R
CO)«DH/COBUS/I>C. ISTA. lEKOA. KDC C VP IB THE PISTON EPEED IH H/6.
C BUBROUTIKE DURCOM IS PROVIOZO TO CALCUUTE IHE DURXTIOH VP - BMtRPK/30.
C CF COKBUSTIOH IF SUITABLE BCPEESBIOHS AK£ AVAIUBLE TV - T2
C AT PRESENI I I 18 CIVEH IK THE BLOCK DATA AS IKPUT PATK » CA(1)
C PSOnSIOK 18 HADE FQR DIFTEREXT KOOELS AREA • PID4»BK«2
C PUT APPR0P8UTE IHDEX ( 1 . 2 , 3 , 4 OR S)FOR ICOKBM III VEL - AB8(CA(S)/AREA)
C BLOCK DATA DEPENDIKC UPDH THE HOOEL TO BE USE». C AS8UMED VAU TEXPERATURZ 18 THE TEWERATURE AT THE END
CO TO (1 .2 .3 .4 .E ),I C 0 K S M C OF THE C0KPRE88I0H 8TR0KE. '
C OC 18 THE DÜSATIOÍl OF COMBUSTION T - CA(4)
1 com n u E CO T0{1,2.3.4).HODFBT
COKDtm - 4 0 .0 ♦ E .O * (a P K /6 0 0 .0 - 1 .0 ) ♦ 1 6 6 .0 * ( Y C C /T f - l .l) * * 2 1 HC - O.I3*(BH..(-0.2)).((PATVVEL)M(0.8))*(T*»(-O.B))
CO TO E CO TO 10
3 CONTIHUE 2 HC-0.04*(1.0».01S)*(PATK*VP)»*.r/C(Tt*.2)«(B...3))*(4.l8/3600.)
COKDUR - 6 0 .0 CO TO 10
3 COHTIHUE 3 H C - 0 .1 3 * (( V 0 L U H E ( I T E T A ) T V W )..( - .0 6 ) )» ( (P A T K » ( V P t l .4 ) ) » * (0 .8 ) )*
COXOUR - 3 5 .0 » (T « (* 0 .4 ))
4 CONTINUE CO TO 10
B CONTINUE 4 XXX - l.B • 0.416*VP
COHDUR - 6 5 .0 YYY • EXP(XXX)
RETURH IF(VP.CE.3,6) PVP - 3.0 ♦ 2.S7*{1.0 - YYY)
EHD IF (V P .U .3 .6 ) FVP - 3 .0 - 2 .E T « (l.0 - ( 1 . 0 / m ) )
HC - (4.18/3600,)*SqRT(PATM*T*PVP)
SUBROUTIKE KTRAKSCCA.I) 10 CQKIIKUE
DELTPH - (CA(1)*I1C«SAREA*(TV-T)*CA(2))*PM0LVT/(CA(3)»CV(T)*T)
NOTE : CA(0 - PRESS ; CA(2) • DELTT ; CA(3) - EXXASS ; X - oaTPa
CA(4) - T E » : CA(B) - DVDTH ■ RETURH
REAL KA.KP.ltB.KC.KEP. HH. KQ, KOLlíTP.HA, H.NADHAX.NKO. E)(D
# KP.KPO.HX.KRR

i
 ÁfpaiU D 18 S (
182 C oapatv S¡m Utha oí C¡ EatU» Fnt*a*»

FKG - COHEIT'FKH'lfT
(
C*«
HV - -HRP/M2.
ruMcnoH m ( i i E T A .r ) (
c i - nto*H\'/coHDüa
C««
K - (ITETA-ICB)/COW XíR
EZAL U .K P.a.K C .tffiP. KK. « 0 . KOLVTT.KA. H.K.KK.JIACSAX.HKQ. C )
CO TQ(SO,60).MOOUa
NF.HPO.NX.KU
eO)WOM/0EaK/8.C»,CU,.«.VBOC.VDl£P.VDVBDCCTM).V0U»{E(8OO). 60 HS - 6 .B 0 8 » C l * ( K » l ) * ( T X » * l l ) « E X P ( - 6 .0 0 8 » ( t X * » ( K * l ) ) > (
0 0 Tt) 28
VTOC
COI«OH/TXEJÜ(/HJ?.KOL1ÍT?(8) .P l.r a .r 3 ,P4 .T l .n .T 3 ,T *.I6 .T6 ,TA. 60 HEXAX - 6.eoa»C l.U *0»(tX **H )»E JC P {-6.B 08»(TÍX »»{«U )))
( .
m - (ICE-lTErA)/(ICE-IJ(X)*HmX
v i.v a .v j.v 4
MJOiOK/CUDÍ/KA.ÍP.n.íKO.KA.lUBm.ltXO.ÍP.KPO.ía.Mí.m. GO TO 2S I
MC.HH.HO.I.IUUT.WII.T.YCC.TfWM.PKOLIIT C CALCUUTIOK HEAT TRAHSFE8 «ATE
COKKOX/CPCOEF/CV.ACrf.ICPF.ACrA.BCPA.AL(5),AH(S). 25 PES - (GAíHAS»B«IX«T)/VOLU)(E(nETA)»(1000000,/10132S.) {
BL(S),BH(E).CL(S),C8(6) CO TOa.2.3.4).«ODPHT
1 HC - 0.13*{B K »»(-O .2))*((PA T M *V E L)».(O .8))*{T*«(-O .S)) (
COKXOJI/IMOEX/I7nHB.l?U)(T.NCYCL£.BT.lKOeX
C0KM0II/GU/CB(40.4} .A (10,16) .C(E) .D(E) .ESTAH.&AT ,P (E }. CO TO 10
{ .
FPH .m .C(6).K E P.Pm .P0r a i .8PH • 2 flC * O .M «(1 .0 > .0 1 6 )* (P ÍS * V P )»» .r/((T «» .2 )» (B * ».3 ))« (4 .18/3600.)
COKMOH/IHUB/IVD.IVC.EVO,£VC.ACr.AIV 0 0 .TO 10
(
COKMOM/SUPECI/ZPOCOU.ErOtUk.ISUPCH.ISUPET 3 H C -O .J }*((V O U fX E (lIE T A )»F V )0 «C *.0 6 »*(C P IlS »C V P + 1 .4 ))«*(0 .8 ))-
COKMOH/COMBUVACOXB.BUUX
I ( T « « { - 0 .4 ) ) » 0 .0 0 1 l ■
GO TO 10
COUMOV/IDIES/PA.VS.STBOKE
COXXOK/HlVOD/MOOrBT
4 XXX - l.E ‘ 0.416*VP (■
m - 2XP(XXX)
COKKOM/VAUU/Dl, BETA, KODFVA
IP(VP.aE.3.6) PVP - 3 .0 ♦ 2.B7*(l.0 - YYY) {
COWiOM/aVESL/PIO, OMECA. DTMAX. a iN T , AM, BCCUAS
C0ia 0ll/PS8A/CP». DT. DTHOOI. IflC. lECPC. lEC .OASKIB.«COiff, VEXP.HCEXG. IP(VP.LE.3.«) PVP - 3 .0 - 2 .B 7 « (l.0 - (1.0/Y TY )) i
ff v m . n o o p . p s p s .K L
aC - U.18/S600.)*SqRT(PR8«T«FVP]
C0KK0H/AIAAY/0aV(7W) .DV(760) ,P(BOO) ,DEIJI(800} ,DeU>(800). 10 BTK - aC*8AllZA*(TV-T)*DT«2,
{
f TUnA(ÍOO).V(800) C CALCUUTIOK OP RATE OP <OEKTHANSPER
VDEL - V0LUHE{ITErA«2)-V0UJKE(ITETA) (
COKNOM/PtOO/CU.Bl.PW
COUIOII/ABC/VT. COMEFT. CPA. MM m - (OASHAS*WÍU*T)»VDa/(a.«VOLUJíE(ITETA))
COMMOX/mm/AUA, BN. ICK.SAUA. SN. TV, VP C TER 18 THE RAJE OP TEMPERATUXE BI8E i
COlOUll/PIICT/PDff. PEJff ,PSL. KPI. FKEP TRR - (HH«HU-m)*PKOL1íT/(OASKAS*CVT)
RETVSM I
COKHOM/FRPKOD/MIOPKP
END
COKMOM/ni/IPPCO
CO)(X0K/8TtlR£/PU(8OO} ,TEKP(800) .H U (800] ............................................................. ..........................................................
COKUOH/AJiaLE/ICB.ICZ. IMZ.ID SUBROtJTlME PXEPC
COKKaK/TrCQM/COHDUX.K ........................................ ......................................................................... ..........................
REAL MEP
COHMOM/KAX/PUUX. ICAXAX. JCAMAX
COMMOK/COMOO/NQOCOX COHKOM/OMK/B,CR. CRL. S . VBOC,VDISP. VBVBDC(720) , V 0 U « £ (8 O O ),
I VIOC
COtOiOH/USMOD/HQDia
COHKOK/KATÍX/CíAXOtBOO) .Pa£SS(800) ,V0UtlT(8OO) .TWa(BOO) C0)«0!I/0EH/CB(40,4) .A (10,16) ,C(S) ,D(S) .EETAH,RAF,F(S).
CO>WOK/COKB/PKAX,TPXAX I rP«,r/K,0(6),HEP.PHM,P01ÍER,RPK
COKKQS/IDIEa/PA.Y».8TR0XE
COMKOK/UEAT/liB
COUKOX /ADOK/PATX.VEL CQHKON/IHEXH/IVO, IVC, EVO,EVC.AZV.AIV
CJULCUUTIOM OP HEAT lELEASE RATE USIKC «ZBE'S KODEL COKXOK/FRICT/P Dtp.PEMP. PSl.HPR,PMEP
COXKOH/PaPXaD/HODFRP
e n - cp (T )-í
C EHPRICAL REUnOMS ARE USEO TO ESTIMATE FRICTIOH.
nw - H A /U .76*Y)*l.E-03
 184 CemptiUr SlmaUtho o ( C¡ fiif/ne P rocetta ÁpptadU D 18S

c mcuroe i t e e ie .
í£ U T IO K S AH£ TAKEH FROK I.M.BISHOP *XH ABAtYSIS
C KODFA-a 18 usn> VHEJI THE ÍEUTIOV BETYIEíl BIICHT OF
IF EBCL’BE m C T I Q K * E C O h W BAE IRANSACTIONS
C VAtVE OFEKDIO t CÍAKXSHAFT A»OL£ IB rSOYK. THI8
V0L.73, 166S.
C DEPENDS OH CAX FROFILE k IT MUST BE IXCLVDEO HEXE.
m P I S THE FRICIIOHAL KEAN E m C T IV E PBESSUEE.
C DI 18 THE DIAXETIÍ AT THE POIKT ¥HEU VU.VE STEX
m P l I S TBE FRICTIQd DUE TO CAS PRESSURE BEBIDO RIBOS.
C REACHE8 VAtVE BEAT.dH KN)
FKEPJ IS THE FRICTIOH DUE TO YAU TEHSIOH OP EIKGS.
C HEIOHT IS THE HSTAÍITAMEOÜS HEICHT OF VALVE OPEHIHO
: ) FXEP3 IS FUCTION DUE TB PI8I0H k RIKQ FRlCriOM
C DE7EHDIN0 OH THE lEUTIOH IXCUfDEO. (Ilt KM)
FXEPÍ IS THE B U J m U S S
C BETA 18 THE YALVE SEAT ANOLE IH DIBUZÍ,
FKEP6 IS THE IN U T AHD TJffiOTTlS L0S8.
IHTECEl EVO.ETC
FNEF5 IS FMCTIOK DUE TO VALVE' CEAJ-
COXXON/IKEXH/rra.XVC.EVO.EVC.AEY.AIV
FVEPT IS THE PUXPIKO UJSS '
COKKOH/OAS1/THETA*,THBTAU
FKEP8 IS THE BEARIKO FRICTIOH.
FKEPfl IS THE COMBUSTION CHAXBEE k VALVE PUXPINO LOSS.
COWOH/VALAIE/Ol. BETA. MOOFA
HEICHT - 0.0
P8 18 THE PISTO» 8PEED IN M/MIH.
EXP - O.J333
H 18 THE IK [£T VALVE DIANETER.
PID - 3.1415W4/J80.
OH IS THE HUHBER DF IHLET VALVE/CYLIHDER.
CO TO (1 .2.3), KOOFA
GO TO {1.2),'KaDPEP
1 BBDCB - EVO-360.
COKTIKUE
ATDCA - EVC-B40.
PS - 3 ,14*B *H P H /1000.
D'ÍELAE -i ABS (BBDCBtATOCA)
B - S q R T U .» A I V /3 .1 4 )
TETAME - EVOtOO.
CH - l .O
FKEPl - 0 .t 2 * (P A -P I K F )* S /(B * B )* (.0 8 8 8 » C R + .1 8 2 * C R t .l8 3 » C R * » (1 .3 3 - TETAOE - TETA««D1fEUE
» .3 9 4 * P S / 1 0 0 .) ) « 1 0 . rP (THETAC. tE.TETAXE)T-. 0001»X» (AB8(SIM ((360. -THETAC«BBDCB) «PID)))
) * é.EXP
F)(EP2 - 0 .3 7 7 »S * N P R /(B «B )* 1 Q .
FKEP3 - ( I 2 .B 5 « P S L /( B * S ) * 1 0 0 .)» P S /1 0 0 0 . IF(THCTAC.CE.TETA)(E.AND.IHETAC.LE.TETACE)T-.0001*X*(ABS(8I)I((360.
)
FKEP4 - S q R T (P A -P I K F )* (0 .1 2 1 » C R » » .4 -(.0 3 4 5 * .0 0 1 0 5 S * C R )* (R P X /1 0 0 0 .) » -IETAKEtBBOCB)*PID)))»»EXP
) f • • 1 .1 8 5 ) IF{THETAC.CE.TCTM)E)y-.0001*X«(/UBB(Sm((3M,-THETACtAT0CA)
FHEP5 - PEHP/2.76«PIHF # •PIO)))»*EXP
) FHEP6 - .2 2 6 * (3 0 .-(4 .» R P K /1 0 0 0 .)) » H * » 1 .7 6 /( B » B ^ S ) » G H CO TO 100
FHEP7 - 0 .0 2 T 6 ^ C R P « /1 0 0 0 .)» » 1 .5 2 Y-3.14/1000.•(01«KEIGHT^BIH(BETA*PID)•COS(BETA*PID)) .HEIOBT»
) FHEP8 - 0.0564*CB/S)*RPH/1000. I COS(BETA*PID)«,OOOI
FKEP9 - SqRT(HEP/11.4S)».0816»(RPM/1000.)*»l.T CO TO 100
) 3 COKTIKVE
FHEP - PHEPl*FHEP2»FMEP3*FKEP4«FKEPE+FKEP6tFKEP7»FKEP8*FKEP9
00 TO 3 100 COHTIKUE
)
TUI8 KODEL IS FROPOSED BY CI8CK RETURK
V - 8 /1 00 0 .•RPM/30. EHO
)
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BETYEEH CRASX AKQLE AMD VALVE AHEA. BTDCB - IVQ-B40.
EXACT REUTXOíl, IF AVAILASLE FOR YOUR EÜOIHE, YOU KAY ATDCA » IVC-T20.

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 192 CoapatM S/mo/i(ioo cf Cí Eoifa» ?toctue» ÁpptBdU D 103

Mcaníng of majof variables vsed In the proflram CPA of air

CPH2 C ,c ¿ N ,
CP 02 C ,o fO ,
ACPA co«ffici«flt ia Ihe c J to lu io a oí vu iible «pecific lieal of lir
CPÍ C f of prodacl
ACPF co«ffici«nt ia Ih* cilcoUtion of virisblf ip«cifie heil
Cí comprcuwB ratio
for different futU
csn critica] prt*for« rate
ACPK2 cotfficleat In the c»Jca!»iloa of viriable «ptcific he»t for Nj
CRL coBBCctmt rtxi length
ACP02 coefficient in th« edcuUlion of variible ipecific he»t for O j
CV 0.
AEV m «im am »rt» of opcnini of eXhíUíl vtlve
cva C f of prodocti
AFR úr-fatl r»lio
CV» C , of reactanti
Ai) coífficieDl in ihe c»lcal»tion of víriible ipecific he»l for
DC doratioa of combaitioa
lemptr»ttirei > 1600
DELP Ap
AIV ra»ximum t m of opening of the int»ke vilre
DELTAH An
AL coefBcítnl in the cdcnUlion of viriikle «pecifich«»t m
O a iA T AT
the tcmperature n a je <00 < T < 1600
DELTAV AV
AX molecaltr weight
DELTC A»
AK Kfactor wed In the inbroutine OASEX
DO.TP Ap
AXQLVT molecolir weight
DELTPU ApH
ASEA crojj-iectionU w e» of bore
D a rr AT
B bore
DELTY AV
BCPA c o u t u t in the calculition of Cp for tir
oav AV
BCPF coefficieBt in the csicuUtion of v»ri»ble »pKÍfic he»t for
DKDOT dm/<tr
different fseb
DPKAX
BCPH2 coefHcIent in the calculition of w i i b l e «pecific heít for Nj
DIH (¡3
BCP02 cocfficient in the calcnlatioo o f variible tpecific heat for O j
DTHDDT d ifit
BOCKAS M im of the g u in the cylinder when píjlon ú U BDC
DIKAX manmun time interva)
B£TA vilre icat angle
DVÜTU
BH coefficient in Ihe cjJcuIstion of nriable ipecific he»t for
DVELAE dweil angle for txbaoit
temperatnrei > 1600
DmAI dwetl u gle for inlel
Bt. coeíGcient in the calcuUtioo o f variable ipecificbeat
EETAH thermal eScieacy
in the temperature range 400 < T < 1600
EETATH thermal efficieacy
BK bore in metrei
ETOCOM iientropic etfidency of comprtMor
BHEP brake mean effectíve preuure
EFOTUR iseatrepic cfGcicacjr of tnrblae
BPOVÍJI brake power
BR buming rale m eqatvaleau rallo
EVC exhaut valve (loilag angU
BRMAX máximum aUowable burning rate
EVO exhaMt valv» opeabg aagle
BRTHEFF brake thermal eíGciency
FHEP frktkaal aeaa clÍKtiM preuor*
C10H22 ditMl
FKEPl &ktion doe to g u prtuore behind ríafi
CAINT crank angle interva]
FKEP2 friétioa dae to wall leniloa of ringi
CU coefEcient in the catculalioa of variable ipecific heat for
FKEP3 frictioa dae lo piiton and ring ftictioa
temperatoííi > 1600
FKEPl blowbjr loa
) CL coefBcieat ia the calcalalion of vaiUble ipecificheat in
FXEPS inlet aed tiirottle I o s k i
the temperature raage 400 < T < 1600
) FHEP6 frictioa dae to valve gear
CL , low temperature coefEcient for C , and C,
FKEFT poinpiag los»
CM fcaling factor
) FKEP8 beariag frictioa
COHDUR combujtion duration
FHEP9 combaitioa chamber aad valve pamping loai
: )

i ¡

i ) i
)
 -X j- -r

Appudix O 106
19i ComptUr Slmtltiloa oí CI EmíIh Pfoetmtt

c«k a U u 4 frktioatl m tia tScctrve prettoje HJIDMAX NJN m

r ia r c
maUlplkUlom ÍKtor for prcMur* NCEXQ aumber coiulilaetit tn the exbtoiC g u
TPH
m maUlpUcUte» (actor tor voloioe HCYCLE bumber of iterktbn cycles for co&vergeoce (FCS inbroatiae)
OAEias BULU o( Ut CjÜlMSt (U HITSM aamber of iterUna m Ncwtoa>Ra{>h«aa metbod (FCS rabroutine)
SH Dombcr c! Inltl valv* per cyUndcr KHD.WX A T „/(/í„ + N^y
8 lolct vUv* dUoMUr KHO N om (rtfcx *ectioB 7J ia Ihe Uxt)
BX h « U r«U >M rU a KP N , (rcfer xclio a 7.3 m the Uxt)
HB)UX nujcimun hiU rtlcm r«(« KFO ^Nfo (refer lectioB 7.3 m tie tezt)
BRPF ck lo ri£ c vtloc oí d iíe rtD t fa<U KPE ptnmber of mole* of the prodact
BTXOD H T m od el co d e KPE namber of piiton ríngi
H Tm s beii truuítf NPT totiJ Biunber of prodact
I d o lo o p ío d o c MX i/lf, (refer «ectbn 7.3 in Ibe text)
IBC ( t u t oí bjcctian OKECA \i
íe s «n d o í c o m b u l t o a Pl prtMttre ti IVC
ZCOUBM ia d c x fo r th « co m b tu tío a m od e l P3D pttMore (rrfer eq.(8.1}j
IC0 i d ( i ] cy d t •únnUlioa PA Umocpbtiií prtsinre
lEC *ad o í eombulioB exbatut maaifold prennre
JffPCO («d « for (trcif PEVC preuur* wben tba cxbiBjl vtKe clotei
DtZP k d I c 4 U d B t u (ITcctivt prtumr« PIXF inlet mtnifdd pruiore
iK a In cre m io t io v t n k u g l e fo r c a k a U t i o f pretsnrt PMAX mtxúsojn preunre b tbe cycle
una' Indcjc fo r th t fa cí PKOLYT molecttUr weJgbl of ibe pioduct C i
IltXASS m u i of b u \ c k u (« indacud dorínt bU)M türoke POm power
IFUHT incicx coatraUÍBg Iba prút oot FK preuure
ifUFca k logUkl w i* b l« to op«rU< tbe «agine b]r • g t v PS£SS presiure
d r íw A l o p o c k w f c r P8 n c u t pUton ipeed in m/oúnale
mil ia d e x fo r U U s g la to t c c o o n t fa c í v ip o o r is a lio n if f c c t fS l pbtoo ikirt lengtb
ivc in lel v d v « c lo tia g u g l e PSP8 sumber of power itrokci per lecond
ivo i a l d v * lv « o p e o ls g aagU PVPINT a varÍAblc to ictivale pre»*nr«-volimte print oat
K d o lo o p ia d c x QV Q , (refer «ectioa 2.2.2 «a¿ 2.3 la tbe tcxt)
u r ^ i o o f ip o ciS c k c « t í o r » ir K natveraal g u coaiUal
n> ra lto o f ip e ó S e k e «t ío r p ro d n c t RLITAT uiúvutiJ g u eoaitint ts Etre-atmospbere
KS ra tio o f ip e cific k c U f c r r c i c t u t EHH R for Ihe rautnre
MC m ole B o m b c ji o f c u b o n EMQLVT moleculu weigbt of the rtictuit
KECHEF m e c b u i c U «fficicB cy HPW ipeed in revolatioa per mínale
KEP m e i a «ffe ctiv f p r c u o i c S ttroke
KE m ole B u m b e » o f h yd rogea 8ABEA lu ifice u ta
i(0 ' m o k B om b cr o f o x y g e s 6H »troke ia metret
KODCOH c o m b a itio B m o d cl c o d c T temperature
KaOEL m o d c l B om b cr u e d íb t b « lo b ro a tU i* p r s g m i lv e TA ' atmoipheric temperatore
c o m b u t io B ta lh « u l c o l a t io a o f n TE temperatore at tbe tnd of igaitioa
KOOFET n o d c l fo r Uranifcr c t k u l U i o n THCTA . í
KOOTKP modcl for (rkitoa THZTAK í io radian
KOOFYA m o d c l fo r cU cn U tio a o f v i l v t v e a n maaifold temperatore
KOOUt m o d cl fo r k e » t r t l e u * TPWJC máximum tempenlure ia the cycle
KOWTP m o U e u lw « c i g h t o f (b e p rod u e t TSEF reference temperatore
NA kraol* of »¡r (akea ¡a duriag («ctioo V voluroe
 198 C oapviei S laalilha o f C l En¡¡Bt P roced a

VBDC roíame whcn iht piiton ú U bdc

VDISP dopUcement volame
VDVBDC K/V mc
VOlZFF tftelive volnm*
VTOC Tolome wbco the pUton is tt tdc
VCOXB «orkdoae duiúg combtucUa
XCDHP workdone duñng compreaioa
VCXF «orkdoM daría{ e x p u ib a
VLOQP i a t » l e ^ » u j t loop irork BIBLIOGRAPHY
tfHET ntt work
T úxyies-facl ratio
yco ehtmktlly corríct oxygeB-fo«l r » t »
) TMIN mmimom oxygtn-fael rUio for combnitbn

)
Akm n, S., Hcoio, N. u d Bryiik, W., (1990), Revicw oí Simple HeU
) Releu« Cklcnlttfeni, 5ÁE Poptt 0 0 0 « 5 .
Annisd, W.J.D., (1963), Bctt IVtatftr b Iba Cylioden of Reciprocatuf
) laUrnU Combailioa ¿ifta e * , ¡MuK.B., ITT, 39, 97J-990.
B ruco, F.V., (19Í5), ModelUai oí Enfla* Spriyi, SAE Pap<r 6S9SM.
)
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Cunpbetl, A 5 .,
) WDey u d Sont, Ntw York.
CkíB, C. »ad Vethigh, A PrtmUtd Tttrbtiltat Dnraini Velocity
) Model B u«d on DimeaiioBtl R euoaini, SÁB Paper B1007T.

) CUn, W ^ ., Sk«lied, S.M. u d Lya, W .T., (1976), * IVaniient Spray

Mixia( Model for Diei^l Coraboition, SAB Ptptr T00138.
.) Cbo, LY., Rijimoto, H., T»a»be, H. u d SUo, G .T., {1090), Similirity o(
Lkw of Eatninment Uto D>e»«lSpriy lad SUady Spray, SAB Paptr^OOUt.
)
Dent, J.C. and Sulaiman S.J., (1977), C on m tivc and Ridlativc Heal
IVaiufer in a Ki(li Swirl Dirccl Injeclioa Dic«el E a(iot, SAE PaftrfJMOT.
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Díat, J.C. asd Pramod S. MeMa, (1981), Phcnomenobpcal Combnilioa
) Model for a Quiocent Chamber Dieiet Enfine, SAB Paper 8113S5.
Ferfuion, C.R., (198S), /nIcmaJ CamtdriVn Enfinti, Appüti Thermo-
) dynemict, Johit WUey.
Coarnan, A.D. aad Harvey, P.S., (19tl), CompnUr Analyiii of Fttel-Air
)
MUiag and Com butloa in a Axifymjnttric D.L Dieael, SAE Paper 8200S0.
) Goyal, M., CUm Sdiarpf u d Bormaa, O .L , (19«7), The SimnUtion of
Single Cylínder Intake and Ejihauil SyaUma, SAE Paper 070478.
)
Heywood, J.B., (1938), /nitrnal Cemlulvon f'npne Fondamentali, Me-
Graw HilL
)
Hifoyaiu, H. and Kadola, T., (1974), Puel Drople( Siie Dútribotion in
) Dieael Combuition Chanvber, SAE Paper T40716.
Kiroyaia, H., (19ÍS), D¡«m1 Ei^ine CombiutioB and iti Modelling, Diag-
) noslicj and Modelling of Combustión in Reciprocating Engine», COMODÍA
8 5 , 53-75.
)

)
 ... .....I..

BlbUofrtpk/ 1B9
18B Coatpaltt SlmtUtiaa efC Í Ensin» Pn<tutt
WaUoo, N., Pilley, A.D. u d MaivJUt, M., (19S0), a Combiution Coire-
Hiroyua, H., A rú , M. xad TU ntt, (19S9), Empiric»! Zquttioiu for latioB for Dietel Engine SimiiUtkui, SAE Paper 800029.
tli« Siattr M í»a D U m el» of Spr»y, SAE Ptptr 890<M . Webbtr, H.G. u d B orm u, G.L., (1967), Paruoetxvc Stndiej luicg a
Hoktnbeff, C.H., (X978), Adv^aceá Appto*clia íor HtU ü ^ e r C il- Líatkematically SiinaUted DícmI Engine Cycle, SAE Paper 070480.
caUtioD*, SAE Ptp*r T0043S. W iboo, N., Pilley, A.D. u d Manank M., (19S0), a Combiution CorreU-
U ítovn , T., Myw., KJS. and Uytliu^ O.A., (1969], ExpcritotrnUl In- tioo for DieacI Engine SiroaUtioo, SAB Paper 800039.
•tuktucon* Ht4i Plaxc* ij> • Dtc*cl Eoftac u d tliair CotrcUüaii, SAE Paptr
Wolfcr, H.H., (19S9), Ignitioa U g in D iexl Engine*, VDI-ForiKaaj thcfl
0 90Í04.
39Z, 1938, l^anilated by Royal Air craft E*tabli*limeat, FWnbaroagli Libraiy
Mellt^ P ^ . u d G apti, A.K., (1955), M o d d lk l o í Sprty SwirI laUrae- HoJSS, UDO 62M38.047.
(loa b Dlrtct Ii^<ctioii O im l Engise Combaition C h u n b ot, IMtcLE., 100,
Wong, C .L u d Steere, D.E., (1982), Tke EffecU of Dietel Fuel Proptrtiti
D3, 187-199,
u d Engine Operating Condilion* on Ignitioa Deliy, SAE Paper 821381.
MUliagloii, B.W . u d Hirtfei, E.R., (1968). fVictionJ Urna is DímíI
Woílim, G., (1967), A Üniver»ally Applicabla Eqnation for tlie L u tu -
Eoginej, SAE Paper 0806SO.
tu eou * Htat TVanifcr Coefficient u the Intenal CombutioB Engine*, SAE
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«críptWB u id A salytb of D im I E oiiat RaU oí Com bution »ad Ptríccwtace
uiiag W(ib«*« P asaioM , SAS Ptper 660Í0T.
lUjtgopal, K., (IW I), Tktu D ia u u ü fJ U M I in f o/Incf¡ÍKJfr Flotn,
fk tl’ Air M ú iíf éHil Comhutio» / « « F«»r Sinkt Compniiia» IfRiSon En-
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V., (1993), Evüaation of Combwtioii P tnraeU n In Direct lajectioa D teid
Eogmt* - Aa E u y u d R«lubU UcÜiod, SAB Piptr 9S060S.
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;
c
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Hemispixn, 193-237.
 INDEX 201

energ)-, cooser\-ation of, 131 hcat o f rcaction, 5, 6, 8 ,1 2 , 22

eoergy «juatioo, 58 implicatlons, 5
«nergy releast, 6 hcat transfer, 3, 100
at constant prcssure, 6 in «mulation, 109
eogine, 36 process, 73, 87

) Index rngioc combustión, 6

ragioe pcrformaDce, 111
model, 85
heating \^ues, 5
excess air, 9 hlgker calorific valué, 12
)
exhaust, 2 W„.S,8,9
) prccess, 3, 5. 43, 73 exhaujt manifold prcssure, 69 llohcnberg's equation, 108
íictual cycle simulation (ACS), 87
exhaust process, 55, 60,94 hydrocarbon-fuclled compression ig­
adiabalic combtution, 55, 73 product, 34
) exhaust stroke, 44,54,94 nition engine, 2
adiabatic combuition proctss, 58 complcx reaction, 5
compression, 2 exKaust va]%r, 44,101 hj^drogen, 5
) adiabatic flamc icmpcralure, 3,15,
17 exolbennic rcaction, 4
compression-ignilion (Cl) cngine, 36
compression proccss, 32, 57 expansión, 2 IC engine cydc, 36
) air, 3
expansión procesa, 32 ideal cyde simulation (ICS), 3, 47
Annand's cquation, 108 cotnpreision ratio, 39, 50, 64
'j expansión «trolce, 43 a^umptlons, 47
angular displaccmcnc, 45 compression stroke, 43, 97
extemal constraints, 5 ideal Diesel cydc, 3
Ashlcy-Campbcll cquation, 107 Computer programs, 2
) automoliw cngines, 47 Computer simulation, I, 2 bdicated p o w , 39,40, 41
fina] tcmperature, 5
ad>intages, 2 iotel valve, 44
) ñv-e-eNtait priBdplc, 2
BDC, 45 application, 2 intnke, 55
fíame tempcrature,15, 26
bíaring friction, 110 connccling rod, 36,37 intake maniíold tempcraturc, 105
) flo^ichart, 93
bore, 37 consLanl pressure, Q ,, 5, 6, 15 btake proccss, 55, 60, 94
four-strokc Cl engioe, 36
) bottom dcad centre, 37, 33 constant-prtssure adiabatic combus­ intake ítrokc, 92,93,109
(raclioa, 70
brafcc mean cffcctivc prcssure, 113 tión. 20, 26 intake x'alx'c arca, 96
Irictíon,
) brake pcm'cr, 41 constant-pressurc combustión, 15, intens‘» -e paramcten, 64
d u e lo pistón, 110
brakc (hcrmal cíRciencj', 114 17, 20,24 intctnal combtistion (IC) cngínc, 2,
) duc to A'alve gcar, 110
burning ratc, 76 con5tant volume, Q „ 3, 5, 6, 15 47
due lo walI tensión, 109
e/Tcct of, 76 constanl-TOliirae adiabatic combus­ internal energy, 10, 23
) calctilation, 109
tión, 20, 26 Isestroptc compression, 48¡ 57
friction power, 41
caibon, 5 constaDt-«turoc bomb caJorimclcr, Iscntroplc expansión, 34, 68,
) fuel,'2, 3, 4. 5, 6
chemical composition, 15 6 Iscntropic tcmperature, 32
fiiel-air cyd c analysis, 3
) dicmical cnorgj-, 5, 43 constant-volumc combustión, 15,17 fucl-a¡r cyclc simulation (FCS), 3,
dicraically corrcct ftilxlurc, 4 ,5 , 9, crank anglc, 80 kincmatics, 74
54
64 cranksliaft, 2, 3C, 37
»t>rking mcdiuro, 3, 54
chcmical rcaction, 4, 6 cut-ofT ratio, 39 lovcr caloriñc valué, 10
) fucl-air mbcture, 47, 55
dearancc volumc, 38, 43 cyde, 30 lubricant, 37
fuel-air ratio, 105
CO, 10 cylindcr, 36
) fud rcact, 5
COj, 16 cylinder \-olumc, 38 marüfold tcmperature, 57,63
) Combustión, 2,31 43, 47, 74 gas exchangc process, 73, 87, 95 m aa in the cylindcr, 95
duratiott, 3 Diesel cyclc, 48,50 gear-dri\xa supcrcbargcr, 68 m&si fractioa, 75
) cnlhalpics of, 5 displaccmcnt \-oiumc, 38,45,46,'63 mean efTcctlvc pressure, 40, 63
ñ'
hcat of, 5 distancc, 40 HiO, 16 rocd>anical cfKdcncy, ItO, 115
) in C-ll-O-N syslcm, 16 I- hcat addition, 3 tncdianical energy, 40 '
in compression ignition, 74 codotbcrmic reaction, 4 ! hcat energy, 4, 5, 6, 40, 43 tnole, 17
;
roodclling, 81 encrg)' dharartcristics, 5 hcat o f combustión, 5 muUlcyllndcr engine, 44
\.
)
i

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;
 (

'(■

202 IN D E X (

nrt » w k , 63 Sitkd &ad Ranuniinh equation, 107 c

Nemioo-Rapiisoa iiention, 2€, 58 spcdfic foel coisumptioa, 39
NeKtoa'Rapluoa itentive, 34 spcdfic beat nuio, 48 (
DomiosI volumc, 3S iped £ c beaU, 48
(
t q iu n aigiixe, 38
open Diesel cyxlt cogiiKS, 47 iC«t« of the fud, 5
o v o -x iu ú e coiiloc, 3S itudy-flow . 8 (
ov'tiUp, 95 ftoidúometric m m u it, 4
ocáduioa, 5 C
ttxoke, 37
«ucüon, 2 (
p -l' discrams, 41 luctioD stroke, 41
paruDCtiic (tudiet, 3 superdiarged cooditioos, 55
pan throtde, sy$t«m variabfct, 2
pcrfonnaace, 2
Pfi»um «luatioa, 108 T D C .4 5
pUtoa, 36, 37 teispe7»iur«, 5 (
pÍ5toa rin p, 37 ibennal effideacy, 3 ,3 9 ,6 3 ,6 5
polj-Uoplc Índex, 57 lliennodyaaiiüc analysi5, 3 (
poutr, 43, 66 thermodyiuunic cycle, 47
throttííjig losse*, 110 ' (
powtr cun'e, 73
pnaure, 5 ,1 5 top deod ceotie, 37,38
ptoducU, 6, 20 total «ntropy, 33 ■C
ptoducU o f combustión, S total focce, 40 ■■■(
pcogreui^'e combustión, 75, 77, 81 total power,40
progreai\'e combiutioa rimuUÜoa total %'olume, 38 (
(P C S ),3
pumpio^, 110 under-square eajme, 38 (
u aiv cm l g u cooitaot, 10,33
< ?,.6 . l /r ,.S ,6 (
Q„6 Ur,. 6
V . (
tuctkot iuixture, 6,15 validation o f ootoputtf oode, 111
Icaperalure, IS valve atea, 95
r u m o U , 20 vaJv«tlm¡ng, 103,104,105
rMCtioi lytlem , 5 valve timing dia^am, 102 . (
iMCtioe, S variables^2
volume, 5, 74 (
bexl oí. 5. 6, 8,1 2, 22
reactive proccsies, 3 ,4 volumetric eSdeac}’, 95,105, US
radprocuiag moüoo, 37
wid&open valvi a^eas, 96
redptxxatias pUcon eagine, 44
Wiebo beat rtleue model, 83
recunion equAtion, 34
*ork ,6 6
« t » k output, S2,68
simulatioo, 1 ,2
tt«p-by-<t<p, 3
n « . 16
timuUtwi valúes, com puíjoa of, 111
DomcQcl&tiue, 36 mo-ilimessioaal combujtioa model,
woddnj; pmidple, 36 82
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