SIII - T1 RZ A16 - Master en PDF

2015 Afcen RCC-MRx Code Section III - Tome 1 – Subsection Z : technical appendices
CONTENTS
Section III – Tome 1 – Subsection Z - Appendix A16:
Guide for prevention of fast fracture,
Leak Before Break analysis and defect assessment
A16.1000 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................................... 1

A16.2000 PREVENTION OF FAST FRACTURE ..................................................................................................................... 3
A16.2100 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................................ 3
A16.2110 Objective ........................................................................................................................................................... 3
A16.2120 Methodology ..................................................................................................................................................... 3
A16.2200 ANALYSIS EXEMPTION (NOT SUPPLIED) ...................................................................................................................... 3
A16.2300 CONVENTIONAL ANALYSIS FOR PREVENTION OF FAST FRACTURE ................................................................................... 4
A16.2310 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 4
A16.2320 Methods of analysis .......................................................................................................................................... 4
A16.2400 DETAILED ANALYSIS FOR PREVENTION OF FAST FRACTURE ........................................................................................... 5
A16.2410 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 5
A16.3000 DEFECT ASSESSMENT – LEAK BEFORE BREAK ANALYSIS ........................................................................... 7
A16.3100 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................................ 7
A16.3200 DEFECT USED IN THE ANALYSIS .................................................................................................................................. 7
A16.3210 Preamble .......................................................................................................................................................... 7
A16.3220 Internal defect perpendicular to skin ................................................................................................................. 7
A16.3230 Surface defect perpendicular to skin ................................................................................................................. 7
A16.3240 Defect of complex orientation............................................................................................................................ 7
A16.3250 Multiple defects – rules of interaction ................................................................................................................ 8
A16.3300 DEFECT ASSESSMENT ............................................................................................................................................. 12
A16.3310 Overview ......................................................................................................................................................... 12
A16.3320 Class N1Rx or N2Rx austenitic steel components ............................................................................................. 12
A16.3330 Other components (Later) ............................................................................................................................... 17
A16.3400 LEAK BEFORE BREAK .............................................................................................................................................. 18
A16.3410 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................... 18
A16.3420 Procedure ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
A16.3430 Determination of the detectable crack area .................................................................................................... 19
A16.3440 Detectable throughwall defect ......................................................................................................................... 20
A16.4000 NUMBER NOT USED............................................................................................................................................. 26
A16.5000 NUMBER NOT USED............................................................................................................................................. 26
A16.6000 NUMBER NOT USED............................................................................................................................................. 26
A16.7000 METHODS - PARAMETERS .................................................................................................................................. 27
A16.7100 OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................................................................ 27
A16.7200 METHOD D ........................................................................................................................................................... 27
A16.7210 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................... 27
A16.7220 Creager’s formulae ......................................................................................................................................... 27
A16.7230 HRR fields ....................................................................................................................................................... 28
A16.7240 RR fields ......................................................................................................................................................... 30
A16.7250 Method d for fatigue initiation ........................................................................................................................ 33
A16.7260 Method d for creep initiation .......................................................................................................................... 34
A16.7270 Method d for creep- fatigue initiation ............................................................................................................. 34
A16.7300 METHODS JS AND  JS ............................................................................................................................................ 36
A16.7310 Method Js - use of the compendium of K ........................................................................................................ 36
A16.7320 Js method - creating a special compendium ................................................................................................... 43
A16.7330 Js method ...................................................................................................................................................... 46
A16.7400 METHOD JSIN: LOADING PRODUCING DEFECT INSTABILITY .......................................................................................... 47
A16.7410 Algorithm 1 using the JR - da curve ................................................................................................................. 47
A16.7420 Algorithm 2 using Gfr ....................................................................................................................................... 50
A16.7500 COMPLIANCE - DISPLACEMENT ................................................................................................................................ 53
A16.7510 Compliance ..................................................................................................................................................... 53
A16.7520 Elastic-plastic displacement ............................................................................................................................ 53
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A16.7600 OPENING............................................................................................................................................................... 54

A16.7610 Elastic opening ................................................................................................................................................ 54
A16.7620 Elastic-plastic opening .................................................................................................................................... 55
A16.7700 CS* METHOD .......................................................................................................................................................... 56
A16.7710 Description of Cs* method ............................................................................................................................... 56
A16.7720 Determining Cs* for propagation in creep-fatigue conditions ........................................................................... 59
A16.8000 COMPENDIUM ....................................................................................................................................................... 61
A16.8100 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................................... 61
A16.8110 Cases .............................................................................................................................................................. 61
A16.8120 Calculation of KI, KII, KIII and Keq ..................................................................................................................... 62
A16.8130 Temperature through the thickness of the wall................................................................................................ 64
A16.8200 EXPERIMENTAL CONFIGURATIONS ............................................................................................................................ 70
A16.8210 Bar .................................................................................................................................................................. 70
A16.8220 CT specimens ................................................................................................................................................. 73
A16.8230 Cylindrical notched specimens ........................................................................................................................ 77
A16.8300 PLATE................................................................................................................................................................... 79
A16.8310 Common data for the plates ............................................................................................................................ 79
A16.8320 Plate - Direction 2 defect ................................................................................................................................. 82
A16.8400 TUBE .................................................................................................................................................................. 104
A16.8410 Common data for tubes ................................................................................................................................. 104
A16.8420 Tube - Circumferential defect ........................................................................................................................ 116
A16.8430 Tube - longitudinal defect .............................................................................................................................. 143
A16.8500 THICKNESS CHANGE ............................................................................................................................................. 167
A16.8510 Common data for thickness changes ............................................................................................................ 167
A16.8520 Thickness change - Circumferential defect ................................................................................................... 170
A16.8600 ELBOWS.............................................................................................................................................................. 171
A16.8610 Common data for elbows .............................................................................................................................. 171
A16.8620 Elbow – Circumferential defect...................................................................................................................... 189
A16.8630 Elbow - Longitudinal defect ........................................................................................................................... 197
A16.8700 PIPING TEE ......................................................................................................................................................... 205
A16.8710 Common data for piping tee .......................................................................................................................... 205
A16.8720 Tee– Circumferential defect at the tee joint ................................................................................................... 206
A16.8730 Tee – Longitudinal defect at the tee joint ...................................................................................................... 207
A16.8800 NOZZLE .............................................................................................................................................................. 208
A16.8810 Common data for nozzle ............................................................................................................................... 208
A16.8820 Nozzle – Circumferential defect .................................................................................................................... 209
A16.8830 Nozzle – Radial defect .................................................................................................................................. 213
Contents A16 2 / 8 © n°2015-171

REFERENCES
French RSE-M and RCC-MR code appendices for flaw analysis – presentation and background.
S.MARIE et al.
International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 84 (2007) 590-696
References of chapter 3
[3.1] Synthèse de la fiche 4565 : soutien aux argumentaires de Fuite Avant Rupture pour les composants RNR
Auteurs : B.MICHEL (CEA Cadarache), S.MARIE (CEA Saclay)
Référence : rapport interne CEA
[3.2] Procédure FAR : Synthèse des travaux CEA visant à l’amélioration des outils de l’annexe A16 RCC-MR
Auteurs : Y.KAYSER, S.MARIE (CEA Saclay)
[3.3] Leak before break procedure: Recent modification of RCC-MR A-16 appendix and proposed improvements
Auteurs : Y.KAYSER, S.MARIE, C.POUSSARD (CEA Saclay) et C.DELAVAL (IRSN)
Référence : article soumis dans International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, 2006
References of chapitre 7
[7.1] Creep crack initiation and creep crack growth assessments in welded structures
Auteurs : A.ASSIRE, B.MICHEL (CEA Cadarache), M.RAOUS
Référence : Nuclear Engineering and Design 206 (2001), pp. 45-56
[7.2] Amorcage et propagation de la fissuration dans les jonctions soudées à haute température
Auteur : A.ASSIRE
Référence : Mémoire de thèse, Université de la Méditerranée Aix-marseille II, Ecole supérieure de mécanique de
Marseille, 2000
[7.3] Etude de l'interaction entre les chargements mécaniques et thermiques dans le calcul analytique des paramètres J et
C*
Auteur : S.MARIE (CEA Saclay)
[7.4] A new formulation to take into account the interaction between mechanical and thermal loadings for the analytical
estimation of J parameter
Auteurs : S.MARIE (CEA Saclay), C.DELAVAL (IRSN)
Référence : ASME PVP Conference, 2005, Denver (USA)
[7.5] Détermination analytique du facteur d'intensité de contrainte dans le cas de structures tubulaires soumises à un
transitoire thermique
Auteurs : P. CAMBEFORT et C.LEBOULEUR (EDF Septen)
Référence : Communication privée
[7.6] Mise en œuvre des méthodes analytiques de calcul de J en présence de transitoire thermique : choix de la
température à laquelle retenir les caractéristiques thermo-élastiques
Auteur : P. CAMBEFORT (EDF Septen)
References of chapter 8
8.1. Introduction
[8.1.1] Détermination analytique du facteur d’intensité de contrainte dans le cas de structures tubulaires soumises à un
transitoire thermique
Auteurs : P.CAMBEFORT et C.LEBOULEUR (EdF Septen)
Référence : Communication privée.
[8.1.2] Analytical expressions of the thermal stresses in a vessel or pipe with cladding submitted to any thermal transient.
Auteur : S.MARIE (CEA Saclay)
Référence : International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, 2004, Vol.81, pp.303-312
[8.1.3] Stress intensity factors for underclad and through clad defects in a reactor pressured vessel submitted to a pressurised
thermal shock.
Auteurs : S.MARIE, Y.MENAGER and S.CHAPULIOT (CEA Saclay)
Référence : International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, 2005, vol. 82, pp 746-760.
8.2. Test specimens (bar, CT, CNT)

[8.2.1] Compendium of stress intensity factors
© n°2015-171 Contents A16 3 / 8

Auteurs : D.P.ROOKE, D.J.CARTWRIGHT

Référence : London Her Majesty's stationery office 1974.
[8.2.2] The stress analysis of cracks handbook
Auteurs : H.TADA, P.PARIS, G.IRWIN
Référence : Del Research Corporation, St.LOUIS, MISSOURI, USA 63105, 1973.
[8.2.3] Review of limits loads of structures containing defects
Auteur : K.J. MILLER
Référence : édité par R.W.NICHOLS dans International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, Vol.32 Nos 1-4
1988.
[8.2.4] A numerical investigation on the geometry dependence of the crack growth resistance in CT specimens
Auteurs : G.X.SHAN, O.KOLEDNIK and FD FISCHER
Référence : International Journal of Fracture 66, pp173-187,1994.
[8.2.5] Stress intensity factors for bend and compact specimens
Auteurs : J.E.SRAWLEY, B.GROSS
Référence : Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 1972, Vol.4, pp587-589.Pergamon Press.
8.3. Plates
[8.3.1] Formulaire de KI pour des défauts traversants dans des plaques et tubes avec défauts circonférentiels
Auteur : MH LACIRE (CEA Saclay)
Référence : Rapport interne
[8.3.2] Formulaire de KI pour les tubes comportant un défaut semi-elliptique longitudinal ou circonférentiel, interne ou externe.
Auteur : S.CHAPULIOT (CEA Saclay)
Référence : Rapport CEA-R-5900 (2000)
[8.3.3] New stress intensity factor solutions for an elliptical crack in a plate.
Auteurs : P. LE DELLIOU, B.BARTHELET (EdF)
Référence : 18th SMIRT conference, 2005, Beijing, Chine
8.4. Tubes containing circumferential or longitudinal defect
[8.4.1] Estimation simplifiée de J pour un tuyau droit avec défaut circonférentiel par la méthode "Charge Limite Corrigée".
Auteurs : B.MICHEL (CEA-Cadarache), P.CAMBEFORT (EdF Septen), P.GILLES (FRAMATOME).
[8.4.2] Estimation simplifiée de J pour un tuyau droit avec défaut longitudinal par l'option Charge Limite Corrigée.
Auteurs : B.MICHEL (CEA-Cadarache), P.CAMBEFORT (EdF Septen), P.GILLES (FRAMATOME).
Référence : Rapport interne.
[8.4.3] Analytical method for calculation of J parameter on cracked pipes under thermal loading and mechanical plus thermal
loading.
Auteurs : S.CHAPULIOT (CEA-Saclay), M.NEDELEC (IRSN)
Référence : PVP Conference Juillet 2002 Salt Lake City USA
[8.4.4] Expression des contraintes dans les tubes fissurés avec défaut circonférentiel ou longitudinal sous chargement
mécanique (Option de la Contrainte Elasto-Plastique).
Auteurs : S.CHAPULIOT et M.H.LACIRE (CEA-Saclay)
[8.4.5] Base de données de calculs éléments finis de J (tube avec défaut circonférentiel).
Auteur : MH LACIRE (CEA-Saclay)
[8.4.6] Validation de la méthode simplifiée de calcul de J pour les tubes avec défauts circonférentiels sous chargement
mécanique.
[8.4.7] Tubes avec défauts longitudinaux : base de données de calculs éléments finis de J.
[8.4.8] Tubes avec défauts longitudinaux : validation de la méthode simplifiée de calcul de J sous chargement mécanique.
[8.4.9] Tuyau droit présentant un défaut circonférentiel débouchant en peau interne : proposition et validation d'une méthode
simplifiée de calcul de J dans le cas d'un transitoire thermique.
[8.4.10] Tuyau droit présentant un défaut circonférentiel débouchant en peau interne : proposition et validation d'une méthode
simplifiée de calcul de J dans le cas du cumul d'un chargement mécanique et d'un transitoire thermique.
[8.4.11] Tuyau droit ou coude présentant un défaut longitudinal débouchant en peau interne - méthode simplifiée de calcul de J
dans le cas d'un transitoire thermique.
Contents A16 4 / 8 © n°2015-171

Auteurs : P. CAMBEFORT et C.LEBOULEUR (EDF Septen)

[8.4.12] Tuyau droit présentant un défaut circonférentiel débouchant en peau interne - méthode simplifiée de calcul de J dans
le cas du cumul d'un chargement mécanique et d'un transitoire thermique.
Auteurs : P. CAMBEFORT (EDF Septen)
[8.4.13] Formulaire de KI pour des défauts traversants dans des plaques et tubes avec défauts circonférentiels.
[8.4.14] Fissures circonférentielles partielles dans un cylindre, calcul des coefficients d'influence .
Auteur : F.FLAMAND
[8.4.15] Formulaire de KI pour les tubes comportant un défaut semi-elliptique longitudinal ou circonférentiel, interne ou externe.
Auteur : S.CHAPULIOT (CEA-Saclay)
Référence : Rapport CEA-R-5900 (2000)
[8.4.16] Rapport EPRI : Ductile fracture handbook, Research project 1757-69, June 1989. Preparerd by A.Zahoor for Novetech
Corporation and EPRI.
[8.4.17] Amélioration des formules de l’option CEP pour les tubes avec défaut circonférentiel (TUB-CDAI, CDAE, CDSI et
CDSE).
[8.4.18] Règles de Surveillance en Exploitation des Matériels mécaniques des ilots nucléaires REP. Annexe 5.4 du RSE-M,
modificatif 2005, édition 1997. Edité par l’AFCEN.
[8.4.19] Stress intensity factors for internal circumferential cracks in tubes over a wide range of radius over thickness ratios.
Auteurs : S.CHAPULIOT (CEA Saclay), M.H. LACIRE (CEA Saclay) and P.LE DELLIOU (EdF)
Référence : PVP-Vol.365, Fatigue, Fracture, and High temperature Design Methods in Pressure Vessels and Piping,
ASME 1998, pp 95-106.
[8.4.20] Stress intensity factors for external circumferential cracks in tubes over a wide range of radius over thickness ratios.
Auteurs : S.CHAPULIOT and M.H. LACIRE (CEA Saclay)
Référence : PVP-Vol.388, Fracture, Design Analysis of Pressure vessels, Heat Exchangers, Piping Components, and
Fitness for Service, ASME 1999, pp 3-12.
[8.4.21] Stress intensity factors of through wall cracks in plates and tubes with circumferential cracks.
Auteurs : M.H. LACIRE, S.CHAPULIOT and S.MARIE (CEA Saclay).
Référence : PVP-Vol.388, Fracture, Design Analysis of Pressure vessels, Heat Exchangers, Piping Components, and
Fitness for Service, ASME 1999, pp 13-21.
8.5. Thickness change (transition)
[8.5.1] Transition d'épaisseur présentant un défaut circonférentiel débouchant - méthode simplifiée de calcul de J dans le cas
d'un chargement mécanique.
Auteurs : C.LEBOULEUR et P. CAMBEFORT (EDF Septen)
[8.5.2] Transition d'épaisseur présentant un défaut circonférentiel débouchant en peau interne - méthode simplifiée de calcul
de J dans le cas d'un transitoire thermique.
[8.5.3] Transition d'épaisseur présentant un défaut circonférentiel débouchant en peau interne - méthode simplifiée de calcul
de J dans le cas du cumul d'un chargement mécanique et d'un transitoire thermique.
8.6. Elbow containing circumferential or longitudinal defect
[8.6.1] Elastic stresses in elbows submitted to in-plane bending moment.
Auteurs : S.MARIE (CEA-Saclay) et M.NEDELEC (IRSN)
Référence : Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology, May 2003, Vol. 125, pp 209-220.
[8.6.2] Formulation et validation de la règle KJ95 pour les défauts circonférentiels et longitudinaux dans les cylindres et les
coudes sous pression et flexion combinées.
Auteur : P.GILLES (FRAMATOME)
[8.6.3] Estimation simplifiée de J pour un coude avec défaut longitudinal par l’option "Charge Limite Corrigée".
Auteurs : B.MICHEL (CEA-Cadarache), P.CAMBEFORT, J.Ph. SERMAGE (EdF Septen), P.GILLES (FRAMATOME).
[8.6.4] Coudes avec défauts longitudinaux : base de données de calculs éléments finis de J.
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[8.6.5] Méthode analytique de calcul de J appliquée à un coude fissuré dans le cas du cumul d’un chargement mécanique et
d’un transitoire thermique.
Auteur : J.Ph. SERMAGE (EdF Septen)
[8.6.6] Estimation simplifiée de J pour un défaut localisé à la jonction coude-partie droite par l’option "Charge Limite Corrigée".
Auteurs : B.MICHEL (CEA-Cadarache), J.Ph. SERMAGE (EdF Septen), P.GILLES (FRAMATOME).
[8.6.7] Expression des contraintes pour les coudes fissurés pour le calcul de Js sous chargement mécanique selon l’option
CEP.
Auteur : MARIE (CEA-Saclay)
[8.6.8] Coudes avec défauts circonférentiels sous chargement mécanique et thermomécanique : base de données de calculs
éléments finis de J.
Auteurs : Y.KAYSER, MH LACIRE (CEA-Saclay)
[8.6.9] Validation de la méthode simplifiée de calcul de J pour les coudes sous chargement mécanique.
[8.6.10] Méthode analytique de calcul de J dans le cas d’une jonction coude tuyau présentant un défaut circonférentiel sous
chargement mécanique cumulé à un transitoire thermique.
Auteur : J.Ph. SERMAGE (EdF Septen)
[8.6.11] Nouvelles expressions des contraintes élastiques en section médiane d’un coude à 180° en flexion plane.
[8.6.12] Justification du choix de l’analyse en fond pour les tubes et les coudes avec un défaut longitudinal ou circonférentiel.
Auteurs : S.MARIE et Y KAYSER (CEA-Saclay)
[8.6.13] JCEP, modifications pour les tuyaux droits (Coefficients g) et coudes (Coefficients fel et fpl) avec défaut circonférentiel
sous chargement mécanique P+M2. Expressions des coefficients
Auteurs : MH LACIRE et B.DRUBAY (CEA-Saclay)
[8.6.14] Simplified method to determine J for cracked elbows submitted to internal pressure and in-plane bending moment
Référence : ASME PVP Conference, 2000, Seattle (USA)
[8.6.15] Elastic stresses in elbows submitted to in-plane bending moment
Référence : Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology May 2003, Vol.125 pp 209-220
[8.6.16] An analytical method to evaluate J values in elbows submitted to mechanical loadings
Auteurs : S.MARIE et Y KAYSER (CEA-Saclay)
Référence : ASME PVP Conference, 2003, Cleveland vol.461 pp 37-44 (USA)
[8.6.17] J simplified assessment for cracked pipes and elbows in the RSEM code
Auteurs : P.LE DELLIOU (EdF), JP SERMAGE (EdF Septen), P.GILLES (Framatome), S. MARIE (CEA Saclay),
Y.KAYSER (CEA Saclay) et B.BARTHELET (EdF)
Référence : 18th int. conference SMIRT, Beijing, Chine 2005
8.7. Tee
8.8. Nozzle
Contents A16 6 / 8 © n°2015-171

MAIN SYMBOLS
Symbol Allias Definition
EPS EPS Elastic-Plastic Stress option for calculating reference stress
MLL MLL Modified Limit Load option for calculating reference stress
C* C–star In asymptotic secondary creep, coefficient equivalent to J (see A16–7241)
Cs* C_s–star Value of C* obtained analytically
E E Elastic modulus
Eplane E_plan E/(1 - 2)
E* E or E_plan E* : E or E/(1 - 2)
Fm F_m Influence coefficients for calculating KI under tensile loading
Fb F_b Influence coefficients for calculating KI under bending in thickness
Fgb F_gb Influence coefficients for calculating KI under general bending
1/fel invf_el amplification coefficient due to defect for elasticity
1/fpl invf_pl amplification coefficient due to defect for plasticity
fin f_in Interaction coefficient between N1 and P
g G coefficient tabulated as a function of tube work hardening coefficient
Gfr G_fr Ductile tearing energy parameter
h H Thickness of tube, plate or elbow wall
io, i1, i2, i3, i4 i_0,i_1,i_2,i Influence coefficients for calculating KI
_3,i_4
J J Rate of change of potential energy with crack length (kJ/m2 or N/mm) (Driving force).
Jel J_el Value of J assuming linear elasticity of material. Jel=K eq2/E*
Jme J_el–me Value of J under loads other than the effect of radial temperature variations in the thickness
el of the wall due to thermal shocks, assuming linear elasticity of material
th
Jel J_el–th Value of J under the effect of radial temperature variations in thickness of wall due to
thermal shocks, assuming linear elasticity of material
Jme J–me Value of J under loads other than the effect of radial temperature variations in thickness of
wall due to thermal shocks
Jth J–th Value of J under the effect of radial temperature variations in thickness of wall due to
thermal shocks
Ji J_i Initiation toughness
JMpl J_Mpl Plastic component of the Ernst modified J
Js J_s Value of J obtained analytically
Jsin J_sin Ductile tearing crack growth assessment method
KI, KII, KIII K_I, K_II, Stress intensity factors in Modes I, II and III
K_III
Keq K_eq Equivalent stress intensity factor
kth1, kth2, kth* k_th1, Correction coefficients making allowance for thermal shocks
k_th2,
k_th–star
Lr L_f Lr = ref / y
M1 M_1 Torsion moment
M2 M_2 Bending moment – For elbows : in-plane bending moment
M3 M_3 Bending moment – For elbows : out-of-plane bending moment
m1,m2 m_1, m_2 Stresses due to Moments M1 and M2 normalised with y
N1 N_1 Axial force
n1 n_1 Stress due to force N1 normalised with y
P P Internal pressure
p P Stress due to pressure P normalised with y
q Q Crack closure effect and mean stress correction
qm q_m Section reduction coefficient for M2
qn q_n Section reduction coefficient for N1 or M1 alone
qp q_p Section reduction coefficient for P
u1 u_1 Axial displacement
R R Cyclic loading parameter (ratio between the minimal and maximal values of the loading)
re r_e Outside radius of tube
ri r_i Inside radius of tube
© n°2015-171 Contents A16 7 / 8

Symbol Allias Definition

rm r_m Average radius of tube
rth r_th Elastic follow up for thermal gradient loading
Rc R_c Elbow curvature radius
s’1m, s1m sdash_1m, Axial membrane stresses
s_1m
 alpha Expansion coefficient
2 twobeta Angle at centre of circumferential defect in tube
(x) thetadirx Temperature distribution in thickness of wall
m theta_m Average temperature in thickness of wall
b(x) theta_bdirx Linearised temperature in thickness of wall
1 theta_1 Difference in linearised temperature between inside and outside surfaces
nl(x) theta_nldirxNon-linear component of temperature
2 theta_2 Larger of two surface values of non-linear component of temperature gradient in thickness of
wall
el epsilon_el el = eqel/E : Elastic strain related to the stress eqel.
pl epsilon_pl Plastic strain related to the stress eqpl.
ref epsilon_ref Reference deformation
epsilon_ref Reference deformation under loads other than the effect of radial variations in temperature
me
ref –me in the thickness of the wall due to thermal shocks
en mu_en Coefficient allowing for local work hardening under N1
em mu_em Coefficient allowing for general and local work hardening under M2
em1 mu_em1 Coefficient to take into account the defect location for a torsion moment M1
ep mu_ep Coefficient allowing for work hardening
t mu_t Coefficient allowing for stress triaxiality
 nu Poisson’s ratio
ref sigma_ref Reference stress
eqel sigma_eqel Equivalent elastic stress calculated considering the through thickness membrane and
bending stresses components
eqpl sigma_eqpl Equivalent elastic-plastic stress calculated considering the through thickness membrane and
bending stresses components
sigma_ref– Reference stress under mechanical loads
me
ref me
y sigma_y Minimum value of the conventional yield point at 0.2% (Rp0.2)
no sigma_no Nominal equivalent stress
o, 1, 2, 3, 4 sigma_0, Coefficients of polynomial representing normal stress in plane of defect
sigma_1,
sigma_2,
sigma_3,
sigma_4
1m, 2m sigma_1m, Axial and circumferential membrane stresses in thickness
sigma_2m
1b, 2b sigma_1b, Axial and circumferential bending stresses in thickness
sigma_2b
12 sigma_12 Shear stress
gb sigma_gb Nominal general bending stress of tube
d sigma_d Stress at distance d
 phi Azimuth of a point in a straight section of elbow
2 phi_2 Rotation of section around Axis 2
 psi Correction of plastic zone or thickness change angle
c psi_c Elbow angle
Contents A16 8 / 8 © n°2015-171

A16.1000 INTRODUCTION
This Appendix A16 is a Guide for prevention of fast rupture, the leak before break analysis and the associated defect
assessments.
 A16.2000 provides rules to ensure that there is no risk of initiating tearing or instability due to potential defects when the
Equipment Specification (RB 3170) requires that a structure be designed to prevent fast fracture (RB 3124),
 A16.3000 provides methods to perform defect assessment as well as methods for leak before break analysis. These non-
mandatory methods may under no circumstances be used instead of the sections of this Code relating to the acceptability of
manufacturing defects.
 A16.7000 provides simplified methods for determining the main parameters required for an analysis proposed in this
Appendix A16,
 A16.8000 collects and presents the main parameters used in the methods proposed in this Appendix A16 for the most
usual structures,
 A3.8 provides the material properties required for applying the methods proposed in this Appendix A16.
The rules contained in this Appendix A16 are applicable to the materials whose characteristics are tabulated in Appendix A3.
These characteristics are linked to RCC-MRx products and specifications. Any use of this Appendix A16 outside the scope of
this Code has to be justified.
© n°2015-171 A16 1 / 214

A16 2 / 214 © n°2015-171

A16.2000 PREVENTION OF FAST FRACTURE

A16.2110 OBJECTIVE
When the Equipment Specification requires that a structure be designed to prevent fast fracture, the rules in Appendix A16
are used to ensure that there is no risk of initiating tearing or instability of potential defects.
The application of procedures and operating conditions must prevent the risk of brittle tearing of materials whose toughness is
sensitive to changes in temperature. (Circular dated November 10, 1999 – Art. 4.II. 2 – special provisions)
The objective of the rules for prevention of fast fracture is to develop a design that can tolerate the presence of relatively major
defects, regardless of their source, resulting in a "sturdy" design.
The objective of A16.2000 is not to justify the defects encountered in service, even though some of the proposed methods can
be used for this. In particular, it explicitly does not cover the propagation of in service defects that are dealt with separately,
during operation, to develop monitoring programs.
A16.2120 METHODOLOGY
A16.2121 Approach
To check resistance to fast fracture, the manufacturer shall apply the following approaches, in the order in which they are listed:
 application of exemption criteria defined in A16.2200: if the required conditions are checked, no analysis is required.
 analysis of conventional fast fracture, according to A16.2300, whose objective is to create a design that can withstand
possible defects. To this end, reference defects are applied without direct connection to possible manufacturing defects or in
service deterioration. Specified data is considered and safety factors are checked.
 detailed analysis of fast fracture based on A16.2400, which consists of determining the size of a critical defect that just
barely meets the recommended safety factors. At the end of this analysis, the area is only declared safe for resistance to
fast fracture if it is demonstrated that any defect larger than a critical defect is not possible considering the manufacturing
processes used, and inspection of the corresponding area during fabrication and operation.
A16.2122 General analysis principles

The analysis methods recommended in A16.2000 are based on fracture mechanics concepts. They consist of:
 postulating a defect in each area analyzed,
 determining a characteristic value for the defect’s expansion force (cracking force) at the crack tip, resulting from the load
applied, and the presence of a defect,
 and comparing this to the toughness of the material used which is a function of the thickness of the product, its temperature,
and the potential for thermal aging and/or irradiation throughout the life of the component on the crack front under
consideration.
A16.2123 Rules for prevention of fast fracture

When the Equipment Specification requires meeting levels A and C criteria, the absence of risk of initiating tearing and
instability of defects must be checked.
In situations where Level D criteria are required, the absence of risk of instability of defects must be checked.
The specified loadings are multiplied by the following minimum factors (Order dated November 10, 1999 - Art. 13) depending on
the damage to avoid and are then used in the analysis:
Instability of reference
Tear initiation
defects
Level A 1.3 2
Level C 1.1 1.6
Level D 1.2
There are cases where the direct application of these factors on loads would lead to revealing an interaction between the tear
initiation and plastic instability of the ligament, while this interaction does not exist in the case studied. In these cases and to
avoid the effects of considering this interaction, it is possible to use partial factors applied to the various analysis parameters,
after justification. These partial factors are chosen in such a way that the severity obtained (i.e. distance to the fracture criteria)
is equivalent to the case where there is no major plastic deformation. (Circular dated November 10, 1999 – Art. 13.II end)
A16.2200 ANALYSIS EXEMPTION (Not supplied)
© n°2015-171 A16 3 / 214

A16.2300 CONVENTIONAL ANALYSIS FOR PREVENTION OF FAST

FRACTURE
A16.2310 GENERAL
A16.2311 Selection of analyzed areas

Fast fracture strictly depends on three parameters: potential defects, mechanical and thermal loads applied, and material
toughness or resistance to tearing. As a result, areas and reference defects to use for fast fracture analysis must be chosen
based on the following elements:
 level of total stress,
 values for material toughness considering the potential for aging throughout the life of the material,
 difficulties of manufacturing and/or inspection that could be due to complex geometry or metallurgy.
Additional requirements may be included in the Equipment Specification.
A16.2312 Selection of transients

The most difficult transients - from the point of view of the stress that they could experience and the associated temperatures –
shall be studied, considering the impact they have on material toughness.
A16.2313 Reference defects

For each area chosen for analysis, one or more reference defects are selected for calculation; their shape (Fig. A16.2313) and
size (aref, cref, etc.) are defined in the Equipment Specification.
Their geometry, dimensions and location are selected in relation to those defects that could realistically be found in the area
under consideration. (Circular dated November 10, 1999 – Art. 4 end)
A16.2320 METHODS OF ANALYSIS
A16.2321 Negligible creep
A16.2321.1 Properties of materials used in the analysis

The following are the properties of materials used in the analysis:
Jinitiation toughness at initiation. Unless otherwise justified, it is determined as per RMC 1230 by using either the standard ISO
2 2 2 2
12135 (GIC = (1- ).KIC /E, J0,2BL) or standard ASTM E1820 (GIC = (1- ).KIC /E , JIC), given that the operational
conditions and parameters used for determining this toughness value varies based on the plasticity level reached in
the sample. This value (GIC, J0,2BL, JIC) is provided in the Equipment Specification based on the values listed in
A3.811and A3.831.
JR(a) tear resistance curve. Unless otherwise justified, it is determined based on RMC 1230 by using either the standard
ISO 12135 (curve J-a) or the standard ASTM E1820 (J-R curve). This curve is provided in the Equipment
Specification based on the values listed in A3.812and A3.832..
E, v Young modulus and Poisson factor, either listed in A3.22 and 23 respectively, or provided in the Equipment
Specification.
The tensile stress-strain curve is listed in A3.45.
For welded joints, the characteristics to consider are provided in the Equipment Specification along with their justification.
A16.2321.2 Prevention of P-type damages

The rules on primary stresses in RB 3251 shall be met in the defect structure, considering the reduction in section resistance
due to the presence of a defect.
A16.2321.3 Prevention of tear initiation

To prevent the tear initiation, the following conditions shall be met:
 Level A: J(A.MA + TA ; aref)  Jinitiation
 Level C: J(C.MC + TC ; aref)  Jinitiation
where:
MA, MC (TA, TC): mechanical (thermal) loads specified for studying tear initiation, in level A and C respectively.
aref : size of the reference defect
J(M+T ; aref) : cracking force J for the reference defect (A16.2313) and for the loading M+T.
A = 1.3 : mechanical loading factor for level A (A16.2123).
C = 1.1 : mechanical loading factor for level C (A16.2123).
Acceptable calculation methods for J are provided in A16.7000.
A16 4 / 214 © n°2015-171

A16.2321.4 Prevention of defect instability

To determine the load Cinst causing defect instability considering material properties, structure geometry, the defect's updated
size, and loading applied, use an algorithm based on tangential research between the cracking force curve J(a+a) in the
structure and the tear resistance curve JR(a) (Fig. A16.2321.4).
The algorithm consists of calculating the structure’s applied load curve point by point for the value J, ensuring that the applied
load stresses follow the tensile stress-strain curve, and that the resulting value of J in the structure also follows the JR(a) curve
when the defect propagates.
To do this, the following must be known:
 geometry of the structure,
 geometry of the defect that could depend on one or two parameters,
 table of applied loads to determine the way it grows (each component of the load could grow proportionally or not),
 properties of the materials (A16.2321.1).
To predict the instability of the defect, the following conditions shall be met:
J a  a 
 Level A : J( A M A  TA ; aref  a)  R ref
A
JR aref  a 
 Level A C : J( CMC  TC ; a ref  a) 
C
JR a ref  a 
 Level A D : J( DMD  TD ; aref  a) 
D
where:
MA, MC, MD (TA, TC, TD): mechanical (thermal) loads specified for studying defect instability, in levels A, C and D
respectively.
A, C, D : partial factors for mechanical load in levels A, C and D. These factors are defined in the Equipment
Specification and justified by determining the statistical load dispersion. In the absence of this
justification, the values of these partial factors shall be taken as equal to those factors given in
A16.2123.
A, C, D : partial factors on the JR(a) curve (A16.2321.1) in levels A, C and D. These factors are defined in
the Equipment Specification and justified by determining the statistical load dispersion on the tear
resistance curve. In the absence of this justification, the values of these partial factors shall be
taken as equal to 1.
A16.2322 Significant creep
A16.2322.1 Properties of Materials used in the analysis

Idem A16.2321.1.
A16.2322.2 Prevention of P-type damages

For loads specified to meet the criteria of levels A, C or D respectively, the rules on primary stresses in RB 3251 (Negligible
Creep) and RB 3252 (Significant Creep) shall be met in the structure with the defect, considering the reduction in section
resistance due to the presence of a defect.
A16.2322.3 Prevention of tear initiation

Idem A16.2321.3.
A16.2322.4 Prevention of defect instability

Idem A16.2321.4.
A16.2400 DETAILED ANALYSIS FOR PREVENTION OF FAST FRACTURE

A16.2410 GENERAL
A16.2411 Objective
The detailed analyses in A16.2400 apply to selected areas in A16.2121 for which there is no possible improvement in design to
end up with a conventional approach (material selection, dimensions, drawings, loads, etc.). Their objective is to determine the
size of critical defects.
A16.2412 Principle
The detailed analysis consists of finding the “critical” defect for which the factors defined in A16.2123 are barely met and by
possibly using data measured on parts.
© n°2015-171 A16 5 / 214

The methods of analysis that can be used are not limited but it is preferable that they are consistent with those used during in-
service monitoring.
At the end of this analysis, the area is only declared sturdy with regard to fast fracture resistance if it is demonstrated that any
defect larger than the critical defect is not possible considering the manufacturing processes used, and inspection of the
corresponding area during fabrication and operation.
Figure A16.2313: defects
Internal defect Surface defect

2c 2c
A A
a
2a C C
C C
B
Figure A16.2321.4: procedure to determine loading producing defect instability using JR-da curve
J
JR J(C inst , a f + dainst)

Resistance c urve
(J R - da)
J = JR
J  JR

a a
da inst da
O’
O
af a f + dainst a f + da
A16 6 / 214 © n°2015-171

A16.3000 DEFECT ASSESSMENT – LEAK BEFORE BREAK

ANALYSIS
This A16.3000 is non mandatory and provides methods to perform defect assessment as well as methods for leak before
break analysis. These methods, may under no circumstances be used instead of the sections of this Code relating to the
acceptability of manufacturing defects.
The methods proposed in this A16.3000 are based on fracture mechanics concepts and attempt to:
 define a calculation defect, as the 'envelope' of the feature under investigation ; this defect is assumed to be a crack,
 study the initiation and propagation phases of the defect due to fatigue,
 study the stability of the defect,
 study the influence of creep when creep is significant.
Any involvement of other phenomena is not taken into account.
For a component (vessel, pipe ...) containing a defect, the following information is required:
 identification and characterisation of the defect,
 an evaluation of options for repair,
 specification of calculation that includes :
* the identification of the material with, where necessary, the evolution of all material properties since commissioning of the
component. This identification is based on the properties tabulated in Appendix A3.
* the list and definition of loading to be taken into account for the analysis of initiation and propagation by fatigue or creep-
fatigue. This list must account for the loading history since commissioning of the component.
* the list, definition and levels of criteria associated with the loading to be allowed for in the analysis of the defect stability.
The rules contained in this A16.3000 are applicable to the materials whose characteristics are tabulated in Appendix A3. These
characteristics are linked to RCC-MRx products and specifications. Any use of this A16.3000 outside the scope of this Code has
to be justified.
A16.3200 DEFECT USED IN THE ANALYSIS

A16.3210 PREAMBLE
In order to perform a defect assessment, it is necessary to define an envelope characterising the defect under investigation.
This envelope is assimilated either to a plane rectangular crack or a plane elliptical or semi-elliptical crack included within a
rectangle. The length, height and the remaining ligament are defined as a function of the type of defect considered in the
analysis : internal defect, surface defect, defect with complex orientation, multiple defects (Fig. A16.3210).
A16.3220 INTERNAL DEFECT PERPENDICULAR TO SKIN

For an internal defect perpendicular to the skin (Fig. A16.3220):
 L=2c is the dimension of the defect in the direction parallel to the internal surface of the component,
  =2a is the dimension of the defect in the direction perpendicular to the internal surface of the component.
When the smallest distance do between an internal defect and the skin of the component is less than 20% of the height of the
defect (Fig. A16.3200), the defect is considered to be a surface defect (A16.3230) with a length L and a height h= 2a+ do.
A16.3230 SURFACE DEFECT PERPENDICULAR TO SKIN

For a surface defect perpendicular to the skin (Fig. A16.3230):
 L=2c is the dimension of the defect in the direction parallel to the internal surface of the component.
  =a is the dimension of the defect in the direction perpendicular to the internal surface of the component.
A16.3240 DEFECT OF COMPLEX ORIENTATION

Defects which are not perpendicular to the skin are denoted as defect of complex orientation. If the nature of the orientation is
know with a sufficient degree of accuracy, these defects are studied in their original orientation. Alternatively, the plane for which
the orientation is the most conservative will be chosen.
The orientation of a defect of complex orientation should be described by its unit normal vector.
The frame of reference of this vector should be referred to the shape and dimension of the part.
The relationship between the frame of reference of the orientation of the defect to the frame of reference of the applied stresses
should also be defined.
© n°2015-171 A16 7 / 214

A16.3250 MULTIPLE DEFECTS – RULES OF INTERACTION

For multiple defects, rules of interaction defining the defect envelopes are shown in A16.3250a and b, for non-coplanar and
coplanar defects respectively.
A16 8 / 214 © n°2015-171

Figure A16.3210: defects
Defect of complex orientation Multiple defects
Figure A16.2200: internal defects
Defects Interaction Effective defect dimensions

criteria after interaction
do do > 0.4 a  L = 2c
internal defect
h 2a

L
 = 2a
do < 0.4 a  L = 2c
do
surface defect
2a 
h
L  = 2a + do
Figure A16.3230: surface defect
L = 2c

 = 2a
© n°2015-171 A16 9 / 214

Figure A16.3250a: non-coplanar defects interaction criteria
Defects Interaction Effective dimension

criteria after interaction
Principal plan normal to the Defect projection on the principal  : minimum height of
maximum principal stress plane t1  t 2 the rectangle within
S1 
2 which defects are
and included.
L L1  L 2  is determined in the
S2  plan normal to the
t1 2
 maximum principal
S2 L1 stress.
S1  L1 and L2 are projected
t2 L2 lengths  L=L1+L2+S2
maximum principal stress plane t t the rectangle within
S1  1 2
2 which defects are
and included.
L L  L2  is determined in the
S2  1 plan normal to the
2
t1 maximum principal
 S2 L1 stress.
 L1 and L2 are projected
S1 t2 L2  L=L1+L2+S2
lengths
maximum principal stress plane t1  t 2 the rectangle within
S1 
2 which defects are
and included.
L1  L 2  is determined in the
S2  plan normal to the
L 2
maximum principal
t1 stress.
 S2 L1 and L2 are projected
L1 lengths  L=L1+L2+S2
S1 
t2 L2
Principal plan normal to the Defect projection on the principal  =t1+t2+S2


maximum principal stress plane L  L2
S 1
2 L: minimum height of
L2 the rectangle within
L and
S t t which defects are
t1 S2  1 2 included.
2 L is determined in the
L1 L 
S2 plan normal to the
t1 and t2 are projected maximum principal
t2 lengths stress.
A16 10 / 214 © n°2015-171

Figure A16.3250b: coplanar defect interaction criteria
Defects Interaction Effective dimension after

criteria interaction
Surface defects
height : a = t2
L L1  L 2 length: L = L1 + L2 + S
S
L1 L2 2
S
t1 t2
Surface and internal defects

height : a = t1 + t2 +S
L L1 length : L = L2
t1  t 2
t1 S
2
S L2
t2
L1  L 2 height : a = t1 + t2 +S2
L S1 
L1 2 length : L = L1 + L2 + S1
t1 and
S1 L2
S2
t1  t 2
t2 S2 
2
Internal defects
height : 2a = t1
L length : L = L1 + L2 + S
L  L2
S 1
L2 L1 2
t2 t1
L height : 2a = t1 + t2 +S
L2 length: L = L1
t t
t2 S 1 2
L1 2
S
t1
L  L2 height : 2a = t1 + t2 +S2
L2 L S1  1 length : L = L1 + L2 + S1
2
t2 S1 and
S2 L1
t1 t1  t 2
S2 
2
© n°2015-171 A16 11 / 214

A16.3300 DEFECT ASSESSMENT

A16.3310 OVERVIEW
Having first determined the initial geometry of the defect following A16.3200, the defect assessment may proceed in two stages:
 calculation of the defect evolution when the structure is subjected to the loading specified in A16.3100.
- If creep is non-significant in the area of the defect (RB 3216.1), this fatigue analysis is described in A16.3321.2 for the
initiation phase and in A16.3321.3 for the propagation phase.
- If creep is significant, the creep-fatigue analysis is described in A16.3322.2 (initiation) and in A16.3322.3 (propagation).
The loading cycles to be allowed for in the fatigue or creep-fatigue analysis, the number of occurrences ni and, where
necessary, their distribution over the life of the component, the loading applied during the cycle and holding time are
determined in the specification (A16.3100). For this purpose, reference may be made to the guide RB 3263 for formulating
loading cycles.
 verification that the presence of the final defect does not induce any risk of rupture and instability during the life of
the structure when it is subjected to the specified loading (A16.3100).
- If creep is non-significant in the area of the defect (RB 3216.1), the conditions to be satisfied are given in A16.3321.4.
- If creep is significant, the conditions to be satisfied are given in A16.3322.4.
Three instants are recognised in the analysis:

 instant 0 corresponding to the commissioning of the component,
 instant to corresponding to the discovery of the defect,
 instant tf corresponding to the end of the life of the component or to the repair.
Materials characteristics are given in the calculation specification (A16.3100).
A16.3320 CLASS N1Rx OR N2Rx AUSTENITIC STEEL COMPONENTS
A16.3321 Non-significant creep
A16.3321.1 Introduction
For manufacturing defects identified as such before commissioning of the component, the analysis considers an initiation phase
preceding the propagation phase.
In the case where application of RB 3216.1 indicates a situation of non-significant creep, it is necessary to estimate on the one
hand the initiation (A16.3321.2) and if necessary propagation (A16.3321.3) of the initial defect between the instants to and tf in
fatigue, and on the other hand to investigate the stability of the defect at instant tf under the specified loading conditions
(A16.3321.4).
A16.3321.2 Fatigue initiation: d method

An estimation of the number of cycles prior to initiation is obtained for each cycle of type i, according to the procedure outlined
below, which is derived from that given in RB 3261.12 and 13:
 determine the "actual" strain range  i at the distance d of the defect
- from  dei at the distance d from the defect (Creager formula), allowing for strain amplification due to plasticity
(A16.7251),
 determine the initiation usage fraction Ai= ni/Nai corresponding to the cycles of type i, with :
- ni : number of occurrences of type i cycles over the life t of the component under investigation (specification A16.3100)
- Nai : number of cycles prior to initiation of cycle i , determined from the fatigue curves A3.47 for the maximum
temperature during the cycle and following the division of  i by a factor 1.5.
The total usage fraction A between 0 and tf is calculated on the basis of a linear sum for all specified cycles:
A =  Ai = (ni/Nai).
If A is less or equal to 1, the initial defect does not initiate before instant tf corresponding to the component end of life or repair.
Analysis for fast rupture following A16.3321.4 will be carried out on the initial defect.
If A is greater than 1, it is necessary to complete the initiation analysis by a propagation analysis following A16.3321.3, allowing
for a number of residual cycles equal to nir to be accounted for. Assuming that the cycles are equally distributed over time, the
number of residual cycles for each type of i cycles is determined in the following manner (Fig. A16.3321.2) with the instant ta
corresponding to the initiation:
tf t  t   t 
ta   f if t a  t o : nir  ni 1  a  if t a  t o : nir  ni 1  o 
 ni / Nai  A  tf   tf 
A16 12 / 214 © n°2015-171

Figure A16.3321.2: determination of the number of residual cycles
t a  tf initiation
0 to tf ta
ta < tf  t 
nir  ni  1  a  initiation propagation
 tf 
ta > to
0 to ta tf
ta < tf  t 
nir  ni  1  o 
 tf  initiation propagation
t a  to
0
ta to tf
Instant 0 : Commissioning of the component Instant to : Discovery of the defect
Instant ta : initiation of a defect identical to the one discovered during inspection Instant tf : End of life or repair of the component
A16.3321.3 Fatigue propagation

The purpose of this analysis is to estimate the geometry of the defect at instant tf given its geometry at instant to and the number
of occurrences of each cycle. The contribution of any phenomena other than fatigue is disregarded. A preliminary initiation
analysis may be carried out following A16.3321.2. In this case, the number of cycles to be considered per transient is the
number of residual cycles (nir) as defined in A16.3322 rather than the total number of cycles ni.
The procedure is the following :

 for each cycle type i :
- determine the range Js during the cycle following A16.7300,
- calculate the effective stress intensity factor range Keff accounting for plasticity and crack closure :
K eff  q  E * Js
with
E* : E* value used to calculate Jel from K (A16.7330)
R : load ratio
q : closure (R<0) and mean stress (R>0) coefficient. The value of q depending on the specified material is given in
A3.814. Other values of q have to be justified.
- depending upon the number of occurrences nir, the propagation of the defect (a)i is determined using the propagation
law given in A3.814 for the specified material :
nir
da
 C  K eff n then a i   C  K eff n
dN N0
 the size of the final defect at the instant tf is obtained by adding the propagation corresponding to the different types of
cycles specified.
For semi-elliptical defects, the analysis assumes that, as the defect propagates, it retains an elliptical form. The procedure
applies to the "apex" of the ellipse (Fig. A16.3321.3) and determines the increases of the defect a and c.
At the end of this procedure, the final length and the final height of the defect at instant tf are thus determined and define the
size of defect on which the analysis of fast rupture following A16.3332.14 will be performed.
Notes
 In the case of predominant mode I, R is equal to the ratio of the minimum value of KI during the cycle (MinKI), on the
maximum value of KI during the cycle (MaxKI) : R = MinKI / MaxKI
 Residual stresses due to forming or welding processes must be taken into account in the calculation of the load ratio R with
a value not higher than the minimum yield stress at 0.2% Rp0.2 (A3.41) at the maximum temperature during the cycle.
 It is necessary to carry out Keff calculation with the defect dimensions updated as it propagates within the component. This
can be done at each cycle or at least each time the defect has propagated to a value equal to 10 % of its initial length.
 To maximise the final length of the defect, the propagation analysis will be started with the cycles that produce the fastest
propagation rates per cycle.
© n°2015-171 A16 13 / 214

Figure A16.3321.3: « apex » of the ellipse
2c 2c
A A
a
2a C C
C C
B
A16.3321.4 Fast rupture and instability

For the defect at instant tf (end of life or repair of the component) determined following A16.3321.2 and A16.3321.3 and for the
specified loading (A16.3100) relating respectively to the criteria of levels A, C or D, the conditions A16.3321.41 and
A16.3321.42 must be satisfied:
A16.3321.41 Reduced section

The rules on primary stresses given in RB 3251 must be satisfied on the structure containing the defect taking into account of
the section reduced by the defect.
A16.3321.42 Defect
A16.3321.421 Tear initiation

Tear initiation is assumed to occur when propagation under the specified loads exceeds 0.2mm. Margin coefficients ,  should
be specified in the calculation specification.
The following conditions therefore have to be met:
J 0.2 mm 
 level A : J( A C A ; a f )  R
A
JR 0.2 mm 
 level C : J( C C C ; a f ) 
C
where:
CA, CC: loads specified for the tear initiation study at Levels A and C respectively.
af : defect at instant tf (end of component life or time of repair)
J(C ; af): cracking load J calculated according to A16.7300 for defect at instant tf and for load C.
JIC(0.2mm): JIC values tabulated in A3.811, making allowance for changes in these characteristics where required, in
compliance with calculation specification (A16.3100).
A, A, C, C: safety coefficients for load and JR(0.2mm) at Levels A and C.
Two diagrams, identified as Kr-Lr (Fig. A16.3321.421a) and J-C (A16.3321.421b) show the deviation in relation to the initiation
criterion.
In Figure A16.3321.421a, the “stock”, in terms of load, in relation to the criterion, is measured by:
OB C0.2 load that produces JR (0.2mm)/  with the defect a
 
OA C Load C with the defect a
 the Plastic Correction Curve depends only on the material tensile curve.
 to position Point A, the values of ref and Keq are required; these are obtained using analytical formulae and forms. The
gradient of “straight line” OA depends on the geometry of the structure, the defect, the load and the material.
In Figure A16.3321.421b, the “stock” in terms of load, in relation to the criterion is measured by:
Ok C0.2 Load that produces JR (0.2mm)/  with the defect a
 
Oj C Load C with the defect a
Og JC; a 
In terms of J, the “stock” in relation to the criterion is measured by:  .
Oh J 0 .2

A16 14 / 214 © n°2015-171

Figure A16.3321.421a: Kr-Lr diagram of initiation criteria
Kr
Plastic correction curve
1
1 Kr 
E

B 
Ordinate of point A Plotted with coordinates
J el C; a  A ( = Lr.y, ) of points on tensile
J 0 .2 curve

O
Lr
 ref C; a 
Abcissa of point A :
y
Figure A16.3321.421b: J-C diagram of initiation criterion
J/J0.2
Ordinate of point H
1
h H

Ordinate of point G G
g Curve
J s C; a 
 E 
J 0. 2 J s C; a   J el C; a    ref   
  ref 
plotted with ref(C ;a) and value of ref
read on tensile curve
j k
O
Lr
 ref C; a 
Abcissa of point G :
y
A16.3321.422 Instability of the defect

To avoid instability of the defect, the following conditions must be satisfied :
 level A : CA  CAinst
 level C : CC  CCinst
 level D : CD  CDinst
with :
CA, CC, CD : loading specified for analysing the instability of the defect, respectively at levels A, C and D.
CAinst, CCinst, CDinst : loading producing instability of the defect under loading proportional to CA, CC, CD.
The instability of the defect is performed by increasing the loading components as a function of a single parameter k (k  0).
Assuming {A1,A2, etc.} the loading components associated with level A, the following loading is considered :
CA(k) = k.(a1A1 + a2A2 + ….)
The values of the coefficients a1, a2, .. are determined according to the type of loading. Verify CA  CAinst implies that the value of
kAinst that produces instability is greater or equal to one.
The same tests must be carried out for levels C and D, using the respective coefficients b1, b2 etc and c1, c2 etc.
© n°2015-171 A16 15 / 214

A16.3322 Significant creep
A16.3322.1 Introduction
For manufacturing defects identified as such before commissioning of the equipment, the analysis considers an initiation phase
preceding the propagation phase.
In cases where application of RB 3216.1 indicates that significant creep occurs, it is necessary to estimate on the one hand the
initiation (A16.3322.2) and, if necessary, propagation of the initial defect (A16.3322.3) between instants to and t in creep-fatigue,
and on the other hand to investigate the stability of the defect from instant t under the specified loading conditions (A16.3322.4).
A16.3322.2 Creep-fatigue initiation: d method

An estimation of the number of cycles prior to initiation is obtained for each cycle of type i according to the following procedure,
derived from that given in RB 3262.12:
 determine the « real » strain range    i at the distance d from the defect (A16.7270) and determine the usage fraction of
initiation Ai= ni/Nai corresponding to the cycles of type i, with :
- ni : number of occurrences of cycles of type i over the life t of the component under investigation (specification A16.3100)
- Nai : number of cycles prior to initiation of cycle of type i, determined from the fatigue curves A3.47 for the maximum
 
temperature during the cycle and for a strain range equal to  el  pl   fl i / k . Unless otherwise justified by the
designer, it is assumed that k=1.5.
 determine the stress (kd)i during the holdtime at the distance d from the defect (A16.7270) and determine the usage
 
fraction to rupture Wi kd i / K based on the stress (kd)i divided by a coefficient K and on the Sr curve (A3.53). Unless
otherwise justified by the designer, it is assumed that K=1.
The d method proposes to determine the « real » strain range    i at the distance d from the defect from the elastic stress
range  dei at the distance d (Craeger’s formula) allowing for amplification of the strain due to plasticity and creep

 i   elpl   fl  i (A16.7271),
The total usage fraction for initiation A and the usage fraction for total rupture W between 0 and t are calculated on the basis of
a linear sum for all specified cycles : A = Ai and W = Wi.
If the point of co-ordinates (A,W) lies inside the creep-fatigue interaction diagram (A3.55), the initial defect does not initiate over
the period t under investigation. The analysis for fast rupture following A16.3322.4 will be performed on the initial defect.
If the point of co-ordinates (A,W) lies outside the creep-fatigue interaction diagram (A3.55), it is necessary to complete the
initiation analysis by a propagation analysis following A16.3322.3, assuming a number of residual cycles equal to nir. Assuming
that the cycles are evenly distributed over time, the number of residual cycles for each cycle of type i is determined
(Fig. A16.3321.2) with the instant ta corresponding to the initiation:
tf t  t   t 
ta   f if t a  t o : n ir  n i 1  a  if t a  t o : n ir  n i 1  o 
 ni / Nai  A  t f   tf 
A16.3322.3 Creep-fatigue propagation

The purpose of this analysis is to estimate the geometry of the defect at instant tf given its geometry at instant to and the number
of occurrences of each cycle: the geometry variation being solely the consequence of creep-fatigue crack growth in the absence
of any other propagation mechanism.
A preliminary initiation analysis may be carried out following A16.3322.2. The number of cycles to be considered is then the
number of residual cycles (nir) as defined in A16.3322.2 rather than the total number of cycles ni.
The following procedure calculates the fatigue propagation (afa)i and the creep propagation (afl)i of the defect for each cycle of
type i and successively for each of the nir cycles of this type :
 Calculation of fatigue propagation (afa)i :
- calculate the maximum effective stress intensity factor range corrected for the influence of plasticity (Keff)i following
A16.3321.3,
- calculate the propagation of the defect due to fatigue with the fatigue propagation law as given in A3.814 for the specified
material:
a fa i  C  K eff i  n
- calculate the new size of the defect : a + (afa)i
 Calculation of creep propagation (afl)i :
- calculate C*i(t) during the holdtime following A16.7700
- calculate the propagation of the defect due to creep during the holding time tmi using the propagation law as given in
A3.821 for the specified material.
a fl i  
ti
ti  tmi
 
A  Ci* t  q
dt
- calculate the new size of the defect : a + (afa)i + (afl)i
A16 16 / 214 © n°2015-171

The final size of the defect at instant tf is obtained by adding together the propagation obtained for all cycles corresponding to
the different types of cycles.
For semi-elliptical defect, the analysis assumes that, as the defect propagates, it retains an elliptical shape. The procedure
applies to the "apex" of the ellipse (Fig. A16.3321.3). At the end of this procedure, the final length Lf and the final height f of the
defect at instant tf are thus determined and define the defect size for which the fast rupture analysis and the differed plastic
instability analysis following A16.3322.4 will be carried out.
Note
 It is necessary to re-evaluate C* calculation with the defect dimensions updated as it propagates within the component. This
can be done at each cycle or at least each time the defect has propagated to a value equal to 10 % of its initial length.
A16.3322.4 Fast rupture and differed plastic instability

For the defect at instant t (end of component life or repair) determined following A16.3322.2 and A16.3322.3 and for the
specified loading (A16.3100), respectively associated with the level criteria A, C or D, the rules on primary stresses given in
A16.3322.41 and A16.3322.42 must be satisfied.
A16.3322.41 Reduced section

The rules on primary stresses given in RB 3251 (non significant creep) and RB 3252 (significant creep) must be satisfied on the
structure containing the defect taking into account of the section reduced by the defect.
A16.3322.42 Defect
The rules A16.3321.421 (Tear initiation) and A16.3321.422 (Instability of the defect) must be satisfied.
A16.3330 OTHER COMPONENTS (Later)
© n°2015-171 A16 17 / 214

A16.3400 LEAK BEFORE BREAK

The purpose of the Leak Before Break (LBB) analysis is to determine if it is possible to detect under in-service conditions the
leak flow of a structure containing a fluid (vessel, pipe) before the defect that is the origin of the leak induces the rupture of this
structure.
The A16.3400 provides a procedure and simplified methods based on fracture mechanics concepts. It must be noted that
detection techniques and associated equipment are not covered in this chapter.
A16.3420 PROCEDURE
The different stages of the LBB procedure are the following (Table A16.3420):
 Selection of the highest stressed regions for situations in 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th category:
- either from a linear elastic analysis of the structure without defect,
- or from another analysis.
The applicable criteria are:
- the regions subjected to the most important thermal transients that induces a fatigue damage or those for which the
bending to membrane stress ratio is the highest,
- the regions for which the membrane and bending stress in 3rd and 4th category are the highest.
 Selection of the initial part-throughwall defect. For the selected regions, the evolution of the defect according to the
following situations are to be studied :
- propagation: select the 1st category cycle that leads to the largest stress variation . If the principal directions during
the selected cycle are constant (with time and through the thickness), select the plane perpendicular to the maximum
stress variation direction. If the principal stresses rotate, select the plane that induces the largest propagation.
- stability: select the instant corresponding to the maximum value of the principal tensile stress for the most damageable
loading. If the direction of principal stress at the selected instants are constants through the thickness, select the plan
perpendicular to the maximum principal stress. If the directions of the principal stresses rotate, select the most
unfavourable plan.
In the presentation of the section A16.3400, the initial defect is localised at the internal surface of the component. The
procedure applies also if the initial defect is found at the outer surface of the component.
This method does not require the definition of the initial defect dimensions (in this case, ci=0), or the step-by-step calculation of
the defect propagation if the master curve presented in Figure A16.3441a is used.
When the applicability of the LBB concept is to be verified for a defect discovered in-service, the initial geometry of the defect
with an initial length 2ci can be used and follow the defect propagation as explained in the following section.
 Analysis of the noxiousness of the defect :
- Calculation of the defect size evolution under n loading cycles specified for situations in 1st and 2nd category according
to A16.3321.3 and 3322.3. For an initial semi-elliptical defect (ai, 2ci), the final defect is also semi-elliptical (af, 2cf).
- Analysis of avoidance of fast rupture or instability of the final defect (af, 2cf) under loading conditions in situations 1st,
2nd, 3rd and 4th category according to A16.3321.4 and 3322.4.
 Calculation of the detectable throughwall defect :
Calculation of the length of the detectable crack 2cL corresponding to a detectable leak flow Qdet (A16.3430).
Calculation of the semi-elliptical defect size (af, 2cf) under loading conditions specified for situations 1st and 2nd category up
to a detectable throughwall defect. The evolution of the defect can be determined in two stages (A16.3440):
- up to penetration on the external surface using the proposed master curve (A16.4410a), or an adapted and validated
calculation methodology,
- up to a situation where the length of the crack reaches a value equal to the detectable crack when obtained by a
translation of the crack front. On the internal surface, the length of detectable throughwall defect is 2cd.
 Analysis of avoidance for fast rupture or instability of the detectable throughwall defect under the loading conditions
specified for situations in the 3rd and 4th category (A16.3441a). This analysis performed on a rectangular envelope of the
detectable throughwall defect enables the determination of the critical length of the throughwall defect 2cG and the
admissible length of the throughwall defect 2c’G = 2cG/. Unless otherwise specified, the value of  coefficient is equal to 2.
The condition that unable the detection of leak before break (LBB condition) is then: 2cd < 2c’G.
A16 18 / 214 © n°2015-171

Table A16.3420: LBB procedure summary
Loading conditions Loading conditions

corresponding to 1st and 2nd corresponding to 3rd and 4th
category situations category situations
Calculation of the detectable crack Calculation of the critical

Length : 2cL throughwall defect
Opening :  Length : 2cG
Calculation of the defect at penetration on

the external surface
Length on the internal surface : 2cp
Calculation of the detectable throughwall

defect LBB condition
Length on the internal surface: 2cd 2cd < 2cG/
Length on the external surface: 2cL
A16.3430 DETERMINATION OF THE DETECTABLE CRACK AREA
A16.3431 Minimum detectable leak flow

The minimum detectable leak flow Qmin is specified as a function of the leakage detection method and equipment used for that
purpose. The detectable leak flow Qdet is used to determine the detectable crack area and then the detectable throughwall
defect, unless otherwise specified, equals 10 times the minimum detectable leak flow: Qdet = 10 Qmin.
A16.3432 Dimensions of the detectable crack area

Although the shape of the crack area might be complex, it is assumed that it is represented by an ellipse (Fig. A16.3432).
Figure A16.3432: dimensions of the crack
2cL
If the detectable leak flow Qdet is known, the procedure used to calculate the opening  and the length 2cL of the detectable
crack is the following :
 Calculation of the crack opening 
The crack opening  of the assumed elliptical crack is function of the applied membrane stress m and bending stress b , its
length 2cL and the dimensions of the component. Assuming loading conditions corresponding to 1st and 2nd category so
that the leak can be detected during in-service conditions, the crack opening  is determined :
E.
- either according to the procedure proposed by A16.7600:    el . ref
 ref
For throughwall defect in plates and small defects in tubes, the coefficients km and kb are given in A16.8321.5. Then the
4  cL
elastic crack opening  is determined by  el   k m   m  k b   b  applicable, only when k m  m  k b  b   0 .
E
c
- either by finite element analysis :   f ( m ,  b , L ) with mean radius = rm and thickness= h
rm h
© n°2015-171 A16 19 / 214

 Calculation of the Reynolds number Re :

(Re)lam is calculated assuming that the flow circulating through the defect is laminar.
2
P  D H
- The laminar velocity of the fluid Vlam is: Vlam 
48   Na  h

- Assuming the defect to have an elliptical shape, the hydraulic diameter DH is equal to: DH 
2
 Na  Vlam  D H
- The Reynolds number is therefore equal to: R e lam  with
 Na
P: difference of pressure between the two faces of the wall,
h: thickness of the wall,
Na: sodium’s density at the specified temperature,
Na: sodium dynamic viscosity at the specified temperature:
508,7
lnNa   5,7316   0,4925  ln273  
273  θ
Temperature (°C) 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Na (kg/m3) 927 904 880 856 832 809 784

2 -4 -4 -4 -4 -4 -4
Na (Ns/m ) 6.848x10 4.569x10 3.447x10 2.792x10 2.365x10 2.066x10 1.845x10-4
 Calculation of the length 2cL of the detectable crack :

Assuming loading conditions corresponding to 1st and 2nd category so that the leak can be detected during in-service
conditions, the length 2cL of the detectable crack area must satisfy the following flow relationship : Qdet =V.AL.
An iterative method allows cL to be calculated from a known value of Qdet with:
  (c L )  c L
- AL : the detectable (elliptical) crack opening area defined as AL  .
2
- V : velocity of the fluid
 If (Re)lam < 2300 - Laminar flow regime. The velocity of the fluid is :
2
P  DH
V  Vlam 
48   Na  h
4  cL
Using the simplified formula  el   k m  m  k b  b  , the following explicit formula for cL is :
E
1
 6   Na  h  E 3 4
c L  Q det  
  3  P  k m   m  k b   b 3 
 If (Re)lam > 2300 - Turbulent flow regime. The velocity of the fluid is :
2  P
V  Vtur  
  h 
Na  1,5  
 DH 
 is a function of the roughness and the hydraulic diameter. It can be determined from Idelcik (Mémento des pertes
de charges, Eyrolles Paris 1969). An approximate value of  is =0.06.
A16.3440 DETECTABLE THROUGHWALL DEFECT
A16.3441 Defect at penetration

The length of the “defect at penetration” on the internal surface 2cp, i.e. at a tangent to the external surface (h, 2cp), resulting
from progression of an initially semi-elliptical defect (a, 2ci), can be determined as follows:
 If ci  (4/3)cs, with cs read on the master curve, then 2cp = 2cs + 0,5ci.
The master curve, applicable to plates and tubes subjected to cyclic loading causing variations in membrane stresses m
and bending stresses b through the thickness, is shown in Figure A16.3441a. This curve is valid for materials showing
an exponent of the Paris law between 3 and 4; it is pessimistic for materials with a lower exponent.
Some examples of defects that develop into semi-elliptical defects up to penetration, as a function of the bending stress
versus membrane stress ratio, are given in Figure A16.3441b.
When there is a large amount of creep, the master curve is used by considering membrane stresses m and bending
stresses b during the hold times.
 If ci > (4/3)cs , with cs read on the master curve, then 2cp = 2ci. In this case, the initial defect propagates only in depth.
A16 20 / 214 © n°2015-171

A16.3442 Defect after penetration

After penetration, the semi-elliptical defect gradually changes shape. Two particular cases can be observed (Fig. A16.3442a):
 that where the size of the defect increases on both the internal and external surfaces as soon as penetration occurs.
 and that where during the first stage, the defect “straightens up” since the size of the defect increases on the external
surface whereas that on the internal surface remains constant. During the second stage, the size of the defect increases on
both the internal and external surfaces.
The size of the defect 2cd on the internal surface when that on the external surface reaches 2cL is obtained by building the
following diagrams:
 cp  10h :
- ci  (4/3)cs: 2cd is obtained from 2cL by building the diagram given in figure A16.3442b.
- ci > (4/3)cs: 2cd is obtained from 2cL by building the diagram given in figure A16.3442c.
 cp > 10h : 2cd is obtained from 2cL by building the diagram given in figure A16.3442d.
Figure A16.3441a: master curve for materials with a Paris law exponent between 3 and 4.
cs 1 1
 F( X) with X  or X 
h  b 
1 1 b
 m m
10
cs/h
x cs/h 9
0 9.5
0.1 7.25
0.2 5.54 8
0.3 4.21
0.4 3.43
0.5 2.89 7
0.6 2.35
0.7 2.06
6
0.8 1.81
0.9 1.62
1 1.47 5
X
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1
© n°2015-171 A16 21 / 214

Figure A16.3441b: shape and growth on an initial defect,

according to X
a/h = 0.6 Defect at penetration on the external surface
h
X=1 (Pure tension)
Initial defect : a/h = 0.25
X=0.5
X=0.25
X=0.1
X=0 (Pure bending)
A16 22 / 214 © n°2015-171

Figure A16.3442a: changes of the semi-elliptical defect shapes after penetration
2c L (detectable leak) External surface
2c i (initial)
2cp (at penetration on the external surface) = 2c s + 0,5ci
2cd (detectable throughwall defect)
2c’G (2c G divided by )
2c G (throughwall critical defect)
2cL (detectable leak)

External surface
2c i (initial)
2cp (at penetration on the external surface) = 2c i (initial)
2cd (detectable throughwall defect)
2c’G (2c G divided by )
2c G (throughwall critical defect)
h: thickness
2ci : initial length of the defect (surface defect)
2cp : length of the defect at penetration on the external surface
2cp = 2cs + 0,5ci si ci  (4/3)cs 2cp = 2cs si ci > (4/3)cs (cs from the master curve Fig.A16.4110a)
2cG : length of the critical throughwall defect
2c’G : 2cG divided by the safety coefficient
2cL : length of the throughwall defect for a detectable leak
© n°2015-171 A16 23 / 214

Figure A16.3442b: diagram to determine the length 2cd on the internal surface of the detectable throughwall defect
cp > 10.h and ci  (4/3)cs
35
Length of the detectable
defect on the external
surface / thickness:
30 2c L / h
25
20
Gradient = 1
B (20 , 16)
15
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
A (2c p / h , 0) Length of the detectable defect on the
internal surface / thickness: 2c d / h
A16 24 / 214 © n°2015-171

Figure A16.3442c: diagram to determine the length 2cd on the internal surface of the detectable throughwall defect
cp  10.h and ci > (4/3)cs
35

30 2c L / h
25
20
Gradient = 1
B (20 , 16)
15
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
C (2c s / h , 0) A (2c p / h , 0) Length of the detectable defect on the
© n°2015-171 A16 25 / 214

Figure A16.3442d: diagram to determine the length 2cd on the internal surface of the detectable throughwall defect
cp > 10.h
35

30 2c L / h
25
20
Gradient = 1
B (20 , 16)
15
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Length of the detectable defect on the A (2c p / h , 0)
A16.4000 Number not used
A16 26 / 214 © n°2015-171

A16.7000 METHODS - PARAMETERS

A16.7100 OVERVIEW
The purpose of A16.7000 is to provide simplified methods for determining the main parameters required for an A16 analysis:
 Method d stresses and strains at a distance d A16.7200
 Method Js and Js analytical method to calculate J A16.7300
 Method Jsin analytical method to determine the load for defect instability A16.7400
 Compliance - Displacement A16.7500
 Crack opening  A16.7600
 A16.7700
 Method C s analytical method to calculate C*
The main parameters can also be calculated using appropriate finite element analyses.
A16.7200 METHOD d
In order to study the initiation of a defect prior to propagation, the analysis is carried out at a characteristic distance d from the
crack tip. This characteristic distance d depends upon the specified material (A3.49).
A16.7220 CREAGER’S FORMULAE

Consider a plane crack, Creager’s formulae provide analytical solutions for a singular elastic field de as a function of the crack
tip distance r, the angle , and the stress intensity factors KI, KII, KIII (Fig.A16.7220). These expressions are used to determine
the elastic stress de at the characteristic distance d from the crack tip.
For a defect with a radius  greater or equal to 3.236.d : r = d + /2.
In other cases,  = 0.
Figure A16.7220: definition of the stresses close to the crack tip

 yy
 yx
 zy y y
 zx 
yy r
y  zz xy rr
- xx
xx
x r r
 
r   x  x
/2 /2
© n°2015-171 A16 27 / 214

Mode I: co-ordinates x, y, z Mode I: co-ordinates r, , z

KI     3   3    2 
 xx  cos  1  sin  sin    cos  rr 
KI cos   1   sin       cos  
2r  2  2 2  2r 2  
2r  2
 
2

2r 2
 
KI     3   3  KI    
2
 
 yy  cos  1  sin  sin    cos     cos   cos    cos 
2r  2  2 2  2r 2
2r  2  2 2r 2

KI    3  3  KI  
2
  
 xy  cos 2  sin 2  cos 2  2r  sin 2  r   cos   sin   sin 
2r   2r  2 2 2r 2

 zz  0 plane stress conditions (P)  zz  0 plane stress conditions (P)

 zz     xx   yy  plane strain conditions (P) 
 zz     xx   yy  plane strain conditions (P)
Mode II: co-ordinates x, y, z Mode II: co-ordinates r, , z

K II     3   3  K II   3   
 xx   sin   2  cos  cos    sin  rr  cos    sin   2  tg    sin 
2r  2  2 2  2r 2 2r  2 2 2  2r 2
K II    3  3  K II    
2
 
 yy  sin 2  cos 2  cos 2  2r  sin 2      3  sin   cos    sin 
2r   2r  2  2 2r 2

K II     3   3  K II       
2


 xy  cos  1  sin  sin    cos   r  cos  1  3   sin     cos 
2r  2  2 2  2r 2 2  2   2r
2r    
2
 
Mode III: co-ordinates x, y, z Mode III: co-ordinates r, , z

K III  K III 
 zx    sin rz    sin
2r 2 2r 2
K III  K III 
 zy   cos  z   cos
2r 2 2r 2
 xx   yy   zz   xy  0 rr      zz  r  0
A16.7230 HRR FIELDS

For a plane crack, Hutchinson-Rice-Rosengren (H.R.R.) provide an analytical solution for the singular elastoplastic field as a
function of the distance from the crack tip r, the angle  and the crack driving force J. These expressions are used to determine
the elastoplastic stress d at a characteristic distance d from the crack tip.
These expressions assume that the tensile curve of the material can be approximated by the following power law relationship:
 = (/E) + Bn with ( = el + pl), E the Young's modulus, B the coefficient and n the exponent of the material’s hardening law.
1 n
 J  n 1 ~  J  n1 ~
The HRR formulae are the following : ij   
  ij n,    ij   el ij  B   
  ij n, 
 B  In  r   B  In  r 
with
 Plane stress conditions (P) 2 .9 1 Fig. A16.7230

In    7.2  0.12 
n n
 ij ij n,  : function of n and 

~ n,  and ~ Tab. A16.7230a
 Plane strain conditions (P) 4 .6 1 Fig. A16.7230

In    10.3  0.13 
n n
 ij ij n,  : function of n and 

~ n,  and ~ Tab. A16.7230b
A16 28 / 214 © n°2015-171

Figure A16.7230: In values as a function of the hardening component
6
In
5,5
n In - P In- P
3 3.88 5.48
Plane strain conditions
5 4 3.65 5.20
5 3.49 5.00
6 3.37 4.84
4,5 7 3.28 4.72
8 3.20 4.63
9 3.14 4.55
4 10 3.09 4.48
Plane stress conditions 11 3.04 4.42
3,5 12 3.00 4.37
13 2.97 4.33
3
n
2,5
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
~  n,  and ~
Tableau A16.7230a: Values of  ij  n,  for =0 (Plane strain conditions)
ij
n ~
 eq
~
 ~
 ~
 ~
rr ~
 ~
r
rr  r
2 0.0850 1.5776 1.6758 0.0000 -0.0063 0.0063 0.0000

3 0.2558 1.6454 1.9407 0.0000 -0.0145 0.0145 0.0000
4 0.3770 1.6688 2.1041 0.0000 -0.0175 0.0175 0.0000
5 0.4621 1.6836 2.2172 0.0000 -0.0183 0.0183 0.0000
6 0.5249 1.6948 2.3009 0.0000 -0.0181 0.0181 0.0000
7 0.5732 1.7040 2.3659 0.0000 -0.0176 0.0176 0.0000
8 0.6116 1.7118 2.4180 0.0000 -0.0170 0.0170 0.0000
9 0.6430 1.7184 2.4609 0.0000 -0.0163 0.0163 0.0000
10 0.6691 1.7243 2.4969 0.0000 -0.0156 0.0156 0.0000
~ n,  and ~
Tableau A16.7230b: Values of  ij n,  for =0 (Plane stress conditions)
ij
n ~
 eq
~
 rr
~
 
~
 r
~
rr ~
 ~
r
2 0.9654 0.8422 1.0536 0.0000 0.3045 0.6106 0.0000

3 0.9821 0.7699 1.1061 0.0000 0.2092 0.6956 0.0000
4 0.9878 0.7219 1.1258 0.0000 0.1532 0.7373 0.0000
5 0.9906 0.6907 1.1349 0.0000 0.1186 0.7602 0.0000
6 0.9922 0.6695 1.1399 0.0000 0.0957 0.7742 0.0000
7 0.9932 0.6544 1.1429 0.0000 0.0797 0.7832 0.0000
8 0.9940 0.6433 1.1449 0.0000 0.0679 0.7894 0.0000
9 0.9946 0.6348 1.1463 0.0000 0.0590 0.7938 0.0000
10 0.9951 0.6281 1.1473 0.0000 0.0521 0.7971 0.0000
© n°2015-171 A16 29 / 214

A16.7240 RR FIELDS
A16.7241 Asymptotic secondary creep state: C* definition

For a cracked component at high temperature, a viscoplastic region surrounding the crack tip develops and grows as a function
of time within an elastoplastic region. Depending upon the creep deformation, the stress and strain fields surrounding the crack
tip will in turn develop in space and in time. For constant loading conditions and for an holdtime long enough, an asymptotic
secondary creep state will prevail in the overall structure. Consider a material that deforms according to the following uniaxial
secondary power law relationship  fl  B 2  n2 with
* B2 : secondary creep law coefficient,
* n2 : secondary creep law exponent.
By comparing the material behaviour between plasticity ( p  B 0 n ) and secondary creep (  fl  B 2  n2 ), there is a formal
analogy between these relationships. From the plasticity power law relationship, it is possible to obtain the secondary creep law
if the deformations are replaced by the rate of deformation and if n is replaced by n2. The relationships that govern equilibrium
and compatibility equations with an identical formalism (the stress and strain fields at the crack tip for a structure in stationary
secondary creep - A16.7230) are similar to the H.R.R. fields with J replaced by a parameter noted C*. The resulting
singularities, also noted R.R. fields, are expressed by:
1 n2
 C  n21  C  n21
 ij    ~ , n 
  ij   el ij  B 2    ij , n 2 
~
 B 2  In2  r  ij 2  B 2  In 2  r 
   
Similarly to H.R.R. fields, In and the angular functions  ~ , n  and ~ ij , n2  are dependent upon n and  (A16.7230) with n
ij 2
replaced by n2.
Following the analogy between plasticity and secondary creep, C* can be defined with the following contour integral:

 *  u  
C   W dy  Ti   i   ds
  x  

 ijc
where W* is the strain rate energy density so that W * 
 o
 ij  d ij and u i is a vector describing the displacement rate.
Contour conditions are identical to those specified for J calculations. As for J, C* is path independent if a secondary creep state
prevails in the overall structure and if the crack is stationary.
A16.7242 Asymptotic primary creep state: Ch* definition

An additional parameter noted Ch* is required to describe primary creep. Ch* is also a time independent contour integral as the
material is in an asymptotic primary creep state. In this case, the material behaviour is expressed by the following primary
multiaxial power law relationship:
3
 ij   B    neq1   eq
p 
 s ij
2
where B’, n’ and p are material parameters and sij , eq and eq, respectively deviatoric, equivalent stress and equivalent
viscoplastic strain.
1
with B1  B1  p 1 p , n1=n’/(p+1) and
p1
For an uniaxial situation, the time dependant integration gives:   B1   n1  t
p1=1/(p+1)
For proportional loading function of time, the homogeneous nature of the material behaviour, equilibrium and compatibility
equations allow the following stress tensor to be written:
 ij r, , t   Pt   ij r, 
P(t) is a time dependent loading parameter and ij r,  is a function that only depends on r and  that is at the point under
investigation. The time integration of the material power law gives:
1
3  B   1  p    n t  1p s ij
 ij    
 P n
d 
2  Pt n 0   eq
The independence of this relationship with respect to spatial co-ordinates is a condition for path independence of the contour
integral as defined by Rice. The time independence of J and the product ijij are identical. For constant loading conditions, J is
proportional to J  t1/ 1 p  . Similarly to the C* integral, it is then useful to obtain a path independent and time independent
integral:
A16 30 / 214 © n°2015-171

1/ 1p
 
 Pt n
 

C h  J( t )   
 t 
 Pt  dt 
n
  
 0 
1
If P(t)=P=constant Ch  J( t ) / t 1 p
 J( t ) / t p1
p
In analysing the material power law   B1   n1  t 1 , it is possible to assume that the material follows a non-linear elastic power
law relationship with a coefficient B(t)=B1.tp1 that depends on time.
p
  B1   n1  t 1  B( t )   n1
By analogy with H.R.R. fields in elastoplasticity, the relationship describing the stress field of a material that creeps in primary
creep is:
1
 C  n11
 ij (r, )   h
 ~ ( , n )
 ij 1
 B1  In1  r 
A16.7243 Stress field as a function of time

Prior to the asymptotic primary creep state (t < t1) (Fig. A16.7243)
t=0 At the end of the elastoplastic loading (H.R.R. 1

fields )  J  n1 ~
 ij (r, , t  0)      ij (, n)
 B o  In  r 
0<t<t1 A primary creep region develops as a function 1
of time. There is then stress relaxation.   n11
J ~ (, n )
 ij (r, , t )     ij 1
 B  I  r  (n  1) 1  t 1 
p p
 1 n1 1 
t=t1 For an extended primary creep state, the 1
redistributed stresses stabilise in an asymptotic  C h  n11
 ij (r, )    ~ (, n )

primary creep state. ij 1
 B1  In1  r 
The time t1 at the end of which the stresses redistribute and stabilise is obtained with the equality between the relaxed stresses
and their asymptotic values. As a result, t1 is expressed by :
1
1  J  p1
t1   
n1  1  C h 

Prior to the asymptotic secondary creep state (t1 <t < t2) (Fig. A16.7243)
t=t1 The material is in a primary stationary creep 1

state.  C  n11
 ij (r, )   h
 ~ (, n )
 ij 1
 B1  In1  r 
t1<t<t2 As secondary creep initiates at the crack tip, a 1
new stress relaxation occurs. n  p  1 C h  n21
 ij (r  0, , t )   2 1   ~ (, n )

 ij 2
 n 2  1 B 2  In  r  t (1 p1 ) 
 2 
t=t2 As an extended secondary creep state prevails, 1
the redistributed stresses stabilise in an  C*  n21
 ij (r, )    ~ (, n )

asymptotic secondary creep state. B  I  r
ij 2
 2 n 2 
The time t2 at the end of which the stresses redistribute and stabilise is obtained with the equality between the relaxed stresses
and their asymptotic values. As a result, t2 is expressed by:
1
 n  p  1 C*
 1p1
t2   2 1  h
 n2  1
 C*
 
 Note 1 : In an absolute time reference system, the time at the end of which an extended creep state prevails is t=t1+t2. Since
in most cases, t1<< t2, the use of t2 remains acceptable.
© n°2015-171 A16 31 / 214

 Note 2 : If the primary creep is neglected

J
t2 
n2  1  C *
Figure A16.7243: stress field as a function of time at a given point (R.R. field)
HRR stress field

(Plasticity)
Transitory period towards an

asymptotic primary creep state
Asymptotic primary creep

 state
Transitory period towards an

asymptotic secondary creep state
Asymptotic secondary
creep state
time
t1 t2
A16 32 / 214 © n°2015-171

A16.7250 METHOD d FOR FATIGUE INITIATION
A16.7251 Calculation with Creager - Neuber
A16.7251.1 Calculation of  de
The stress and strain range  de and 1 obtained from an elastic analysis do not take into account the plasticity that would be
produced if the real behaviour of the material was modelled. The method proposed in the following provides an estimation of the
"real" strain range  from the results of an elastic analysis for cases where creep is negligible, evaluating the amplification of
the strain due to plasticity.
The equivalent stress range  de is determined from the following procedure:

 at each instant of the cycle, calculate de(t) following A16.7220,
 calculate the tensor representing the stress range de(t,t') for each pair of instants (t) and (t') in the cycle. The components
are equal to the difference in the components of the tensors de(t) and de (t'): de(t,t') = de(t) - de(t')
 calculate the Rankine equivalent stress (the largest principal stress of the stress tensor)  de t, t' of the tensor de(t,t') in the
plane of the crack.
 for the cycle under investigation, the equivalent stress range noted  de is equal to the greatest of the quantities  de t, t'
calculated for all pairs of instants (t) and (t') in the cycle :
   
 de  Max t, t '  de t, t'  Max t, t '  de t    de t'
A16.7251.2 Calculation of  i  1   2   3   4
For each specified i cycle, the value of the "real" strain range i is the sum of four terms noted 1 ,  2 ,  3 ,  4 :
 i  1   2   3   4
These terms are determined (Fig.A16.7251.2) from the "multiaxial" cyclic curve (A3.46) corresponding to the highest
temperature during the specified cycle (Max) at the point under investigation.
 Calculation of 1
1 represents the strain range determined from an elastic analysis and E Young’s modulus (A3.22) corresponding to the
highest temperature (Max) during the specified cycle at the point under investigation
2  1     de
1  
3 E
 Calculation of  2
 2 represents the plastic gain due to the variation of the primary stresses at the point under investigation.
 3 represents the plastic gain in the strains on the line (cd) figure A16.7251.2 ; (d) is the intersection point of the cyclic
curve and the hyperbola .  ( 1   2 ). de .
 4 represents the plastic gain in the strains due to triaxiality ; it is defined by the following equation :  4  (K   1).1 .
The value of the K  coefficient is obtained for the value of  de using the curves and tables A3.46 for the temperature
Max.
© n°2015-171 A16 33 / 214

Figure A16.7251.2: determination of 1 ,  2 ,  3
Determination of 1 Determination of  2 Determination of  3

  
de = tot 1 de = tot de = tot 3
2
a b a b c a b c
d
(Pm+0,67Pb) (Pm+0,67Pb) . = Cste
Cyclic curve Cyclic curve Cyclic curve

at Max at Max at Max
  
A16.7260 METHOD d FOR CREEP INITIATION

The elastic stresses de determined from an elastic analysis do not account for plasticity that would occur if the real material
behaviour was modelled. The following method provides an estimation of the "real" stress d taking into account plasticity.
The d stress is obtained with the following procedure:

 in the plane of the crack with Creager formulae (A16.7220), calculate the Rankine equivalent stress de , that is the
greatest principal stress at a distance d from the crack tip.
 with Neuber procedure (Fig. A16.7261) applied using the average material tensile curve at the temperature and at the point
under investigation, obtain an evaluation of the elastoplastic stress d .
Figure A16.7261: Neuber procedure
Tensile stress-
de strain curve
d
2de
Hyperbola :  Cons tan t
E
A16.7270 METHOD d FOR CREEP- FATIGUE INITIATION

When an elastic analysis is carried out to calculate the mechanical response of a structure, the calculated stresses and strains
do not take into account neither the plasticity nor the creep that would occur if the real material behaviour was modelled. The
method proposed below is thus proposed to provide an estimation of the real strain range  (A16.7271.1) and the stress kd
(A16.7271.2) during the holding time, based on the results of an elastic analysis.
A16 34 / 214 © n°2015-171

A16.7271.1 Calculation of 
An estimation of the real strain range  can be obtained by evaluating the strain range due to plasticity, the strain due to creep
and by adding the resulting strain ranges such as:
  elpl   fl
 Amplification due to plasticity - Calculation of  el  pl
An evaluation of the "elastic and plastic" strain range  el  pl is calculated according to the evaluation of  i in A16.7251.2.
In the following, * will denote the ordinate of the point on the cyclic curve (A3.46) for which the abscissa is equal to
 el  pl (Fig.A16.7271.2).
 Amplification due to creep - Calculation of  fl
An evaluation of the strain range  fl is given by the creep strain calculated with the creep power law (A3.54) for a stress
kd (A16.7271.2) and for the duration of the cycle at the maximum temperature during the cycle (Max).
A16.7271.2 Calculation of kd

For each cycle, the stress kd at the distance d must be evaluated during the holding time:
 at the beginning of each holdtime, the stress kd is given by the following formula : kd = 0.5.*
where * is determined (Fig. A16.7271.2) from the strain range el+pl calculated for the transient (A16.7271.1)
 during the holdtime, it is generally admitted that the stress remains constant.
A less pessimistic value of kd can be obtained if a limited stress relaxation is accounted for during the holdtime. The
threshold value for this relaxation can be estimated by the value of the primary stress  seuil  Pm  0.67Pb . Another value
can be used if justified by the designer.
This relaxation occurs at a rate defined by:  t   E   fl / C r
with
E Young's modulus
Cr Elastic follow-up and triaxiality coefficient. This coefficient is equal to 3 or a lower value if justified by the designer.
 fl Creep strain rate given by the creep power laws (A3.54) for:
- a stress (t)
C

- a creep strain  fl  r  0.5     t 
E

T*
 fl can then be calculated such as :  fl 
 0
 fl t dt ,
with T* : period of time over which the temperature reaches the creep limit temperature (A3.31) during the holdtime.
Figure A16.7271.2 : determination of *

Cyclic curve at
* temperature
Max

el+pl
© n°2015-171 A16 35 / 214

A16.7300 METHODS JS AND  JS

A16.7310 METHOD Js - USE OF THE COMPENDIUM OF K
A16.7311 General procedure

An "elastic" evaluation of J using formula Jel=Keq2/E* with stress intensity factors does not take into account plastic stresses and
deformations that would occur if the real behaviour of the material was modelled.
The analytical method, called in the following method Js, is thus proposed to provide an estimation of the real value of J based
on the real stresses and deformations.
 Calculation of Jel
The "elastic" evaluation of J is obtained by the formula: Jel=Keq2/E*, with
- E*: the value of E* depends on how the compendiums for K are established as a function of the hypotheses adopted:
“plane strain conditions” (E*=E/(1 - 2)) or “plane stress conditions” (E*=E). The value of E* to be taken into account is
given with the influence coefficients in A16.8000.
- E: Young’s modulus
- : Poisson’s ratio
- Keq: (A16.8123) equivalent stress intensity factor.
 Js under mechanical loading only - imposed forces
Using the elastic stresses def estimated in the defect zone and an equivalent stress formula as a measurement of the
possible plastification, a reference stress ref is determined in the defect zone. The Js method corrects Jel with a correction
coefficient that depends on the ratio between corresponding strain ref on the rational average tensile curve for the material,
for reference stress ref and the elastic strain ref/E (Fig. A16.7311a). A correction factor in the plastic zone  may be
included in this coefficient.
 E   me  Jme
J s  Jme
el   ref
    el
  me  K r2
 ref 
The rational average tensile curves are given for some materials in A3.45.
In the case of ferritic steels showing a tensile curve with an initial Lüders plateau at the beginning of yielding, for the J
calculation under mechanical loading, the tensile curve is modified in this domain (Fig. A16.7311b) before the determination
of the reference stress.
In the case of a defect located in a weld joint, the J calculation will be performed according to section A16.7314.
The reference stress can be determined:

- by using the Modified Limit Load option. Limit analysis makes it possible to obtain the expression of the maximum area
which is corrected to make allowance for the triaxiality of the stresses and work hardening of the material before
deducing the expression for the reference stress ref = Lr.y (A16.7312). In this case, a plastic zone correction factor
 = 0,5.[ref2 / (ref2+y2)] is used where y is the minimum value of the conventional yield point at 0.2%.
- or by using the Elastic-Plastic Stress option. The expression of the equivalent "elastic" and "plastic" stresses
(A16.7313), which depend on the elastic bending and membrane stresses, can be used to calculate the reference strain
from which reference stress ref = Lr.y is deduced. In this case, no plastic zone correction factor is used ( =0).
In the case of a defect located in a weld joint, the reference stress calculation will be performed according to section
A16.7314.
 Js under mechanical loading only - imposed displacement
We refer back to the previous case (imposed forces) by determining force F associated with imposed displacement U. To do
this, an equation of the following type has to be solved:
 E   nor E   ref 
U  Cno   C def   F
  nor ref 
Cno and Cdef represent yield of the structure with and without a defect (A16.7500). nor and ref are the reference stresses
with and without a defect calculated for all applied loads, including F; nor and ref are the corresponding strain on the tensile
curve. The elastic value of the force is an upperbound value.
 Js under thermal gradient only
Radial variations in temperature through the thickness of the area caused by thermal shocks causes (A16.7315) imposed
strain. Jel has to be corrected, making allowance for the effects of plastification on strain and on the stresses calculated
elastically in the cross-section of the defect.
th
Js  Jel  k th 2
Coefficient kth can be determined using one of the following two formulas:
- Option 1: correction factor kth1 is obtained by smoothing the finite element calculations.
- Option 2: correction factor kth2 accounts for the fact that load this an imposed strain. The corresponding elastic stress
elth is higher than the actual stress th if the material plastifies; Jel therefore has to be corrected. Furthermore, the
plasticity in the cracked section determined using reference stress refth usually leads to an increase in Jel; this reference
A16 36 / 214 © n°2015-171

stress is calculated on the basis of the elastic stress and a spring effect factor rth which depends on the defect
(Fig. A16.7311c).
2
 th   E   th 
k th2     th    thref 
2
    
 el   ref 
In the case of a defect located in a weld joint, the true tensile curve of the material (base metal or weld metal) leading to the
higher value of the kth coefficient must be considered. Without available data for the weld joint, the tensile curve of the weld
metal is deduced from the base metal curve following an affine transformation and considering the ratio of the yielding
stresses for 0.2% of plastic strain. For austenitic stainless steels, a ratio of 2 can be used.
 Js under combined mechanical loading and thermal gradient

The formula deals separately with the effect of radial temperature variations through the thickness of the wall caused by
thermal shocks and expressed as “th” before combining it, once it has been multiplied by coefficient kth* with the other loads
expressed as “me”
2
 th 
Js   Jme *
s  k th  Jel 
 
The coefficient k*th can be determined according one of the two following options :
- Option 1 : the correction is noted k*th1 which is a derivative of kth1.
- Option 2 : the correction is noted k*th2 which is a derivative of kth2.
For each type of structure (bar, plate, tube, elbow, thickness change etc.) and defect (circumferential, longitudinal, throughwall,
part-throughwall, rectangular, semi-elliptical, axisymmetrical), compendium A16.8000 gives (Table A16.8110):
 the geometry and the load,
 the influence coefficients used to calculate K and the value of E* for deducing Jel,
 the expression for the stresses and coefficients used for determining reference stress refme either with the Elastic-
Plastic Stress option (A16.7313), or with the Modified Limit Load option (A16.7312),
 the expression for elth and rth.
 the expression either for kth1 and kth1*, or kth2 and kth2*.
© n°2015-171 A16 37 / 214

Figure A16.7311a: Determining ref and ref

mechanical loading only (imposed forces)
Rational
m e
ref average
tensile
curve
m e
ref

Figure A16.7311b: modification of the tensile curve of ferritic steels showing a Lüders plateau
B C
B
A = 0.85 B
A
Modification of the
tensile stress strain
curve
E 
Figure A16.7311c: Determining ref and ref

thermal gradient only
th
el -E/rth
th Rational
ref average
tensile
curve
 th
th
ref

A16 38 / 214 © n°2015-171

A16.7312 Calculation of ref and Lr: MLL option (Modified Limit Load option
The value of Lf is obtained starting from the general formulation of the boundary surface by the modification to represent better
the effects on J of the interaction between the components of the load and of the position of the defect. The reference stress
value ref is deduced from it as follows: ref = Lry
The expressions of Lr and therefore of ref are given, for each structure and each type of defect, in the corresponding chapters
of A16.8000 for the MLL option.
A16.7313 Calculation of ref and Lr : EPS option (Elastic-Plastic Stress)

Since plasticity can cause redistribution of the elastic stresses, two equivalent elastic and plastic stresses, expressed as eqel
and eqpl respectively are determined.
The reference stress value ref is deduced from these equivalent “elastic” and “plastic” stresses. It corresponds, on the tensile
curve, to strain ref (Figure A16.7313a) expressed by the relation:
ref   el ( eqel )  pl eqpl  
where
el = eqel/E: elastic strain associated with stress eqel.
pl : plastic strain associated with stress eqpl.
Figure A16.7313a: determining reference stress
eqel el pl
ref
eqpl
E ref
The equivalent “elastic” stress is calculated by the following formula:
eqel 2   s1' m   
2 2 
  22m  s1' m  2m  412 2 2
  1b  2b  1b   2b
 

1

 s1' m  1b   2m  2b  0,5  s1' m  2b  2m  1b 
3
The equivalent “plastic” stress is calculated by the following formula:

2
eqpl 2  s12m  22m  s1m  2m  412
2
   2   12b  22b  1b  2b 
3
2
  s1m  1b  2m  2b  0,5  s1m   2b   2m  1b 
3 3
Both these equivalent stresses depend on the stresses in the section of the defect: the membrane and bending stresses
through the thickness of the wall and the shearing stresses. They are expressed as follows (Fig. A16.7313b):
s1m, s’1m axial membrane stress through thickness,
1b axial bending stress through thickness,
2m circumferential membrane stress through thickness,
2b circumferential bending stress through thickness,
12 shear stress.
The stress values are given (Table A16.8110), for each structure and each type of defect, in the corresponding chapters of
A16.8200 to 8700 for the Elastic-Plastic Stress option.
© n°2015-171 A16 39 / 214

Figure A16.7313b : stresses through thickness of wall
s1m or s’1m
12 1b
12
2m
2b
A16.7314 Case of a defect located in a weld joint, under mechanical loading only
In a butt weld joint, development of plasticity at the crack tip and compatibility of strains in the interface between base metal and
weld metal drive to a modification of crack tip loading, intermediate between both homogeneous cases corresponding to the
base metal and to the weld metal. This paragraph proposes a methodology to take into account the «mismatch» effet in J
calculation for a defect located in a weld joint, under mechanical loading only.
The proposed approach leans on the definition of an equivalent material which allows simplifying bi-material component to a
homogeneous component by applying the procedure of analytical calculation of J presented in this appendix.
This method is available only for the welded joints ' overmatch ' that is to say with a bigger yield stress in the weld metal than in
the base metal.
This method is alternative one, not compulsory, in the usually used solution, called crossed method which consists in holding for
the analysis the material characteristics driving to the most penalizing result.
A16.7314.1 Applicability
The domain of validity of the methodology is:
 straight tube,
 on the domain of validity of the Js method , limited to the point at bottom,
 circonferential weld joint in V, bi-material and « overmatched » (that is to say with a bigger yield stress in the weld metal than
in the base metal),
 same elastic properties in the base metak and weld metal,
 mechanical load of type : internal pressure, axial load and/or bending and torsion moment,
 part-throughwall axisymetrical or part-throughwall semi-elliptical defects, with a relative depth a/t < 0.25,
 internal circumferential defect in the middle of the joint (see figure A16.7314a – position 1),
 internal circumferential defect in bead leg (see figure A16.7314a – position 2),
 external circumferential defect in bead leg (see figure A16.7314a – position 3), with the crack tip located in the base metal
side,
 internal defect located in the interface base metal – weld metal (see figure A16.7314a – position 4).
Figure A16.7314a: Definition of the weld joint and location of the defect
Position 3
h(a)
t w
2h i
Position 4 Position 2
ri
rm Position 1
The weld joint is characterized by its minimal height 2.hi, the angle of the joint w (between 50 ° and 90 °) such as defined in
figure A16.7314a.
The user will justify the geometry of the joint which he considers in the analysis, which could integrate a part work hardening
area. In a pessimistic way, the ideal geometry of the plan can be used.
A16 40 / 214 © n°2015-171

A16.7314.2 Definition of equivalent material

The definition of equivalent material is based on a law governing mixtures
which covers the stress-strain curves for the base metal and the filler metal (figure A16.7314b). For a given plastic strain, the
corresponding stress for the tensile curve of the equivalent metal is:
 
 e p 
 M  1  w  p   M   M  b  p 
M 1
Where :
 b is the stress corresponding to platic strain p on the tensile curve of base metal
 w is the stress corresponding to platic strain p on the tensile curve of weld metal
 M is the ‘local’ mismatch associated to plastic strain p, corresponding to ratio w / b
 (M) is the weight function, depending on the geometrical data of the problem (defect and component) and on the
considered mechanical load
Figure A16.7314b: Tensile curve of the equivalent material
700
w(4%)
600
w(0.2%) e(4%)
500 e(0.2%)
Contrainte (MPa)
400
b(4%)
Stresses
300
b(0.2%) Métal
Base de base
metal
200 Métal
Weld déposé
metal
Equivalent
Matériau material
équivalent
100
0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12
Déformstrain
Plastic ation plastique (m m /m m )
For low levels of plastic strain, this curve must be corrected to consider a progressive migration from base metal tensile curve to
the equivalent material. This correction is realized from the following relation, applied to  parameter during the construction of
equivalent material tensile curve:
0.25
 p 
 corr ( p )  1  M(0.006)  1   
 0.006 
 
This relation is applied for a plastic strain lower than 0.006 mm/mm. The considered mismatch in this relation is the one
calculated for this stain limit of 0.006 mm/mm.
A16.7314.3 (M) parameter

For external circumferential defect in bead leg (see figure A16.7314a – position 3), the (M) parameter is equal to 1 whatever
the type of defect and the load. No correction is applied, evaluation is performed with base metal properties.
For all the internal defects (positions 1, 2 and 4), for any load other than axial load or bending moment (for example internal
pressure or torsion moment), the (M) parameter is equal to 1. Evaluation is led with the base metal properties.
For all the internal defects (positions 1, 2 and 4), in the case of axial load (excepted pressure end effect) and/or flexion moment,
(M) parameter is given by:
  2 
F  50   w   50   w 
(M)  MAX1; reference (M)  L a / t, hi / t,  w   1.035  0.3     0.08    
 FL,ref   40   40  
  
 with:
© n°2015-171 A16 41 / 214

 1
 if 0    1

  hi a 
  24(min(M;2.5)  1)  1    Tan90   w   (min(M;2.5)  24 )  1  a / t 
FL
FLref  t t 
 if 1  
 1 1 a 
 24(min( M;2 . 5 )  1)   1      (min( M;2 . 5 )  24 )  1  a / t 
  6 3 t 
 1  e  M 1 / 5
ta
and 
h/2

reference(M) depends on the geometry of the defect and the component, as well as on the load.
 For axisymetrical defect in the case of axial load :

 t a
M  1   a1  a2  a3  Min(M ; 2.5)  1
 rm t

  b1  b2
r
t a
 
 b3  Min(M ; 2.5) 2  1  c1 Min(M ; 2.5)  1
t
 m
Tableau A16.7314a: (M) equation parameters for CDAI defect, configurations 1 and 2 under tensile loading
a1 0.6438 b1 -0.1327 c1 0.
a2 0.5678 b2 -0.0071
a3 1.0912 b3 -0.1840
Tableau A16.7314b: (M) equation parameters for CDAI defect, configuration 4 under tensile loading
a1 -0.18812 b1 0.02965 c1 0.23503
a2 0.99589 b2 -0.12791
a3 1.01345 b3 -0.23883
 For semi-elliptical defect (configurations 1 and 2) in the case of axial load or bending moment :
 t a a
M  1   a1  a 2  a 3  a 4  Min(M ; 2.5)  1
 rm t c

  b1  b 2
t
rm
a a

 b 3  b 4  Min(M ; 2.5) 2  1
t c


Tableau A16.7314c: (M) equation parameters for CDSI defect, configurations 1 and 2 under tensile loading
a1 0.4249 b1 -0.0759
a2 1.0183 b2 -0.0881
a3 0.3190 b3 -0.0699
a4 -0.1661 b4 0.0397
Tableau A16.7314d: (M) equation parameters for CDSI defect, configurations 1 and 2 under bending moment
a1 0.4104 b1 -0.0743
a2 0.9467 b2 -0.0836
a3 0.6452 b3 -0.1377
a4 -0.1764 b4 0.0417
A16.7314.4 Analysis approach
A16.7314.41 General approach for a mechanical load with 1 component

In the case of mechanical load with 1 component, the general approach is the following:
 For each plastic strain value p considered, to determine the corresponding stresses on the base metal tensile curve b and
on the weld metal tensile curve w
A16 42 / 214 © n°2015-171

 To deduct the corresponding mismatch ratio M(p) = w / b and (M) parameter values.
 For a plastic strain between 0 and 0.6%, to apply the correction defined in the paragraph A16.7314.2 on to realize
migration from base metal to equivalent material:
0.25
 p 
 corr (  p )  1   M(0.006 )  1   
 0.006 
 
 To calculate equivalent material stress e(p)
 Once the equivalent material tensile curve built, to apply Js method considering a homogeneous component with equivalent
material, subjected to the same load and having the same defect than the mismatched component.
A16.7314.42 Treatment of combined mechanical loads

In the case of mechanical load with n components, in a first step, for each loading component Fi, the corresponding i(My)
parameter is calculated considering mismatch at yield stress My = yw / yb (generaly mismatch for plastic strain of 0.2%). In the
calculation, correction for low strain levels (lower than 0.6%) proposed in A16.7314.14 is not considered.
The retained (M) parameter equation for the building of the equivalent material tensile curve is the one that led to the highest
i(My).
Moreover, each loading component has to be corrected:
 (M y ) 
Fi'  
  i (M y )  i y  
  F for i = 1 to n, where  M  max  M
i y   
  i  1..n
Analyse is made with corrected loading components Fi’ and equivalent material tensile curve considering the correction that led
to the highest i(My) to determine the reference stress that is used in analytical calculation of J. Elastic stress intensity factor KI
calculation is made with initial loading components Fi.
A16.7315 Material properties to use in the case of a thermal transient

Section A16.8130 proposes an analytical method for the stresses due to a thermal transient, applicable if this thermal shock
corresponds to a linear variation of the fluid temperature (A16.8132.1) or to a multi-linear variation of the fluid temperature
(A16.8132.2), between the initial temperature i and a final temperature f and followed by a constant temperature step at f
For the calculation of the temperature variation through the thickness, the minimum values of the thermal diffusivity D and of the
conductivity  in the range of temperature [1 2] are used in order to maximise the value of the Biot number and minimise the
value of the Fourier number.
Thermal-elastic properties used in the calculation of Jme, Jelth and k*th are provided in A3.2. These values depend on the
temperature  and are:
 for the mechanical loading and the thermal transient : Young modulus E(), conventional yield stress Rp0.2() or y(), and
the true tensile curve for the temperature .
 specifically for the thermal transient, the average thermal expansion coefficient (réf=i ; ) between the initial temperature
i of the transient (equals to the reference temperature) and the current temperature . This value can be obtained from the
average thermal expansion coefficients m related to a room reference temperature (20°C) :

i  20  m i    f  20  m  f 
i   f
In the case of a cold thermal shock, the properties to use are:
 properties for the fluid initial temperature i (the ‘hot’ temperature) for the calculation of Jelme and of ref,
 properties for the fluid final temperature f (the cold temperature) for the calculation of Jelth and k*th via kth.
A16.7320 Js METHOD - CREATING A SPECIAL COMPENDIUM
A16.7321 Objectives
Compendium A16.8000 gives the expressions of KI and ref that are used to calculate the value of J analytically for the most
common structures and loads. For more complex configurations, this A16.7320 describes an approach for calculating J using
the results of a limited number of finite element calculations.
A16.7322 Principle
The aim is to create, on a small block circumscribed by the geometry of the defect and the loads, a special compendium
enabling the Js = Jel.[E.ref/ref]. to be applied (A16.7311).
To do this, the results of the finite element calculation giving the values at the edges of the block are used. An intermediate
result can be calculated simply by interpolation within the block.
To optimise the interpolations, the method uses parameters that vary in a uniform manner with the load (cha) and the size of the
defect (a), and which are therefore easy to interpolate. Thus, to calculate J, these parameters are:
 
 the shape factors (f) of the stress intensity factor expression: KI  
 
fi  chai     a ,

 i 
 the reference stress ref.
© n°2015-171 A16 43 / 214

A16.7323 Description of load

The load components (chai) can vary independently of each other. They are therefore given in the form of a table for each load
increment cha(t) of the finite element calculation. Given that J is no longer valid when the load is relieved, none of the
components should decrease.
Increment cha1 ... chai ...
1 cha1(1) ... chai(1) ...
... ... ... ... ...
t cha1(t) ... chai(t) ...
A16.7324 Creating the compendium for KI
A16.7324.1 Defects described by one variable (axisymmetrical defects, throughwall

defects etc.)
For each load component chai, two elastic calculations corresponding to defect sizes aj and aj+1 including the configurations to
be estimated are enough for determining the two corresponding shape factor values: fi,j and fi,j+1 (Fig. A16.7324.1).
Within the interval [aj , aj+1], interpolation of f can be carried out by the right-hand segments. KI is then calculated simply by the
formula:
      
1
K I t    a  a j  fi, j1  a j1  a  fi, j  cha i t     a
a j1  a j
i
Interpolation can also be carried out by a polynomial over the entire interval.
Figure A16.7324.1: defects described by one variable - determining the shape factor values
fi
fi,j+1
fi, j 

K I a j , cha i  a
fi,j cha i    a j
a
aj aj+1
A16.7324.2 Defects described by two variables (semi-elliptical defects etc.)

For each load component chai, four elastic calculations corresponding to defect sizes [aj,ck], [aj+1,ck], [aj+1, ck+1], [aj,ck+1]
including the configurations to be estimated are enough to determine the four corresponding shape factor values: fi,j,k , fi,j+1,k ,
fi,j+1,k+1 and fi,j,k+1 (Fig. A16.7324.2).
Now, four calculations for each load component are required for building a block:
Figure A16.7324.2: defects described by two variables - determining the shape factor values
f i,j,k
fi, j,k 

K I c k , a j , cha i  c
cha i    a j a
aj a
a j+ 1
ck
c k+1
Within the block {[aj,ck], [aj+1,ck], [aj+1, ck+1], [aj,ck+1]}, interpolation on f can be carried out in a linear manner. KI is then calculated
simply using the formula:
  
c k 1  c   a j1  a  fi, j,k  c k 1  c   a  a j  fi, j1,k   

1
K I t       cha i t     a 
   
c k 1  c k   a j1  a j i c  c k   a j1  a  fi,j,k 1  c  c k   a  a j  fi,j1,k 1  
Other interpolation methods, such as spline areas or polynomials, can be used to describe the area circumscribing the shape
factor.
A16 44 / 214 © n°2015-171

A16.7325 Creation of the compendium for reference stress ref

The reference stress estimates the plasticity of the cracked section during loading. This means that it cannot be estimated
separately for each load component; it continues to depend on the load history.
The reference stress is determined at each increment in the elastic-plastic calculation. The compendium can then be built with
load increment (t) or one of the load components (cha(t)) as the x-axis.
A16.7325.1 Defects described by one variable (axisymmetrical defect, throughwall defect

etc.)
For the different load increments (ti), two elastic-plastic calculations of J corresponding to defect sizes aj and aj+1 including the
configurations to be estimated are enough to determine the two associated series of reference stress values: ref(ti,aj) and
ref(ti,aj+1) (Fig. A16.7325.1). The reference stress is obtained using the formula (A16.7311):
E   ref t i , a j


J ti,a j   
 ref t i , a j  
J el t i , a j  
where:
 J(ti, aj): result of elastic-plastic calculation.
 Jel: elastic J determined from the compendium of KI or by elastic calculation.
 ref(ti, aj): strain associated with ref(ti, aj) on the rational tensile curve.
Figure A16.7325.1: defects described by one variable – determining the reference stress
 refi,j
a 
 ref
t or
aj cha(t
a j+1 
t1 ti
 ref
a
The value of ref for a defect of depth a between aj and aj+1 and a load level t between increments ti and ti+1 is calculated using
the following formula:
1  i1 
j1 
t  t   a  a   i, j  t  t   a  a   i, j1  
i1   
 ref t, a  
ref j ref
 
t i1  t i   a j1  a j t  t i   a j1  a   ref i1,j  t  t i   a  a j  ref i1,j1 
     
Other more complex interpolations can also be used.
A16.7325.2 Defects described by two variables (semi-elliptical defects etc.)

The values of ref are calculated (four elastic-plastic calculations) throughout total loading for the eight peaks in the block
representing the size of the defect (Fig. A16.7325.2).
Figure A16.7325.2: defect described by two variables
c
a

refijk is defined as:

E   ref t i , a j , c k   Jt i , a j , c k 

 ref t i , a j , c k  J el t i , a j , c k 
where:
 J(ti, aj, ck) result of the elastic-plastic calculation
 Jel elastic J determined from the compendium of KI or elastic calculation
 ref(ti, aj, ck) strain associated with ref(ti, aj, ck) on the rational tensile curve.
When interpolation is linear, the value of ref for a defect of depth a between aj and aj+1, width c between ck and ck+1 and load
level t between increments ti and ti+1 is calculated using the following formula:
© n°2015-171 A16 45 / 214

 i1

t  t   a  a  c
j1 k 1  c    ref
i, j,k
 
 t i1  t   a  a j  c k 1  c    ref i, j1,k  

1  
t  t   a  a  c
j1  k 1  c    ref
i1, j,k
 
 t  t i   a  a j  c k 1  c    ref i1, j1,k  
 ref t, a, c  
i
t i1  t i   a j1 
 a j  c k 1

 
 c k  t  t   a  a  c  c    i, j,k 1
i1 j1 k ref  
 t i1  t   a  a j  c  c k    ref i, j1,k 1  

 
 
t  t i   a j1  a  c  c k    ref i1, j,k 1
  
 t  t i   a  a j  c  c k    ref i1, j1,k 1 
More complex interpolations can also be used in this case.
A16.7330 Js METHOD

When stress intensity factor variations KI, KII, KIII and elastic analysis are used to calculate structure response, the estimate of
Jel obtained makes no allowance for the plastic strain that would have occurred if the actual reaction of the material had been
modelled. The method proposed below, known as the Js method, therefore sets out to correct the value of Jel to obtain an
estimate of J that makes allowance for actual stresses and strain.
The procedure used to calculate Js is modelled on the Js method (A16.7310-7320) using:
 stress intensity factor variations KI, KII, KIII over the cycle obtained with stress intensity factor variations KI(t), KII(t), KIII(t) at
each instant in the cycle:
KI = Maxt,t'[KI(t) - KI(t')], KII = Maxt,t'[KII(t) - KII(t')], KIII = Maxt,t'[KIII(t) - KIII(t')]
 the average multiaxial cyclic curve.
A16 46 / 214 © n°2015-171

A16.7400 METHOD JSIN: LOADING PRODUCING DEFECT INSTABILITY

The method Jsin proposes two algorithms that can be used to determine the loading conditions Cinst that produce a defect
instability taking into account the material properties, the geometry of the structure, the actual size of the defect and the applied
loading :
 the algorithm 1 uses the material JR-da curve,
 the algorithm 2 uses the parameter Gfr
A16.7410 ALGORITHM 1 USING THE JR - da CURVE

Usually an algorithm is used to determine the tangent (Fig. A16.7410) between the Jstructure and the material JR-da (J-R)
curve given in A3.812. The algorithm 1 consists in calculating progressively the curve that relates the applied loading to the J
value. The algorithm 1 accounts for the fact that the stresses issued from the applied loading follow the tensile curve and that
the resulting J value follows the JR-da curve as the defect propagates in the structure.
The following parameters are required:

 the geometry of the structure,
 the geometry of the defect depending on one or two parameters,
 a table of the applied loading (each component of the applied loading can increase proportionally or not),
 the true tensile curve,
 the JR-da curve.
Figure A16.7410: procedure to determine loading producing defect instability using JR-da curve
JR J(Cinst , af + dainst)
(JR - da) curve
for the material
J = JR
J JR

a a
dainst da
O’
O
af af + dainst af + da
© n°2015-171 A16 47 / 214

A16.7411 Method Jsin-1D using JR-da curve

When the size of the defect depends only on one parameter (the depth a of the defect for example) the Jsin-1D methodology
(Fig.A16.7411) can be summarised as in the following:
 For an increment da of the initial defect size corresponding to a value JR(da) :

- whilst Js < JR, the loading increases in the table of the applied loading F
- calculation of the reference stress ref corresponding to the loading
- determination of ref using the tensile curve
- calculation of Jel using for example the stress intensity factor KI
 E   ref 
- the resulting value of J is determined by the formula J s  J el    (A16.7300)

  ref 
- if Js=JR, the corresponding value of the applied loading is recorded.
 The propagation of the defect becomes unstable as the load F versus J curve reaches a maximum.
Figure A16.7411: method Jsin-1D - algorithm 1 using JR-da curve
Initial defect (a0)
JR
Selection of da
Jmat
Selection of F
da
da
Evaluation of the reference stress ref(F)
Evaluation of KI(F)
Evaluation of F :
J s a o  da , F   J mat da 
Evaluation of ref(F)

 re f   e q
F – J curve

ref F
F(Jmat)
K 2  E . ref 
J s a 0  da , F   I . 
E *   ref 
J
J s  J mat J s  J mat
Jmat
Loading inferior to the

Delection of a new maximum loading
value of da Loading equal to the
maximum loading
Instability
A16 48 / 214 © n°2015-171

A16.7412 Method Jsin-2D using JR-da curve

When the size of the defect depends on two parameters (the depth a and the length 2c for example) the Jsin-1D methodology
can be extended. This method Jsin-2D is described in the figure A16.7412.
Figure A16.7412: method Jsin-2D - algorithm 1 using JR-da curve
Initial defect (a0, c0)
Evaluation of Kc on the surface and Ka in depth for the defect (ai, ci)
Kc > Ka K
Kaa >> K
Kcc
Selection of dci+1 Selection of dai+1
JR JR
Jmat-c Jmat-a
da da
dci+1 dai+1
Initialisation : dai+1 = dai Initialisation : dci+1 = dci

Selection of F
Selection Selection of
Evaluation of the reference
of a new dai+1 a new dci+1
stress ref(F)
Evaluation of F Evaluation of F
Defined by : Determination of K(F) defined by :
Js-surf(a0+dai+1,c0+dci+1,F) = Jmat-c Js-fond(a0+dai+1,c0+dci+1,F) = Jmat-a
Determination of ref(F)

Js-fond(a0+dai+1,c0+dci+1,F) Js-surf(a0+dai+1,c0+dci+1,F)

Determination of dai+1 ref Determination of dci+1
JR JR
Js-fond 
J s a 0  da i  1, c 0  dc i  1, j , F  Js-surf
K I2  E. ref 
 . 
da E *   ref 

da
damat dcmat
no Js = Jmat ? no
Comparison of : Comparaison of :
dai+1 and damat yes dci+1 et dcmat
dai+1  damat dci+1  dcmat

dai+1 = damat dci+1 = dcmat
F - Jfond and F - Jsurf curves

F F
F(dai+1,dci+1) F(dai+1,dci+1)
Jsurf Jfond
J(dai+1,dci+1) J(dai+1,dci+1)
Increase i Loading inferior to the

maximum loading
Loading equal to the
maximum loading
Instability
© n°2015-171 A16 49 / 214

A16.7420 ALGORITHM 2 USING Gfr

As the defect propagates in the structure, the dissipative energy Jpl corresponding to a crack growth a remains constant and
proportional to Gfr tabulated in A3.813. The algorithm 2 determines the loading conditions Cinst that produce a defect instability
insuring that the stresses follow the tensile curve and that the resulting value Jpl remains proportional to à Gfr.
A16.7421 Method Jsin-1D using Gfr

When the size of the defect depends only on one parameter (the depth a of the defect for example) the Jsin1D methodology
using the dissipative energy rate Gfr (Fig.A16.7421) can be summarised as in the following:
 For an increment a of the initial defect size :
- whilst Jpl < a Gfr, the loading increases in the table of the applied loading F
* calculation of the reference stress ref corresponding to the loading
* determination of ref using the tensile curve
* calculation of Jel using for example the stress intensity factor KI
E   ref pl
* the resulting value of Jpl has the following expression (method Js) : Jpl  Jel  (A16.7300)
ref
- if Jpl = a Gfr, the corresponding value of ref is recorded.
- The loading as ref (a+a) = ref (a) is recorded
 The propagation of the defect becomes unstable as the curve of the load F versus a reaches a maximum.
Figure A16.7421: method Jsin-1D - algorithm 2 using Gfr
Initial defect a0 Phase 1 : initiation

Material properties : Ji , Gfr
Selection of F
Determination of Js
Determination of Js(F)
F;a
Js(F) < Ji
Determination of KI Js(F) = Ji
Fi = F
Determination of ref, versus a and F
F-a curve
Determination of ref corresponding to ref Initial conditions :
F0,old=Fi a=a0

Tensile rational
ref stress strain curve
Phase 2 : propagation
Selection of Fj
ref

  
Jpl  Js,pl Fj; a j  Js,pl Fj,old; a j 
Determination of Js :
KI2  E.ref  Jpl  G fr  a
JsF, a   . 
E *  ref 

Jpl  G fr  a
F Instability
a j 1  a j  a
Fj
Determination of Fj+1,old:
a   
ref Fj1,old; a j 1  ref Fj; a j 
aj
A16 50 / 214 © n°2015-171

A16.7422 Method Jsin-2D using Gfr

When the size of the defects depends from two parameters (the depth a and the length 2c for example) the Jsin-1D
methodology can be extended. The method Jsin-2D using Gfr is described in the figure A16.7422.
Figure A16.7422: method Jsin-2D: algorithm 2 using Gfr
Initial defect a0 ;c0

Material properties : Ji , Gfr
Determination of the tear initiation load Fini
Phase 1 : tear initiation
Determination of the F-a curve

Initial conditions :
F0,old=Fini
a=a0 - c=c0
Phase 2a : 1D propagation
Phase 2b : 2D propagation
F
Instability
Fj
Fj,old
a
aj
Phase 1 : tear initiation

Selection of the load F
Determination of Js,a(F) in depth

Determination of Js,c(F) on the surface
Js,a(F) and Js,c(F) < Ji
Js,a(F) or Js,c(F) = Ji
If Js,a(F) = Ji : tear initiation in depth : Fini = F

If Js,c(F) = Ji : tear initiation on the surface : Fini= F
© n°2015-171 A16 51 / 214

Figure A16.7422 (End): method Jsin-2D: algorithm 2 using Gfr
Phase 2a : 1D propagation
If tear initiation in depth If tear initiation on the surface
Load Fj  Fj,old  F Load Fj  Fj,old  F
  on the surface
Js,c Fj   in depth
Js,a Fj
If  
Js,c Fj  Ji then otherwise If  
Js,a Fj  Ji then otherwise
Determination of F’: Jpl,a  Js,pl,a (Fj ; a j ; c j )  Determination of F’: Jpl,c  Js,pl,c (Fj ; a j; c j )

Js,c Fj,old  F'  Ji   Js,pl,a (Fj,old; a j; c j )  
Js,a Fj,old  F'  Ji  Js,pl,c (Fj,old; a j ; c j ) 
a  Jpl,a / Gfr c  Jpl,c / G fr
a j 1  a j  a c j 1  c j  c
Determination of : Determination of :
  
Jpl,a  Js,pl,a Fj,old  F' ; a j ; c j  Js,pl,a Fj,old; a j ; c j    
Jpl,c  Js,pl,c Fj,old  F' ; a j ; c j  Js,pl,c Fj,old; a j ; c j 
 
a  Jpl,a / G fr c  Jpl,c / G fr
a j 1  a j  a c j 1  c j  c
Determination of Fj+1,old: Determination of Fj+1,old:

  
ref Fj 1,old; a j 1; c j 1  ref Fj,old  F' ; a j ; c j    
ref Fj 1,old; a j 1; c j 1  ref Fj,old  F' ; a j ; c j 
If tear initiation in depth
Load Fj  Fj,old  F
Determination of crack growth :

In depth :
  
Jpl,a  Js,pl,a Fj ; a j ; c j  Js,pl,a Fj,old ; a j ; c j 
a  Jpl,a / Gfr
a j 1  a j  a
In surface :
  
Jpl,c  Js,pl,c Fj ; a j ; c j  Js,pl,c Fj,old ; a j ; c j 
c  Jpl,c / Gfr
c j 1  c j  ca
Determination of Fj+1,old:
  
ref Fj 1,old; a j 1; c j 1  ref Fj; a j ; c j 
A16 52 / 214 © n°2015-171

A16.7500 COMPLIANCE - DISPLACEMENT

A16.7510 COMPLIANCE
A16.7511 Calculation principle

The elastic energy dWel released when there is a crack area variation dA is expressed as follows: dWel = Jel.dA where:
 Jel: elastic assessment of J, Jel = KI2/E*
 E: Young’s modulus
 E*: E*=E/(1 - 2) or E*=E depending on how the expressions of K are established using values of Jel supplied by finite
element calculations of either the plane strain conditions (P) or plane stress conditions (P).
 : Poisson coefficient
 K I  f  . .a
 f: shape factor
 : nominal stress
 F: applied load
Since the area variation dA is proportional to the crack growth da at one point (dA=da) and since the nominal stress is always
proportional to the applied load ( = k.F), then:
k 2  F2  f 2    a
dWel     da
E*
Furthermore, at a constant load, the energy released as the crack grows dWel can also be expressed as:
1
dWel   F  duc el
2
where (uc)el is that part of the displacement due to the crack, "coupled" with load F.
The total displacement u due to applied load F is divided into two parts: unc which would occur in a structure with no cracks and
uc which is due to the crack.
For example, for a CT specimen, u designates the crack opening measured along the axis of applied force N:
duc el 2...k 2 .f 2 .a.da

F E*
In this equation, only the shape function f varies with the size of the defect. By integration, (uc)el and the compliance Cdef due to
the crack can be deduced:
u  2...k 2 a 2
Cdef  c el 
F E*  
0
x  f  dx
A16.7512 Example of application

For a tube with a circumferential, rectangular throughwall defect (TUB-CTR, A16.8421) subjected to an overall bending moment
M, elastic compliance can be expressed thus:
c el 4 c
M
 4   x  Fb2 .dx
  E * .rm  h 0
with
 ucc rotation of the section due to the crack

   k M
 k = 1/(.rm2.h)
 rm: average radius
 h: thickness of tube wall
 fFb form factor f of compendium of stress KI intensity factor under bending stresses
 dA = 2h.dc where 2c is the length of the defect
  = 2h
A16.7520 ELASTIC-PLASTIC DISPLACEMENT

As for calculation of J using the Js method (A16.7310), the elastic-plastic displacement (uc)elpl associated with the crack is
calculated on the basis of the reference stress:
u c elpl  u c el  E   ref
 ref
The elastic-plastic displacement calculated is only that associated with the crack. To determine the total displacement, the
displacement of the structure with no cracks has to be added. This is calculated in the same way:
unc elpl  unc el  E   nor
 nor
where the reference stress with no defects nor is obtained in the same way as ref ,assuming a defect of size zero. nor is the
strain associated with nor on the material’s tensile curve.
The total displacement is therefore: uelpl = (unc)elpl + (uc)elpl
© n°2015-171 A16 53 / 214

A16.7600 OPENING
A16.7610 ELASTIC OPENING
A16.7611 Calculation principle

The yield (A16.7500) gives an overall displacement value associated with the crack. We now focus on opening, i.e. the local
displacement of the edges of a throughwall crack whose right section is assumed to be elliptical.
With the same notation as used in A16.7511, the elastic energy dWel released when there is a crack area variation dA is
expressed as follows:
2  f 2    c
dWel  Jel  dA   2h  dc
E*
This gives the elastic energy released during crack growth from 0 to its current size given by length c of the half-axis of the
ellipse:
2    h  2 c
Wel 
E*

0 
x  f 2  dx
Furthermore, by representing the normal stress range in the plane of the crack (the crack is assumed to be thin with an elliptical
right section) as a pressure  (Fig. A16.7611) applied to the edges (superimposition theorem), the elastic energy Wel released
when the edges open during crack growth to its current size can be calculated as follows:
1
Wel      y  dS
2 S 
 S: area of the two edges of the throughwall crack
 dS  h.dx  h.a. sin   d
 h: thickness of wall
 y: opening of crack edge at current size y =(/2).sin()
 : opening between two edges when x=0, small axis of ellipse
 2c: length of current crack, large axis of ellipse
 : angle used to determine a point on the edges
Figure A16.7611: Pressure  applied to edges of throughwall crack
(elliptical section)
y

 x

2.c
 If stress  varies along the crack edges as a function of x:

c
el 8    k  
 
 0
f 2  x  dx
with  = k.F
F E * c 2.
 0
  sin2    d
 If stress  remains constant along the crack edges, the equation becomes:
el 8k c 2.
F
 
E * c 0 f 2  x  dx because
0
sin2    d  

A16.7612 Example of application
For a tube subjected to bending stresses with a throughwall defect (TUB-CTR, A16.8421),
 if the stress  can be assumed constant along the entire length of the crack edges, the equation becomes:
el 8 c
 2
 Fb2  x  dx
M E *   rm  h  c 0 
formula is obtained using the formula in A16.7911 where
A16 54 / 214 © n°2015-171

- FM: bending moment

-   k M
- k = 1/(.rm2.h)
- rm: average radius
- h: thickness of tube wall
- fFb form factor of stress KI intensity factor expression with bending stresses
- 2c length of defect
 if the defect is long, stress  varies along the crack edges due to overall bending:
 x   c 
 x   b  cos    b  cos  cos    b  cos  cos 
r
 m r
 m 
where 2 is the angle at the centre of the throughwall crack (TUB-CTR , A16.8421).
This gives the following formula:
c
el

8 k

0
f 2  x  dx
M E * rm2  h  c 2.

0
cos  cos   sin2    d
The integral of the denominator can be calculated numerically and put into the following form:
2. 
2.

0
cos  cos   sin2    d  .
 0
sin2    d    
 
where  is a correction coefficient for the defect size which can be estimated, when   0,  by:
 2
2 3
  3  cos 
  1  1,3754     0,4642    
  4
el 8 1 c
Elastic opening then becomes:
M
  
  E * rm  h  c 
2  0
f 2  x  dx
A16.7620 ELASTIC-PLASTIC OPENING

As for calculation of J using the Js method (A16.7310), elastic-plastic opening elpl is calculated on the basis of the reference
stress:
E   ref
 elpl   el 
 ref
© n°2015-171 A16 55 / 214

A16.7700 CS* METHOD

A16.7710 DESCRIPTION OF CS* METHOD
A16.7711 General procedure

The simplified method, referred to in the rest of the text as the Cs* method, is used to calculate, using the results of an elastic
analysis, an estimated value of C* that makes allowance for the actual stresses and strains (including creep) that would have
occurred if the actual behaviour of the material had been modelled.
The Cs* calculation procedure is modelled on the Js method (A16.7310).
 Under mechanical loading only (imposed forces)
Cs* method consists in correcting the value of Jel with a coefficient kC* that makes allowance for the strain rate in the defect
zone. As with the Js method, reference stress ref is determined. Coefficient kC* is equal to the ratio between the creep strain
rate  ref calculated for stress ref and elastic strain ref/E. The following is therefore calculated:
 E.   ref 
C s  J el  k C*  J el   
  ref 
The case of a defect located in a weld joint is presented in section A16.7712.
 Under mechanical loading only - imposed displacement
We refer back to the previous case (imposed forces) by determining the force F(t) associated with constant imposed
displacement U. To do this, an equation of the following type is solved:
 E   nor E   ref 
 C no  C def   F ( t )  C no   C def    F( t )
  nor  ref 
Cno and Cdef represent respectively the compliance of the structure without defect and the compliance of the cracked part
(A16.7500). nor and ref are the reference stresses with and without defects, which depend on time t and are calculated for
all applied loads, including F(t);   nor and  ref are the corresponding strain rates obtained by applying the strain-creep law
for the material. The elastic value of the force is an upperbound value.
When the defect is small, compliance Cdef can be ignored (Cno>>Cdef). in this case, and for a secondary creep state
(  fl  B 2   n2 ), the equation above becomes:
 nor
 B 2  nnor
2 0
E
 
1
Its analytical solution is expressed as follows: nor t   n2  1  B2  E  t  nor t  0 1n 2 1n 2
 Under thermal gradient only

The radial temperature variations through the thickness of the wall caused by thermal shock lead to imposed strains. Jel
therefore has to be corrected to make allowance for the effects of plastification and creep on strain and also on the stresses
calculated elastically in the cross-section of the fault.
C*s  Jel
th
 k C * th 2
Correction factor kC*th makes allowance for the fact that the load is a constant imposed strain th.
Elastic stress elth associated with imposed strain th is higher than the actual initial stress th(0) if the material plastifies. It in
turn is higher than the stress at each instant th(t) when the load is relaxed (Fig.A16.7711a). Jel therefore has to be
corrected accordingly.
Furthermore, the plasticity in the section of the defect determined with the reference stress refth(t) also leads to an increase
in Jel; this reference stress refth(t) is calculated at each instant by relaxing the initial reference stress refth(0), which is, itself
calculated on the basis of the elastic stress elth and a spring effect factor rth which depends on the defect (Fig. A16.7711a).
2
  th ( t )   E   ref
th
(t) 
k C* th 
2

th
 
th

  el   ref ( t ) 
For a secondary creep state, the two equations used for calculating refth(t) and th(t) (Fig. A16.7711a) have analytical
solutions that can be expressed as follows:
1

t   n 2  1  B 2  E  t  t  0  1n2
 1n2
A16 56 / 214 © n°2015-171

The expressions of elth and rth are given (Table A16.8110), for each structure and each type of defect, in the corresponding
chapters of A16.8200 to 8700.
In the case of a defect located in a weld joint, the material to consider in the method is the material (base metal or weld
metal) which shows the creep behaviour leading to the highest elastic-plastic correction kC*th. For austenitic stainless steels,
the base metal behaviour can be used
 Under combined thermal and mechanical loading
The formula deals separately with the effect of radial temperature variations through the thickness of the wall caused by
thermal shocks and expressed as “th” before combining it, once it has been multiplied by coefficient C*.kC*th with the other
loads expressed as “me”:
2
 th 
C *s   C me
s   C*  k C* th  J el 

with
Csme Value of C*s for mechanical loadings only,
Jelth Elastic value of J for thermal loadings only,
kC*th Elastic-plastic correction for thermal loadings,
C* Interaction coefficient taking into account the mechanical loadings influence on the elastic-plastic correction for the
thermal loadings. A pessimistic value C*= 1.6 is proposed for all component and defect geometries. A more suitable
value of C*can be used if it is justified.
Figure A16.7711.a: Determination of ref and ref - thermal gradient only
th
ref (0 )
Rational average
 tensile curve th
ref (t)
th
el
-E/rth t
 
th
 ref (t) th th
th   ref  ref (t)  0
ref (0) E
 th (0)
 th (0)  th ( t )
t
th
ref

 th ( t )
E
 
  th  th ( t )  0
A16.7712 Case of structures with a crack in a weld joint and submitted to

mechanical loadings alone
In the case of a defect located in a weld joint, an interaction between the base metal and the weld metal appears and modifies
the crack tip loading.
The reference stress for the elastic-plastic correction estimation in the Cs* method (A16.7711) can be deduced:
 considering only the base metal behaviour for austenitic stainless steels,
 or taking into account the mismatch effect.
The procedure to account for the mismatch effect presents 4 steps:

 Step 1 : Calculation of the local mismatch M*
The ratio between the weld metal and the base metal stresses for a given creep strain rate on the stress-strain rate curve is
called ‘mismatch’. The local mismatch is given by the following equation:
1  2 
M*  

 2  1 1 BM
W  d
where  1 and  2 correspond to the strain rates of the homogenous cases related to the reference stresses ref-BM and ref-W
calculated considering respectively the stress-strain rate curve of the base metal and the weld metal (Fig. A16. 7712.a).
 Step 2 : Tensile curve selection for the calculation of the reference stress ref and related strain rate  ref
Depending on the value of the local mismatch M*, the tensile curve and the stress-creep strain rate curve to consider for the
reference stress ref and related creep strain rate  ref calculation of the homogenous cracked structure (without weld joint)
is :
- M  1: tensile curve and stress-creep strain rate curve of the base metal.
© n°2015-171 A16 57 / 214

- M < 1: tensile curve and stress-creep strain rate curve of the weld metal.
 Step 3 : Calculation of the modified reference stress
The modified reference stress ref-mod is deduced from the reference stress ref with the following equation:
L
 ref mod  HO . ref
L IN
with:
ref reference stress of the homogenous cracked structure (without weld joint), calculated with the tensile curve selected
in step 2.
LHO limit load of the homogenous cracked structure (without weld joint. LHO) is calculated considering a perfect plastic
behaviour of the base metal, with a yield stress y = 1 (Fig. A16. 7712.b),
LIN limit load of the bimaterial cracked structure (with the weld joint). LIN is calculated considering (Fig. A16. 7712.b) :
 a perfect plastic behaviour for the base metal, with a yield stress y = 1,
 a perfect plastic behaviour of the weld metal, with a yield stress y= M.
LIN can be estimated:
 with a Finite Element calculation using an elastic modulus compensation method, or using a non-linear calculation
considering a perfect plastic behaviour for the two materials and the displacement boundary conditions,
 or with an analytical method based on an upper limit approach (slip plane approach).
 Step 4 : Cs* calculation
For each instant of the load history, the Cs* method (A16. 7711) under mechanical loading is applied using the average
tensile curve and the creep behaviour of the material selected in step 2.
Figure A16.7712.a: examples for the average mismatch M calculation
W : weld metal curve BM : base metal curve

  

ref-W
ref-BM
ref-BM BM : base metal curve ref-W W : weld metal curve
M  1 M<1
1  2 1  2
 BM : base metal curve


ref-W
ref-BM
W : weld metal curve
1  2
A16 58 / 214 © n°2015-171

Figure A16. 7712.b: yield stress for the analysis considering perfect plastic behaviour for the two materials
to use for the calculation of limit loads LHO and LIN
Homogenous cracked structure Bimaterial cracked structure
(without weld joint). (with weld joint).
Limit load LHO Limit load LIN
Base metal
Base metal y = 1
y = 1
Weld metal
y= M
A16.7720 Determining Cs* for propagation in creep-fatigue conditions

To calculate the proportion of propagation caused by creep in the analysis of propagation in creep-fatigue conditions, Cs*
has to be calculated during the hold times applying the Cs* procedure presented in A16.7710.
 In the case of a mechanical loading

The reference stress ref and the elastic value Jel to consider in the Cs* procedure depend on:
- ref,max: reference stress at the maximum point of the fatigue cycle (Fig. A16.7720), calculated considering the
monotonic tensile curve of the material (A3.45).
- ref : variation of the reference stress during the fatigue cycle, calculated considering the load variations F and the
average multiaxial cyclic curve of the material (A3.46).
- p: parameter p = ref / 2.Rp0.2
- Ks(p) : symmetrisation coefficient (A3.46).
- Jel : variation of Jel during the cycle (A16.7330)
Three different situations are considered :
- If p ≤ 0,5
The reference stress value at the beginning of the creep hold time is ref,max. An initialisation of the reference stress at the
beginning of each creep hold time can be considered when creep relaxation occurs.
The value of Jel is kept constant during the creep hold time and is the value calculated at the maximum point of the cycle
Jel,max.
- If p > 0,5 and ref,max ≥ Ks(p).ref
The reference stress value at the beginning of the creep hold time is ref,max. An initialisation of the reference stress at the
beginning of each creep hold time must be considered if a reference stress relaxation occurs.
The value of Jel is kept constant during the creep hold time and is the value calculated at the maximum point of the cycle
Jel,max.
- If p > 0,5 and ref,max < Ks(p).ref
The reference stress value at the beginning of the creep hold time is Ks(p).ref. An initialisation of the reference stress
at the beginning of each creep hold time is performed (the reference stress relaxation occurred during past hold times is
neglected).
The value of Jel is kept constant during the creep hold time and is deduced from the symmetrised part of the cycle
Ks(p).Jel.
 In the case of a thermal loading

The same procedure is applied to determined the stress th at the beginning of the hold time. During the creep hold time, the
variation of refth(t) and th(t) are calculated as suggested in section A16.7710.
 In the case of a combined loading

Mechanical loadings and thermal loading are to be considered separately, in accordance with the procedure described in
section A16.7710.
 Residual stresses
If residual stresses have to be taken into account, they can be treated as an equivalent thermal loading.
The residual stresses relax during the specified life of time before being added to the thermal stresses at the beginning of
each creep hold time.
The value of Jel is calculated considering the loadings and residual stresses at the instant t under consideration.
© n°2015-171 A16 59 / 214

Figure A16.7720: definition of the characteristic parameters of the fatigue cycle


max

min
A16 60 / 214 © n°2015-171

A16.8000 COMPENDIUM
A16.8110 CASES
The purpose of A16.8000 is to collect and present the main parameters used in the methods proposed in this Appendix A16 for
the most usual structures. (Table A16.8110):
 coefficients of influence, value of E*,
 coefficients for the Modified Limit Load option (MLL),
 stresses and coefficients for the Elastic-Plastic Stress option (EPS),
Table A16.8110: Table of the cases
STRUCTURE DEFECT
(general) orientation throughwall/ shape Internal / Key word A16 Coef. MLL EPS
part-throughwall external Infl.
BAR One defect throughwall SENT 8211   
(8210) Two defects part-throughwall DENT 8212   
CT standard CT 8221  
CT CT 8222  
CNT One defect axisymmetric CNT 8223  
PLATE Direction 2 throughwall PLA-D2TR 8321  
(8310)  part-throughwall rect. Infinite PLA-D2DI 8322  
 ½ elliptical PLA-D2DS 8323  
 inside elliptical PLA-NDE 8324 
  Infinite PLA-NDI 8324 
TUBE Circumferential throughwall TUB-CTR 8421  
(8410)  part-throughwall rectangular internal TUB-CDRI 8422  
   external TUB-CDRE 8423
  ½ elliptical internal TUB-CDSI 8424   
   external TUB-CDSE 8425   
  axisymmetric internal TUB-CDAI 8426   
   external TUB-CDAE 8427   
Longitudinal throughwall TUB-LTR 8431  
 part-throughwall rectangular internal TUB-LDRI 8432 
   external TUB-LDRE 8433 
  ½ elliptical internal TUB-LDSI 8434   
   external TUB-LDSE 8435   
  rect. infinite internal TUB-LDII 8436   
  external TUB-LDIE 8437   
THICKNESS Circumferential throughwall TRA-CTR 8500
CHANGE  part-throughwall rectangular internal TRA-CDRI 8500
(8510)    external TRA-CDRE 8500
  ½ elliptical internal TRA-CDSI 8500   
   external TRA-CDSE 8500   
  axisymmetric internal TRA-CDAI 8500   
   external TRA-CDAE 8500   
ELBOW Circumferential throughwall COU-CTR 8621
(8610)  part-throughwall rectangular internal COU-CDRI 8622
   external COU-CDRE 8623
  ½ elliptical internal COU-CDSI-es 8624   
   external COU-CDSE-es 8625   
  axisymmetric internal COU-CDAI-es 8626   
   external COU-CDAE-es 8627   
Longitudinal throughwall COU-LTR 8631
 part-throughwall rectangular internal COU-LDRI 8632
   external COU-LDRE 8633
  ½ elliptical internal COU-LDSI-m 8634   
   external COU-LDSE-m 8635   
  rect. infinite internal COU-LDII 8636   
  external COU-LDIE 8637   
TEE Circumferential throughwall external TES-CDSE 8721   
(8710) Longitudinal part-throughwall TES-LTR 8731   
NOZZLE Circumferential throughwall internal PIQ-CDAI 8821 
(8810) Radial part-throughwall internal PIQ-RDI 8831 
© n°2015-171 A16 61 / 214

A16.8120 CALCULATION OF KI, KII, KIII AND Keq
A16.8121 Influence coefficient method
A16.8121.1 Through and part-throughwall defects

The stress intensity factors are determined on the basis of the size of the defect and the stresses associated with the conditions
adopted for analysis.
The formulas of stress intensity factors KI use influence coefficients Fm, Fb, io, i1, i2 i3, i4, which multiply the nominal stress normal
to the plane of the postulated defect, along the mating segment delimiting the section analysed.
The nominal stress normal to the plane of the postulated defect is expressed in the form of a polynomial as a function of the
position along the mating segment, as follows:
 if the starting point of the datum is placed in the middle of the mating segment (Fig. A16.8121), the coefficients of the
polynomial representing the nominal stress normal to the plane of the defect are expressed as m and b and the
corresponding influence coefficients are expressed as Fm and Fb. This datum is used for throughwall defects.
 
K I   m  Fm   b  Fb   gb  Fgb    c
 if the datum is placed on the surface at which the defect ends (Fig. A16.8121), the coefficients of the polynomial
representing the nominal stress normal to the plane of the defect are expressed as o, 1, 2, 3, 4 and the associated
influence coefficients are expressed as io, i1, i2, i3, i4. This datum is used for defects ending on the inside or outside surfaces.
The polynomial is expressed as a function of the reduced variable (u/L), where L is the length of the smoothing range which
can be restricted to the size of the defect for improved accuracy (a  L  h) and u is the variable within this range 0  u  L
2 3 4
u u u u u
    o  1      2      3      4   
L L L L L
 a a
2
a
3
a 
4
K I    0  i 0   1  i1      2  i 2      3  i 3      4  i 4        a
 L  L L  L  

For tubes, stress intensity factor KI caused by global bending uses influence coefficient Fgb which multiplies the nominal stress
normal to the plane of the postulated defect due to global bending, expressed as gb.
 
K I   m  Fm   b  Fb   gb  Fgb    c
 a
2
a
3
a a
4 
K I   0  i 0  1  i1      2  i 2      3  i 3      4  i 4     Fgb   gb     a
 L L L L 
 
To calculate the stress intensity factors in Modes II and III, the influence coefficients for Mode I can be used by default, provided
they are associated with the appropriate shear stresses.
The values of the influence coefficients are tabulated as a function of the structure and the defect, as shown in Table A16.8110.
Nominal stress values m, b, o, ..., 4 …are obtained by a finite element elastic calculation of the structure with no defects
subjected to the applied load. In some load configurations, the values of these stresses can be deduced directly from the
applied load using the formula given in the chapter entitled “Common data” for each type of structure (Table A16.8110).
Figure A16.8121: description of datum
Datum in middle of wall Datum on surface
Internal defect External defect
h h h
ri ri ri
u
u u
A16 62 / 214 © n°2015-171

A16.8121.2 Inside defects

The stress intensity factor KI equation are based on influence coefficients io, i1, i2 i3, i4, which multiply the nominal stress
perpendicular to the plane of the postulated defect, along the segment defining the section analysed.
The nominal stress normal to the plane of the postulated defect is expressed in the form of a polynomial as a function of the
position along the mating segment, as follows:
 The origin of the datum is located at the centre O of the defect; it is oriented from the point A (the nearest point of the defect
to the plate surface) to the point B (Fig. A16.8121.2). The coefficients of the polynomial related to the nominal stress
perpendicular to the plane of the defect are the noted o, 1, 2, 3, 4 and the corresponding influence coefficients are
noted io, i1, i2, i3, i4.
The polynomial is function of the reduced variable (u/L), where L is the fitting domain which can be limited to the defect size
to get the best accuracy (a  L  h) and u the variable defined in this domain 0  u  L
2 3
u u u u
   o  1      2     3   
L L L L
 a a
2
a 
3
K I    0  i 0   1  i1      2  i 2      3  i 3        a
 L L  L  

The values of the influence coefficients are functions of the geometry of the structure and of the defect as mentioned in table
A16.8110.
The values of the nominal stresses m, b, o, ..., 4 …are obtained from an elastic finite element calculation of the structure
without defect for the applied loading. For some configuration of loading, the values of these stresses can be deduced directly
from the applied loading using equations given in the chapter ‘Generalities’ for each type of structure (Table A16.8110).
Figure A16.8121.2: definition of the datum for inside defects
2c
B
h
O 2a
d
A
A16.8122 Interpolation formulas for tabulated values

If the geometrical parameters of the defect and the structure are different from those used to draw up the tables showing the
influence coefficients used to calculate K, it is recommended that values V of the influence coefficients be determined by
“barycentric” interpolation on the variable using the following formulas:
 table depending on only one variable x (linear interpolation)
V x  
1
x i1  x i 

 x i1  x   V i  x  x i   V i1 
 table depending on two variables x, y
1   
x i1  x   y j1  y  V i, j  x i1  x   y  y j  V i, j1  
  
V x, y   
 

x i1  x i   y j1  y j x  x i   y j1  y  V i1,j  x  x i   y  y j  V i1, j1 
    
 table depending on three variables x, y, z
 
x i1  x   y j1  y  z k 1  z   V i, j,k

 
 x i1  x   y  y j  z k 1  z   V i, j1,k  

1  
x  x   y  y  z
j1 k 1  z   V
i1, j,k
 
 x  x i   y  y j  z k 1  z   V i1, j1,k  
V x, y, z  
i

x i1  x i   y j1  y j   z k 1  
 z k  x  x   y  y  z  z   V i, j,k 1
i1 j1 k  
 x i1  x   y  y j  z  z k   V i, j1,k 1  

 
 
x  x i   y j1  y  z  z k   V i1, j,k 1  
 x  x i   y  y j  z  z k   V i1, j1,k 1 
The use of any other interpolation method has to be justified.
© n°2015-171 A16 63 / 214

A16.8123 Calculation of Keq

Equivalent stress intensity factor Keq is calculated as a function of stress intensity factors KI, KII, KIII using the cumulative
quadratic formula:
1
K eq  max(K I ,0) 2  K II2  2
 K III
1 
The use of any other cumulative method has to be justified.
A16.8130 TEMPERATURE THROUGH THE THICKNESS OF THE WALL
A16.8131 Typical temperatures

In a straight section of tube, the temperature distribution (x) through the thickness of the wall along a mating segment is
characterised by the figure A16.8131.
Figure A16.8131: Temperature (x) through the thickness of the wall
x   m  b x   nl x 
 Average temperature
1 h 2
m 
h


h 2
x   dx
 Linearised temperature
12x  2 nl(x)
h
 b ( x)  
h3  h 2  
 u   m  u  du 
b(x)
 Difference in linearised temperature
between internal and external surfaces 1
12 h2
1  
 u  m   u  du m
h2 h2
 Non-linear distribution O
nl x   x   m  b ( x ) x
h/2 h/2
 The larger of the two surface values
  h  h 
 2  Max  nl    ,  nl    
  2   2  
A16.8132 Calculation of temperature range during a thermal transient

The equations proposed in this section allow the calculation of the opening stress for a circumferential or a longitudinal defect,
located at the inner surface (defect submitted to a cold thermal shock) or at the outer skin (defect submitted to a hot thermal
shock). Formulas proposed for temperature have been established for plates but can be applicable for tubes with large diameter
compared to thickness.
A16.8132.1 Linear variation in fluid temperature

The thermal transient studied consists of a linear variation in fluid temperature fluid(t) between an initial temperature i (at t=0)
and a final temperature f (at t=tshock). Fluid temperature f then remains constant (Fig. A16.8132.1a). The external wall is
perfectly insulated and the heat exchange between the fluid and the internal wall takes place with an exchange coefficient H that
is independent of time.
A16 64 / 214 © n°2015-171

Figure A16.8132.1a: linear variation in fluid temperature

(imposed on plate or internal wall of tube)
fluid(t)
i
f
0 tschock t
Before the thermal transient, the initial temperature of the tube or plate is uniform and equal to initial fluid temperature i.
During the transient (t  0), the temperature (r,t) (Fig. A16.8132.1b) at any point in the thickness of the tube (ri  r  re) is given
by the following relation (in practice, only the first five terms need to be used):
   r  r 

r, t    fluid ( t )   i   f   
 n 1
Tn  fn t   cos  n  e


h 

with :
 t  1  2 
0  t  tshock  fluid ( t )   f  i   f   1  


fn ( t )   1  e  n F 
t  n2  Fc  
 schock 
 e   n F Fc   e   n F 
1  2 2 
 fluid ( t )   f fn ( t ) 
t  tshock  n2  Fc  
The symbols are the followings:

 r distance to tube axis
 re external radius of tube
 h thickness of tube
 i temperature of fluid and tube before thermal
transient (steady temperature)
 f temperature of fluid after thermal transient
(constant)
 Tn 2  sin  n
Tn 
 n  sin  n  cos  n
 n nth root of  n  tg n   B   
where  n  0,  n  1  
 2 
 B (no unit) Biot number Hh
B

 H (W/(m2.°C)) exchange coefficient
  (W/(m.°C)) thermal conductivity of the metal
 F (no unit) Fourier number d t
F
h2
 Fc Fourier number characteristic of the shock, d  t choc
calculated at time tshock Fc 
h2
2
 d (m /s) thermal diffusivity of the metal 
d
  Cp
 Cp (J/(kg.°C)) specific heat capacity of the metal

3
  (kg/m ) density of the metal
© n°2015-171 A16 65 / 214

Table A16.8132.1 gives values of n (1  n ≤ 10) for different values of B. For a value of B that is not in this table, it is possible,
for a given value of n, to carry out linear interpolations as a function of 1/B.
Tableau A16.8132.1: Values of n
n B=1 B=1.5 B=2.5 B=5 B=7.5 B=10 B=15 B=25 B=50 B=100 B=
1 0.8603 0.9883 1.1422 1.3138 1.3878 1.4289 1.4729 1.5105 1.5400 1.5552 1.5708
2 3.4256 3.5421 3.7318 4.0336 4.2017 4.3058 4.4255 4.5330 4.6202 4.6658 4.7124
3 6.4372 6.5096 6.6432 6.9096 7.0962 7.2281 7.3959 7.5603 7.7012 7.7764 7.8540
4 9.5293 9.5801 9.6776 9.8928 10.0652 10.2002 10.3898 10.5947 10.7832 10.8871 10.9956
5 12.6453 12.6841 12.7598 12.9352 13.0868 13.2142 13.4078 13.6378 13.8666 13.9981 14.1372
6 15.7713 15.8026 15.8643 16.0106 16.1429 16.2593 16.4474 16.6901 16.9519 17.1093 17.2788
7 18.9024 18.9286 18.9805 19.1055 19.2216 19.3271 19.5051 19.7517 20.0392 20.2208 20.4204
8 22.0365 22.0590 22.1038 22.2125 22.3154 22.4109 22.5776 22.8221 23.1287 23.3327 23.5619
9 25.1724 25.1922 25.2315 25.3276 25.4196 25.5064 25.6617 25.9005 26.2205 26.4450 26.7035
10 28.3096 28.3272 28.3623 28.4483 28.5314 28.6106 28.7552 28.9860 29.3148 29.5577 29.8451
The characteristics of the temperature in the thickness of the wall can be deduced (Fig. A16.8132.1b):
Figure A16.8132.1b: temperature in thickness of wall at any given time
ext
nl (t)
(r,t)
1(t)
m(t)
int
nl (t)
O
r
ri h/2 h/2
 average temperature    sin  n

in structure moy t    fluid t   i   f    
 n 1
moy,n  fn t 

moy,n  Tn 
n
 linear part 1     1  cos  n sin  n 

1t   i   f    
 n 1
1,n  fn t 

1,n  12  
  n2
   Tn
2   n 
 temperature of    int,n  Tn  cos  n

internal surface int t    fluid t   i   f    
 n 1
int,n  fn t 

 temperature of    ext,n  Tn
external surface  ext t    fluid t   i   f    
 n 1
 ext,n  fn t 

 non-linear     1,n 
  
int
complements on int
nl t   i   f  nl,n  fn t 
int nl,n  int,n  moy,n 
2 

internal and external  n 1  
surfaces ext  1,n 
   nl,n  ext,n  moy,n  
ext
nl 
t   i  f    nlext,n  fn t 
 n 1 
 2 
 non-linear part
 2 t   Max nl
ext
( t ) ; int
nl ( t ) 
A16 66 / 214 © n°2015-171

A16.8132.2 Multi linear variation of the fluid temperature

The thermal transient here consists in a multi-linear variation of the fluid temperature fluid(t). In each zone noted k the
temperature variation is linear between a temperature k at the time tk and a temperature k+1 at the time tk+1 (Fig. A16.8132.2a).
In each zone, the slope of the linear variation is noted Ak.
Before the thermal transient, the initial temperature of the pipe or the plate is uniform and corresponds to the fluid initial
temperature i. The final temperature of the fluid is noted f.
The outer surface is perfectly isolated and the heat exchange between the fluid and the inner surface is related to a time
independent heat exchange coefficient H.
Starting with the first domain, the linear variation of each domain k is replaced by a superposition of k fictitious linear variations,
not limited to the domain under consideration, representing the fluid temperature when added.
Slopes of these fictitious linear variations of the fluid temperature are noted aj with j  k.
Figure A16.8132.2a: example of a multi-linear variation of the fluid temperature

(imposed to the plate or the inner surface of the pipe)
fluide(t)
Zone 3
A3 = 0
Zone 1
i 1 A1 = (2 - 1)/(t2 – t1)
3 f
2
Zone 2
A2 = (3 - 2)/(t3 – t2)
0 t1 t2 t3 t
During the transient (t  0), the temperature (r,t) (Fig. A16.8132.1b) through the thickness of the pipe (ri  r  re) is given by the
following equation (in practice, the five first terms of the series are sufficient) obtained by adding, in each domain, the
contributions of the fictitious linear variations of this domain (A16.8132.1) :

 r r 
r, t    fluide ( t )  T
n 1
n  fn t   cos  n  e


h 
With the notation defined in the section A16.8132.1 and:
   n2  ( t  tk ) 
d
 fluide ( t )  k  A k  t  t k 
k
zone k : a j h2 
tk  t  tk+1 fn ( t )      1 e
 n2 d 
h2 

j1  
 Ak Slope of the linear variation of the k  1  k

Ak 
temperature in the domain k t k 1  t k
k
 aj Slope of the fictitious linear variation of the
fluid temperature j (j k) Ak  a
j 1
j
To illustrate the method, figure A16.8132.2b shows the fluid temperature variation composed of 4 parts:
 t < t1 : constant temperature 1
 t 1  t < t2 : linear variation between 1 and 2 (domain 1)
 t 2  t < t3 : linear variation between 2 and 3 (domain 2)
 t3  t : constant temperature 3 (domain 3)
In the three identified domains, the proposed decomposition for the fluid temperature leads to the following equations of fn(t) :
© n°2015-171 A16 67 / 214

- domain 1 (t1  t  t2) A1 = -1 A1 = a1 a1 = -1

  n2  ( t  t1) 
d
a1 h 2  2 
fn ( t )     1 e h
 n d 
2 


- domain 2 (t2  t  t3) A2 = 0.5 A2 = a1 + a2 a2 = 1.5
2   n2  ( t  t1)  a
d
2    n2  ( t  t 2 ) 
d
a1 h  2  2 h  2 
fn ( t )     1 e h  1 e h
 n2 d   2 d  
  n
 
- domain 3 (t3  t) A3 = 0 A3 = a1 + a2 + a3 a3 = - 0,5
2   n2  ( t  t1)  a
d
2    n2  ( t  t 2 )  a
d
2    n2  ( t  t 3 ) 
d
a1 h  2  2 h  2  3 h  2 
fn ( t )     1 e h  1 e h  1 e h
 n2 d   2 d   2 d  
  n
  n
 
Figure A16.8132.2b: example of fictitious linear variations, representing the multi-linear variation of the fluid
temperature
a2
fluid(t) Domain 1
A1 = (2 - 1)/(t2 – t1)
Domain 3
A3 = 0
i 1
3 f
2 a3
Domain 2
A2 = (3 - 2)/(t3 – t2)
0 t1 t2 t3 t
a1
A16.8132.3 Stresses estimation

Thermal stresses associated to vessel through-thickness temperature variation are deduced from the following equations (these
terms do not integrate a possible blocked expansion, linked to the boundary conditions):
E( x, t ) 1  x 2  ri2 re x 
 rth ( x, t )   
1   x ²  re2  ri2

 ri 
( x, t )  ( x, t )  x  dx  ( x, t )  ( x, t )  x  dx 
ri 
E( x, t ) 1  x 2  ri2 re x 
 th ( x, t )   
1   x ²  re2  ri2

 ri 
( x, t )  ( x, t )  x  dx  ( x, t )  ( x, t )  x  dx  ( x, t )  ( x, t )  x 2 
ri

E( x, t )  2 re 
 th
z ( x, t )  
1    re2  ri2

 ri
( x, t )  ( x, t )  x  dx  ( x, t )  ( x, t )

where x is the radial position through the thickness (x = rm + u) , t the considered time and (x,t) the thermal expansion
coefficient field through the thickness. A linearised solution is proposed for th and zth for large radius of curvature. This
solution is validated near the inner skin (defect limit is a/h ≤0.1). In this case, zththth:
h/2 u
 th (u, t )   m
th
( t )   bth ( t ) 
h
th E    h  h 
m (t)  1    1   2  3 
1    2  rm 
 rm 
E
bth ( t )   4
1 
A16 68 / 214 © n°2015-171

with :
 
sin( n )
1  
n0
Tn  fn 
n
2  T
n0
n  fn  cos(  n )
 
3  
n0
Tn  fn 
1  cos( n )
 n2
4  T
n0
n  fn   n  sin(  n )
A16.8132.4 Consideration of a cladded vessel

To take into account the cladding, a linear temperature distribution in the cladding is assumed. This hypothesis is acceptable if
the thickness hr of the cladding is small compared to the vessel thickness.
In the pipe or vessel thickness, the previous solution is used introducing an equivalent Biot number B*:
B
B* 
 vessel hr
1 B  
cladding h
With :
 cladding : thermal conductivity of the cladding,
  vessel : thermal conductivity of the pipe or the vessel,
 B : Biot number without considering the cladding,
 h : thickness of the vessel without cladding,
 hr : thickness of the cladding.
Temperature within the vessel (  h 2  u  h 2 ) is given by the following equation:

h/2 u
u, t    fluide ( t )  T
n1
n

 fn t   cos  n 
 h


In the cladding (  h 2  hr  u   h 2 ), temperature is obtained using the following equation:
   
  u  h/2 
u, t    fluide ( t )   T
n 1
n  fn t    cos n   vessel  

  cladding  h
   n  sin n 
 

Linearised stresses due to the thermal loading are obtained with this solution and the general expressions of stresses given in
A16.8132.3. The linearised solution to take into account the cladding is then:
 Within the vessel :

h/2 u
 th (u, t )   m
th
( t )   bth ( t ) 
h  hr
E vessel   vessel  h  h h    cladding   cladding 

th
m (t)  1    1   2 
  3  r    1  Tf ( t )  Ti   1   2   4 
1   2  rm  rm h    vessel   vessel 

th E vessel   vessel
b ( t )   4
1 
 Within the cladding :

 th (u, t )   m
th th
( t )   mr 
( t )   bth ( t )   br
th
(t)   hh/ 2 h u
r
 E cladding  E cladding   cladding    h     

th
 mr (t)    1 0th ( t )   vessel  1  Tf ( t )  Ti   2   r   vessel  vessel  
 E vessel  1  
  cladding  h   cladding  cladding  4
     
 E cladding  cladding   vessel 
th
 br (t)    1  1th ( t )
 E vessel  vessel   cladding 
 
Terms i=1,..,4 are the same as those introduced in paragraph A16.8132.3 (calculated with equivalent Biot number for vessel with
cladding B*).
© n°2015-171 A16 69 / 214

A16.8200 EXPERIMENTAL CONFIGURATIONS

A16.8210 BAR
A16.8211 Single edge notched bar
A16.8211.1 Geometry and loading conditions definition

The geometry of the bar, the geometry of the defect in the middle of one of its sides and the applied loads are given on the
Figure A16.8211.1.
Figure A16.8211.1: Single edge notched bar
Geometry of the bar Geometry of the defect Loading
b : width of the bar a : depth of the defect N1 : axial load

2L : length of the bar 2c : remaining ligament (2c=b-a) M2 : bending moment
B : thickness of the bar
L L L F L
a M2 a M2
N1 b N1 b
b
a
Tension Pure bending 3 points bending
A16.8211.2 Stress Intensity Factors KI –E* value

Depending upon the selected stress state, the value of E* to calculate Jel is : E*=E/(1 - 2) for « plane strain conditions », E*=E
for « plane stress conditions ».
A16.8211.21 Tension
N1
K I  Fm   m    a with  m  (Fig. A16.8211.21)
B b
 if the rotation of the ends is free and for L/b  1.0 with a/b  0.6:
2 3 4
a a a a
Fm  1,12  0,23     10,6     21,7     30,4   
b
   b b
  b
 if the rotation of the ends is blocked :
5
Fm =
20 - 13  (a/b) - 7  (a/b) 2
A16.8211.22 Bending
K I  Fb   b    a (Fig. A16.8211.22)
 For pure bending and a/b  0.6 :
2 3 4
a a a a 6  M2
Fb  1.12  1.39     7.32     13.1    14.0    with b 
b b b b B  b2
 For 3 points bending, the load is applied on the side of the bar without defect and in the plan of the defect. Fixed points are
located at a distance L on each side of the defect.
2 3 4
a a a a 6 FL
Pour L/b = 4 : Fb  1.11  1.55     7.71    13.5     14.2    with b  
2
b b b b B b 2
2 3 4
a a a a 6 FL
Pour L/b = 2 : Fb  1.09  1.73     8.20     14.2     14.6    with b  
b b b 2
      b B b 2
A16 70 / 214 © n°2015-171

A16.8211.3 Reference stress ref

Assuming plane stress conditions and the Tresca criterion, the reference stress ref is expressed with the membrane and
bending elastic stresses in the section of the defect:
 a
2 6   M2  N1  
1b  1b  N 2
ref      1m 2 with 1m  1 and 1b  
3  3  B.2c B.2c 2
An upper bound of ref is given by (1m + 0.671b).
Figure A16.8211.21: Fm for a single edge notched bar in tension
4,50
Fm Fm :
4,00 Fm : free blocked
3,50
a/b rotation rotation
0 1.12 1.12
3,00 0.1 1.18 1.16
Free rotation L/b>1 0.2 1.37 1.21
2,50
0.3 1.67 1.27
2,00 0.4 2.11 1.35
0.5 2.84 1.46
1,50
0.6 4.05 1.61
1,00 0.7 1.83
Blocked rotation
0,50 L/b infini
a/b
0,00
0,00 0,10 0,20 0,30 0,40 0,50 0,60 0,70 0,80
Figure A16.8211.22: Fb for a single edge notched bar in bending
Fb 3 Fb 3
2,000 points points
Fb Fb pure bending, bending,
1,900 a/b bending L/b=4 L/b=2
0 1.120 1.110 1.090
0.02 1.095 1.082 1.059
1,800 0.04 1.075 1.060 1.033
0.06 1.060 1.042 1.013
1,700 0.08 1.050 1.029 0.997
0.1 1.043 1.020 0.986
0.12 1.039 1.015 0.979
1,600 0.14 1.038 1.013 0.975
0.16 1.041 1.013 0.975
1,500 0.18 1.045 1.017 0.977
0.2 1.052 1.023 0.982
0.22 1.062 1.032 0.989
1,400 0.24 1.073 1.043 0.999
0.26 1.087 1.056 1.012
Pure bending 0.28 1.103 1.071 1.027
1,300
0.3 1.122 1.089 1.044
0.32 1.142 1.110 1.064
1,200 0.34 1.166 1.133 1.087
3 points bending 0.36 1.192 1.160 1.113
1,100 L/B = 4 0.38 1.222 1.190 1.142
0.4 1.255 1.223 1.175
0.42 1.293 1.261 1.212
1,000
0.44 1.334 1.303 1.254
3 points bending 0.46 1.381 1.350 1.301
0,900 L/B = 2
0.48 1.434 1.403 1.354
0.5 1.493 1.463 1.413
a/b 0.52 1.558 1.529 1.479
0,800
0.54 1.632 1.603 1.552
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0.56 1.713 1.686 1.635
0.58 1.805 1.778 1.727
0.6 1.906 1.880 1.829
© n°2015-171 A16 71 / 214

A16.8212 Double edge notched bar

The geometry of a bar, the geometry of the 2 defects in the middle of its side, and the applied loads at its ends are given in the
Figure A16.8212.1.
Figure A16.8212.1: Double edge notched bar
 Geometry of the bar
2b : width of the bar L L
2L : length of the bar
B : thickness of the bar
a
N1 N1
 Geometry of the defect 2b
a : depth of the 2 defects
2c : remaining ligament (2c=b-2a) a
 load
N1 : uniform tensile load
A16.8212.2 Stress Intensity Factors KI - E* value

 Tension
N1
K I  Fm   m    a with m 
B.2b
2 3 4
a a a a
1.122  0.561    0.205     0.471    0.190   
 b  b  b b
Fm  (Fig. A16.8212.2)
a
1
b

N1
The reference stress ref is expressed as:  ref  1m 
B  2c
Figure A16.8212.2: Fm for a double edge notched bar in tension
1,250
Fm
a/b Fm
0 1.122
0.05 1.122
0.1 1.122
1,200 0.15 1.122
0.2 1.124
0.25 1.126
0.3 1.131
0.35 1.138
1,150 0.4 1.149
0.45 1.164
0.5 1.184
0.55 1.211
0.6 1.247
a/b
1,100
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6
A16 72 / 214 © n°2015-171

A16.8220 CT SPECIMENS
A16.8221 CT specimen following ASTM E399 standard

The dimensions of the CT specimen are given by the ASTM E-399 standard (Fig.A16.8221.1).
Figure A16.8221.1: CT specimen following ASTM E399 standard
N1
 Geometry of the CT
w : specimen width measured from
the plane of the load N1
B : specimen thickness
B = 0.5.w B
BN = B - 2times the depth of the side
grooves B BN
w
 Geometry of the defect
a : defect depth measured from the
plane of the load N1
2c : remaining ligament (2c = w-a)
x = a/w
Remaining
 Loads a 2.c
ligament
N1 : axial load
With side
grooves
Defect
N1
A16.8221.2 Stress Intensity Factors KI –E* value

The value of KI (Fig.A16.8221.2) is given by the following expression for 0.2 < (a/w):
N1
K I  Fb      a with 
w  B  BN
a  a 
2 3 4
 a a a
 2     0.886  4.64     13.32     14.72     5.6    
 w  w w w  w   1
Fb    (Fig. A16.8221.2)
3
a
 a 2 
1   w
 w
© n°2015-171 A16 73 / 214

Figure A16.8221.2: Fb - CT specimen following ASTM E399 standard
15
Fb
a/W Fb
0.2 5.39
0.25 5.56
0.3 5.79
10 0.35 6.10
0.4 6.49
0.45 7.01
0.5 7.71
0.55 8.65
5 0.6 9.95
0.65 11.80
0.7 14.53
a/W
0
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8

Many estimations of the reference stress ref are proposed depending upon the selected stress state (plane stress or plane
strain conditions) and the plasticity criterion (Tresca or Von Mises criterion), (Table A16.8221.3 and Figure A16.8221.3).
N1 1
ref  
B  W f (x)
Table A16.8221.3: CT Specimen, f(x) function of x=a/w

Plane stress conditions P - Tresca  
f ( x )    1  x   2  2x 2 
 
Plane stress conditions P - Mises 

 
f ( x )    1  1.155  x   2.155  1  1.155  x 2 


Plane strain conditions P - Tresca  
f ( x )    1  1.702  x   2.702  4.599  x 2 
 
Plane strain conditions P - Mises  
f ( x )    1  1.702  x   2.702  4.599  x 2   1.155
 
ASTM E 399
f ( x) 
1  x 2
2x
Assuming plane stress conditions P and Tresca yield criterion, the reference stress ref can be expressed with the membrane
and bending elastic stresses in the section of the defect:
6  N1  a  c 
2
1b   N1
ref    1b   1m 2 with 1m  and 1b 
3  3  B.2c B.2c 2
an upper bound is given by (1m + 0.67 1b).
In practice, the plane stress conditions or plane strain conditions is not proven throughout the entire thickness of the test piece.
A simple model can be used to make allowance for this:
 the test piece is divided into a zone subjected to plane stress conditions (2 sides of thickness Bs/2) with plane strain
conditions in the centre.
 the proportion of the test piece subjected to plane stress conditions is expressed as s=Bs/B; it is determined on the basis of
exponent n of the behaviour law by:
W a B B B
s   s  if  s  s  1  if  s 
B 2  W  a) 4   s  W  a  2  W  a 
1.13
where  s  0.36 
n
A16 74 / 214 © n°2015-171

 parameters p (equivalent stress, opening etc.) are then determined as a function of their plane stress conditions and plane
strain conditions using the formula:
p   s  pCP  1   s   pDP
Figure A16.8221.3: comparison of f(x) functions used for CT specimen
0,8
f(x)
0,7
P - Von Mises
0,6
P -Tresca
0,5
0,4 ASTM
0,3
0,2
P - Von Mises
0,1
x=a/W
P - Tresca
0
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1
ASTM
x P-Tresca P-Mises P-Tresca P-Mises E 399
0 0.414 0.468 0.644 0.744 0.500
0.1 0.321 0.361 0.488 0.563 0.386
0.2 0.242 0.271 0.358 0.414 0.291
0.3 0.176 0.196 0.255 0.294 0.213
0.4 0.123 0.136 0.173 0.200 0.150
0.5 0.081 0.089 0.112 0.129 0.100
0.6 0.049 0.054 0.066 0.077 0.062
0.7 0.026 0.029 0.035 0.040 0.033
0.8 0.011 0.012 0.014 0.017 0.014
0.9 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.003
1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
© n°2015-171 A16 75 / 214

A16.8222 Non standard CT specimen

The notations used for this non standard CT specimen are defined Figure A16.8222.1
Figure A16.8222.1: non standard CT specimen
 Geometry of the CT N1
w : specimen width measured from
the plane of the load N1
B : thickness
2hSRA : length of the specimen
FSRA B hSRA
a : defect depth measured from the W
plane of the load N1
2c : remaining ligament (2c=w-a)
x = a/w
 Loads hSRA
N1 : axial load a
FSRA Remaining ligament
Defect
N
A16.8222.2 Stress intensity factors –E* value

N 2W + a
The value of KI is given by the following expression: K I = 1 . C
B (W - a)3/2
Tabulated values of the coefficient C are given in table A16.8222.2
Table A16.8222.2: C Coefficient - Non standard CT specimen

hSRA/w FSRA/hSRA a/W = 0.2 a/W = 0.3 a/W = 0.4 a/W = 0.5 a/W = 0.6 a/W = 0.7 a/W = 0.8
0.4 0.3 2.063 2.010 1.837 1.634 1.459 1.351 1.315
0.5 2.070 2.009 1.836 1.634 1.460 1.351 1.314
1.0 2.095 2.003 1.832 1.632 1.459 1.351 1.314
0.5 0.3 1.672 1.655 1.554 1.443 1.361 1.320 1.309
0.5 1.687 1.657 1.553 1.443 1.361 1.320 1.310
1.0 1.742 1.661 1.549 1.440 1.360 1.320 1.310
0.6 0.3 1.451 1.466 1.419 1.364 1.327 1.312 1.312
0.5 1.463 1.470 1.419 1.364 1.326 1.312 1.311
1.0 1.545 1.488 1.420 1.362 1.325 1.312 1.312
0.8 0.3 1.250 1.307 1.316 1.312 1.309 1.310 1.307
0.5 1.261 1.312 1.318 1.312 1.308 1.310 1.305
1.0 1.368 1.352 1.329 1.314 1.308 1.310 1.305
1.0 0.3 1.190 1.258 1.287 1.299 1.305 1.311 1.278
0.5 1.195 1.263 1.289 1.300 1.306 1.311 1.277
1.0 1.298 1.309 1.306 1.304 1.306 1.310 1.278
A16 76 / 214 © n°2015-171

A16.8230 CYLINDRICAL NOTCHED SPECIMENS
A16.8231 CNT Specimen

The notations used for this CNT specimen are defined Figure A16.8231.1.
Figure A16.8231.1: CNT specimen
 Geometry of the CNT

2b : diameter of the ligament b a
2R : external diameter
 Defect Geometry
a : depth of the defect
b=R-a
x = b/R
 Loads
N1 : axial load
T : torsion moment
A16.8231.2 Stress intensity factors KI –E* values

The value of E* to calculate Jel is E*=E/(1 - 2).
1   2  2 KIII 2 
The value of Jel is given by the formula: Jel   KI  
E  1   
The value of KI is given by the formula (Fig. A16.8231.2) for 0 < a/R < 1 :
N1 1  1 3  1
K I  FN    a with    1   x   x 2  0.363  x 3  0.731 x 4  
and FN 
2
 R 2  2 8  x 1. 5
The value of KIII is given by the formula (Fig. A16.8231.2) for 0 < a/R <1 :
2T 3  1 3 5 3 35  1
K III  FT    a with   and FT   1   x   x 2  x   x 4  0.208  x 5  
3
 R 8  2 8 16 128  x 2. 5

N1
For traction: ref 
  b2
2 2
2  N   2T 
For traction and torsion: ref   12   3   3
   b   b 
© n°2015-171 A16 77 / 214

Figure A16.8231.2: FN and FT for a CNT specimen
25 x FN FT
24 0.1 16.657 125.000
FN, FT 0.2 6.223 23.437
23
0.3 3.590 9.090
22
0.4 2.481 4.777
21 0.5 1.901 2.983
20 0.6 1.561 2.090
19 0.7 1.353 1.593
18 0.8 1.225 1.297
0.9 1.153 1.115
17
FN 1 1.122 1.001
16
15
14
13 FT
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3 x= b/R
2
1
0
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1
A16 78 / 214 © n°2015-171

A16.8300 PLATE
A16.8310 COMMON DATA FOR THE PLATES
A16.8311 Geometry of the plate - loading conditions

The geometry of the plate and the loading conditions are defined in the Figure A16.8311.a with the following notation:
Figure A16.8311: geometry of the plate
 Geometry of the plate N1

2b : width of the plate h
L : length of the plate 3
1
h : thickness of the plate
 Loads
M2 : global bending moment acting along direction 2
2 : rotation of the section 2.b
N1 : axial load 2
u1 : axial displacement M2
The characteristic temperatures (m, b, 1 and 2) of temperature distribution (x) through the thickness of the plate and the
values during a thermal transient are given in A16.8130.
A16.8312 Calculating KI
A16.8312.1 KI - Throughwall defect

The value of KI (A16.8120) is given by the formula: K I   m  Fm   b  Fb     c
According the type of defect, the values of the influence coefficients Fm, Fb are given in A16.8320.
The values of m, b are given in the table A16.8312.1.
Table A16.8312.1: membrane and bending elastic stresses m, b
m b
Membrane stress Bending stress
N1 N1 0
2b  h
M2 0 6  M2
2  b  h2
1 0 E    1
2  1   
Note : the value of 1 is taken into account only if the defect is open.
A16.8312.2 KI - Part-throughwall defect

The value of KI (A16.8120) is given by the formula
 a a
2
a
3
a 
4
K I   0  i 0  1  i1      2  i 2      3  i 3      4  i 4        a
 h h h  h  

According to the type of defect, the values of the coefficients io, ..., i4 are given in A16.8320.
The values of the stresses o, ..., 4 can be obtained by an elastic finite element analysis on a plate without defect subjected to
the applied loads.
© n°2015-171 A16 79 / 214

The values of the linearised stresses o, 1 can be deduced directly from the applied loading using the formula in table
A16.8312.2.
Table A16.8312.2: Plate containing a defect along direction 2,
values of the nominal elastic membrane and bending stresses perpendicular to the defect plane
0 1
Constant stress through the thickness of Linearised stress through the thickness
the plate of the plate
N1 N1
0
2b  h
M2 6.M2 6  M2
2
2
2b h 2  b  h2
1 E    1 E    1
2
2  1    2  1   
Note : the value of 1 is taken into account only if the defect is open.
A16.8312.3 KI– Inside defect

The value of KI (A16.8120) is given by the formula
 a a
2
a 
3
K I   0  i 0  1  i1      2  i 2      3  i 3        a
 h h  h  

According to the type of defect, the values of the coefficients io, ..., i3 are given in A16.8320.
The values of the stresses o, ..., 4 can be obtained by an elastic finite element analysis on a plate without defect subjected to
the applied loads.
A16.8312.4 KI – underclad defect

Stress intensity factor is calculated with the following formula:
 4  a  hr 
j

KI   
 j0
 j  i j  
 h  hr




 a

 
The values of the coefficients io, ..., i4 are given in A16.8325. for semi-elliptical or infinite underclad defects. hr is the cladding
thickness.
The stresses o, ..., 4 used for KI calculation are based on a polynomial relation of the nominal opening stress obtained in the
defect-free structure, calculated along the mating segment in the defect free plate depending on variable u (figure A16.8325.1).
u is equal to 0 in the exernal wall and is equal to h+hr in the opposite wall:
4 j
 u 
f  
j0
 j  
 h  hr



The stresses o, ..., 4 can be obtained with elastic finite element calculation on the plate without defect under considered
loading.
A16.8312.5 KI – through clad defect

Stress intensity factor is calculated with the following formula:
 4  a  hr
j

1
 a  hr 
j

KI   
 j 0
 j  i j  
 h  hr
 


  jr  i jr  
 h  hr




    a  hr 

 j0 
The values of the coefficients io, ..., i4 are given in A16.8326 for semi-elliptical or infinite through clad defects.
The stresses 0 to 4, 0r and 1r used for KI calculation are based on a polynomial relation of the nominal opening stress
obtained in the defect-free structure, calculated along the mating segment in the defect free plate depending on variable u
(figure A16.8325.1). u is equal to 0 in the exernal wall and is equal to h+hr in the opposite wall. More precisely, this
representation of the stresses is decomposed in the following way:
- Out of the cladding, nominal elastic stress f is represented using a polynomial expression up to the 4th order:
A16 80 / 214 © n°2015-171

4 j
 u 
f  
j0
 j  
 h  hr



- In the cladding, the linear stress variation r is identified. Then, r is added to the polynomial expression defined out of
the cladding to get the stress within the cladding (see figure A16.8312.1)
u
r  0r  1r  for u < hr
h  hr
Figure A16.8312.1 : Nominal elastic stresses for stress intensity factor calculation in a through clad defect
 f r
= +
u u u
0 1 0 1 0 1
h  hr h  hr h  hr
A16.8313 Non used
A16.8314 Calculating ref and Lr

The reference stress can be determined either by the Modified Limit Load option (A16.8314.1) either by the Elastic-Plastic
Stress option (A16.8314.2).
A16.8314.1 Modified Limit Load option (Later)
A16.8314.2 Elastic-Plastic Stress option

For the plates, the values of the stresses s1m and s’1m used to calculate equivalent stresses (A16.8150) are defined by:
s1' m  s1m  1m
According to the type of defect, the values of the elastic stresses 1m, 1b, 2m, 2b, 12 are given in A16.8320.
© n°2015-171 A16 81 / 214

A16.8320 PLATE - DIRECTION 2 DEFECT
A16.8321 PLATE - Direction 2 throughwall defect
A16.8321.1 PLA-D2TR. Describing defect geometry

The geometry of the throughwall defect is defined in the Figure A16.8321.1.
Figure A16.8321.1: PLA-D2TR, plate containing a rectangular throughwall defect
h
2a : length of the defect
2.a
2.b
A16.8321.2 PLA-D2TR. Influence coefficients – E* value

The value of the influence coefficients are given in the table A16.8321.2. With these influence coefficients, the value of Jel is
then obtained using E*=E.
Table A16.8321.2: PLA-D2TR, values of Fm and Fb
Fm Fb Fb Fb Fb
a/b b/h=5 b/h=20 b/h=50 b/h=500
0.000 1
0.056 1 0.889 0.739 0.684 0.630
0.111 1.003 0.814 0.698 0.664 0.630
0.167 1.015 0.779 0.686 0.659 0.633
0.222 1.031 0.763 0.684 0.661 0.638
0.278 1.053 0.759 0.687 0.667 0.645
0.333 1.081 0.763 0.694 0.676 0.655
0.389 1.111 0.773 0.706 0.688 0.668
0.444 1.149 0.789 0.722 0.705 0.684
0.500 1.198 0.813 0.744 0.725 0.705
0.556 1.257 0.844 0.771 0.752 0.730
0.611 1.327 0.887 0.807 0.786 0.762
0.667 1.422 0.944 0.855 0.831 0.804
0.722 1.547 1.024 0.920 0.891 0.860
0.778 1.722 1.142 1.013 0.977 0.939
0.833 1.986 1.329 1.159 1.109 1.058
0.889 2.440 1.677 1.422 1.343 1.264
0.944 3.468 2.458 1.725 1.531 1.383
A16 82 / 214 © n°2015-171

A16.8321.3 PLA-D2TR. MLL option: coefficients (later)
A16.8321.4 PLA-D2TR. EPS option: stresses in the section of the defect - coefficients
 1m: axial membrane N1
2  (b  a)  h
 1b : axial bending stress
through the thickness 6  M2
2  (b  a)  h2
 2m : circumferential
membrane stress 0
 2b : circumferential bending
stress through the thickness 0
 gb : global bending
0
 12 : shear stress
A16.8321.5 PLA-D2TR. Formula for opening

The crack opening under tension and bending can be determined using the procedure described in A16.7611.
An accurate value is obtained by the following formulae:
4c N1
 In tension:  el m   k m  m with m 
E 2b  h
4c 6  M2
 In bending:  el b   k b  b with b 
E 2b  h2
The values of km and kb are given in the table A16.8321.5.
Table A16.8321.5: PLA-D2TR, values of km and kb

km kb kb kb kb
a/b b/h=5 b/h=20 b/h=50 b/h=500
0.000 1.000
0.056 1.000 0.848 0.589 0.482 0.394
0.111 1.006 0.731 0.508 0.448 0.398
0.167 1.013 0.655 0.478 0.434 0.398
0.222 1.030 0.613 0.467 0.432 0.402
0.278 1.046 0.587 0.462 0.432 0.406
0.333 1.071 0.575 0.463 0.436 0.412
0.389 1.099 0.569 0.466 0.442 0.419
0.444 1.136 0.572 0.474 0.451 0.429
0.500 1.179 0.579 0.484 0.461 0.440
0.556 1.233 0.591 0.498 0.475 0.454
0.611 1.303 0.612 0.517 0.494 0.472
0.667 1.388 0.639 0.541 0.517 0.494
0.722 1.500 0.679 0.573 0.547 0.522
0.778 1.648 0.733 0.615 0.586 0.559
0.833 1.858 0.816 0.677 0.643 0.610
0.889 2.179 0.954 0.776 0.730 0.687
0.944 2.787 1.228 0.904 0.826 0.759
© n°2015-171 A16 83 / 214

A16.8322 PLATE - Direction 2 part-throughwall infinite rectangular defect
A16.8322.1 PLA-D2DI. Describing defect geometry

The geometry of the defect is defined in the Figure A16.8322.1.
Figure A16.8322.1: PLA-D2DI, plate containing a part-throughwall infinite rectangular defect
h
a 2.b
A16.8322.2 PLA-D2D. Influence coefficients – E* value

The value of the influence coefficients are given in the table A16.8322.2. With these influence coefficients, the value of Jel is
then obtained using: E* = E/(1 - 2).
Table A16.8322.2: PLA-D2DI, values of i0, i1, i2, i3
a/h (i0) (i1) (i2) (i3)
0 1.122 0.683 0.526 0.441
0.1 1.185 0.706 0.537 0.447
0.2 1.364 0.777 0.578 0.475
0.4 2.109 1.061 0.736 0.584
0.6 4.030 1.764 1.115 0.822
0.8 11.949 4.546 2.573 1.734
A16.8322.3 PLA-D2DI. MLL option: coefficients (Later)
A16.8322.4 PLA-D2DI. EPS option: stresses in the section of the defect - coefficients
2  b  (h  a)
through the thickness 6  M2 1

2  b  h2  a
2
1  
 h
membrane stress 0
0
A16 84 / 214 © n°2015-171

A16.8323 PLATE - Direction 2 part-throughwall semi-elliptical defect
A16.8323.1 PLA-D2DS. Describing defect geometry

The geometry of the semi-elliptical defect is given in the Figure A16.8323.1.
Figure A16.8323.1: PLA-D2DS, plate containing a part-throughwall semi-elliptical defect
h
2c : length of the defect
2.c
a 2.b
A16.8323.2 PLA-D2DS. Influence coefficients - E* value

The value of the influence coefficients i0, i1, i2, i3 in depth and on the surface are given in the table A16.8323.2. With these
influence coefficients, the value of Jel is then obtained using: E* = E/(1 - 2).
A16.8323.3 PLA-D2DS. MLL option: coefficients (Later)
A16.8323.4 PLA-D2DS. EPS option: stresses in the section of the defect - coefficients
ac
2bh 
2
through the thickness 6  M2 1

2b h 2 a c 2 a 
1      
h b 3 h 2
membrane stress 0
0
© n°2015-171 A16 85 / 214

Table A16.8323.2: PLA-D2DS, values of i0, i1, i2, i3 at the bottom (f) and on the surface (s)
a/c a/h (i0)f (i0)s (i1)f (i1)s (i2)f (i2)s (i3)f (i3)s
1 0 0.657 0.744 0.465 0.129 0.385 4.78E-2 0.338 2.47E-2
1 0.1 0.657 0.748 0.463 0.126 0.382 4.70E-2 0.335 2.44E-2
1 0.2 0.660 0.754 0.464 0.128 0.383 4.79E-2 0.335 2.50E-2
1 0.4 0.675 0.789 0.469 0.139 0.385 5.34E-2 0.336 2.82E-2
1 0.6 0.691 0.853 0.475 0.158 0.389 6.19E-2 0.339 3.29E-2
1 0.8 0.697 0.927 0.489 0.176 0.400 6.84E-2 0.348 3.57E-2
0.5 0 0.883 0.704 0.569 0.119 0.451 4.06E-2 0.386 2.04E-2
0.5 0.1 0.884 0.712 0.567 0.113 0.449 4.05E-2 0.383 2.05E-2
0.5 0.2 0.898 0.726 0.572 0.118 0.451 4.30E-2 0.384 2.21E-2
0.5 0.4 0.962 0.806 0.593 0.144 0.461 5.60E-2 0.390 2.98E-2
0.5 0.6 1.038 0.947 0.620 0.188 0.476 7.63E-2 0.399 4.13E-2
0.5 0.8 1.070 1.117 0.649 0.231 0.498 9.48E-2 0.416 5.07E-2
0.25 0 1.022 0.568 0.632 7.37E-2 0.491 2.15E-2 0.415 9.56E-3
0.25 0.1 1.027 0.585 0.632 7.31E-2 0.489 2.19E-2 0.412 9.97E-3
0.25 0.2 1.066 0.608 0.645 8.11E-2 0.496 2.60E-2 0.416 1.24E-2
0.25 0.4 1.234 0.714 0.703 0.116 0.525 4.31E-2 0.433 2.26E-2
0.25 0.6 1.452 0.900 0.778 0.173 0.563 6.99E-2 0.457 3.78E-2
0.25 0.8 1.573 1.167 0.840 0.244 0.604 1.02E-1 0.487 5.49E-2
0.125 0 1.088 0.432 0.664 3.93E-2 0.512 8.08E-3 0.431 2.91E-3
0.125 0.1 1.095 0.445 0.664 3.70E-2 0.510 8.63E-3 0.427 3.47E-3
0.125 0.2 1.172 0.469 0.692 4.48E-2 0.524 1.25E-2 0.436 5.75E-3
0.125 0.4 1.482 0.559 0.801 7.39E-2 0.580 2.59E-2 0.470 1.35E-2
0.125 0.6 1.943 0.725 0.960 0.122 0.663 4.87E-2 0.521 2.63E-2
0.125 0.8 2.300 1.006 1.098 0.202 0.741 8.39E-2 0.573 4.54E-2
0.0625 0 1.105 0.282 0.673 2.02E-2 0.518 2.77E-3 0.435 7.13E-4
0.0625 0.1 1.129 0.336 0.680 1.77E-2 0.520 3.19E-3 0.435 1.24E-3
0.0625 0.2 1.243 0.353 0.722 2.26E-2 0.543 5.52E-3 0.449 2.58E-3
0.0625 0.4 1.693 0.410 0.885 3.88E-2 0.629 1.28E-2 0.503 6.61E-3
0.0625 0.6 2.470 0.515 1.157 6.94E-2 0.770 2.66E-2 0.591 1.43E-2
0.0625 0.8 3.331 0.729 1.458 0.131 0.927 5.37E-2 0.689 2.91E-2
0 0 1.122 0.000 0.683 0.000 0.526 0.000 0.441 0.000
0 0.1 1.185 0.000 0.706 0.000 0.537 0.000 0.447 0.000
0 0.2 1.364 0.000 0.777 0.000 0.578 0.000 0.475 0.000
0 0.4 2.109 0.000 1.061 0.000 0.736 0.000 0.584 0.000
0 0.6 4.030 0.000 1.764 0.000 1.115 0.000 0.822 0.000
0 0.8 11.949 0.000 4.546 0.000 2.573 0.000 1.734 0.000
A16 86 / 214 © n°2015-171

A16.8324 PLATE - Direction 2 inside semi-elliptical or infinite defect
A16.8324.1 PLA-NDE and PLA-NDI. Describing defect geometry

The geometry of the inside defect is defined by its size in depth 2a and the distance d of the defect centre to the nearest plate
surface (Figure A16.8324.1). If the defect is elliptical, it is also characterised by its length 2c.
Figure A16.8324.1: plate with an inside defect, elliptical or infinite - PLA-NDE or NDI
h h
2.c
2.c
B
2.a C h d d
d 2.b 2.b
A
2.a 2.a
L L
A16.8324.2 PLA-NDE or PLA-NDI. Influence coefficients – E* value

The values of the influence coefficients i0, i1, i2, i3 for the three characteristic points of the defect (A, B and C) are given in table
A16.8324.2.
When the defect is infinite, the ratio a/c is 0 and point C is not defined.
If the geometrical parameters of the defect differ from those used in the tables, it is recommended to determine the values V of
the influence coefficients i0, i1, i2 and i3 with a barycentric interpolation (A16.8122) on the variables : x = 2a/h, y = a/d and z =
a/c.
© n°2015-171 A16 87 / 214

Table A16.8324.2: PLA-NDE or NDI – values of i0 at point A

a/d
a/c 2a/t 0,05 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,85 0,9
0,05 0,6353 0,6354 0,6359 0,6373 0,6404 0,6459 0,6564 0,6757 0,7119 0,7423 0,7921
0,1 0,6356 0,6362 0,6377 0,6406 0,6465 0,6572 0,6760 0,7116 0,7427 0,7926
1 0,2 0,6368 0,6385 0,6418 0,6480 0,6587 0,6787 0,7138 0,7452 0,7963
0,3 0,6391 0,6422 0,6488 0,6602 0,6795 0,7163 0,7476 0,8005
0,4 0,6435 0,6499 0,6623 0,6819 0,7191 0,7508 0,8053
0,5 0,6511 0,6631 0,6841 0,7230 0,7554 0,8119
0,05 0,8245 0,8248 0,8262 0,8303 0,8391 0,8542 0,8807 0,9244 1,0007 1,0616 1,1594
0,1 0,8253 0,8269 0,8312 0,8397 0,8554 0,8820 0,9246 1,0005 1,0632 1,1614
0,5 0,2 0,8284 0,8327 0,8422 0,8587 0,8853 0,9308 1,0065 1,0692 1,1721
0,3 0,8352 0,8443 0,8618 0,8906 0,9357 1,0154 1,0786 1,1841
0,4 0,8499 0,8665 0,8977 0,9441 1,0248 1,0899 1,1991
0,5 0,8725 0,9018 0,9520 1,0325 1,1031 1,2202
0,05 0,9317 0,9323 0,9357 0,9443 0,9605 0,9872 1,0291 1,0952 1,2067 1,2964 1,4401
0,1 0,9331 0,9366 0,9455 0,9618 0,9890 1,0315 1,0954 1,2080 1,3013 1,4447
0,25 0,2 0,9402 0,9493 0,9678 0,9970 1,0406 1,1105 1,2202 1,3145 1,4679
0,3 0,9558 0,9724 1,0045 1,0525 1,1235 1,2444 1,3422 1,4991
0,4 0,9830 1,0122 1,0651 1,1400 1,2702 1,3746 1,5414
0,5 1,0257 1,0746 1,1575 1,2951 1,4077 1,5851
0,05 0,9771 0,9781 0,9839 0,9968 1,0189 1,0525 1,1034 1,1829 1,3165 1,4254 1,5996
0,1 0,9796 0,9864 1,0004 1,0231 1,0578 1,1101 1,1881 1,3225 1,4348 1,6112
0,125 0,2 0,9907 1,0046 1,0307 1,0689 1,1238 1,2098 1,3539 1,4711 1,6589
0,3 1,0135 1,0375 1,0809 1,1438 1,2346 1,4001 1,5259 1,7280
0,4 1,0546 1,0952 1,1674 1,2677 1,4424 1,5808 1,8023
0,5 1,1117 1,1788 1,2919 1,4813 1,6351 1,8780
0,05 1,0012 1,0045 1,0152 1,0323 1,0586 1,0979 1,1562 1,2471 1,4009 1,5235 1,7187
0,1 1,0059 1,0195 1,0410 1,0708 1,1132 1,1752 1,2694 1,4266 1,5567 1,7592
0 0,2 1,0245 1,0502 1,0923 1,1478 1,2237 1,3342 1,5157 1,6642 1,8993
0,3 1,0576 1,0991 1,1689 1,2648 1,4017 1,6210 1,7967 2,0771
0,4 1,1092 1,1740 1,2849 1,4495 1,7141 1,9267 2,2674
0,5 1,1864 1,2887 1,4698 1,7747 2,0242 2,4247
Table A16.8324.2: PLA-NDE or NDI – values of i0 at point B (continue)

a/d
a/c 2a/t 0,05 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,85 0,9
0,05 0,6353 0,6354 0,6358 0,6365 0,6376 0,6391 0,6414 0,6443 0,6478 0,6498 0,6528
0,1 0,6356 0,6360 0,6368 0,6380 0,6397 0,6418 0,6446 0,6481 0,6501 0,6533
1 0,2 0,6368 0,6374 0,6389 0,6408 0,6432 0,6461 0,6495 0,6516 0,6548
0,3 0,6391 0,6394 0,6412 0,6438 0,6470 0,6505 0,6527 0,6566
0,4 0,6435 0,6428 0,6449 0,6482 0,6514 0,6535 0,6578
0,5 0,6511 0,6482 0,6497 0,6533 0,6550 0,6597
0,05 0,8245 0,8247 0,8259 0,8283 0,8321 0,8372 0,8450 0,8538 0,8668 0,8739 0,8838
0,1 0,8253 0,8264 0,8289 0,8329 0,8385 0,8458 0,8549 0,8675 0,8750 0,8851
0,5 0,2 0,8284 0,8302 0,8347 0,8409 0,8489 0,8586 0,8714 0,8787 0,8902
0,3 0,8352 0,8366 0,8428 0,8514 0,8623 0,8758 0,8835 0,8959
0,4 0,8499 0,8491 0,8563 0,8675 0,8795 0,8872 0,9006
0,5 0,8725 0,8666 0,8735 0,8828 0,8916 0,9085
0,05 0,9317 0,9322 0,9348 0,9399 0,9479 0,9593 0,9744 0,9929 1,0162 1,0308 1,0499
0,1 0,9331 0,9355 0,9410 0,9495 0,9611 0,9756 0,9933 1,0184 1,0344 1,0532
0,25 0,2 0,9402 0,9444 0,9541 0,9671 0,9835 1,0030 1,0261 1,0421 1,0647
0,3 0,9558 0,9590 0,9721 0,9899 1,0121 1,0391 1,0566 1,0792
0,4 0,9830 0,9827 0,9978 1,0209 1,0500 1,0694 1,0943
0,5 1,0257 1,0176 1,0334 1,0614 1,0818 1,1083
0,05 0,9771 0,9779 0,9824 0,9907 1,0028 1,0189 1,0388 1,0637 1,0956 1,1161 1,1428
0,1 0,9796 0,9847 0,9940 1,0071 1,0235 1,0436 1,0685 1,1014 1,1228 1,1505
0,125 0,2 0,9907 0,9974 1,0123 1,0312 1,0543 1,0815 1,1216 1,1449 1,1751
0,3 1,0135 1,0189 1,0386 1,0647 1,0970 1,1459 1,1728 1,2075
0,4 1,0546 1,0555 1,0790 1,1145 1,1614 1,1922 1,2321
0,5 1,1117 1,1028 1,1286 1,1752 1,2085 1,2523
0,05 1,0012 1,0040 1,0128 1,0247 1,0403 1,0599 1,0841 1,1144 1,1549 1,1803 1,2125
0,1 1,0059 1,0163 1,0320 1,0505 1,0726 1,0995 1,1326 1,1752 1,2028 1,2379
0 0,2 1,0245 1,0376 1,0643 1,0957 1,1321 1,1755 1,2312 1,2673 1,3134
0,3 1,0576 1,0683 1,1037 1,1503 1,2076 1,2815 1,3292 1,3909
0,4 1,1092 1,1124 1,1546 1,2193 1,3095 1,3702 1,4507
0,5 1,1864 1,1760 1,2245 1,3161 1,3839 1,4772
A16 88 / 214 © n°2015-171

Table A16.8324.2: PLA-NDE or NDI – values of i0 at point C (continue)

a/d
a/c 2a/t 0,05 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,85 0,9
0,05 0,6358 0,6359 0,6363 0,6374 0,6391 0,6415 0,6455 0,6510 0,6583 0,6627 0,6687
0,1 0,6361 0,6365 0,6375 0,6393 0,6421 0,6460 0,6513 0,6585 0,6630 0,6691
1 0,2 0,6372 0,6382 0,6403 0,6433 0,6475 0,6533 0,6602 0,6649 0,6711
0,3 0,6393 0,6408 0,6439 0,6485 0,6545 0,6618 0,6666 0,6737
0,4 0,6430 0,6451 0,6496 0,6561 0,6634 0,6682 0,6761
0,5 0,6487 0,6516 0,6570 0,6659 0,6708 0,6796
0,05 0,5831 0,5832 0,5840 0,5859 0,5888 0,5928 0,5991 0,6064 0,6155 0,6210 0,6292
0,1 0,5834 0,5843 0,5863 0,5895 0,5939 0,5997 0,6069 0,6160 0,6217 0,6300
0,5 0,2 0,5854 0,5872 0,5908 0,5957 0,6019 0,6098 0,6191 0,6247 0,6343
0,3 0,5895 0,5923 0,5974 0,6044 0,6130 0,6232 0,6290 0,6394
0,4 0,5972 0,6006 0,6074 0,6168 0,6268 0,6331 0,6443
0,5 0,6071 0,6113 0,6196 0,6294 0,6374 0,6515
0,05 0,4663 0,4666 0,4677 0,4696 0,4723 0,4758 0,4799 0,4847 0,4906 0,4951 0,5033
0,1 0,4669 0,4681 0,4702 0,4730 0,4765 0,4807 0,4853 0,4914 0,4970 0,5043
0,25 0,2 0,4697 0,4719 0,4753 0,4795 0,4844 0,4902 0,4954 0,5006 0,5099
0,3 0,4746 0,4773 0,4819 0,4878 0,4947 0,5020 0,5080 0,5172
0,4 0,4813 0,4844 0,4904 0,4984 0,5075 0,5144 0,5250
0,5 0,4900 0,4938 0,5014 0,5118 0,5198 0,5316
0,05 0,3480 0,3483 0,3492 0,3504 0,3520 0,3538 0,3560 0,3586 0,3615 0,3665 0,3754
0,1 0,3484 0,3502 0,3519 0,3539 0,3559 0,3581 0,3601 0,3627 0,3679 0,3759
0,125 0,2 0,3513 0,3530 0,3555 0,3583 0,3613 0,3647 0,3680 0,3736 0,3841
0,3 0,3544 0,3568 0,3599 0,3640 0,3684 0,3734 0,3796 0,3905
0,4 0,3587 0,3610 0,3660 0,3709 0,3767 0,3836 0,3959
0,5 0,3637 0,3667 0,3722 0,3784 0,3860 0,3995
© n°2015-171 A16 89 / 214

Table A16.8324.2: PLA-NDE or NDI – values of i1 at point A (continue)

a/d
a/c 2a/t 0,05 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,85 0,9
0,05 -0,4231 -0,4232 -0,4232 -0,4235 -0,4240 -0,4248 -0,4273 -0,4334 -0,4482 -0,4630 -0,4902
0,1 -0,4232 -0,4232 -0,4234 -0,4238 -0,4248 -0,4275 -0,4334 -0,4479 -0,4630 -0,4903
1 0,2 -0,4232 -0,4234 -0,4238 -0,4249 -0,4272 -0,4337 -0,4480 -0,4632 -0,4909
0,3 -0,4234 -0,4238 -0,4249 -0,4275 -0,4332 -0,4483 -0,4632 -0,4912
0,4 -0,4238 -0,4251 -0,4281 -0,4334 -0,4487 -0,4637 -0,4920
0,5 -0,4251 -0,4282 -0,4344 -0,4494 -0,4647 -0,4931
0,05 -0,4734 -0,4734 -0,4734 -0,4741 -0,4753 -0,4771 -0,4824 -0,4937 -0,5191 -0,5431 -0,5860
0,1 -0,4735 -0,4736 -0,4739 -0,4748 -0,4772 -0,4826 -0,4931 -0,5185 -0,5431 -0,5861
0,5 0,2 -0,4737 -0,4740 -0,4750 -0,4774 -0,4822 -0,4941 -0,5188 -0,5434 -0,5879
0,3 -0,4739 -0,4752 -0,4775 -0,4829 -0,4937 -0,5195 -0,5439 -0,5886
0,4 -0,4749 -0,4778 -0,4839 -0,4942 -0,5205 -0,5453 -0,5906
0,5 -0,4776 -0,4843 -0,4963 -0,5222 -0,5477 -0,5935
0,05 -0,4918 -0,4919 -0,4920 -0,4926 -0,4943 -0,4977 -0,5052 -0,5204 -0,5529 -0,5838 -0,6382
0,1 -0,4921 -0,4922 -0,4928 -0,4943 -0,4979 -0,5056 -0,5197 -0,5523 -0,5841 -0,6382
0,25 0,2 -0,4922 -0,4928 -0,4946 -0,4982 -0,5053 -0,5213 -0,5528 -0,5846 -0,6405
0,3 -0,4927 -0,4947 -0,4987 -0,5064 -0,5210 -0,5544 -0,5862 -0,6426
0,4 -0,4944 -0,4992 -0,5082 -0,5224 -0,5570 -0,5895 -0,6474
0,5 -0,4987 -0,5088 -0,5258 -0,5607 -0,5945 -0,6537
0,05 -0,4975 -0,4976 -0,4978 -0,4987 -0,5008 -0,5049 -0,5134 -0,5305 -0,5670 -0,6018 -0,6630
0,1 -0,4976 -0,4979 -0,4986 -0,5006 -0,5050 -0,5139 -0,5299 -0,5665 -0,6021 -0,6634
0,125 0,2 -0,4978 -0,4989 -0,5010 -0,5054 -0,5138 -0,5320 -0,5679 -0,6037 -0,6670
0,3 -0,4985 -0,5013 -0,5063 -0,5155 -0,5323 -0,5710 -0,6073 -0,6718
0,4 -0,5009 -0,5072 -0,5183 -0,5352 -0,5758 -0,6136 -0,6807
0,5 -0,5066 -0,5199 -0,5405 -0,5825 -0,6224 -0,6926
0,05 -0,4998 -0,4999 -0,5002 -0,5011 -0,5034 -0,5081 -0,5174 -0,5361 -0,5760 -0,6129 -0,6775
0,1 -0,4998 -0,5003 -0,5013 -0,5036 -0,5085 -0,5180 -0,5368 -0,5764 -0,6146 -0,6800
0 0,2 -0,5002 -0,5020 -0,5049 -0,5102 -0,5204 -0,5401 -0,5817 -0,6217 -0,6917
0,3 -0,5015 -0,5062 -0,5130 -0,5246 -0,5463 -0,5914 -0,6340 -0,7096
0,4 -0,5054 -0,5153 -0,5295 -0,5545 -0,6048 -0,6522 -0,7365
0,5 -0,5143 -0,5334 -0,5630 -0,6202 -0,6737 -0,7680

a/d
a/c 2a/t 0,05 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,85 0,9
0,05 0,4231 0,4232 0,4232 0,4232 0,4231 0,4230 0,4228 0,4225 0,4221 0,4218 0,4215
0,1 0,4232 0,4232 0,4231 0,4231 0,4230 0,4227 0,4225 0,4221 0,4218 0,4215
1 0,2 0,4232 0,4232 0,4231 0,4230 0,4228 0,4224 0,4221 0,4218 0,4215
0,3 0,4234 0,4231 0,4230 0,4227 0,4224 0,4220 0,4217 0,4214
0,4 0,4238 0,4233 0,4229 0,4224 0,4220 0,4217 0,4214
0,5 0,4251 0,4238 0,4231 0,4223 0,4220 0,4217
0,05 0,4734 0,4734 0,4734 0,4733 0,4730 0,4727 0,4722 0,4709 0,4698 0,4689 0,4681
0,1 0,4735 0,4735 0,4734 0,4732 0,4728 0,4721 0,4710 0,4697 0,4689 0,4681
0,5 0,2 0,4737 0,4736 0,4733 0,4729 0,4722 0,4710 0,4696 0,4687 0,4680
0,3 0,4739 0,4733 0,4728 0,4720 0,4710 0,4694 0,4684 0,4674
0,4 0,4749 0,4734 0,4723 0,4710 0,4693 0,4682 0,4672
0,5 0,4776 0,4743 0,4722 0,4702 0,4688 0,4677
0,05 0,4918 0,4918 0,4918 0,4916 0,4911 0,4903 0,4894 0,4877 0,4849 0,4835 0,4819
0,1 0,4921 0,4920 0,4918 0,4914 0,4906 0,4893 0,4873 0,4848 0,4835 0,4819
0,25 0,2 0,4922 0,4918 0,4913 0,4905 0,4892 0,4873 0,4845 0,4829 0,4812
0,3 0,4927 0,4916 0,4905 0,4890 0,4870 0,4838 0,4821 0,4803
0,4 0,4944 0,4917 0,4895 0,4870 0,4834 0,4814 0,4791
0,5 0,4987 0,4930 0,4890 0,4844 0,4820 0,4793
0,05 0,4975 0,4975 0,4975 0,4972 0,4966 0,4956 0,4940 0,4917 0,4879 0,4857 0,4830
0,1 0,4976 0,4975 0,4971 0,4965 0,4955 0,4939 0,4913 0,4879 0,4855 0,4828
0,125 0,2 0,4978 0,4971 0,4964 0,4953 0,4936 0,4910 0,4870 0,4843 0,4811
0,3 0,4985 0,4968 0,4952 0,4932 0,4904 0,4856 0,4826 0,4789
0,4 0,5009 0,4969 0,4937 0,4900 0,4846 0,4811 0,4767
0,5 0,5066 0,4989 0,4930 0,4858 0,4815 0,4762
0,05 0,4998 0,4997 0,4996 0,4991 0,4983 0,4971 0,4951 0,4918 0,4866 0,4827 0,4767
0,1 0,4998 0,4995 0,4990 0,4981 0,4968 0,4947 0,4915 0,4861 0,4816 0,4753
0 0,2 0,5002 0,4988 0,4974 0,4957 0,4931 0,4893 0,4829 0,4778 0,4699
0,3 0,5015 0,4981 0,4951 0,4915 0,4865 0,4784 0,4720 0,4619
0,4 0,5054 0,4984 0,4926 0,4856 0,4750 0,4668 0,4542
0,5 0,5143 0,5014 0,4905 0,4765 0,4663 0,4508
A16 90 / 214 © n°2015-171


a/d
a/c 2a/t 0,05 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,85 0,9
0,05 -0,0001 -0,0001 -0,0002 -0,0002 -0,0004 -0,0007 -0,0012 -0,0020 -0,0032 -0,0041 -0,0051
0,1 -0,0001 -0,0002 -0,0002 -0,0004 -0,0007 -0,0012 -0,0020 -0,0032 -0,0041 -0,0051
1 0,2 -0,0001 -0,0002 -0,0004 -0,0007 -0,0012 -0,0021 -0,0033 -0,0042 -0,0053
0,3 -0,0001 -0,0004 -0,0007 -0,0013 -0,0021 -0,0034 -0,0043 -0,0055
0,4 -0,0001 -0,0007 -0,0014 -0,0023 -0,0036 -0,0045 -0,0058
0,5 -0,0001 -0,0012 -0,0023 -0,0038 -0,0048 -0,0062
0,05 -0,0001 -0,0001 -0,0001 -0,0002 -0,0004 -0,0008 -0,0013 -0,0020 -0,0032 -0,0039 -0,0049
0,1 -0,0001 -0,0001 -0,0002 -0,0004 -0,0008 -0,0013 -0,0020 -0,0032 -0,0039 -0,0050
0,5 0,2 -0,0001 -0,0002 -0,0005 -0,0008 -0,0014 -0,0022 -0,0033 -0,0041 -0,0052
0,3 -0,0001 -0,0005 -0,0009 -0,0015 -0,0024 -0,0036 -0,0044 -0,0056
0,4 -0,0001 -0,0008 -0,0016 -0,0026 -0,0039 -0,0048 -0,0061
0,5 -0,0001 -0,0014 -0,0026 -0,0042 -0,0053 -0,0068
0,05 -0,0001 -0,0001 -0,0001 -0,0002 -0,0003 -0,0004 -0,0007 -0,0010 -0,0015 -0,0018 -0,0023
0,1 -0,0001 -0,0001 -0,0002 -0,0003 -0,0005 -0,0007 -0,0010 -0,0015 -0,0019 -0,0024
0,25 0,2 -0,0001 -0,0002 -0,0003 -0,0005 -0,0008 -0,0012 -0,0017 -0,0021 -0,0027
0,3 -0,0001 -0,0004 -0,0007 -0,0010 -0,0015 -0,0021 -0,0026 -0,0032
0,4 -0,0001 -0,0006 -0,0011 -0,0017 -0,0026 -0,0032 -0,0040
0,5 -0,0001 -0,0010 -0,0019 -0,0030 -0,0038 -0,0047
0,05 0,0000 0,0000 -0,0001 -0,0001 -0,0001 -0,0002 -0,0002 -0,0003 -0,0005 -0,0006 -0,0007
0,1 0,0000 -0,0001 -0,0001 -0,0001 -0,0002 -0,0003 -0,0004 -0,0005 -0,0006 -0,0008
0,125 0,2 0,0000 -0,0001 -0,0002 -0,0003 -0,0004 -0,0005 -0,0007 -0,0009 -0,0011
0,3 0,0000 -0,0002 -0,0004 -0,0005 -0,0008 -0,0011 -0,0013 -0,0017
0,4 0,0000 -0,0004 -0,0007 -0,0010 -0,0015 -0,0018 -0,0022
0,5 0,0000 -0,0006 -0,0011 -0,0018 -0,0022 -0,0028
© n°2015-171 A16 91 / 214


a/d
a/c 2a/t 0,05 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,85 0,9
0,05 0,3805 0,3805 0,3806 0,3810 0,3818 0,3828 0,3854 0,3907 0,4026 0,4142 0,4358
0,1 0,3805 0,3807 0,3810 0,3816 0,3829 0,3856 0,3908 0,4024 0,4143 0,4360
1 0,2 0,3808 0,3812 0,3819 0,3832 0,3858 0,3915 0,4029 0,4148 0,4370
0,3 0,3813 0,3819 0,3834 0,3861 0,3912 0,4034 0,4152 0,4378
0,4 0,3822 0,3836 0,3867 0,3916 0,4039 0,4159 0,4388
0,5 0,3839 0,3869 0,3924 0,4048 0,4169 0,4402
0,05 0,4398 0,4399 0,4402 0,4414 0,4435 0,4463 0,4528 0,4644 0,4875 0,5084 0,5453
0,1 0,4401 0,4404 0,4413 0,4431 0,4466 0,4531 0,4642 0,4873 0,5087 0,5458
0,5 0,2 0,4407 0,4417 0,4437 0,4473 0,4536 0,4658 0,4885 0,5099 0,5486
0,3 0,4421 0,4441 0,4479 0,4547 0,4663 0,4903 0,5117 0,5510
0,4 0,4452 0,4489 0,4563 0,4678 0,4923 0,5141 0,5542
0,5 0,4501 0,4572 0,4699 0,4940 0,5169 0,5586
0,05 0,4737 0,4739 0,4745 0,4764 0,4800 0,4862 0,4968 0,5145 0,5477 0,5773 0,6281
0,1 0,4741 0,4749 0,4768 0,4804 0,4867 0,4974 0,5144 0,5477 0,5782 0,6290
0,25 0,2 0,4756 0,4775 0,4816 0,4883 0,4989 0,5178 0,5502 0,5810 0,6343
0,3 0,4789 0,4825 0,4899 0,5015 0,5198 0,5551 0,5866 0,6407
0,4 0,4847 0,4915 0,5044 0,5231 0,5605 0,5934 0,6498
0,5 0,4943 0,5062 0,5273 0,5658 0,6005 0,6592
0,05 0,4899 0,4901 0,4913 0,4943 0,4995 0,5078 0,5209 0,5427 0,5827 0,6183 0,6789
0,1 0,4904 0,4918 0,4949 0,5003 0,5089 0,5225 0,5434 0,5837 0,6202 0,6813
0,125 0,2 0,4928 0,4958 0,5019 0,5111 0,5249 0,5484 0,5902 0,6277 0,6918
0,3 0,4978 0,5034 0,5137 0,5293 0,5530 0,6000 0,6393 0,7065
0,4 0,5072 0,5168 0,5348 0,5599 0,6092 0,6514 0,7231
0,5 0,5206 0,5373 0,5659 0,6180 0,6637 0,7403
0,05 0,5000 0,5008 0,5035 0,5078 0,5145 0,5247 0,5404 0,5660 0,6128 0,6528 0,7207
0,1 0,5012 0,5046 0,5100 0,5176 0,5286 0,5451 0,5716 0,6191 0,6614 0,7311
0 0,2 0,5059 0,5123 0,5230 0,5373 0,5573 0,5879 0,6417 0,6887 0,7675
0,3 0,5142 0,5247 0,5425 0,5677 0,6049 0,6684 0,7224 0,8132
0,4 0,5272 0,5438 0,5727 0,6170 0,6921 0,7558 0,8627
0,5 0,5469 0,5737 0,6221 0,7076 0,7809 0,9037

a/d
a/c 2a/t 0,05 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,85 0,9
0,05 0,3805 0,3805 0,3806 0,3807 0,3810 0,3813 0,3817 0,3824 0,3831 0,3835 0,3840
0,1 0,3805 0,3806 0,3808 0,3810 0,3814 0,3818 0,3824 0,3831 0,3836 0,3841
1 0,2 0,3808 0,3809 0,3812 0,3816 0,3821 0,3827 0,3834 0,3839 0,3845
0,3 0,3813 0,3813 0,3817 0,3822 0,3829 0,3836 0,3841 0,3847
0,4 0,3822 0,3820 0,3824 0,3831 0,3838 0,3843 0,3849
0,5 0,3839 0,3832 0,3835 0,3842 0,3847 0,3853
0,05 0,4398 0,4399 0,4401 0,4406 0,4414 0,4425 0,4442 0,4460 0,4489 0,4504 0,4524
0,1 0,4401 0,4403 0,4408 0,4416 0,4428 0,4443 0,4461 0,4489 0,4507 0,4526
0,5 0,2 0,4407 0,4412 0,4420 0,4433 0,4450 0,4470 0,4498 0,4514 0,4534
0,3 0,4421 0,4424 0,4437 0,4455 0,4478 0,4507 0,4524 0,4546
0,4 0,4452 0,4450 0,4465 0,4488 0,4514 0,4532 0,4554
0,5 0,4501 0,4487 0,4501 0,4523 0,4542 0,4565
0,05 0,4737 0,4738 0,4743 0,4754 0,4771 0,4796 0,4831 0,4872 0,4925 0,4963 0,5015
0,1 0,4741 0,4746 0,4758 0,4776 0,4801 0,4832 0,4871 0,4928 0,4971 0,5022
0,25 0,2 0,4756 0,4765 0,4785 0,4813 0,4849 0,4892 0,4944 0,4985 0,5046
0,3 0,4789 0,4796 0,4823 0,4862 0,4911 0,4971 0,5016 0,5076
0,4 0,4847 0,4846 0,4879 0,4929 0,4994 0,5042 0,5108
0,5 0,4943 0,4923 0,4957 0,5019 0,5070 0,5140
0,05 0,4899 0,4901 0,4910 0,4929 0,4956 0,4994 0,5040 0,5099 0,5176 0,5231 0,5307
0,1 0,4904 0,4914 0,4934 0,4964 0,5003 0,5050 0,5107 0,5188 0,5245 0,5324
0,125 0,2 0,4928 0,4942 0,4976 0,5019 0,5072 0,5135 0,5230 0,5291 0,5374
0,3 0,4978 0,4990 0,5034 0,5094 0,5168 0,5281 0,5350 0,5444
0,4 0,5072 0,5073 0,5126 0,5206 0,5316 0,5393 0,5498
0,5 0,5206 0,5183 0,5241 0,5349 0,5432 0,5546
0,05 0,5000 0,5007 0,5029 0,5059 0,5098 0,5147 0,5208 0,5283 0,5388 0,5456 0,5546
0,1 0,5012 0,5038 0,5077 0,5124 0,5179 0,5247 0,5330 0,5440 0,5513 0,5612
0 0,2 0,5059 0,5091 0,5158 0,5237 0,5328 0,5438 0,5582 0,5679 0,5807
0,3 0,5142 0,5168 0,5257 0,5374 0,5519 0,5710 0,5837 0,6006
0,4 0,5272 0,5279 0,5385 0,5549 0,5781 0,5942 0,6162
0,5 0,5469 0,5441 0,5562 0,5798 0,5978 0,6231
A16 92 / 214 © n°2015-171


a/d
a/c 2a/t 0,05 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,85 0,9
0,05 0,0417 0,0417 0,0418 0,0420 0,0423 0,0429 0,0437 0,0449 0,0465 0,0474 0,0487
0,1 0,0418 0,0419 0,0421 0,0424 0,0430 0,0438 0,0449 0,0465 0,0475 0,0487
1 0,2 0,0420 0,0422 0,0426 0,0432 0,0442 0,0454 0,0468 0,0479 0,0491
0,3 0,0424 0,0427 0,0434 0,0443 0,0456 0,0472 0,0482 0,0497
0,4 0,0432 0,0436 0,0446 0,0459 0,0475 0,0485 0,0502
0,5 0,0443 0,0449 0,0462 0,0480 0,0490 0,0509
0,05 0,0319 0,0319 0,0321 0,0324 0,0330 0,0339 0,0351 0,0366 0,0384 0,0396 0,0410
0,1 0,0320 0,0322 0,0326 0,0332 0,0341 0,0353 0,0367 0,0385 0,0397 0,0412
0,5 0,2 0,0324 0,0327 0,0335 0,0345 0,0357 0,0372 0,0392 0,0403 0,0420
0,3 0,0332 0,0337 0,0348 0,0362 0,0379 0,0400 0,0412 0,0431
0,4 0,0348 0,0354 0,0369 0,0387 0,0407 0,0420 0,0441
0,5 0,0368 0,0376 0,0394 0,0413 0,0429 0,0456
0,05 0,0148 0,0148 0,0151 0,0154 0,0160 0,0166 0,0173 0,0181 0,0191 0,0197 0,0206
0,1 0,0149 0,0151 0,0155 0,0161 0,0167 0,0174 0,0182 0,0193 0,0200 0,0209
0,25 0,2 0,0154 0,0159 0,0165 0,0173 0,0182 0,0192 0,0201 0,0209 0,0221
0,3 0,0164 0,0169 0,0178 0,0189 0,0201 0,0215 0,0224 0,0236
0,4 0,0177 0,0183 0,0194 0,0209 0,0226 0,0237 0,0252
0,5 0,0193 0,0200 0,0215 0,0235 0,0248 0,0266
0,05 0,0047 0,0047 0,0049 0,0051 0,0053 0,0055 0,0058 0,0060 0,0064 0,0066 0,0069
0,1 0,0048 0,0050 0,0053 0,0056 0,0058 0,0061 0,0064 0,0067 0,0070 0,0073
0,125 0,2 0,0052 0,0055 0,0059 0,0063 0,0067 0,0072 0,0078 0,0082 0,0087
0,3 0,0057 0,0061 0,0066 0,0073 0,0079 0,0089 0,0095 0,0103
0,4 0,0065 0,0069 0,0076 0,0085 0,0096 0,0103 0,0113
0,5 0,0073 0,0077 0,0087 0,0099 0,0108 0,0120
© n°2015-171 A16 93 / 214


a/d
a/c 2a/t 0,05 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,85 0,9
0,05 -0,3258 -0,3258 -0,3259 -0,3260 -0,3262 -0,3266 -0,3277 -0,3307 -0,3383 -0,3465 -0,3627
0,1 -0,3258 -0,3259 -0,3259 -0,3261 -0,3266 -0,3278 -0,3307 -0,3382 -0,3465 -0,3628
1 0,2 -0,3259 -0,3259 -0,3261 -0,3266 -0,3276 -0,3308 -0,3382 -0,3466 -0,3631
0,3 -0,3259 -0,3261 -0,3266 -0,3278 -0,3304 -0,3383 -0,3466 -0,3633
0,4 -0,3262 -0,3267 -0,3282 -0,3305 -0,3385 -0,3468 -0,3636
0,5 -0,3267 -0,3281 -0,3310 -0,3388 -0,3473 -0,3640
0,05 -0,3565 -0,3565 -0,3565 -0,3568 -0,3574 -0,3581 -0,3607 -0,3662 -0,3794 -0,3925 -0,4176
0,1 -0,3566 -0,3566 -0,3568 -0,3571 -0,3582 -0,3608 -0,3659 -0,3791 -0,3926 -0,4177
0,5 0,2 -0,3566 -0,3568 -0,3572 -0,3583 -0,3606 -0,3665 -0,3792 -0,3927 -0,4187
0,3 -0,3567 -0,3574 -0,3584 -0,3609 -0,3660 -0,3795 -0,3929 -0,4190
0,4 -0,3572 -0,3585 -0,3614 -0,3661 -0,3799 -0,3935 -0,4199
0,5 -0,3584 -0,3615 -0,3672 -0,3808 -0,3946 -0,4212
0,05 -0,3686 -0,3686 -0,3686 -0,3689 -0,3697 -0,3713 -0,3750 -0,3827 -0,3998 -0,4171 -0,4485
0,1 -0,3687 -0,3688 -0,3691 -0,3698 -0,3715 -0,3752 -0,3823 -0,3994 -0,4172 -0,4485
0,25 0,2 -0,3688 -0,3691 -0,3699 -0,3716 -0,3750 -0,3831 -0,3997 -0,4174 -0,4497
0,3 -0,3690 -0,3699 -0,3718 -0,3755 -0,3828 -0,4003 -0,4181 -0,4506
0,4 -0,3698 -0,3720 -0,3764 -0,3833 -0,4015 -0,4195 -0,4506
0,5 -0,3718 -0,3766 -0,3850 -0,4031 -0,4218 -0,4556
0,05 -0,3726 -0,3726 -0,3728 -0,3732 -0,3742 -0,3762 -0,3804 -0,3892 -0,4086 -0,4281 -0,4616
0,1 -0,3726 -0,3727 -0,3731 -0,3740 -0,3762 -0,3808 -0,3888 -0,4083 -0,4283 -0,4638
0,125 0,2 -0,3727 -0,3732 -0,3742 -0,3764 -0,3806 -0,3899 -0,4089 -0,4290 -0,4655
0,3 -0,3731 -0,3743 -0,3768 -0,3813 -0,3897 -0,4103 -0,4305 -0,4676
0,4 -0,3741 -0,3772 -0,3827 -0,3909 -0,4125 -0,4334 -0,4717
0,5 -0,3769 -0,3834 -0,3936 -0,4155 -0,4374 -0,4772
0,05 -0,3747 -0,3747 -0,3749 -0,3753 -0,3765 -0,3788 -0,3836 -0,3933 -0,4148 -0,4354 -0,4729
0,1 -0,3747 -0,3749 -0,3754 -0,3766 -0,3790 -0,3839 -0,3937 -0,4149 -0,4363 -0,4742
0 0,2 -0,3749 -0,3758 -0,3772 -0,3799 -0,3851 -0,3953 -0,4176 -0,4399 -0,4803
0,3 -0,3755 -0,3779 -0,3813 -0,3872 -0,3984 -0,4225 -0,4460 -0,4894
0,4 -0,3775 -0,3824 -0,3897 -0,4025 -0,4292 -0,4552 -0,5031
0,5 -0,3820 -0,3917 -0,4068 -0,4370 -0,4661 -0,5191

a/d
a/c 2a/t 0,05 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,85 0,9
0,05 0,3258 0,3258 0,3259 0,3258 0,3258 0,3258 0,3257 0,3256 0,3254 0,3253 0,3252
0,1 0,3258 0,3258 0,3259 0,3258 0,3258 0,3257 0,3256 0,3254 0,3253 0,3252
1 0,2 0,3259 0,3259 0,3258 0,3258 0,3257 0,3255 0,3254 0,3253 0,3252
0,3 0,3259 0,3259 0,3258 0,3257 0,3255 0,3254 0,3253 0,3252
0,4 0,3262 0,3259 0,3258 0,3256 0,3254 0,3253 0,3252
0,5 0,3267 0,3262 0,3258 0,3256 0,3254 0,3254
0,05 0,3565 0,3564 0,3565 0,3564 0,3563 0,3562 0,3560 0,3554 0,3550 0,3546 0,3542
0,1 0,3565 0,3565 0,3565 0,3564 0,3563 0,3559 0,3554 0,3549 0,3546 0,3542
0,5 0,2 0,3566 0,3566 0,3565 0,3563 0,3560 0,3555 0,3549 0,3545 0,3542
0,3 0,3568 0,3565 0,3562 0,3559 0,3554 0,3548 0,3544 0,3540
0,4 0,3572 0,3565 0,3560 0,3555 0,3548 0,3543 0,3539
0,5 0,3584 0,3570 0,3560 0,3552 0,3546 0,3540
0,05 0,3685 0,3686 0,3686 0,3684 0,3682 0,3679 0,3676 0,3668 0,3655 0,3652 0,3648
0,1 0,3687 0,3687 0,3686 0,3684 0,3681 0,3675 0,3666 0,3655 0,3652 0,3648
0,25 0,2 0,3688 0,3686 0,3684 0,3680 0,3675 0,3666 0,3653 0,3649 0,3644
0,3 0,3690 0,3685 0,3680 0,3674 0,3664 0,3650 0,3646 0,3641
0,4 0,3698 0,3686 0,3676 0,3665 0,3648 0,3642 0,3636
0,5 0,3718 0,3692 0,3674 0,3653 0,3645 0,3637
0,05 0,3726 0,3726 0,3726 0,3725 0,3722 0,3717 0,3710 0,3699 0,3681 0,3673 0,3665
0,1 0,3726 0,3725 0,3724 0,3721 0,3717 0,3709 0,3697 0,3681 0,3672 0,3664
0,125 0,2 0,3727 0,3724 0,3721 0,3716 0,3708 0,3696 0,3677 0,3667 0,3655
0,3 0,3730 0,3723 0,3715 0,3706 0,3693 0,3671 0,3660 0,3645
0,4 0,3741 0,3723 0,3709 0,3691 0,3666 0,3653 0,3635
0,5 0,3769 0,3732 0,3705 0,3672 0,3655 0,3633
0,05 0,3747 0,3747 0,3746 0,3743 0,3739 0,3733 0,3724 0,3707 0,3681 0,3661 0,3631
0,1 0,3747 0,3745 0,3743 0,3738 0,3732 0,3722 0,3706 0,3679 0,3656 0,3624
0 0,2 0,3749 0,3742 0,3735 0,3726 0,3714 0,3695 0,3663 0,3638 0,3598
0,3 0,3756 0,3738 0,3723 0,3706 0,3681 0,3641 0,3608 0,3556
0,4 0,3775 0,3740 0,3711 0,3676 0,3624 0,3582 0,3518
0,5 0,3820 0,3756 0,3701 0,3631 0,3580 0,3500
A16 94 / 214 © n°2015-171

Table A16.8324.2: PLA-NDE or NDI – values of i3 at point C (end)

a/d
a/c 2a/t 0,05 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,85 0,9
0,05 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 -0,0001 -0,0002 -0,0004 -0,0008 -0,0013 -0,0016 -0,0021
0,1 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 -0,0001 -0,0002 -0,0004 -0,0008 -0,0013 -0,0016 -0,0021
1 0,2 0,0000 0,0000 -0,0001 -0,0002 -0,0004 -0,0008 -0,0013 -0,0017 -0,0022
0,3 0,0000 -0,0001 -0,0002 -0,0005 -0,0008 -0,0014 -0,0017 -0,0023
0,4 0,0000 -0,0002 -0,0005 -0,0009 -0,0014 -0,0018 -0,0024
0,5 0,0000 -0,0004 -0,0009 -0,0015 -0,0019 -0,0026
0,05 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 -0,0001 -0,0003 -0,0005 -0,0008 -0,0012 -0,0015 -0,0020
0,1 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 -0,0001 -0,0003 -0,0005 -0,0008 -0,0012 -0,0016 -0,0020
0,5 0,2 0,0000 0,0000 -0,0001 -0,0003 -0,0005 -0,0008 -0,0013 -0,0016 -0,0021
0,3 0,0000 -0,0001 -0,0003 -0,0006 -0,0009 -0,0014 -0,0017 -0,0023
0,4 0,0000 -0,0003 -0,0005 -0,0009 -0,0016 -0,0019 -0,0025
0,5 0,0000 -0,0005 -0,0010 -0,0017 -0,0022 -0,0028
0,05 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 -0,0001 -0,0001 -0,0002 -0,0003 -0,0005 -0,0006 -0,0008
0,1 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 -0,0001 -0,0001 -0,0002 -0,0003 -0,0005 -0,0007 -0,0009
0,25 0,2 0,0000 0,0000 -0,0001 -0,0002 -0,0003 -0,0004 -0,0006 -0,0008 -0,0010
0,3 0,0000 -0,0001 -0,0002 -0,0004 -0,0005 -0,0008 -0,0010 -0,0012
0,4 0,0000 -0,0002 -0,0004 -0,0007 -0,0010 -0,0012 -0,0016
0,5 0,0000 -0,0004 -0,0007 -0,0012 -0,0015 -0,0019
0,05 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 -0,0001 -0,0001 -0,0001 -0,0002 -0,0002
0,1 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 -0,0001 -0,0001 -0,0002 -0,0002 -0,0002
0,125 0,2 0,0000 0,0000 -0,0001 -0,0001 -0,0001 -0,0002 -0,0003 -0,0003 -0,0004
0,3 0,0000 -0,0001 -0,0001 -0,0002 -0,0003 -0,0004 -0,0005 -0,0006
0,4 0,0000 -0,0001 -0,0003 -0,0004 -0,0006 -0,0007 -0,0009
0,5 0,0000 -0,0002 -0,0004 -0,0007 -0,0009 -0,0011
© n°2015-171 A16 95 / 214

A16.8325 PLATE – semi-elliptical underclad defect
A16.8325.1 PLA-DSR : Describing defect geometry
The geometry of underclad defect is defined by its size in depth a and its width 2c (figure A16.8325.1).
The defects under consideration are small in comparison with the thickness and radius of the component. Infinite defect is
corresponding to case where a/c = 0 ; in this case, C does not exist.
Figure A16.8325.1: plate with under clad defect PLA-DSR
2.c Cladding
hr
a B C
h A u
A16.8325.2 PLA-DSR : Influence coefficients

The values of the influence coefficients i0, i1, i2, i3 and i4 for the three characteristic points of the defect (A, B and C) are given in
table A16.8325.1 and 2 in case the Young’s modulus for the plate and the cladding are the same.
Table A16.8325.3 provides values of these influence coefficients for points A, B and C in case the Young’s modulus of the
cladding Er is equal to 0.7 E, where E is the Young’s modulus of the plate.
the influence coefficients i0, i1, i2, i3 and i4 with a barycentric interpolation (A16.8122) on the variables : x=a/c, y=a/hr and z =
Er/E.
A16 96 / 214 © n°2015-171

Table A16.8325.1: PLA-DSR – influence coefficients for Er/E = 1 – points A and C

POINT A POINT C
a/c a/hr i0 i1 i2 i3 i4 i0 i1 i2 i3 i4
1 0 0.550 0.550 0.550 0.550 0.550 0.263 0.263 0.263 0.263 0.263
1 1/8 0.550 0.537 0.524 0.512 0.500 0.264 0.238 0.214 0.193 0.174
1 1/4 0.551 0.526 0.504 0.484 0.466 0.264 0.217 0.178 0.147 0.121
1 1/2 0.551 0.511 0.477 0.448 0.423 0.265 0.186 0.131 9.27E-2 6.61E-2
1 1 0.554 0.493 0.445 0.409 0.379 0.267 0.148 8.32E-2 4.80E-2 2.85E-2
1 3/2 0.557 0.482 0.429 0.389 0.357 0.270 0.125 6.05E-2 3.08E-2 1.67E-2
1 2 0.560 0.476 0.418 0.376 0.345 0.272 0.111 4.79E-2 2.26E-2 1.19E-2
1 3 0.565 0.468 0.406 0.363 0.331 0.277 0.093 3.51E-2 1.56E-2 8.21E-3
1 4 0.570 0.464 0.399 0.355 0.323 0.281 0.083 2.90E-2 1.27E-2 6.91E-3
1/2 0 0.642 0.642 0.642 0.642 0.642 0.244 0.244 0.244 0.244 0.244
1/2 1/8 0.643 0.626 0.610 0.594 0.579 0.245 0.220 0.197 0.177 0.160
1/2 1/4 0.645 0.613 0.585 0.559 0.536 0.245 0.200 0.164 0.134 0.110
1/2 1/2 0.647 0.594 0.550 0.513 0.481 0.246 0.171 0.119 8.36E-2 5.89E-2
1/2 1 0.653 0.572 0.511 0.464 0.426 0.248 0.135 7.47E-2 4.20E-2 2.42E-2
1/2 3/2 0.660 0.560 0.490 0.439 0.400 0.251 0.114 5.34E-2 2.61E-2 1.35E-2
1/2 2 0.666 0.553 0.478 0.425 0.385 0.253 0.100 4.16E-2 1.86E-2 9.16E-3
1/2 3 0.677 0.545 0.463 0.408 0.368 0.257 0.083 2.95E-2 1.21E-2 5.91E-3
1/2 4 0.686 0.541 0.456 0.399 0.359 0.261 0.073 2.38E-2 9.58E-3 4.80E-3
1/4 0 0.677 0.677 0.677 0.677 0.677 0.215 0.215 0.215 0.215 0.215
1/4 1/8 0.680 0.661 0.643 0.626 0.610 0.216 0.193 0.173 0.155 0.139
1/4 1/4 0.682 0.648 0.617 0.590 0.564 0.216 0.176 0.143 0.116 9.45E-2
1/4 1/2 0.687 0.629 0.581 0.540 0.505 0.217 0.149 0.103 7.11E-2 4.92E-2
1/4 1 0.696 0.607 0.540 0.488 0.448 0.219 0.117 6.26E-2 3.40E-2 1.87E-2
1/4 3/2 0.706 0.595 0.518 0.462 0.420 0.220 9.70E-2 4.34E-2 2.00E-2 9.50E-3
1/4 2 0.714 0.588 0.505 0.447 0.404 0.222 8.40E-2 3.28E-2 1.34E-2 5.87E-3
1/4 3 0.729 0.581 0.491 0.430 0.386 0.224 6.80E-2 2.20E-2 7.86E-3 3.24E-3
1/4 4 0.741 0.578 0.483 0.421 0.377 0.227 5.87E-2 1.69E-2 5.71E-3 2.40E-3
1/8 0 0.689 0.689 0.689 0.689 0.689 0.185 0.185 0.185 0.185 0.185
1/8 1/8 0.692 0.673 0.654 0.637 0.621 0.185 0.165 0.147 0.132 0.118
1/8 1/4 0.696 0.660 0.629 0.600 0.574 0.185 0.150 0.121 9.79E-2 7.92E-2
1/8 1/2 0.701 0.642 0.592 0.550 0.515 0.185 0.126 8.61E-2 5.88E-2 4.02E-2
1/8 1 0.713 0.620 0.551 0.498 0.456 0.186 9.74E-2 5.11E-2 2.70E-2 1.43E-2
1/8 3/2 0.723 0.609 0.529 0.471 0.427 0.187 8.01E-2 3.46E-2 1.51E-2 6.70E-3
1/8 2 0.732 0.602 0.516 0.456 0.411 0.188 6.86E-2 2.54E-2 9.63E-3 3.78E-3
1/8 3 0.749 0.596 0.502 0.439 0.393 0.190 5.44E-2 1.61E-2 5.08E-3 1.76E-3
1/8 4 0.764 0.594 0.495 0.430 0.384 0.191 4.61E-2 1.18E-2 3.37E-3 1.16E-3
1 / 16 0 0.693 0.693 0.693 0.693 0.693 0.156 0.156 0.156 0.156 0.156
1 / 16 1/8 0.696 0.677 0.658 0.641 0.624 0.156 0.139 0.124 0.111 9.91E-2
1 / 16 1/4 0.700 0.665 0.633 0.604 0.578 0.156 0.126 0.102 8.20E-2 6.62E-2
1 / 16 1/2 0.706 0.646 0.596 0.554 0.518 0.156 0.106 7.19E-2 4.87E-2 3.31E-2
1 / 16 1 0.718 0.625 0.555 0.501 0.459 0.157 8.11E-2 4.20E-2 2.18E-2 1.13E-2
1 / 16 3/2 0.729 0.613 0.533 0.475 0.430 0.158 6.62E-2 2.79E-2 1.18E-2 5.05E-3
1 / 16 2 0.739 0.607 0.520 0.459 0.414 0.158 5.63E-2 2.02E-2 7.31E-3 2.70E-3
1 / 16 3 0.757 0.601 0.506 0.442 0.396 0.159 4.40E-2 1.24E-2 3.60E-3 1.11E-3
1 / 16 4 0.774 0.600 0.499 0.434 0.387 0.160 3.68E-2 8.74E-3 2.23E-3 6.65E-4
0 0 0.680 0.680 0.680 0.680 0.680 - - - - -
0 1/8 0.681 0.661 0.643 0.625 0.608 - - - - -
0 1/4 0.683 0.647 0.615 0.586 0.559 - - - - -
0 1/2 0.687 0.627 0.576 0.534 0.498 - - - - -
0 1 0.699 0.606 0.536 0.482 0.439 - - - - -
0 3/2 0.710 0.594 0.513 0.455 0.410 - - - - -
0 2 0.720 0.588 0.501 0.439 0.394 - - - - -
0 3 0.741 0.583 0.487 0.423 0.377 - - - - -
0 4 0.760 0.584 0.482 0.415 0.369 - - - - -
© n°2015-171 A16 97 / 214

Table A16.8325.2: PLA-DSR – influence coefficients for Er/E = 1 – point B

POINT B
a/c a/hr i0 i1 i2 i3 i4
1 0 0.580 0.580 0.580 0.580 0.580
1 1/8 0.582 0.530 0.484 0.442 0.404
1 1/4 0.582 0.490 0.414 0.350 0.297
1 1/2 0.584 0.430 0.320 0.240 0.182
1 1 0.593 0.359 0.225 0.145 9.74E-2
1 3/2 0.602 0.318 0.178 0.106 6.76E-2
1 2 0.611 0.292 0.152 8.70E-2 5.43E-2
1 3 0.633 0.263 0.126 6.98E-2 4.33E-2
1 4 0.655 0.249 0.115 6.29E-2 3.92E-2
1/2 0 0.635 0.635 0.635 0.635 0.635
1/2 1/8 0.639 0.584 0.535 0.490 0.450
1/2 1/4 0.640 0.542 0.461 0.393 0.336
1/2 1/2 0.644 0.480 0.361 0.276 0.213
1/2 1 0.658 0.408 0.262 0.174 0.121
1/2 3/2 0.673 0.367 0.214 0.133 8.84E-2
1/2 2 0.688 0.342 0.187 0.113 7.39E-2
1/2 3 0.720 0.316 0.162 0.095 6.20E-2
1/2 4 0.751 0.305 0.151 0.088 5.77E-2
1/4 0 0.657 0.657 0.657 0.657 0.657
1/4 1/8 0.661 0.606 0.556 0.510 0.469
1/4 1/4 0.664 0.564 0.481 0.411 0.353
1/4 1/2 0.670 0.502 0.381 0.293 0.228
1/4 1 0.689 0.432 0.281 0.190 0.134
1/4 3/2 0.707 0.392 0.233 0.148 0.101
1/4 2 0.726 0.369 0.207 0.128 8.60E-2
1/4 3 0.763 0.345 0.182 0.110 7.41E-2
1/4 4 0.799 0.335 0.172 0.104 7.01E-2
1/8 0 0.665 0.665 0.665 0.665 0.665
1/8 1/8 0.670 0.614 0.564 0.518 0.476
1/8 1/4 0.674 0.573 0.489 0.419 0.360
1/8 1/2 0.681 0.512 0.389 0.300 0.234
1/8 1 0.702 0.443 0.290 0.197 0.140
1/8 3/2 0.722 0.404 0.242 0.155 0.107
1/8 2 0.742 0.381 0.216 0.135 9.19E-2
1/8 3 0.782 0.358 0.192 0.118 8.02E-2
1/8 4 0.822 0.350 0.183 0.112 7.66E-2
1 / 16 0 0.667 0.667 0.667 0.667 0.667
1 / 16 1/8 0.672 0.616 0.566 0.520 0.478
1 / 16 1/4 0.676 0.576 0.492 0.421 0.362
1 / 16 1/2 0.684 0.515 0.392 0.302 0.236
1 / 16 1 0.706 0.446 0.292 0.200 0.142
1 / 16 3/2 0.726 0.407 0.245 0.158 0.109
1 / 16 2 0.747 0.385 0.219 0.138 9.43E-2
1 / 16 3 0.789 0.363 0.196 0.121 8.28E-2
1 / 16 4 0.831 0.356 0.187 0.116 7.96E-2
0 0 0.680 0.680 0.680 0.680 0.680
0 1/8 0.681 0.625 0.574 0.528 0.486
0 1/4 0.683 0.582 0.498 0.427 0.368
0 1/2 0.689 0.520 0.397 0.307 0.241
0 1 0.707 0.448 0.295 0.203 0.145
0 3/2 0.726 0.410 0.248 0.161 0.112
0 2 0.748 0.388 0.223 0.141 9.73E-2
0 3 0.793 0.370 0.202 0.126 8.70E-2
0 4 0.840 0.366 0.195 0.122 8.49e-2
A16 98 / 214 © n°2015-171

Table A16.8325.3: PLA-DSR – influence coefficients for Er/E = 0.7

POINT A POINT C
a/c a/hr i0 i1 i2 i3 i4 i0 i1 I2 i3 i4
1 0 0.558 0.558 0.558 0.558 0.558 0.284 0.284 0.284 0.284 0.284
1 1/8 0.558 0.544 0.531 0.518 0.506 0.284 0.256 0.231 0.208 0.187
1 1/4 0.559 0.533 0.511 0.490 0.471 0.284 0.233 0.192 0.158 0.131
1 1/2 0.560 0.517 0.482 0.452 0.426 0.285 0.200 0.141 0.101 7.20E-2
1 1 0.562 0.498 0.449 0.411 0.381 0.287 0.160 9.04E-2 5.25E-2 3.14E-2
1 3/2 0.565 0.487 0.432 0.391 0.359 0.290 0.136 6.61E-2 3.39E-2 1.86E-2
1 2 0.568 0.480 0.421 0.378 0.346 0.293 0.120 5.25E-2 2.51E-2 1.33E-2
1 3 0.573 0.472 0.408 0.364 0.332 0.298 0.101 3.87E-2 1.74E-2 9.26E-3
1 4 0.578 0.468 0.401 0.357 0.324 0.302 8.99E-2 3.20E-2 1.43E-2 7.79E-3
1/2 0 0.657 0.657 0.657 0.657 0.657 0.262 0.262 0.262 0.262 0.262
1/2 1/8 0.658 0.640 0.622 0.606 0.590 0.262 0.236 0.212 0.191 0.171
1/2 1/4 0.660 0.626 0.596 0.569 0.545 0.263 0.215 0.176 0.144 0.118
1/2 1/2 0.662 0.606 0.560 0.521 0.487 0.264 0.184 0.129 9.04E-2 6.39E-2
1/2 1 0.669 0.583 0.519 0.470 0.431 0.266 0.146 8.09E-2 4.58E-2 2.66E-2
1/2 3/2 0.675 0.570 0.497 0.444 0.403 0.269 0.123 5.82E-2 2.87E-2 1.50E-2
1/2 2 0.681 0.562 0.484 0.428 0.388 0.271 0.108 4.55E-2 2.06E-2 1.03E-2
1/2 3 0.692 0.553 0.468 0.411 0.370 0.276 0.090 3.26E-2 1.36E-2 6.73E-3
1/2 4 0.701 0.549 0.460 0.402 0.361 0.280 0.079 2.64E-2 1.08E-2 5.48E-3
1/4 0 0.695 0.695 0.695 0.695 0.695 0.229 0.229 0.229 0.229 0.229
1/4 1/8 0.698 0.678 0.659 0.642 0.625 0.230 0.206 0.184 0.165 0.148
1/4 1/4 0.701 0.665 0.632 0.603 0.576 0.230 0.187 0.152 0.124 0.101
1/4 1/2 0.706 0.645 0.593 0.550 0.514 0.231 0.159 0.110 7.61E-2 5.28E-2
1/4 1 0.716 0.621 0.550 0.496 0.453 0.233 0.125 6.72E-2 3.66E-2 2.03E-2
1/4 3/2 0.726 0.608 0.527 0.469 0.424 0.235 1.04E-1 4.68E-2 2.17E-2 1.04E-2
1/4 2 0.734 0.601 0.513 0.452 0.408 0.236 9.00E-2 3.55E-2 1.47E-2 6.51E-3
1/4 3 0.749 0.592 0.497 0.434 0.389 0.239 7.32E-2 2.40E-2 8.71E-3 3.66E-3
1/4 4 0.761 0.589 0.489 0.425 0.380 0.242 6.33E-2 1.85E-2 6.39E-3 2.74E-3
1/8 0 0.709 0.709 0.709 0.709 0.709 0.195 0.195 0.195 0.195 0.195
1/8 1/8 0.712 0.691 0.672 0.654 0.636 0.195 0.174 0.155 0.139 0.124
1/8 1/4 0.716 0.679 0.645 0.615 0.587 0.195 0.158 0.128 0.103 8.37E-2
1/8 1/2 0.723 0.659 0.606 0.562 0.524 0.195 0.133 9.10E-2 6.22E-2 4.26E-2
1/8 1 0.734 0.636 0.562 0.506 0.462 0.196 0.103 5.41E-2 2.86E-2 1.52E-2
1/8 3/2 0.745 0.623 0.539 0.478 0.433 0.197 8.47E-2 3.67E-2 1.61E-2 7.19E-3
1/8 2 0.755 0.616 0.525 0.462 0.416 0.198 7.26E-2 2.70E-2 1.03E-2 4.09E-3
1/8 3 0.772 0.608 0.510 0.444 0.397 0.200 5.77E-2 1.73E-2 5.50E-3 1.94E-3
1/8 4 0.786 0.605 0.502 0.435 0.388 0.202 4.90E-2 1.27E-2 3.69E-3 1.30E-3
1 / 16 0 0.713 0.713 0.713 0.713 0.713 0.163 0.163 0.163 0.163 0.163
1 / 16 1/8 0.717 0.696 0.676 0.658 0.640 0.163 0.146 0.130 0.116 0.104
1 / 16 1/4 0.721 0.684 0.650 0.619 0.591 0.163 0.132 0.106 8.57E-2 6.92E-2
1 / 16 1/2 0.728 0.664 0.611 0.566 0.528 0.163 0.111 7.51E-2 5.10E-2 3.46E-2
1 / 16 1 0.741 0.641 0.567 0.510 0.466 0.164 8.48E-2 4.39E-2 2.28E-2 1.19E-2
1 / 16 3/2 0.752 0.628 0.543 0.482 0.436 0.165 6.93E-2 2.93E-2 1.24E-2 5.32E-3
1 / 16 2 0.762 0.621 0.529 0.466 0.419 0.165 5.89E-2 2.12E-2 7.70E-3 2.85E-3
1 / 16 3 0.781 0.615 0.514 0.448 0.400 0.166 4.61E-2 1.30E-2 3.82E-3 1.19E-3
1 / 16 4 0.797 0.613 0.507 0.439 0.391 0.167 3.86E-2 9.23E-3 2.39E-3 7.23E-4
0 0 0.702 0.702 0.702 0.702 0.702 - - - - -
0 1/8 0.703 0.682 0.662 0.643 0.625 - - - - -
0 1/4 0.705 0.666 0.632 0.601 0.573 - - - - -
0 1/2 0.709 0.645 0.591 0.546 0.508 - - - - -
0 1 0.722 0.622 0.548 0.491 0.446 - - - - -
0 3/2 0.733 0.609 0.524 0.463 0.416 - - - - -
0 2 0.744 0.603 0.510 0.446 0.399 - - - - -
0 3 0.766 0.597 0.496 0.429 0.381 - - - - -
0 4 0.785 0.597 0.490 0.421 0.373 - - - - -
© n°2015-171 A16 99 / 214

A16.8326 PLATE – Semi-elliptical through clad defect
A16.8326.1 PLA-DTR : Describing defect geometry
The geometry of through cladd defect is defined by its size in depth a+hr and its width 2c (figure A16.8326.1).
The defects under consideration are small in comparison with the thickness and radius of the component. Infinite defect is
corresponding to case where a/c = 0 ; in this case, C does not exist.
Figure A16.8326.1: plate with a through clad defect PLA-DTR

2.c Cladding
hr
a B C
h A u
A16.8326.2 PLA-DTR : Influence coefficients

The values of the influence coefficients i0,…, i4, i0r and i1r for the two characteristic points of the defect (A and C) are given in
table A16.8326.1 in case the Young’s modulus for the plate and the cladding are the same.
Table A16.8325.2 provides values of these influence coefficients for points A and C in case the Young’s modulus of the
cladding Er is equal to 0.7 E, where E is the Young’s modulus of the plate.
Tables A16.8326.3 and A16.8326.4 provide influence coefficients for infinite defects.
the influence coefficients i0, i1, i2, i3 and i4 with a barycentric interpolation (A16.8122) on the variables : x=a/c, y=a/hr and z =
Er/E.
A16 100 / 214 © n°2015-171

Table A16.8326.1: PLA-DTR –influence coefficient for Er/E = 1 – points A and C
Point A Point C
a/c a/hr i0 i1 i2 i3 i4 i0r i1r i0 i1 i2 i3 i4 i0r i1r
1 1/8 0.229 0.215 0.205 0.196 0.189 3.51E-2 2.72E-2 0.262 0.226 0.197 0.173 0.153 0.139 0.115
1 1/4 0.308 0.277 0.256 0.239 0.226 4.80E-2 2.99E-2 0.353 0.268 0.209 0.166 0.133 0.179 0.123
1 1/2 0.399 0.337 0.3 0.275 0.255 6.17E-2 2.73E-2 0.458 0.282 0.186 0.127 8.85E-2 0.224 0.113
1 1 0.488 0.385 0.333 0.299 0.274 6.95E-2 1.99E-2 0.565 0.263 0.139 7.89E-2 4.74E-2 0.262 8.73E-2
1 3/2 0.532 0.407 0.347 0.309 0.282 6.76E-2 1.47E-2 0.619 0.241 0.112 5.80E-2 3.31E-2 0.272 6.80E-2
1 2 0.558 0.419 0.355 0.314 0.286 6.30E-2 1.11E-2 0.652 0.225 9.61E-2 4.77E-2 2.69E-2 0.270 5.43E-2
1 3 0.588 0.432 0.363 0.320 0.290 5.36E-2 6.95E-3 0.689 0.202 7.92E-2 3.84E-2 2.20E-2 0.257 3.72E-2
1 4 0.604 0.439 0.367 0.323 0.292 4.59E-2 4.71E-3 0.709 0.188 7.07E-2 3.45E-2 2.01E-2 0.241 2.72E-2
1/2 1/8 0.339 0.302 0.278 0.260 0.245 0.100 7.15E-2 0.292 0.242 0.207 0.179 0.156 0.175 0.136
1/2 1/4 0.464 0.382 0.336 0.305 0.281 0.141 7.81E-2 0.397 0.284 0.216 0.168 0.133 0.230 0.145
1/2 1/2 0.602 0.451 0.381 0.337 0.306 0.179 7.01E-2 0.515 0.297 0.190 0.128 8.79E-2 0.286 0.133
1/2 1 0.721 0.502 0.411 0.357 0.320 0.185 4.92E-2 0.617 0.274 0.142 7.97E-2 4.73E-2 0.315 9.94E-2
1/2 3/2 0.771 0.522 0.422 0.364 0.325 0.168 3.48E-2 0.661 0.249 0.114 5.84E-2 3.30E-2 0.312 7.54E-2
1/2 2 0.798 0.533 0.428 0.368 0.328 0.150 2.56E-2 0.685 0.230 9.70E-2 4.76E-2 2.66E-2 0.301 5.91E-2
1/2 3 0.827 0.544 0.434 0.372 0.331 0.121 1.53E-2 0.709 0.203 7.84E-2 3.75E-2 2.12E-2 0.277 3.95E-2
1/2 4 0.843 0.550 0.437 0.374 0.332 0.101 1.02E-2 0.722 0.187 6.91E-2 3.31E-2 1.90E-2 0.256 2.86E-2
1/4 1/8 0.466 0.381 0.337 0.307 0.284 0.203 0.127 0.304 0.238 0.198 0.169 0.146 0.203 0.147
1/4 1/4 0.649 0.477 0.400 0.353 0.320 0.289 0.140 0.409 0.275 0.203 0.156 0.122 0.264 0.155
1/4 1/2 0.819 0.550 0.443 0.382 0.340 0.338 0.122 0.509 0.280 0.175 0.115 7.76E-2 0.308 0.137
1/4 1 0.927 0.592 0.466 0.396 0.350 0.307 7.85E-02 0.581 0.249 0.125 6.75E-2 3.85E-2 0.317 9.88E-2
1/4 3/2 0.962 0.606 0.474 0.401 0.353 0.261 5.27E-02 0.608 0.220 9.57E-2 4.64E-2 2.47E-2 0.305 7.36E-2
1/4 2 0.979 0.612 0.477 0.403 0.355 0.224 3.76E-02 0.620 0.198 7.82E-2 3.57E-2 1.85E-2 0.290 5.72E-2
1/4 3 0.998 0.619 0.481 0.405 0.356 0.174 2.18E-02 0.632 0.169 5.94E-2 2.57E-2 1.34E-2 0.264 3.79E-2
1/4 4 1.010 0.624 0.483 0.407 0.357 0.143 1.43E-02 0.637 0.151 5.01E-2 2.15E-2 1.14E-2 0.243 2.74E-2
1/8 1/8 0.634 0.460 0.388 0.344 0.313 0.358 0.194 0.311 0.228 0.186 0.156 0.133 0.225 0.151
1/8 1/4 0.845 0.563 0.452 0.389 0.347 0.462 0.204 0.391 0.253 0.184 0.139 0.108 0.268 0.152
1/8 1/2 0.984 0.621 0.485 0.411 0.363 0.465 0.161 0.458 0.247 0.152 9.76E-2 6.46E-2 0.289 0.129
1/8 1 1.047 0.645 0.499 0.419 0.368 0.377 9.53E-02 0.505 0.210 0.101 5.23E-2 2.82E-2 0.287 9.08E-2
1/8 3/2 1.064 0.651 0.502 0.421 0.369 0.309 6.20E-02 0.520 0.180 7.36E-2 3.28E-2 1.58E-2 0.274 6.73E-2
1/8 2 1.073 0.655 0.504 0.422 0.370 0.261 4.35E-02 0.526 0.158 5.72E-2 2.33E-2 1.06E-2 0.261 5.22E-2
1/8 3 1.085 0.659 0.506 0.423 0.370 0.200 2.50E-02 0.530 0.129 4.00E-2 1.48E-2 6.57E-3 0.238 3.47E-2
1/8 4 1.098 0.664 0.508 0.425 0.371 0.164 1.64E-02 0.532 0.113 3.18E-2 1.15E-2 5.26E-3 0.220 2.51E-2
1 / 16 1/8 0.829 0.544 0.437 0.378 0.338 0.543 0.269 0.295 0.211 0.170 0.142 0.120 0.230 0.152
1 / 16 1/4 0.983 0.620 0.486 0.413 0.364 0.584 0.248 0.349 0.224 0.162 0.121 9.31E-2 0.255 0.148
1 / 16 1/2 1.061 0.654 0.506 0.426 0.374 0.523 0.179 0.396 0.211 0.128 8.12E-2 5.26E-2 0.269 0.124
1 / 16 1 1.095 0.667 0.513 0.430 0.376 0.404 0.102 0.429 0.174 8.12E-2 4.00E-2 2.04E-2 0.266 8.77E-2
1 / 16 3/2 1.104 0.671 0.515 0.431 0.377 0.326 6.54E-02 0.439 0.146 5.61E-2 2.31E-2 1.01E-2 0.255 6.55E-2
1 / 16 2 1.110 0.673 0.515 0.431 0.377 0.274 4.57E-02 0.442 0.125 4.17E-2 1.52E-2 6.02E-3 0.243 5.12E-2
1 / 16 3 1.124 0.677 0.518 0.432 0.377 0.211 2.63E-02 0.442 9.88E-2 2.69E-2 8.52E-3 3.20E-3 0.224 3.44E-2
1 / 16 4 1.142 0.684 0.521 0.434 0.378 0.174 1.74E-02 0.441 8.33E-2 2.01E-2 6.11E-3 2.42E-3 0.209 2.51E-2
© n°2015-171 A16 101 / 214

Table A16.8326.2: PLA-DTR – influence coefficient for Er/E = 0.7 – points A and C
Point A Point C
a/c a/hr i0 i1 i2 i3 i4 i0r i1r i0 i1 i2 i3 i4 i0r i1r
1 1/8 0.238 0.223 0.211 0.202 0.193 4.09E-02 3.15E-02 0.308 0.265 0.231 0.202 0.178 0.173 0.142
1 1/4 0.321 0.286 0.262 0.244 0.230 5.62E-02 3.46E-02 0.412 0.310 0.241 0.191 0.152 0.220 0.150
1 1/2 0.416 0.345 0.306 0.278 0.258 7.24E-02 3.15E-02 0.532 0.323 0.212 0.144 0.100 0.275 0.138
1 1 0.506 0.393 0.337 0.302 0.276 8.06E-02 2.28E-02 0.651 0.298 0.156 8.82E-2 5.28E-2 0.320 0.105
1 3/2 0.549 0.413 0.350 0.311 0.283 7.71E-02 1.66E-02 0.707 0.271 0.125 6.43E-2 3.65E-2 0.328 8.13E-2
1 2 0.574 0.424 0.357 0.316 0.287 7.09E-02 1.24E-02 0.738 0.250 0.106 5.24E-2 2.94E-2 0.323 6.44E-2
1 3 0.600 0.436 0.365 0.321 0.291 5.88E-02 7.58E-03 0.770 0.222 8.60E-2 4.15E-2 2.37E-2 0.303 4.35E-2
1 4 0.615 0.443 0.369 0.324 0.293 4.95E-02 5.07E-03 0.784 0.204 7.60E-2 3.67E-2 2.14E-2 0.282 3.16E-2
1/2 1/8 0.362 0.320 0.293 0.272 0.255 0.117 8.30E-02 0.344 0.284 0.242 0.209 0.182 0.215 0.167
1/2 1/4 0.497 0.402 0.351 0.316 0.290 0.166 9.05E-02 0.466 0.329 0.249 0.193 0.153 0.282 0.177
1/2 1/2 0.644 0.471 0.393 0.345 0.312 0.209 8.08E-02 0.599 0.340 0.216 0.144 9.91E-2 0.349 0.160
1/2 1 0.761 0.518 0.420 0.363 0.324 0.211 5.55E-02 0.706 0.309 0.159 8.85E-2 5.24E-2 0.377 0.118
1/2 3/2 0.805 0.535 0.429 0.369 0.328 0.188 3.85E-02 0.747 0.277 0.126 6.39E-2 3.59E-2 0.369 8.87E-2
1/2 2 0.827 0.543 0.433 0.372 0.330 0.165 2.79E-02 0.767 0.253 0.106 5.15E-2 2.86E-2 0.353 6.91E-2
1/2 3 0.849 0.552 0.438 0.375 0.332 0.130 1.64E-02 0.784 0.220 8.40E-2 3.97E-2 2.23E-2 0.321 4.57E-2
1/2 4 0.860 0.556 0.441 0.376 0.333 0.107 1.07E-02 0.790 0.200 7.30E-2 3.46E-2 1.98E-2 0.294 3.28E-2
1/4 1/8 0.506 0.408 0.358 0.324 0.299 0.235 0.147 0.356 0.277 0.230 0.196 0.168 0.246 0.178
1/4 1/4 0.706 0.508 0.421 0.368 0.331 0.334 0.161 0.476 0.316 0.233 0.178 0.138 0.318 0.186
1/4 1/2 0.881 0.578 0.460 0.393 0.348 0.385 0.137 0.584 0.317 0.197 0.129 8.66E-2 0.366 0.163
1/4 1 0.977 0.612 0.477 0.403 0.355 0.339 8.63E-02 0.656 0.277 0.138 7.38E-2 4.19E-2 0.371 0.116
1/4 3/2 1.002 0.621 0.482 0.406 0.357 0.283 5.70E-02 0.679 0.241 0.104 4.99E-2 2.62E-2 0.355 8.54E-2
1/4 2 1.012 0.624 0.484 0.407 0.358 0.240 4.01E-2 0.688 0.215 8.40E-2 3.78E-2 1.93E-2 0.336 6.61E-2
1/4 3 1.021 0.628 0.485 0.408 0.358 0.183 2.29E-2 0.693 0.181 6.26E-2 2.67E-2 1.36E-2 0.304 4.35E-2
1/4 4 1.029 0.631 0.487 0.409 0.359 0.149 1.49E-2 0.693 0.161 5.21E-2 2.20E-2 1.15E-2 0.278 3.12E-2
1/8 1/8 0.690 0.494 0.412 0.363 0.329 0.406 0.219 0.358 0.262 0.213 0.179 0.153 0.266 0.180
1/8 1/4 0.914 0.597 0.475 0.405 0.360 0.518 0.228 0.445 0.287 0.208 0.157 0.121 0.313 0.179
1/8 1/2 1.047 0.649 0.502 0.423 0.371 0.512 0.177 0.516 0.276 0.169 0.108 7.12E-2 0.337 0.151
1/8 1 1.093 0.664 0.509 0.426 0.373 0.407 0.103 0.562 0.231 0.111 5.65E-2 3.02E-2 0.332 0.105
1/8 3/2 1.100 0.666 0.510 0.426 0.373 0.329 6.59E-02 0.575 0.196 7.92E-2 3.49E-2 1.66E-2 0.316 7.75E-2
1/8 2 1.103 0.666 0.510 0.426 0.373 0.275 4.59E-02 0.579 0.171 6.09E-2 2.43E-2 1.09E-2 0.300 6.00E-2
1/8 3 1.107 0.668 0.511 0.426 0.372 0.208 2.60E-02 0.579 0.138 4.19E-2 1.51E-2 6.55E-3 0.272 3.96E-2
1/8 4 1.115 0.670 0.512 0.427 0.373 0.169 1.69E-02 0.576 0.119 3.29E-2 1.16E-2 5.15E-3 0.251 2.86E-2
1 / 16 1/8 0.888 0.577 0.461 0.396 0.353 0.594 0.294 0.337 0.242 0.195 0.163 0.139 0.267 0.179
1 / 16 1/4 1.044 0.652 0.507 0.428 0.376 0.634 0.270 0.396 0.254 0.183 0.138 0.106 0.296 0.173
1 / 16 1/2 1.117 0.680 0.522 0.436 0.382 0.564 0.193 0.447 0.238 0.144 9.06E-2 5.86E-2 0.312 0.145
1 / 16 1 1.138 0.685 0.523 0.436 0.381 0.431 0.108 0.480 0.193 8.95E-2 4.37E-2 2.21E-2 0.307 0.102
1 / 16 3/2 1.138 0.684 0.522 0.435 0.380 0.345 6.91E-02 0.488 0.160 6.10E-2 2.49E-2 1.07E-2 0.294 7.58E-2
1 / 16 2 1.138 0.683 0.521 0.435 0.379 0.288 4.79E-02 0.489 0.136 4.49E-2 1.61E-2 6.24E-3 0.281 5.91E-2
1 / 16 3 1.144 0.685 0.522 0.435 0.379 0.219 2.73E-02 0.486 0.107 2.85E-2 8.76E-3 3.18E-3 0.258 3.96E-2
A16 102 / 214 © n°2015-171

Table A16.8326.3: PLA-DTR – infinite defect - influence coefficients (i0 à i4) for Er/E = 0.7 and 1 – point A
(a+hr)/(h+
h r) i0 i1 i2 i3 i4
0.00 1.122 0.683 0.526 0.441 0.387
0.10 1.176 0.702 0.535 0.446 0.390
0.20 1.338 0.767 0.572 0.471 0.408
0.30 1.592 0.865 0.627 0.507 0.434
0.40 1.959 1.004 0.704 0.558 0.470
0.50 2.481 1.197 0.810 0.626 0.519
0.60 3.222 1.467 0.955 0.719 0.584
0.70 4.253 1.837 1.152 0.844 0.672
0.80 5.535 2.297 1.397 0.999 0.781
Table A16.8326.4: PLA-DTR – infinite defect - influence coefficients (i0r et i1r) for Er/E = 0.7 and 1 – point A
hr /(a+
h r) i0r i1r
0.000 0.000 0.000
0.050 0.056 0.002
0.100 0.107 0.006
0.150 0.154 0.012
0.200 0.197 0.021
0.250 0.238 0.031
0.300 0.276 0.042
0.350 0.313 0.055
0.400 0.350 0.070
0.450 0.387 0.087
0.500 0.425 0.106
0.550 0.464 0.128
0.600 0.505 0.153
0.650 0.550 0.181
0.700 0.598 0.214
0.750 0.651 0.252
0.800 0.710 0.296
0.850 0.774 0.348
0.900 0.845 0.409
© n°2015-171 A16 103 / 214

A16.8400 TUBE
A16.8410 COMMON DATA FOR TUBES
A16.8411 Geometry of the tube - loading conditions

The geometry of the tube and the loading conditions are shown in Figure A16.8411.
Figure A16.8411: geometry of the tube
 Geometry of the tube

ri : internal radius
3
re : external radius Ltube
rm : average radius
h : thickness h
Ltube : length
ri
 Loads 2
P : internal pressure 1 1
M1 : torsion moment along the axis 1
1 : rotation of section around axis 1 p
M2 : global bending moment along axis 2 M2
2 : rotation of section around axis 2
N1 : axial load (without pressure effect on the end N1
closure) M1
u1 : axial elongation
The characteristic temperatures (m, b, 1 and 2) of temperature distribution (x) through the thickness of the tube and the
values during a thermal transient are given in A16.8130.
A16.8412.1 KI - Circumferential defect

 For a circumferential throughwall defect, the value of KI (A16.8120) is given by the formula:
 
K I   m  Fm   b  Fb   gb  Fgb    c
The values of the influence coefficients Fm, Fgb are given in A16.8420 according to the type of defect. An approximate value
can be obtained using the coefficient Fb for a plate containing a throughwall defect (A16.8320).
The values of m, b and gb are given in Table A16.8412.1a.
Table A16.8412.1a: tube with a circumferential throughwall defect,
nominal elastic stresses perpendicular to the defect plane m , b, gb
m b gb
Constant stress through Linearised stress through the Global bending stress
the thickness of the tube thickness of the tube
N1 N1

  re2  ri2  0 0
M2 M 2  re
 
0 0  4
 re  ri4
4
P  re2 
P  0 0
 r2  r2 
 e i 
1 E    1
0 2  1    0
 For a circumferential part throughwall defect, the value of KI (A16.8120) is given by the formula:
 a a
2
a
3
a
4 
K I   0  i 0  1  i1      2  i 2      3  i 3      4  i 4     Fgb   gb     a
 h h h h 
 
A16 104 / 214 © n°2015-171

The values of the influence coefficients io, ..., i4 and Fgb according to type of defect are given in A16.8420.
The values of the stresses are obtained by an elastic finite element analysis on a tube with no defects subjected to the
applied loads.
The values of o, 1 and gb are given in Table A16.8412.1b in the case of axial load N1, global bending moment M2,
pressure P and linearised thermal gradient 1.
Table A16.8412.1b: Tube with a circumferential part throughwall defect,
nominal elastic stresses perpendicular to the defect plane: 0 , 1, gb
0 1 gb
Constant stress through Linearised stress through Global bending stress
the thickness of the tube the thickness of the tube
N1
N1

  re2  ri2  0 0
M 2  re
M2 0 0  4
4

 re  ri4 
P  r2 
P i P 0 0
internal defect  r2  r2 
 e i 
P  r2 
P i  0 0
external defect  r2  r2 
 e i 
1 E    1 2 ri  2  re2  E    1
    1 2 0
internal defect 2  1    3 h  ri  re  ri   2  1   
 
1 E    1 2 re  2  ri2  E    1
  1   2
external defect 2  1    3 h  re  re  ri   2  1   
Note: the value of 1 is taken into account only if the defect is open.
 For thermal shock with a linear variation in fluid temperature, stress values o, ..., 3 are given in Table A16.8412.1c
for defects ending on the inner surface (defect caused by cold shock) or on the outer surface (defect caused by hot shock).
Tableau A16.8412.1c: nominal elastic stresses perpendicular to the defect plane
for thermal shock with a linear variation in fluid temperature
Internal defect External defect Internal or external defect
Cold thermal transient Hot thermal transient Hot or cold thermal transient
Smoothing through thickness Smoothing through thickness Linear smoothing perpendicular to defect

E  1 h   E   h 1  E   b,n 
0  1   
1     2 12r
  int

m
nl 

 1  
1     12rm 2 
ext
    nl 
 1 
 i   f     
n 1
m,n 
2 
  fn ( t )

E  2 E


h
1    1  8   int 0  i   f     fn ( t )
1    3
nl  b,n
 1  a
n 1
2
E  4
   1  14   int
1   3 nl 


E
1 
 ext
  4  1  18   nl  0
E  10 20 int  E    10 ext 

    1    nl     1  20   nl 0
1  9 3  1    3 

Two types of smoothing are proposed: smoothing through the thickness of a third degree polynomial and linear smoothing
perpendicular to the defect. Linear smoothing is recommended when defects are shallow (a/h  ¼) and at the surface point
of semi-elliptical defects. In the case of relatively deep defects (a/h  ¼), smoothing through the thickness using a third
degree polynomial is recommended
The notations are described in A16.8130 where:
© n°2015-171 A16 105 / 214

- Internal defect :
h T h    a  
m,n  moy,n   1,n  n   sin  n  sin  n  1   
12  rm  n a    h  
h  1  a   
2
  a   a 1   
b,n  12  Tn       cos  n  cos   n  1       sin  n  sin  n  1    
 a    n2    h   h 2   n    h   
- External defect :
h T h  a
m,n  moy,n   1,n  n   sin  n  
12  rm n a  h
2
h  1   a  a 1  a 
b,n  12  Tn      2  1  cos  n      sin  n  
a
    n   h  h 2   n  h 
 For thermal shock with a multi-linear variation in fluid temperature (A16.8132.2), thermal stresses are deduced from
the following equations :
E 1  r 2  ri2 re r 
 
th
 rad (r, t )       ( x, t )  x  dx    ( x, t )  x  dx 
1   r ²  re2  ri2 ri ri

1  r  ri 
2 2 re r
E
 
th
 circ (r, t )       T( x, t )  x  dx    T( x, t )  x  dx    T(r, t )  r 2 
1   r ²  re2  r 2 ri ri 
 i 
E  2 re 

th
 longi (r, t )      T( x, t )  x  dx    T(r, t )
1    re2  r 2 ri 
 i 
where :
(r,t) : through thickness temperature difined in section A16.8132.2.
radth : radial thermal stress
circth : circumferential thermal stress
longith : longitudinal thermal stress.
A linearised solution is proposed for circth and longith when the radius curvature is large. This solution is only valid near the
inner surface. In this case, longith  circth = th:
r  ri
 th (r, t )   0th ( t )  1th ( t ) 
h
with :
E    h  h  E
 0th ( t )   1    1   2  3  1th ( t )    4
1    2  rm  rm  1 
 
sin(  n )
1  
n 0
Tn  fn 
n
2  T
n0
n  fn  cos(  n )
 
1  cos(  n )
3  T
n0
n  fn 
 n2
4  T
n0
n  fn   n  sin(  n )
Tn, fn and n are defined in section A16.8132.2.
A16.8412.2 KI - Longitudinal defect

 For a longitudinal throughwall defect, the value of KI (A16.8120) is given by the formula:
K I   m  Fm   b  Fb     c
The values of the influence coefficients Fm, Fb according to type of defect are given in A16.8430.
The value of Fgb is: Fgb = 0.
The values of m, b are given in table A16.8412.2a .
A16 106 / 214 © n°2015-171

Table A16.8412.2a: tube with a longitudinal throughwall defect,

nominal elastic stresses perpendicular to the defect plane: m , b
m b
Constant stress through Linearised stress
the thickness of the tube through the thickness of
the tube
N1 0 0
M2 0 0
P  rm
P 0
h
E    1
1 0
2  1   
 For a longitudinal partly throughwall defect, the value of KI (A16.8120) is given by the formula :
 a a
2
a
3
a 
4
K I  0  i0  1  i1      2 .i2      3  i3      4  i4        a
 h h h  h  

values of the influence coefficients io, ..., i4 and Fb according to type of defect are given in A16.8430.
The value of Fgb is: Fgb=0.
The values of the stresses are obtained by an elastic finite element analysis on a tube with no defects subjected to the
applied loads.
The values of o, 1, 2, and 3 are given in Table A16.8412.2b in case of axial loading N1, a global bending moment M2,
internal pressure P and a linear thermal transient 1.
Table A16.8412.2b: tube with a longitudinal partly throughwall defect,
nominal elastic stresses perpendicular to the defect plane
0 1 2 3
Constant stress through Linearised stress through
thickness of the tube the thickness of the tube
N1 0 0 0 0
M2 0 0 0 0
P re2 2 2 3
2P   2
h
P 
re h re2 h re2
internal 3     P   4     P 
defect re2  ri2 ri re  ri2
2
 ri  re  ri2
2
 ri  re  ri2
2
P ri2 ri2 2 3
2P   2
h
P 
h  ri2 h  ri2
external 3    P 
  4    P 

defect re2  ri2 re re2  ri2  re  re  ri2
2
 re  re  ri2
2
1 E..1 2 ri  2  re2  4 E..1  re2  E..1 2  h  re2  8 E..1  h  

2
re2 
    1   1           
internal 2.1    3 h  ri  re  ri   3 2.1     ri  re  ri   2.1    ri  ri  re  ri   3 2.1     ri   ri  re  ri  
       
defect
1 E..1 2 re
 

1 
2  ri2 
 4 E..1 
 ri2 

E..1 2  h 
 
ri2 
 8 E..1  h  
2
ri2 
2.1    3 h re  re  ri     1  2.1    re  re  re  ri        
external  3 2.1     re  re  ri   3 2.1     re   re  re  ri  
defect    
Note: no allowance should be made for the value of 1 unless it opens the defect.
 For thermal shock with a linear variation in fluid temperature, the values of stresses o, ..., 3 are given in
Table A16.8412.1c for faults ending on the inner surface (fault caused by cold shock) or the external surface (faults caused
by hot shock). Two types of smoothing are proposed: smoothing through the thickness using a third degree polynomial and
linear smoothing perpendicular to the defect. Linear smoothing is recommended for shallow faults ending on the inner
surface caused by a violent shock.
 For thermal shock with a multi-linear variation in fluid temperature (A16.8132.2), thermal stresses are deduced from
A16.8412.1 relations.
A16.8413 Calculating KII and KIII

Torsion moment M1 gives rise to:
 a stress intensity factor KII in Mode II for throughwall defects (circumferential or longitudinal) and the point on the surface of
semi-elliptical defects,
 a stress intensity factor KIII in Mode III for the point at the bottom of defects ending on the surface.
© n°2015-171 A16 107 / 214

A16.8413.1 Throughwall defect

An upperbound value of KII can be written as follows:
K II   m  Fm   b  Fb     c
Coefficients Fm, and Fb are those of Mode I; their values are given, for each defect, in the chapters of A16.8420 for
circumferential throughwall defects and in A16.8430 for longitudinal throughwall defects.
Shear stress values m and b are given in Table A16.8413.3a.
A16.8413.2 Part-throughwall defects

 KIII - point at bottom of part-throughwall defects
An upperbound value of KIII can be written as follows:
 a
K III   0  i 0  1  i1      a
 h
 KII - point on surface of part-throughwall defects
An upperbound value of KII can be written as follows:
 a
K II   0  i 0  1  i1      a
 h 
Coefficients io and i1 at the bottom and on the surface are those of Mode I; their values are given, for each type of defect, in the
chapter of A16.8420 for part-throughwall circumferential defects and in A16.8430 for longitudinal throughwall defects.
Shear stress values 0 and 1 are given in Table A16.8413.3b.
A16.8413.3 Nominal elastic shear stresses

 The values of shear stresses m and b can be deduced directly from applied torsion moment M1 using the formulas given in
Table A16.8413.3a.
Table A16.8413.3a: Nominal elastic shear stresses m and b
m b
M1  rm M1  h
 4

 re  ri4 


  re4  ri4 
2
 The values of shear stresses 0 and 1 can be deduced directly from applied torsion moment M1 using the formulas given in
Table A16.8413.3b.
Table A16.8413.3b: Nominal elastic shear stresses 0 and 1
o 1
Defect ending on M1  ri M1  h

internal surface

 4 4
2
 re  ri   4
2

 re  ri4 
Defect ending on M1  re M1  h

external surface

 4 4
2
 re  ri   4
2

 re  ri4 
The reference stress can be determined either by the Modified Limit Load option (A16.8414.1) or by the Elastic-Plastic Stress
option (A16.8414.2).
A16.8414.1 MLL Option (Modified Limit Load)
A16.8414.11 MLL Option, tube - circumferential defect
The domain of validity of the method is:
 tube such that 3  rm/h,
 with a part-throughwall circumferential defect TUB-CDSI, CDSE, CDAI, CDAE (Table A16.8110),
- as defined in table A16.8414.111,
- located at a minimal distance of 1,5.(rm.h)1/2 from a thickness transition,
- located at a minimal distance of 1,5.(rm3/h)1/2 from a junction elbow/straight pipe,
 all kind of material (in accordance with RCC-MRx)
A16 108 / 214 © n°2015-171

Table A16.8414.111: MLL option. Tube – applicability for circumferential defect

TUB- CDSI, CDSE, CDAI, CDAE
a 1 1 a 1
  
h 4 4 h 2
1 a Bottom Bottom
 1 Surface Surface
3 c
a 1 Bottom
 Surface
c 3
A16.8414.112 Calculating Lr
 As a general rule, the expression of Lr is as follows:
2
 2 2 2 2
3 m2  n1  2 m2    p   m1  p
L r        
  5 q      1   ti       q      ti  

5 qm em  t  n en   t
q     m em t    ep   n en  ep
 
with
3 P  rm N1 3 M1 M2
p  n1  m1   m2 
2 h  y 2    rm  h   y 2   rm2  h   y
2
4  rm  h  y
It is deduced that ref = Lr.y .

When only module M of the applied moment is known, it is considered different values of M1 and M2 such as M = (M12 +
M22)1/2 to calculate Lr ; the values leading to the highest value of J are considered.
The notations are given in A16.8411:
- rm: average radius of tube
- h: thickness
- P: internal pressure
- N1: axial force without pressure effect on the end closure
- M1: torsion moment
- M2: bending moment
The value of the coefficients qm, qn, en, em, ep, t is provided for each type of defect in the corresponding chapter
(A16.8420). Coefficient ti is obtained by the formula:
 ti  (1/  t ).  2t  1
 a
 When the geometry of the defect is such that   1,5  10 2 ( in radians), it is acceptable to carry out the
 h
calculation:
- the following expression for Lr (it is formally assumed that t=1 in the previous expression)
2
 2 2 2 2
3 m2  n1  2 m2    p   m1 
L r        
  5 q 

       
5 qm   em  qn   en   m em     ep   qn   en 
 
- using a ep value of 0.95 for external defects (to reduce the conservativeness of the method).
 If Lr<1 and m2  0, Lr* is also calculated by:

2 
 2  2  
3 2    2  m1  n1  
L*r    m *  n 21    m *    p 2  m12 *
where m  Max   qm   1 p     q  ; 0
5  

5
 4 

 qn  n  
 

If Lr* < Lr < 1, a new value of Kr is used to calculate J using the formula Js  Jel K r2 .
This new value of Kr is determined by linear interpolation between Kr(Lr*) and Kr(Lr=1) :
K r (Lr = 1) - K r (L*r )
K r  K r (Lr *) +  (Lr  L*r )
1 - L*r
where
1
 
1
 

 
K r L*r
 E   L*  


ref r y
 0,5 
L*r
2 

2
and
 E   ref  y
K r L r  1  
  
 0,25

2

 L*
r   y   2
L r  1
*  y 
© n°2015-171 A16 109 / 214

Note: in the case of a material whose tensile curve is a plateau, Kr(Lr=1) is calculated using the total strain obtained on the
tensile curve at the end of the plateau
A16.8414.12 MLL option, Tube - longitudinal defect
A16.8414.121 Validity
 tube such as 3  rm/h,
 longitudinal defect TUB-LDSI, LDSE, LDII, LDIE (Table A16.8110),
Table A16.8414.121: MLL option. Tube – validity for longitudinal defect
TUB- LDSI, LDSE, LDII, LDIE
a 1 1 a 1
  
h 4 4 h 2
1 a Bottom Bottom
3 c
a 1 Bottom
 Surface
c 3
 The expression of Lr is as follows:
2 2 2
m   p   m1 
Lr   2       with
q
 m   q
 ep p    em1  qp 
3 P  rm 3 M1 M2
p  m1   m2 
2 h  y 2
2   rm  h  y 4  rm2  h  y
- if M20 and p  0.5, this expression is valid for Lr  1,4

- if M20 and p > 0.5, this expression is valid for Lr  1,2
It is deduced that ref = Lr.y .
When only module M of the applied moment is known, it is considered that: M1  M and M2 = 0.
The notations are given in A16.8411:
- rm: average radius of tube
- h: thickness
- P: internal pressure
- M1: torsion moment
- M2: bending moment
The value of the coefficients qm, qp, ep, em1 is provided for each type of defect in the corresponding chapter (A16.8430).
A16.8414.2 EPS option (Elastic plastic Stress) - Stresses s1m and s’1m
 tube such that 3  rm/h,
 with a part-throughwall circumferential defect TUB-CTR, CDRI, CDSI, CDSE, CDAI, CDAE or longitudinal TUB-LTR, LDSI,
LDSE, LDII, LDIE (Table A16.8110),
A16 110 / 214 © n°2015-171

Table A16.8414.21: EPS option. Tube – Applicability

TUB- CDSI, CDSE, CDAI, CDAE TUB-CDRI TUB-CTR TUB-LTR
TUB- LDSI, LDSE, LDII, LDIE
a 1 1 a 1  0,8
    
h 4 4 h 2 a/h < 0,8
1 a Bottom Bottom
3 c
a 1 Bottom
 Surface
c 3
A16.8414.22 Calculating equivalent stresses

The equivalent elastic stress eqel and the plastic equivalent stress eqpl are calculated following the section A16.7313
methodology from the membrane axial stresses named respectively s’1m and s1m defined as :
1 g
s1' m  fin  1m  gb s1m  1m    gb
fel fpl
 1m is the axial membrane stress due to pressure P and axial load N1. In the calculation of s’1m, this stress is corrected with
the coefficient fin to account for the interaction between the axial load N1 and the pressure P, effective in the elastic domain.
 gb is the elastic stress related to the global bending of the pipe in the section of the defect. This stress is corrected with an
amplification coefficient due to the presence of the defect : 1/fel for the elastic domain or 1/fpl for the plastic domain. These
coefficients and the stresses are tabulated for each defect in the correspond sections (A16.8420, 8430).
 In the calculation of s1m, the interaction between the components of the loading (N1, P, M2) is taken into account through the
coefficient g calculated according to the methodology defined in section A16.8414.23.
 The elastic stress values 1m, 1b, 2m, 2b, 12 and gb are given, for each type of defect, in the corresponding chapters
(A16.8420, 8430).
When only module M of the applied moment is known, it is considered that:
- for circumferential defects: the elastic stresses are calculated with different values of M1 and M2 such as M = (M12 +
M22)1/2 ; the values leading to the highest value of J are considered
- for longitudinal defects: M1 = M and M2=0
 For longitudinal defects :
- if M20 and 1.732 . P.(rm/h)  y, the expression giving ref is valid for ref  1.4.y
- if M20 and 1.732 . P.(rm/h) > y, the expression giving ref is valid for ref  1.2.y
A16.8414.23 Calculating g coefficient

The interaction coefficient g for plastic behaviour is function of p, m2 ,n1 and the material properties :
fp  2.628  m 2 4
g  ginf
1  2.628  m 2 4
with
M2 0. 8 3 P  rm
m2  fp  1   Arctg20  p  p 
4  rm2  h  y  2 h  y
 (fp + 2.628.(m2) ) / (1 + 2.628.(m2)4) is between 1 and 1.4. This coefficient allows a progressive change from a strong
4
interaction between M2 and the other loading components, to the limit state with none interaction. At the beginning of the
application of the bending moment, the interaction is strong and the global bending stress must be amplified. When the
moment is dominant, g tends to the limit state value ginf. The coefficient fp represents interaction dependence on the
pressure P.
 ginf represents the plasticity redistribution related to the interaction between the loading components (N1. P, M2). Values of
the coefficient ginf are tabulated (Table A16.8414.23) and are function of ratios n1=N1 / (2..rm.h.y), p and n. n is the
exponent of the power law  = B.n representing the best fitting of the tensile curve used in the large deformations domain (
> 1%). This exponent n can be determined from a linear regression of the points [ln(),ln()]. For austenitic stainless steels,
n is near 5.
The values of ginf for intermediates values of p are obtained with a linear interpolation:
- for p < 0.1. the interpolation is made on the part of the table « p = 0 » related to the value p=0 and the table part « 0 < p
< 0.1 » related to the value p = 0.1 ;
- for 0.1 < p < 1. the interpolation is made in the part of the table « 0.1 <p <1 » ;
- for 1 < p < 1.2. the interpolation is made using the part of the table « 0.1 < p <1 » related to the value p = 1 and the part
of the table « p > 1.2 » related to a value p = 1.2 ;
- for p > 1.2. the interpolation is made on the part of the table « p > 1.2 ».
For n = 1 corresponding to a linear behaviour, ginf = 1. The values of ginf when n is infinite are obtained from a limit load
analysis of the pipe without defect (perfect plastic behaviour) ; they vary between 0.785 and 0.535.
An simplified pessimistic estimation of ginf is obtained with following equations:
 1  
if P = 0 : ginf  Min1 ; 1    1  0.24  n1  0.21
  n  
© n°2015-171 A16 111 / 214

  1  
if P  0 : ginf  Min1 ; 1.22  1    1  0.24  n1  0.21 
   n   
Table A16.8414.23: values of ginf

ginf n1 n=1 n=2 n=3 n=5 n=10 n=
p=0 0 1.000 0.897 0.862 0.832 0.809 0.785
0.1 1.000 0.870 0.822 0.781 0.749 0.716
0.2 1.000 0.846 0.789 0.741 0.704 0.665
0.3 1.000 0.827 0.763 0.711 0.669 0.628
0.4 1.000 0.812 0.744 0.688 0.644 0.601
0.5 1.000 0.801 0.730 0.672 0.627 0.581
0.6 1.000 0.795 0.720 0.660 0.613 0.567
0.7 1.000 0.791 0.714 0.652 0.604 0.556
0.8 1.000 0.790 0.711 0.647 0.600 0.547
0.9 1.000 0.791 0.710 0.644 0.595 0.541
1 1.000 0.791 0.710 0.642 0.589 0.535
ginf n1 n=1 n=2 n=3 n=5 n=10 n=
0.1 < p < 1 0 1.000 0.942 0.913 0.882 0.851 0.785
0.1 1.000 0.935 0.899 0.859 0.815 0.716
0.2 1.000 0.927 0.886 0.835 0.789 0.665
0.3 1.000 0.912 0.866 0.811 0.761 0.628
0.4 1.000 0.896 0.845 0.791 0.736 0.601
0.5 1.000 0.873 0.818 0.762 0.707 0.581
0.6 1.000 0.850 0.790 0.733 0.680 0.567
0.7 1.000 0.831 0.767 0.714 0.657 0.556
0.8 1.000 0.813 0.744 0.690 0.634 0.547
0.9 1.000 0.799 0.724 0.666 0.611 0.541
1 1.000 0.791 0.710 0.642 0.589 0.535
ginf n1 n=1 n=2 n=3 n=5 n=10 n=
p > 1.2 0 1.000 0.982 0.958 0.925 0.887 0.785
0.1 1.000 0.990 0.963 0.921 0.866 0.716
0.2 1.000 0.987 0.956 0.901 0.847 0.665
0.3 1.000 0.967 0.930 0.872 0.815 0.628
0.4 1.000 0.942 0.898 0.844 0.782 0.601
0.5 1.000 0.906 0.857 0.801 0.741 0.581
0.6 1.000 0.871 0.815 0.758 0.702 0.567
0.7 1.000 0.844 0.782 0.731 0.671 0.556
0.8 1.000 0.819 0.751 0.698 0.641 0.547
0.9 1.000 0.801 0.726 0.669 0.613 0.541
1 1.000 0.791 0.710 0.642 0.589 0.535
A16.8415 Calculating kth1 and kth1*
 submitted to a cooling thermal transient (cold shock) applied at the internal surface,
 circumferential defect TUB- CDSI, CDAI or longitudinal defect LDSI, LDII (Table A16.8110),
- as defined in table A16.8415.1a for a circumferential defect,
- as defined in table A16.8415.1b for a longitudinal defect,
A16 112 / 214 © n°2015-171

Table A16.8415.1a: kth1 - tube – applicability for circumferential defect

TUB-CDSI TUB- CDAI
a 1 1 a 1 a 1
   
h 4 4 h 2 h 4
1 a Bottom Bottom Bottom
3 c
a 1 Bottom
 Surface
c 3
Table A16.8415.1b: kth1 - tube – applicability for longitudinal defect

TUB-LDSI TUB-LDII
a 1 1 a 1 a 1
   0 
h 8 8 h 3 h 2
3 c
a 1 Bottom
 Surface
c 3
A16.8415.2 Calculating kth1 - thermal shock only

Coefficient kth1 can be calculated using Option 1 (A16.8415.21) or Option 2 (A16.8415.22). The characteristics of the material
are taken at final fluid temperature f (i.e. when cold).
A16.8415.21 Calculating kth1 without using tensile curve

In this case, when the tensile curve is not used,
k th1  Min 1 ; 0,5 + 0,5  exp 0,46L th  1 
with adimensional parameter Lth:

 
E     1  2 
 2  f
L th 
4
 1     S o
3
 f : final fluid temperature
 S0 is the stress, obtained from the tensile curve of the material at temperature f, for which the elastic strain is equal to the
plastic strain (0 can be determined by considering the intersection between the tensile curve and the straight line of the
equation  = 0.5 E  ).
 1 and 2 are the values of 1(t) and 2(t) taken at the instant during the thermal transient when Jelth is at its maximum.
  : Poisson coefficient
  : coefficient of average linear expansion between initial fluid temperature i and temperature f
 E : Young’s modulus at temperature f
 f : coefficient obtained by linear interpolation of a/h using tables A16.8415.21a and b
Table A16.8415.21a: Values of f for a circumferential defect
a 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

h 30 16 8 4 3 2,5 2
f at bottom 1 1.06 1.10 0.86 0.63 0.54 0.54
f on surface 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6
Tableau A16.8415.21b: Values of f for a longitudinal defect
a 1 1 1 1 1

h 30 16 8 4 3
f at bottom 1 1.06 1.10 0.75 0.54
f on surface 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1
A16.8415.22 Calculating kth1 using tensile curve

In this case, when the tensile curve is used,
 
 2    1   2 
       2  f
k th1  Max  0.5 ; 1.28  th  0.28   th 
  with strain th :  th  0.85 
E   th  E   th 4

 
  1   
3
 f : final fluid temperature
© n°2015-171 A16 113 / 214

 1 and 2 are the values of 1(t) and 2(t) taken at the instant during the thermal transient when Jelth is at its maximum.
  : Poisson coefficient
  : coefficient of average linear expansion between initial fluid temperature i and temperature f
 E : Young’s modulus at temperature f
 th is the stress corresponding to strain th on the tensile curve of the material at temperature f
 f is calculated as in option 1 (A16.8415.21).
A16.8415.3 Calculating kth1* - Mechanical loading combined with thermal shock

The method proposed applies when the scope of the methods used to calculate the effect of mechanical loading only and the
effects of cold thermal transient only are complied with simultaneously.
 For circumferential defects, the value of kth* is obtained as follows:
first calculate Lr(P = 0) with the notations in A16.8414.112 :
2
 2 2 2
3  m2  n1  2 m2    m1 
L r (P  0)      
5 q       q       5 q       
m em t  n en t   m em t    qn   en 
 
The parameter kth1* is calculated according to the following procedure:
- If at least one of the two following conditions a) and b) is checked:
a) Lr  0,5
b) Lr(P=0)  2p, where p is the normalised pressure in accordance of the notations of the section A16.8414.112.
then k *th1  k th1
2p
- else k *th1  1   (1  k th1 )
L r (P  0)
 For a longitudinal defect : k *th1  k th1
The value of kth1 is the value obtained following the methodology of section A16.8415.2 with the thermal shock alone.
A16.8416 Calculating kth2 and kth2*– Values of elth and rth
 submitted to a thermal transient:
- of cooling (cold thermal shock) applied at the inner surface for a defect located at the inner surface,
- of heating (hot shock) applied at the outer surface for defect located at the outer surface,
 circumferential defect TUB- CDSI, CDAI, CTR, CDSE or longitudinal defect LDSI, LDII, LDSE, LDIE (Table A16.8110),
- as defined in table A16.8415.1a for a circumferential defect,
- as defined in table A16.8415.1b for a longitudinal defect,
- located at a minimal distance of 1.5.(rm.h)1/2 from a thickness transition,
- located at a minimal distance of 1.5.(rm3/h)1/2 from a junction elbow/straight pipe,
Table A16.8416.1a: kth2 - tube – applicability for circumferential defect

TUB-CDSI, CDSE TUB- CDAI, CDAE TUB- CTR
a 1 1 a 1 a 1 
   
h 4 4 h 2 h 4
1 a Bottom Bottom Bottom Bottom
3 c
a 1 Bottom
 Surface
c 3
A16 114 / 214 © n°2015-171

Table A16.8416.1b: kth2 - Tube – applicability for longitudinal defect

TUB-LDSI, LDSE TUB-LDII, LDIE
a 1 1 a 1 a 1
   0 
h 8 8 h 3 h 2
3 c
a 1 Bottom
 Surface
c 3
A16.8416.2 Calculating of kth2 – Values of elth and rth

th E    1   2  2.86 0.86 
The value of kth2 (A16.7310) is obtained following the equation:  el  0.585   1      f th
2  1     1  n n 2 
with :
- 1 and 2 are the values of 1(t) and 2(t) for the instant under consideration.
-  : Poisson coefficient
-  : thermal expansion coefficient
- E : Young modulus
- n : exponent of the power law  = B. n is chosen to get the best estimate, for large strain, of the tensile curve
- fth : coefficient provided for each defect in section A16.8420 for circumferential defects and in section A16.8430 for
longitudinal defects.
 The value of the follow up coefficient rth is given for each defect in section A16.8420 for circumferential defects and in
section A16.8430 for longitudinal defects.
A16.8416.3 Calculating kth2*

The value of kth2* (A16.7310) is obtained using following equation: k *th2    1  (k th2  1)
with :
th
  el calculated in accordance with A16.8416.2
 me
ref calculated in accordance with A16.7313 (EPS Option) with the stresses 1m, 2m, 12, gb.
th
 el
 1 
th
 el   me
ref
 2m
  2  0,5 
1m   gb  12
 TUB-CTR, CDAI (Table A16.8110):  = 1 + 0.3.(1 – (2)0.5)
 TUB-CDSI and TUB-CDSE (Table A16.8110)  = 1 + 0.2.(1 – (2)0.5)
 TUB- TUB-LDSI, LDSE, LDII, LDIE (Table A16.8110):  = 1.1.
© n°2015-171 A16 115 / 214

A16.8420 TUBE - CIRCUMFERENTIAL DEFECT
A16.8421 TUBE - Circumferential throughwall defect
A16.8421.1 TUB-CTR. Describing defect geometry

The geometry of the circumferential throughwall defect is defined Figure A16.8421.1.
Figure A16.8421.1: TUB-CTR, tube containing a circumferential throughwall defect
 Geometry of the defect ri h

2c : length of the defect (2c = 2.rm)
2 : angle of the defect (in radians), 2.c = rm. 2.
symmetrical position in relation to the
bending plane
2.
A16.8421.2 TUB-CTR. Influence coefficients - E* value

The values of the coefficients Fm, and Fgb are given in tables A16.8421.2a and b. The value of Jel is obtained using those
coefficients and E* = E.
If the geometrical parameters of the defect differ from those considered in the tables, a barycentric interpolation is required on
the values V of the influence coefficients Fm and Fgb (A16.8122).
Table A16.8421.2a: TUB - CTR, values of Fm

  h/ri = 1 h/ri = 0.5 h/ri = 0.2 h/ri = 0.1 h/ri = 0.05 h/ri = 0.025 h/ri = 0.0125
0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
10 0.056 1.00 1.02 1.03 1.06 1.09 1.17 1.29
20 0.111 1.09 1.10 1.15 1.22 1.33 1.51 1.74
30 0.167 1.20 1.22 1.31 1.43 1.62 1.87 2.17
40 0.222 1.34 1.38 1.51 1.68 1.92 2.25 2.59
50 0.278 1.54 1.60 1.76 1.97 2.28 2.68 3.07
60 0.333 1.80 1.88 2.08 2.34 2.71 3.19 3.64
70 0.389 2.14 2.24 2.49 2.80 3.25 3.84 4.36
80 0.444 2.54 2.73 3.04 3.41 3.95 4.67 5.30
90 0.500 3.11 3.38 3.78 4.23 4.89 5.77 6.59
100 0.556 3.78 4.27 4.86 5.45 6.21 7.29 8.39
110 0.611 4.72 5.47 6.41 7.20 8.13 9.50 11.02
Table A16.8421.2b: TUB - CTR, values of Fgb
  h/ri = 1 h/ri = 0.5 h/ri = 0.2 h/ri = 0.1 h/ri = 0.05 h/ri = 0.025 h/ri = 0.0125
0 0 0.75 0.83 0.92 0.95 0.98 0.99 0.99
10 0.056 0.79 0.86 0.95 1.01 1.06 1.15 1.28
20 0.111 0.83 0.92 1.03 1.14 1.27 1.46 1.69
30 0.167 0.89 0.98 1.13 1.29 1.49 1.75 2.05
40 0.222 0.97 1.06 1.25 1.45 1.71 2.03 2.37
50 0.278 1.04 1.16 1.39 1.63 1.94 2.32 2.68
60 0.333 1.14 1.29 1.56 1.84 2.19 2.63 3.02
70 0.389 1.27 1.45 1.76 2.08 2.48 2.99 3.42
80 0.444 1.43 1.65 2.02 2.38 2.84 3.43 3.92
90 0.500 1.65 1.93 2.37 2.77 3.32 3.99 4.58
100 0.556 1.91 2.29 2.87 3.38 3.96 4.75 5.49
110 0.611 2.19 2.77 3.57 4.20 4.89 5.83 6.80
A16 116 / 214 © n°2015-171

A16.8421.3 TUB-CTR. MLL option: coefficients

 qm: section reduction factor under M2 Later
 qn: section reduction factor under N1 or M1 only Later
 en: coefficient allowing for local work hardening under N1 Later
 em: coefficient allowing for local and general work hardening under Later
M2
 ep: coefficient allowing for defect position under pressure Later
 t: coefficient allowing for stress triaxiality Later
A16.8421.4 TUB-CTR. EPS option: stresses in the section of the defect - coefficients
 1m : axial membrane
1.1 N1




 
P   ri2   re2  ri2 




2

2  
  re  ri  1  
 
  2 2

1    re  ri
 

 1b : axial bending through the 0
thickness
 2m : circumferential rm
membrane P.
h
 2b : circumferential bending 0
through the thickness
 gb : global bending  
M2 N  r  sin 
 1 m 
1
 

2 P  sin   re  ri
3 3
  1  ri2



2
  rm  h    2
  rm  h 3   rm2
h   

1    re2  ri2 

   
 12 : shear M1
 
2  rm2  h  1  
 
 fin 1.5
 fel 0.7  Min 1 ; 1.08  cos0.455     0.55  sin0.91  
 fpl  h 
1    Min 1 ; 1.08  cos0.455     0,55  sin0.91  
 2rm 

 g 0.535  g  1.4 see A16.8414.23
A16.8421.5 TUB-CTR. Calculation of kth2: coefficients

 fth 1
 rth 0
© n°2015-171 A16 117 / 214

A16.8422 TUBE - Circumferential part-throughwall rectangular internal defect
A16.8422.1 TUB-CDRI. Describing defect geometry

The geometry of the circumferential part-throughwall rectangular internal defect is defined Figure A16.8422.1.
Figure A16.8422.1: TUB-CDRI, tube containing a circumferential part-throughwall rectangular internal defect
 Geometry of the defect h

a : depth of the defect ri
2c : length of the defect (2c = 2.ri)
2 : angle of the defect (in radians), 2.c = ri. 2.
bending plane a 2.
A16.8422.2 TUB-CDRI. Influence coefficients - E* value

The value of Jel is obtained using the influence coefficients and E*=E/(1 - 2).
the values V of the influence coefficients i0, i1, i2, i3 and Fgb (A16.8122).
 For rm/h = 10, the formula is valid for:

a
- 0.08   0.8
h
c
- 1
a

- 0.05   0.5 for 0.5  /  1.0 use / = 0.5

The values of the coefficients i0 and Fgb are given in the table A16.8422.2a. They are calculated by the following formula
:
a   a  
0.855
a 
io  1.1   0.15241  16.772      14.94    
h 
 h   h  
a   a  
0.565
a 
Fgb  1.1    0.09967  5.0057      2.8329    
h 
 h   h  
Table A16.8422.2a: TUB-CDRI, rm/h = 10 - values of io and Fgb

a/h 0.25 0.5 0.8 0.25 0.5 0.8
(deg) (rad)/ io io io Fgb Fgb Fgb
10 0.06 1.194 1.360 1.627 1.177 1.341 1.609
20 0.11 1.230 1.470 1.854 1.221 1.460 1.839
30 0.17 1.259 1.556 2.024 1.253 1.547 2.001
40 0.22 1.285 1.628 2.161 1.280 1.616 2.127
50 0.28 1.307 1.689 2.274 1.303 1.674 2.229
60 0.33 1.328 1.744 2.369 1.323 1.724 2.314
70 0.39 1.347 1.791 2.448 1.342 1.767 2.386
80 0.44 1.364 1.834 2.515 1.358 1.805 2.447
90 0.50 1.380 1.872 2.571 1.373 1.840 2.500
170 1.380 1.872 2.571 1.373 1.840 2.500
 For ri/h = 5 and for a/h = 0.25 – 0.5 – 0.8,

The values of the coefficients i0, i1, i2, i3 and Fgb are given in table A16.8422.2b.
A16 118 / 214 © n°2015-171

Table A16.8422.2b: TUB-CDRI, ri/h = 5 - values of the coefficients i0, i1, i2, i3 and Fgb
ri/h = 5 At the bottom (+5 degrees)
a/h (deg) c/a i0 i1 i2 i3 Fgb
0.25 170 59.3 1.2380 0.1816 0.0343 0.0071 1.2186
160 55.9 1.2382 0.1817 0.0343 0.0071 1.2185
150 52.4 1.2383 0.1817 0.0343 0.0071 1.2184
140 48.9 1.2384 0.1817 0.0343 0.0071 1.2183
130 45.4 1.2385 0.1817 0.0343 0.0071 1.2182
120 41.9 1.2386 0.1817 0.0343 0.0071 1.2182
110 38.4 1.2385 0.1817 0.0343 0.0071 1.2182
100 34.9 1.2383 0.1817 0.0343 0.0071 1.2183
90 31.4 1.2377 0.1816 0.0343 0.0071 1.2183
80 27.9 1.2369 0.1815 0.0343 0.0071 1.2182
70 24.4 1.2353 0.1814 0.0155 0.0071 1.2178
60 20.9 1.2335 0.1812 0.0343 0.0071 1.2170
50 17.5 1.2297 0.1808 0.0342 0.0071 1.2147
40 14.0 1.2245 0.1803 0.0341 0.0071 1.2110
30 10.5 1.2108 0.1789 0.0339 0.0071 1.1995
20 7.0 1.1863 0.1765 0.0336 0.0070 1.1772
10 3.5 1.0716 0.1649 0.0319 0.0067 1.0662
0.5 170 29.7 1.5680 0.4280 0.1558 0.0632 1.4977
160 27.9 1.5688 0.4286 0.1558 0.0632 1.4970
150 26.2 1.5697 0.4288 0.1559 0.0632 1.4962
140 24.4 1.5709 0.4290 0.1560 0.0632 1.4954
130 22.7 1.5720 0.4293 0.1561 0.0633 1.4947
120 20.9 1.5728 0.4294 0.1561 0.0633 1.4943
110 19.2 1.5728 0.4295 0.1561 0.0633 1.4943
100 17.5 1.5714 0.4292 0.1561 0.0633 1.4945
90 15.7 1.5675 0.4285 0.1559 0.0632 1.4944
80 14.0 1.5607 0.4272 0.1555 0.0631 1.4932
70 12.2 1.5489 0.4248 0.1548 0.0628 1.4891
60 10.5 1.5315 0.4214 0.1538 0.0625 1.4804
50 8.7 1.5041 0.4159 0.1523 0.0620 1.4629
40 7.0 1.4639 0.4080 0.1500 0.0613 1.4326
30 5.2 1.3955 0.3944 0.1462 0.0600 1.3743
20 3.5 1.2843 0.3727 0.1401 0.0580 1.2715
10 1.7 1.0126 0.3181 0.1244 0.0527 1.0075
0.8 170 18.5 2.2469 0.9164 0.5085 0.3188 2.0344
160 17.5 2.2503 0.9174 0.5089 0.3190 2.0316
150 16.4 2.2545 0.9186 0.5095 0.3193 2.0285
140 15.3 2.2595 0.9202 0.5102 0.3196 2.0253
130 14.2 2.2644 0.9219 0.5110 0.3201 2.0228
120 13.1 2.2675 0.9231 0.5116 0.3204 2.0216
110 12.0 2.2662 0.9230 0.5117 0.3205 2.0218
100 10.9 2.2573 0.9206 0.5107 0.3200 2.0219
90 9.8 2.2364 0.9146 0.5082 0.3187 2.0190
80 8.7 2.1997 0.9037 0.5034 0.3163 2.0081
70 7.6 2.1412 0.8860 0.4954 0.3122 1.9822
60 6.5 2.0566 0.8602 0.4842 0.3062 1.9332
50 5.5 0.9388 0.8238 0.4679 0.2977 1.8511
40 4.4 1.7853 0.7762 0.4465 0.2865 1.7289
30 3.3 1.5840 0.7129 0.4179 0.2713 1.5527
20 2.2 1.3316 0.6333 0.3818 0.2522 1.3167
10 1.1 0.9337 0.4988 0.3183 0.2175 0.9290
© n°2015-171 A16 119 / 214

A16.8422.3 TUB-CDRI. MLL option: coefficients

 qm: section reduction factor under M2 Later
 qn: section reduction factor under N1 or M1 only Later
 en: coefficient allowing for local work hardening Later
under N1
 em: coefficient allowing for local and general work Later
hardening under M2
 ep: coefficient allowing for defect position under Later
pressure
 t: coefficient allowing for stress triaxiality Later
A16.8422.4 TUB-CDRI. EPS option: stresses in the section of the defect - coefficients
 1m : axial membrane  2.a  c 
P   ri 2  
1.1 N1   

  re2  ri2  

e i
 2  a  c r 2  r 2  2.a  c

thickness
membrane P.
h
M2

N1  rm  sin   a

1
 

2 P  sin   ri  a   ri 
3 3


 1 
ri2



2
  rm  h h      2
  rm  h 3 2
  rm  h 


re2  ri2  2 .a  c
 

 12 : shear M1
2  a 
2  rm  h  1   
 h 
 fin 1.5
 fel  a
0 .7   1  
 h
 fpl  a 
   
 a  a 1.02  0.8  sin  h 
cos 0.5      0.5   sin  

 a 
  h  h  
 1  
  h 
 g 0.535  g  1.4 see A16.8414.23
A16.8422.5 TUB-CDRI. Calculating kth2: coefficients

 fth  a
1 1  
 h
 rth  2 
1  a  3 a a 
 1 with q th  Max 1  2   ;  0.6    3    
 a  h  2 h  h  
1    q th   
 h
A16 120 / 214 © n°2015-171

A16.8423 TUBE - Circumferential part-throughwall rectangular external defect

(Later)
The geometry of the circumferential part-throughwall rectangular external defect is defined Figure A16.8423.1.
Figure A16.8423.1: TUB-CDRE, tube containing a circumferential part-throughwall rectangular external defect

2c : length of the defect (2c = 2.re).
2 : angle of the defect (in radians) 2.c = re. 2.
bending plane. 2.
© n°2015-171 A16 121 / 214

A16.8424 TUBE - Circumferential part-throughwall semi-elliptical internal defect
A16.8424.1 TUB-CDSI. Describing defect geometry

The geometry of the circumferential part-throughwall semi-elliptical internal defect is defined Figure A16.8424.1.
Figure A16.8424.1: TUB-CDSI, tube containing a circumferential part-throughwall semi-elliptical internal defect

2c : length of the defect (2c = 2.ri)
2 : angle of the defect (in radians) 2.c = ri. 2.
bending plane a 2.
A16.8424.2 TUB-CDSI. Influence coefficients - E* value

The values of the coefficients i0, i1, i2, i3 and of Fgb at the bottom and at the surface are given table A16.8424.2. The value of Jel
is obtained using those coefficients and E* = E/(1 - 2).
the values V of the influence coefficients i0, i1, i2, i3 and Fgb (A16.8122) at the deep and the surface points, considering the
variables x = h/ri , y = a/h and z = a/c.
A16 122 / 214 © n°2015-171

Table A16.8424.2: TUB-CDSI, values of i0, i1, i2, i3 and Fgb

i0 on the surface
a/c a/h h/ri=1 h/ri=1/2 h/ri=1/5 h/ri=1/10 h/ri=1/20 h/ri=1/40 h/ri=1/80 h/ri=0
1 0 0.744 0.744 0.744 0.744 0.744 0.744 0.744 0.744
1 0.1 0.740 0.744 0.746 0.747 0.747 0.747 0.747 0.748
1 0.2 0.738 0.746 0.750 0.751 0.752 0.752 0.752 0.754
1 0.4 0.747 0.765 0.777 0.782 0.784 0.786 0.785 0.789
1 0.6 0.773 0.801 0.824 0.834 0.841 0.844 0.844 0.853
1 0.8 0.824 0.851 0.881 0.897 0.907 0.913 0.912 0.927
0.5 0 0.704 0.704 0.704 0.704 0.704 0.704 0.704 0.704
0.5 0.1 0.697 0.705 0.709 0.710 0.711 0.711 0.711 0.712
0.5 0.2 0.692 0.708 0.718 0.722 0.724 0.724 0.724 0.726
0.5 0.4 0.699 0.738 0.771 0.785 0.794 0.798 0.798 0.806
0.5 0.6 0.729 0.790 0.854 0.887 0.908 0.921 0.925 0.947
0.5 0.8 0.811 0.872 0.956 1.008 1.045 1.069 1.078 1.117
0.25 0 0.568 0.568 0.568 0.568 0.568 0.568 0.568 0.568
0.25 0.1 0.570 0.577 0.582 0.583 0.584 0.584 0.584 0.585
0.25 0.2 0.565 0.583 0.596 0.601 0.604 0.605 0.605 0.608
0.25 0.4 0.572 0.609 0.653 0.676 0.690 0.699 0.702 0.714
0.25 0.6 0.590 0.654 0.735 0.788 0.827 0.853 0.868 0.900
0.25 0.8 0.730 0.854 0.936 1.006 1.060 1.094 1.167
0.125 0 0.432 0.432 0.432 0.432 0.432 0.432 0.432 0.432
0.125 0.1 0.435 0.440 0.444 0.445 0.446 0.446 0.446 0.445
0.125 0.2 0.432 0.444 0.456 0.461 0.464 0.466 0.467 0.469
0.125 0.4 0.459 0.492 0.513 0.529 0.540 0.547 0.559
0.125 0.6 0.486 0.548 0.593 0.633 0.665 0.689 0.725
0.125 0.8 0.618 0.703 0.776 0.841 0.896 1.006
0.0625 0 0.282 0.282 0.282 0.282 0.282 0.282 0.282 0.282
0.0625 0.1 0.328 0.331 0.334 0.335 0.335 0.336 0.336 0.336
0.0625 0.2 0.333 0.340 0.344 0.347 0.349 0.351 0.353
0.0625 0.4 0.359 0.371 0.382 0.391 0.398 0.410
0.0625 0.6 0.381 0.408 0.434 0.457 0.477 0.515
0.0625 0.8 0.396 0.445 0.504 0.555 0.600 0.729
0 0 0.000
0 0.1 0.000
0 0.2 0.000
0 0.4 0.000
0 0.6 0.000
0 0.8 0.000
a/c a/h i0 at the bottom
1 0 0.657 0.657 0.657 0.657 0.657 0.657 0.657 0.657
1 0.1 0.661 0.659 0.658 0.657 0.657 0.657 0.657 0.657
1 0.2 0.667 0.664 0.662 0.661 0.661 0.660 0.660 0.660
1 0.4 0.685 0.681 0.677 0.676 0.675 0.675 0.674 0.675
1 0.6 0.723 0.707 0.697 0.693 0.691 0.690 0.688 0.691
1 0.8 0.831 0.769 0.727 0.712 0.703 0.699 0.696 0.697
0.5 0 0.883 0.883 0.883 0.883 0.883 0.883 0.883 0.883
0.5 0.1 0.863 0.874 0.880 0.882 0.883 0.884 0.884 0.884
0.5 0.2 0.855 0.874 0.888 0.893 0.895 0.896 0.896 0.898
0.5 0.4 0.866 0.900 0.930 0.943 0.951 0.954 0.955 0.962
0.5 0.6 0.932 0.956 0.988 1.005 1.016 1.022 1.023 1.038
0.5 0.8 1.166 1.102 1.069 1.061 1.059 1.059 1.058 1.070
0.25 0 1.022 1.022 1.022 1.022 1.022 1.022 1.022 1.022
0.25 0.1 0.982 1.004 1.018 1.022 1.025 1.026 1.023 1.027
0.25 0.2 0.966 1.008 1.039 1.051 1.057 1.061 1.061 1.066
0.25 0.4 0.992 1.062 1.139 1.176 1.200 1.212 1.216 1.234
0.25 0.6 1.106 1.179 1.274 1.333 1.376 1.403 1.415 1.452
0.25 0.8 1.484 1.479 1.487 1.505 1.523 1.534 1.573
0.125 0 1.088 1.088 1.088 1.088 1.088 1.088 1.088 1.088
0.125 0.1 1.035 1.064 1.083 1.090 1.094 1.096 1.095 1.095
0.125 0.2 1.021 1.077 1.126 1.146 1.157 1.163 1.165 1.172
0.125 0.4 1.163 1.291 1.361 1.410 1.439 1.454 1.482
0.125 0.6 1.353 1.522 1.640 1.737 1.809 1.854 1.943
0.125 0.8 1.921 1.984 2.043 2.106 2.159 2.300
0.0625 0 1.105 1.105 1.105 1.105 1.105 1.105 1.105 1.105
0.0625 0.1 1.054 1.086 1.111 1.120 1.125 1.127 1.128 1.129
0.0625 0.2 1.108 1.173 1.202 1.220 1.231 1.235 1.243
0.0625 0.4 1.377 1.479 1.556 1.609 1.641 1.693
0.0625 0.6 1.690 1.881 2.042 2.175 2.275 2.470
0.0625 0.8 2.193 2.446 2.627 2.776 2.913 3.331
0 0 1.122 1.122 1.122 1.122 1.122 1.122 1.122 1.122
0 0.1 1.067 1.107 1.140 1.155 1.165 1.171 1.175 1.185
0 0.2 1.050 1.130 1.211 1.255 1.287 1.310 1.326 1.364
0 0.4 1.079 1.234 1.440 1.583 1.706 1.807 1.886 2.109
0 0.6 1.200 1.421 1.768 2.060 2.362 2.660 2.935 4.030
0 0.8 1.549 1.829 2.281 2.700 3.212 3.834 4.570 11.949
© n°2015-171 A16 123 / 214

Table A16.8424.2: TUB-CDSI, values of i0, i1, i2, i3 and Fgb (continue)
i1 on the surface
1 0 0.129 0.129 0.129 0.129 0.129 0.129 0.129 0.129
1 0.1 0.126 0.126 0.126 0.126 0.126 0.126 0.126 0.126
1 0.2 0.126 0.127 0.127 0.128 0.128 0.128 0.128 0.128
1 0.4 0.133 0.135 0.137 0.138 0.138 0.138 0.138 0.139
1 0.6 0.145 0.148 0.152 0.154 0.155 0.156 0.155 0.158
1 0.8 0.168 0.166 0.168 0.170 0.171 0.172 0.172 0.176
0.5 0 0.119 0.119 0.119 0.119 0.119 0.119 0.119 0.119
0.5 0.1 0.110 0.111 0.112 0.113 0.113 0.113 0.113 0.113
0.5 0.2 0.109 0.113 0.116 0.117 0.117 0.118 0.117 0.118
0.5 0.4 0.115 0.125 0.134 0.138 0.140 0.142 0.142 0.144
0.5 0.6 0.128 0.143 0.160 0.170 0.176 0.179 0.181 0.188
0.5 0.8 0.160 0.174 0.191 0.204 0.213 0.219 0.222 0.231
0.25 0 7.37E-2 7.37E-2 7.37E-2 7.37E-2 7.37E-2 7.37E-2 7.37E-2 7.37E-2
0.25 0.1 6.94E-2 7.11E-2 7.22E-2 7.26E-2 7.28E-2 7.29E-2 7.29E-2 7.31E-2
0.25 0.2 6.91E-2 7.38E-2 7.75E-2 7.90E-2 7.98E-2 8.03E-2 8.03E-2 8.11E-2
0.25 0.4 7.35E-2 8.35E-2 9.66E-2 0.104 0.108 0.111 0.112 0.116
0.25 0.6 8.15E-2 9.94E-2 0.122 0.138 0.150 0.158 0.163 0.173
0.25 0.8 0.126 0.159 0.180 0.200 0.215 0.225 0.244
0.125 0 3.93E-2 3.93E-2 3.93E-2 3.93E-2 3.93E-2 3.93E-2 3.93E-2 3.93E-2
0.125 0.1 3.44E-2 3.56E-2 3.65E-2 3.69E-2 3.71E-2 3.72E-2 3.72E-2 3.70E-2
0.125 0.2 3.45E-2 3.73E-2 4.06E-2 4.23E-2 4.33E-2 4.39E-2 4.42E-2 4.48E-2
0.125 0.4 4.31E-2 5.25E-2 5.90E-2 6.41E-2 6.78E-2 7.01E-2 7.39E-2
0.125 0.6 5.13E-2 6.92E-2 8.24E-2 9.44E-2 0.105 0.112 0.122
0.125 0.8 8.77E-2 0.112 0.133 0.152 0.168 0.202
0.0625 0 2.02E-2 2.02E-2 2.02E-2 2.02E-2 2.02E-2 2.02E-2 2.02E-2 2.02E-2
0.0625 0.1 1.55E-2 1.61E-2 1.68E-2 1.72E-2 1.74E-2 1.75E-2 1.75E-2 1.77E-2
0.0625 0.2 1.69E-2 1.87E-2 2.00E-2 2.09E-2 2.16E-2 2.20E-2 2.26E-2
0.0625 0.4 2.28E-2 2.64E-2 2.98E-2 3.26E-2 3.50E-2 3.88E-2
0.0625 0.6 2.75E-2 3.53E-2 4.30E-2 4.98E-2 5.59E-2 6.94E-2
0.0625 0.8 3.07E-2 4.48E-2 6.25E-2 7.75E-2 9.06E-2 0.131
0 0 0.000
0 0.1 0.000
0 0.2 0.000
0 0.4 0.000
0 0.6 0.000
0 0.8 0.000
1 0 0.465 0.465 0.465 0.465 0.465 0.465 0.465 0.465
1 0.1 0.468 0.466 0.464 0.464 0.463 0.463 0.463 0.463
1 0.2 0.473 0.469 0.466 0.465 0.465 0.464 0.464 0.464
1 0.4 0.485 0.478 0.472 0.470 0.469 0.469 0.468 0.469
1 0.6 0.505 0.492 0.482 0.479 0.477 0.476 0.475 0.475
1 0.8 0.565 0.530 0.507 0.498 0.493 0.490 0.488 0.489
0.5 0 0.569 0.569 0.569 0.569 0.569 0.569 0.569 0.569
0.5 0.1 0.562 0.565 0.566 0.567 0.567 0.567 0.567 0.567
0.5 0.2 0.561 0.566 0.569 0.571 0.571 0.572 0.572 0.572
0.5 0.4 0.567 0.576 0.584 0.588 0.590 0.591 0.591 0.593
0.5 0.6 0.599 0.601 0.607 0.611 0.614 0.615 0.615 0.620
0.5 0.8 0.715 0.677 0.656 0.650 0.648 0.646 0.645 0.649
0.25 0 0.632 0.632 0.632 0.632 0.632 0.632 0.632 0.632
0.25 0.1 0.617 0.624 0.629 0.630 0.631 0.632 0.632 0.632
0.25 0.2 0.612 0.626 0.636 0.640 0.643 0.644 0.644 0.645
0.25 0.4 0.624 0.646 0.671 0.684 0.691 0.695 0.696 0.703
0.25 0.6 0.676 0.695 0.723 0.740 0.754 0.762 0.766 0.778
0.25 0.8 0.837 0.821 0.819 0.821 0.826 0.828 0.840
0.125 0 0.664 0.664 0.664 0.664 0.664 0.664 0.664 0.664
0.125 0.1 0.643 0.653 0.660 0.663 0.664 0.665 0.665 0.664
0.125 0.2 0.638 0.658 0.676 0.683 0.687 0.689 0.689 0.692
0.125 0.4 0.692 0.736 0.760 0.776 0.786 0.791 0.801
0.125 0.6 0.771 0.824 0.861 0.893 0.916 0.931 0.960
0.125 0.8 0.996 1.008 1.022 1.039 1.055 1.098
0.0625 0 0.673 0.673 0.673 0.673 0.673 0.673 0.673 0.673
0.0625 0.1 0.653 0.665 0.674 0.677 0.679 0.679 0.680 0.680
0.0625 0.2 0.674 0.697 0.708 0.714 0.718 0.719 0.722
0.0625 0.4 0.774 0.810 0.837 0.856 0.867 0.885
0.0625 0.6 0.896 0.959 1.013 1.058 1.091 1.157
0.0625 0.8 1.113 1.188 1.240 1.284 1.326 1.458
0 0 0.683 0.683 0.683 0.683 0.683 0.683 0.683 0.683
0 0.1 0.66 0.676 0.688 0.694 0.699 0.700 0.702 0.706
0 0.2 0.656 0.686 0.718 0.735 0.747 0.756 0.762 0.777
0 0.4 0.672 0.730 0.808 0.861 0.908 0.946 0.976 1.061
0 0.6 0.730 0.811 0.937 1.046 1.153 1.262 1.362 1.764
0 0.8 0.904 1.003 1.161 1.307 1.485 1.702 1.960 4.546
A16 124 / 214 © n°2015-171

i2 on the surface
1 0 4.78E-2 4.78E-2 4.78E-2 4.78E-2 4.78E-2 4.78E-2 4.78E-2 4.78E-2
1 0.1 4.71E-2 4.70E-2 4.70E-2 4.70E-2 4.70E-2 4.69E-2 4.69E-2 4.70E-2
1 0.2 4.78E-2 4.78E-2 4.79E-2 4.79E-2 4.79E-2 4.79E-2 4.78E-2 4.79E-2
1 0.4 5.16E-2 5.21E-2 5.26E-2 5.28E-2 5.30E-2 5.31E-2 5.29E-2 5.34E-2
1 0.6 5.86E-2 5.87E-2 5.95E-2 6.01E-2 6.05E-2 6.08E-2 6.07E-2 6.19E-2
1 0.8 7.16E-2 6.75E-2 6.62E-2 6.64E-2 6.68E-2 6.70E-2 6.67E-2 6.84E-2
0.5 0 4.06E-2 4.06E-2 4.06E-2 4.06E-2 4.06E-2 4.06E-2 4.06E-2 4.06E-2
0.5 0.1 3.91E-2 3.98E-2 4.02E-2 4.03E-2 4.04E-2 4.04E-2 4.04E-2 4.05E-2
0.5 0.2 3.91E-2 4.08E-2 4.20E-2 4.25E-2 4.27E-2 4.28E-2 4.28E-2 4.30E-2
0.5 0.4 4.22E-2 4.70E-2 5.11E-2 5.30E-2 5.42E-2 5.47E-2 5.48E-2 5.60E-2
0.5 0.6 5.00E-2 5.64E-2 6.38E-2 6.79E-2 7.06E-2 7.23E-2 7.29E-2 7.63E-2
0.5 0.8 6.85E-2 7.22E-2 7.79E-2 8.26E-2 8.64E-2 8.90E-2 9.01E-2 9.48E-2
0.25 0 2.15E-2 2.15E-2 2.15E-2 2.15E-2 2.15E-2 2.15E-2 2.15E-2 2.15E-2
0.25 0.1 2.03E-2 2.10E-2 2.15E-2 2.17E-2 2.18E-2 2.18E-2 2.18E-2 2.19E-2
0.25 0.2 2.04E-2 2.25E-2 2.43E-2 2.50E-2 2.54E-2 2.56E-2 2.56E-2 2.60E-2
0.25 0.4 2.29E-2 2.75E-2 3.37E-2 3.71E-2 3.94E-2 4.07E-2 4.13E-2 4.31E-2
0.25 0.6 2.72E-2 3.55E-2 4.60E-2 5.31E-2 5.87E-2 6.26E-2 6.48E-2 6.99E-2
0.25 0.8 4.94E-2 6.36E-2 7.25E-2 8.08E-2 8.76E-2 9.21E-2 1.02E-1
0.125 0 8.08E-3 8.08E-3 8.08E-3 8.08E-3 8.08E-3 8.08E-3 8.08E-3 8.08E-3
0.125 0.1 7.34E-3 7.90E-3 8.31E-3 8.48E-3 8.57E-3 8.61E-3 8.61E-3 8.63E-3
0.125 0.2 7.55E-3 8.79E-3 1.04E-2 1.12E-2 1.17E-2 1.20E-2 1.21E-2 1.25E-2
0.125 0.4 1.11E-2 1.54E-2 1.86E-2 2.11E-2 2.29E-2 2.40E-2 2.59E-2
0.125 0.6 1.43E-2 2.26E-2 2.87E-2 3.43E-2 3.91E-2 4.28E-2 4.87E-2
0.125 0.8 3.23E-2 4.33E-2 5.24E-2 6.08E-2 6.82E-2 8.39E-2
0.0625 0 2.77E-3 2.77E-3 2.77E-3 2.77E-3 2.77E-3 2.77E-3 2.77E-3 2.77E-3
0.0625 0.1 2.18E-3 2.44E-3 2.77E-3 2.93E-3 3.03E-3 3.09E-3 3.12E-3 3.19E-3
0.0625 0.2 2.73E-3 3.57E-3 4.18E-3 4.66E-3 4.99E-3 5.21E-3 5.52E-3
0.0625 0.4 5.13E-3 6.76E-3 8.32E-3 9.72E-3 1.09E-2 1.28E-2
0.0625 0.6 6.61E-3 1.02E-2 1.37E-2 1.68E-2 1.98E-2 2.66E-2
0.0625 0.8 7.54E-3 1.41E-2 2.23E-2 2.91E-2 3.50E-2 5.37E-2
0 0 0.000
0 0.1 0.000
0 0.2 0.000
0 0.4 0.000
0 0.6 0.000
0 0.8 0.000
1 0 0.385 0.385 0.385 0.385 0.385 0.385 0.385 0.385
1 0.1 0.387 0.385 0.383 0.383 0.383 0.383 0.382 0.382
1 0.2 0.391 0.387 0.385 0.384 0.383 0.383 0.383 0.383
1 0.4 0.399 0.393 0.388 0.387 0.386 0.385 0.385 0.385
1 0.6 0.413 0.403 0.395 0.392 0.390 0.390 0.389 0.389
1 0.8 0.453 0.430 0.413 0.407 0.403 0.402 0.400 0.400
0.5 0 0.451 0.451 0.451 0.451 0.451 0.451 0.451 0.451
0.5 0.1 0.447 0.448 0.448 0.448 0.448 0.448 0.448 0.449
0.5 0.2 0.447 0.449 0.450 0.450 0.451 0.451 0.451 0.451
0.5 0.4 0.451 0.454 0.457 0.459 0.459 0.460 0.460 0.461
0.5 0.6 0.471 0.470 0.471 0.472 0.473 0.473 0.473 0.476
0.5 0.8 0.545 0.519 0.505 0.500 0.498 0.497 0.496 0.498
0.25 0 0.491 0.491 0.491 0.491 0.491 0.491 0.491 0.491
0.25 0.1 0.482 0.485 0.487 0.488 0.489 0.489 0.489 0.489
0.25 0.2 0.479 0.486 0.491 0.493 0.494 0.495 0.495 0.496
0.25 0.4 0.486 0.497 0.509 0.515 0.519 0.521 0.521 0.525
0.25 0.6 0.518 0.525 0.538 0.546 0.552 0.556 0.558 0.563
0.25 0.8 0.613 0.600 0.597 0.597 0.598 0.599 0.604
0.125 0 0.512 0.512 0.512 0.512 0.512 0.512 0.512 0.512
0.125 0.1 0.499 0.504 0.508 0.509 0.510 0.510 0.510 0.510
0.125 0.2 0.497 0.507 0.516 0.520 0.522 0.523 0.523 0.524
0.125 0.4 0.525 0.547 0.560 0.568 0.573 0.575 0.580
0.125 0.6 0.572 0.596 0.615 0.630 0.641 0.648 0.663
0.125 0.8 0.699 0.701 0.706 0.714 0.720 0.741
0.0625 0 0.518 0.518 0.518 0.518 0.518 0.518 0.518 0.518
0.0625 0.1 0.505 0.512 0.517 0.519 0.519 0.520 0.520 0.520
0.0625 0.2 0.517 0.530 0.535 0.539 0.541 0.541 0.543
0.0625 0.4 0.572 0.590 0.604 0.614 0.620 0.629
0.0625 0.6 0.639 0.671 0.698 0.721 0.737 0.770
0.0625 0.8 0.769 0.802 0.826 0.845 0.864 0.927
0 0 0.526 0.526 0.526 0.526 0.526 0.526 0.526 0.526
0 0.1 0.511 0.520 0.527 0.530 0.532 0.534 0.535 0.537
0 0.2 0.510 0.527 0.544 0.554 0.561 0.566 0.569 0.578
0 0.4 0.520 0.553 0.595 0.625 0.651 0.672 0.688 0.736
0 0.6 0.557 0.601 0.669 0.726 0.785 0.844 0.898 1.115
0 0.8 0.669 0.721 0.804 0.880 0.973 1.086 1.221 2.573
© n°2015-171 A16 125 / 214

i3 on the surface
1 0 2.47E-2 2.47E-2 2.47E-2 2.47E-2 2.47E-2 2.47E-2 2.47E-2 2.47E-2
1 0.1 2.46E-2 2.45E-2 2.44E-2 2.44E-2 2.44E-2 2.44E-2 2.44E-2 2.44E-2
1 0.2 2.51E-2 2.50E-2 2.50E-2 2.50E-2 2.49E-2 2.49E-2 2.49E-2 2.50E-2
1 0.4 2.76E-2 2.76E-2 2.78E-2 2.79E-2 2.80E-2 2.80E-2 2.79E-2 2.82E-2
1 0.6 3.21E-2 3.16E-2 3.17E-2 3.19E-2 3.21E-2 3.22E-2 3.21E-2 3.29E-2
1 0.8 4.05E-2 3.68E-2 3.51E-2 3.49E-2 3.49E-2 3.50E-2 3.48E-2 3.57E-2
0.5 0 2.04E-2 2.04E-2 2.04E-2 2.04E-2 2.04E-2 2.04E-2 2.04E-2 2.04E-2
0.5 0.1 1.97E-2 2.01E-2 2.03E-2 2.04E-2 2.05E-2 2.05E-2 2.05E-2 2.05E-2
0.5 0.2 1.98E-2 2.08E-2 2.15E-2 2.17E-2 2.19E-2 2.19E-2 2.19E-2 2.21E-2
0.5 0.4 2.18E-2 2.45E-2 2.69E-2 2.80E-2 2.87E-2 2.90E-2 2.90E-2 2.98E-2
0.5 0.6 2.68E-2 3.02E-2 3.42E-2 3.65E-2 3.80E-2 3.89E-2 3.93E-2 4.13E-2
0.5 0.8 3.89E-2 3.99E-2 4.21E-2 4.42E-2 4.62E-2 4.75E-2 4.81E-2 5.07E-2
0.25 0 9.56E-3 9.56E-3 9.56E-3 9.56E-3 9.56E-3 9.56E-3 9.56E-3 9.56E-3
0.25 0.1 9.05E-3 9.48E-3 9.75E-3 9.85E-3 9.90E-3 9.93E-3 9.92E-3 9.97E-3
0.25 0.2 9.16E-3 1.04E-2 1.14E-2 1.19E-2 1.21E-2 1.22E-2 1.22E-2 1.24E-2
0.25 0.4 1.08E-2 1.34E-2 1.70E-2 1.90E-2 2.04E-2 2.12E-2 2.15E-2 2.26E-2
0.25 0.6 1.34E-2 1.82E-2 2.41E-2 2.81E-2 3.13E-2 3.35E-2 3.48E-2 3.78E-2
0.25 0.8 2.68E-2 3.43E-2 3.88E-2 4.32E-2 4.69E-2 4.93E-2 5.49E-2
0.125 0 2.91E-3 2.91E-3 2.91E-3 2.91E-3 2.91E-3 2.91E-3 2.91E-3 2.91E-3
0.125 0.1 2.71E-3 3.03E-3 3.26E-3 3.36E-3 3.41E-3 3.44E-3 3.44E-3 3.47E-3
0.125 0.2 2.87E-3 3.56E-3 4.50E-3 4.98E-3 5.29E-3 5.47E-3 5.55E-3 5.75E-3
0.125 0.4 4.81E-3 7.27E-3 9.09E-3 1.06E-2 1.16E-2 1.24E-2 1.35E-2
0.125 0.6 6.44E-3 1.12E-2 1.46E-2 1.78E-2 2.06E-2 2.27E-2 2.63E-2
0.125 0.8 1.68E-2 2.30E-2 2.78E-2 3.24E-2 3.65E-2 4.54E-2
0.0625 0 7.13E-4 7.13E-4 7.13E-4 7.13E-4 7.13E-4 7.13E-4 7.13E-4 7.13E-4
0.0625 0.1 6.45E-4 7.89E-4 9.84E-4 1.08E-3 1.14E-3 1.18E-3 1.20E-3 1.24E-3
0.0625 0.2 9.31E-4 1.41E-3 1.77E-3 2.05E-3 2.25E-3 2.39E-3 2.58E-3
0.0625 0.4 2.16E-3 3.07E-3 3.96E-3 4.79E-3 5.48E-3 6.61E-3
0.0625 0.6 2.80E-3 4.83E-3 6.79E-3 8.55E-3 1.02E-2 1.43E-2
0.0625 0.8 3.03E-3 6.77E-3 1.15E-2 1.52E-2 1.85E-2 2.91E-2
0 0 0.000
0 0.1 0.000
0 0.2 0.000
0 0.4 0.000
0 0.6 0.000
0 0.8 0.000
1 0 0.338 0.338 0.338 0.338 0.338 0.338 0.338 0.338
1 0.1 0.339 0.337 0.336 0.335 0.335 0.335 0.335 0.335
1 0.2 0.342 0.339 0.337 0.336 0.335 0.335 0.335 0.335
1 0.4 0.348 0.343 0.339 0.337 0.336 0.336 0.336 0.336
1 0.6 0.359 0.350 0.344 0.341 0.340 0.339 0.339 0.339
1 0.8 0.388 0.371 0.358 0.353 0.350 0.349 0.348 0.348
0.5 0 0.386 0.386 0.386 0.386 0.386 0.386 0.386 0.386
0.5 0.1 0.382 0.382 0.382 0.382 0.382 0.382 0.382 0.383
0.5 0.2 0.382 0.383 0.384 0.384 0.384 0.384 0.384 0.384
0.5 0.4 0.385 0.387 0.388 0.388 0.389 0.389 0.389 0.390
0.5 0.6 0.400 0.398 0.397 0.397 0.398 0.398 0.398 0.399
0.5 0.8 0.452 0.434 0.422 0.419 0.417 0.416 0.416 0.416
0.25 0 0.415 0.415 0.415 0.415 0.415 0.415 0.415 0.415
0.25 0.1 0.407 0.409 0.411 0.411 0.411 0.411 0.411 0.412
0.25 0.2 0.406 0.410 0.413 0.414 0.415 0.415 0.415 0.416
0.25 0.4 0.410 0.416 0.424 0.427 0.429 0.430 0.431 0.433
0.25 0.6 0.432 0.436 0.442 0.447 0.450 0.453 0.453 0.457
0.25 0.8 0.498 0.487 0.484 0.483 0.484 0.484 0.487
0.125 0 0.431 0.431 0.431 0.431 0.431 0.431 0.431 0.431
0.125 0.1 0.420 0.424 0.426 0.427 0.427 0.427 0.427 0.427
0.125 0.2 0.419 0.425 0.431 0.433 0.434 0.435 0.435 0.436
0.125 0.4 0.436 0.450 0.458 0.463 0.466 0.467 0.470
0.125 0.6 0.468 0.482 0.493 0.502 0.509 0.513 0.521
0.125 0.8 0.552 0.552 0.554 0.558 0.561 0.573
0.0625 0 0.435 0.435 0.435 0.435 0.435 0.435 0.435 0.435
0.0625 0.1 0.425 0.430 0.433 0.434 0.434 0.435 0.435 0.435
0.0625 0.2 0.433 0.441 0.444 0.447 0.448 0.448 0.449
0.0625 0.4 0.467 0.479 0.488 0.494 0.497 0.503
0.0625 0.6 0.512 0.531 0.547 0.561 0.571 0.591
0.0625 0.8 0.601 0.619 0.630 0.641 0.652 0.689
0 0 0.441 0.441 0.441 0.441 0.441 0.441 0.441 0.441
0 0.1 0.431 0.436 0.441 0.443 0.444 0.445 0.446 0.447
0 0.2 0.430 0.441 0.453 0.459 0.464 0.467 0.469 0.475
0 0.4 0.438 0.459 0.487 0.506 0.523 0.537 0.547 0.584
0 0.6 0.464 0.492 0.535 0.572 0.610 0.647 0.682 0.822
0 0.8 0.545 0.577 0.629 0.676 0.734 0.805 0.889 1.734
A16 126 / 214 © n°2015-171

Table A16.8424.2: TUB-CDSI, values of i0, i1, i2, i3 and Fgb (end)
Fgb on the surface
1 0 0.372 0.496 0.620 0.676 0.709 0.726 0.735 0.744
1 0.1 0.377 0.501 0.624 0.680 0.712 0.730 0.739 0.748
1 0.2 0.379 0.505 0.629 0.685 0.718 0.735 0.744 0.754
1 0.4 0.341 0.523 0.656 0.715 0.750 0.768 0.776 0.789
1 0.6 0.404 0.551 0.699 0.765 0.805 0.826 0.835 0.853
1 0.8 0.441 0.587 0.752 0.825 0.871 0.894 0.903 0.927
0.5 0 0.352 0.469 0.587 0.640 0.670 0.687 0.695 0.704
0.5 0.1 0.351 0.473 0.593 0.647 0.678 0.694 0.703 0.712
0.5 0.2 0.339 0.474 0.601 0.658 0.690 0.707 0.716 0.726
0.5 0.4 0.297 0.483 0.647 0.717 0.758 0.780 0.789 0.806
0.5 0.6 0.243 0.495 0.714 0.813 0.870 0.901 0.915 0.947
0.5 0.8 0.173 0.516 0.797 0.924 1.002 1.047 1.067 1.117
0.25 0 0.284 0.379 0.473 0.516 0.541 0.554 0.561 0.568
0.25 0.1 0.271 0.382 0.485 0.531 0.556 0.570 0.577 0.585
0.25 0.2 0.257 0.369 0.493 0.546 0.576 0.591 0.598 0.608
0.25 0.4 4.78E-2 0.319 0.529 0.612 0.658 0.683 0.694 0.714
0.25 0.6 -0.138 0.238 0.577 0.708 0.789 0.834 0.858 0.900
0.25 0.8 0.143 0.643 0.835 0.959 1.037 1.082 1.167
0.125 0 0.216 0.288 0.360 0.393 0.411 0.421 0.427 0.432
0.125 0.1 0.186 0.274 0.365 0.404 0.425 0.436 0.441 0.445
0.125 0.2 1.09E-2 0.217 0.363 0.415 0.441 0.455 0.461 0.469
0.125 0.4 2.31E-2 0.347 0.448 0.500 0.527 0.541 0.559
0.125 0.6 -0.186 0.305 0.496 0.593 0.648 0.681 0.725
0.125 0.8 0.239 0.557 0.719 0.817 0.885 1.006
0.0625 0 0.141 0.188 0.235 0.256 0.269 0.275 0.279 0.282
0.0625 0.1 2.44E-3 0.156 0.265 0.301 0.319 0.328 0.332 0.336
0.0625 0.2 2.38E-3 0.233 0.298 0.327 0.340 0.346 0.353
0.0625 0.4 9.90E-2 0.278 0.348 0.378 0.393 0.410
0.0625 0.6 -8.23E-2 0.232 0.374 0.436 0.469 0.515
0.0625 0.8 -0.245 0.158 0.407 0.523 0.588 0.729
0 0 0.000
0 0.1 0.000
0 0.2 0.000
0 0.4 0.000
0 0.6 0.000
0 0.8 0.000
a/c a/h Fgb at the bottom
1 0 0.329 0.438 0.548 0.597 0.626 0.641 0.649 0.657
1 0.1 0.355 0.456 0.556 0.602 0.628 0.642 0.649 0.657
1 0.2 0.381 0.475 0.567 0.610 0.634 0.647 0.653 0.660
1 0.4 0.385 0.517 0.596 0.632 0.652 0.663 0.668 0.675
1 0.6 0.484 0.567 0.627 0.656 0.672 0.680 0.683 0.691
1 0.8 0.602 0.651 0.671 0.683 0.689 0.692 0.692 0.697
0.5 0 0.442 0.589 0.736 0.803 0.841 0.861 0.872 0.883
0.5 0.1 0.461 0.602 0.743 0.807 0.844 0.864 0.874 0.884
0.5 0.2 0.483 0.621 0.759 0.822 0.858 0.878 0.887 0.898
0.5 0.4 0.538 0.674 0.814 0.878 0.917 0.937 0.946 0.962
0.5 0.6 0.628 0.753 0.882 0.946 0.985 1.006 1.015 1.038
0.5 0.8 0.803 0.896 0.972 1.010 1.033 1.046 1.052 1.070
0.25 0 0.511 0.681 0.852 0.929 0.973 0.997 1.009 1.022
0.25 0.1 0.523 0.691 0.859 0.935 0.979 1.003 1.015 1.027
0.25 0.2 0.566 0.712 0.885 0.966 1.013 1.038 1.050 1.066
0.25 0.4 0.593 0.784 0.989 1.094 1.156 1.190 1.205 1.234
0.25 0.6 0.678 0.892 1.124 1.248 1.332 1.380 1.404 1.452
0.25 0.8 1.125 1.314 1.402 1.464 1.501 1.523 1.573
0.125 0 0.544 0.725 0.907 0.989 1.036 1.061 1.075 1.088
0.125 0.1 0.581 0.731 0.912 0.996 1.045 1.071 1.084 1.095
0.125 0.2 0.562 0.758 0.958 1.054 1.109 1.139 1.153 1.172
0.125 0.4 0.840 1.112 1.258 1.357 1.412 1.440 1.482
0.125 0.6 0.966 1.323 1.522 1.678 1.778 1.838 1.943
0.125 0.8 1.653 1.844 1.979 2.073 2.142 2.300
0.0625 0 0.553 0.737 0.921 1.005 1.052 1.078 1.091 1.105
0.0625 0.1 0.562 0.746 0.937 1.025 1.075 1.102 1.115 1.129
0.0625 0.2 0.778 0.996 1.102 1.169 1.204 1.222 1.243
0.0625 0.4 1.181 1.361 1.496 1.577 1.625 1.693
0.0625 0.6 1.428 1.734 1.966 2.135 2.255 2.470
0.0625 0.8 1.809 2.226 2.571 2.726 2.888 3.331
0 0 0.561 0.748 0.935 1.020 1.069 1.095 1.108 1.122
0 0.1 0.555 0.751 0.954 1.049 1.106 1.138 1.155 1.185
0 0.2 0.564 0.777 1.019 1.144 1.224 1.273 1.303 1.364
0 0.4 0.594 0.853 1.207 1.436 1.614 1.746 1.842 2.109
0 0.6 0.675 0.973 1.462 1.848 2.217 2.551 2.844 4.030
0 0.8 0.892 1.247 1.867 2.410 3.015 3.695 4.460 11.949
© n°2015-171 A16 127 / 214

A16.8424.3 TUB-CDSI. MLL option: coefficients

When a/c < 1/3 and if a pessimistic value of J is required, the reference stress to estimate this value of J at the surface point has
to be calculated considering the coefficients tabulated in section A16.8426.3 (TUB-CDAI)
c a a
β   2    2 
ri h h
 qm: section reduction factor under M2  a 1 a a
cos     sin  1
2 h 2 h h
 qn: section reduction factor under N1 or  a 2 1 a  a
M1 only 1  -  Arcsin   sin  1
 h  2 h  h
 en: coefficient allowing for local work  h  1 a h
hardening under N1 0.966  0.03    0.06 * Max  ;  0.92  0.12 
r 3 c rm
 m
a   h   1 a 
    0.21  0.33    0.17 * Max  ; 
 t    rm   3 c 
2
a   h   1 a 
    0.37    0.1 * Max  ; 
t   rm   3 c 
 em: coefficient allowing for local and  h  1 a 1
general work hardening under M2 1  0.12    0.07 * Max  ; 
r
 m 3 c
a   h   1 a 
    0.32  0.53    0.27 * Max  ; 
 t    rm   3 c 
2
a   1 a 
   0.1  0.24 * Max  ; 
t
    3 c 
 ep: coefficient allowing for defect 1 1
position under pressure
 t: coefficient allowing for stress 1 a  1 a
triaxiality 1   1 
2 h  2 h
A16 128 / 214 © n°2015-171

A16.8424.4 TUB-CDSI. EPS option: stresses in the section of the defect - coefficients
to be calculated considering the coefficients tabulated in section A16.8426.4 (TUB-CDAI)
 1m : axial membrane  ac 
P   ri 2  
1.1 N1  2 



   re2  ri2  
ac 
2 

2
 re  ri  
2 ac
2

thickness
membrane P.
h
M2

N1  rm  sin   a

1
 

2 P  sin   ri  a   ri 
3 3

 1 
ri2



2
  rm  h h      2
  rm  h 3 2
  rm  h 

 
re2  ri2 
a  c
2 

 12 : shear M1
  a 
2  rm2  h  1    
 4 h 
 fin 1.5
 fel 0.7  fpl
 fpl  a  a  
cos      sin   
 2 h 4  2h 4 
 g 0.535  g  1.4 see A16.8414.23
A16.8424.5 TUB-CDSI. Calculating kth2 : coefficients

 fth 1
a c
1 
h   rm
 rth  a  a 
Max 0 ; 15     0.2  
 c  h 
© n°2015-171 A16 129 / 214

A16.8425 TUBE - Circumferential part-throughwall semi-elliptical external defect
A16.8425.1 TUB-CDSE. Describing defect geometry

The geometry of the circumferential part-throughwall semi-elliptical external defect is defined Figure A16.8425.1.
Figure A16.8425.1: TUB-CDSE, tube containing a circumferential part-throughwall semi-elliptical external defect

2c : length of the defect (2c = 2.re)
2 : angle of the defect (in radians), 2.c = re.
bending plane 2.
A16.8425.2 TUB-CDSE. Influence coefficients - E* value

The values of the coefficients i0, i1, i2, i3 and of Fg on the surface and at the bottom are given table A16.8425.2. The value of Jel
is obtained using those coefficients and: E* = E/(1 - 2).
the values V of the influence coefficients i0, i1, i2, i3 and Fgb (A16.8122) at the deep and the surface points, considering the
variables x = h/ri , y = a/h and z = a/c.
A16 130 / 214 © n°2015-171

Table A16.8425.2: TUB-CDSE, values of i0, i1, i2, i3 and Fgb

i0 on the surface
1 0 0.744 0.744 0.744 0.744 0.744 0.744 0.744 0.744
1 0.1 0.750 0.749 0.748 0.748 0.748 0.748 0.747 0.748
1 0.2 0.755 0.755 0.754 0.753 0.753 0.753 0.753 0.754
1 0.4 0.784 0.785 0.787 0.788 0.788 0.788 0.786 0.789
1 0.6 0.832 0.836 0.844 0.848 0.849 0.849 0.847 0.853
1 0.8 0.898 0.904 0.917 0.922 0.924 0.924 0.919 0.927
0.5 0 0.704 0.704 0.704 0.704 0.704 0.704 0.704 0.704
0.5 0.1 0.717 0.715 0.713 0.712 0.712 0.712 0.712 0.712
0.5 0.2 0.732 0.730 0.728 0.727 0.726 0.726 0.725 0.726
0.5 0.4 0.797 0.798 0.802 0.804 0.804 0.804 0.802 0.806
0.5 0.6 0.901 0.907 0.926 0.935 0.939 0.939 0.936 0.947
0.5 0.8 1.043 1.048 1.086 1.103 1.110 1.111 1.103 1.117
0.25 0 0.568 0.568 0.568 0.568 0.568 0.568 0.568 0.568
0.25 0.1 0.588 0.587 0.586 0.585 0.585 0.585 0.585 0.585
0.25 0.2 0.608 0.608 0.608 0.608 0.608 0.607 0.607 0.608
0.25 0.4 0.667 0.678 0.696 0.704 0.708 0.710 0.709 0.714
0.25 0.6 0.717 0.758 0.826 0.860 0.880 0.890 0.891 0.900
0.25 0.8 0.732 0.837 0.996 1.080 1.130 1.152 1.156 1.167
0.125 0 0.432 0.432 0.432 0.432 0.432 0.432 0.432 0.432
0.125 0.1 0.447 0.447 0.447 0.447 0.447 0.447 0.447 0.445
0.125 0.2 0.458 0.461 0.465 0.467 0.468 0.468 0.468 0.469
0.125 0.4 0.454 0.478 0.513 0.533 0.545 0.552 0.555 0.559
0.125 0.6 0.378 0.467 0.553 0.620 0.670 0.701 0.717 0.725
0.125 0.8 0.415 0.555 0.710 0.843 0.932 0.979 1.006
0.0625 0 0.282 0.282 0.282 0.282 0.282 0.282 0.282 0.282
0.0625 0.1 0.334 0.335 0.336 0.336 0.336 0.336 0.336 0.336
0.0625 0.2 0.333 0.338 0.344 0.348 0.350 0.351 0.352 0.353
0.0625 0.4 0.331 0.350 0.369 0.385 0.396 0.403 0.410
0.0625 0.6 0.342 0.374 0.418 0.459 0.489 0.515
0.0625 0.8 0.330 0.350 0.426 0.530 0.622 0.729
0 0 0.000
0 0.1 0.000
0 0.2 0.000
0 0.4 0.000
0 0.6 0.000
0 0.8 0.000
1 0 0.657 0.657 0.657 0.657 0.657 0.657 0.657 0.657
1 0.1 0.653 0.654 0.656 0.656 0.656 0.657 0.657 0.657
1 0.2 0.651 0.654 0.657 0.659 0.659 0.660 0.660 0.660
1 0.4 0.653 0.661 0.669 0.672 0.674 0.674 0.674 0.675
1 0.6 0.656 0.670 0.681 0.686 0.688 0.688 0.688 0.691
1 0.8 0.655 0.676 0.690 0.694 0.696 0.696 0.695 0.697
0.5 0 0.883 0.883 0.883 0.883 0.883 0.883 0.883 0.883
0.5 0.1 0.893 0.890 0.887 0.886 0.885 0.885 0.884 0.884
0.5 0.2 0.914 0.908 0.903 0.901 0.900 0.899 0.898 0.898
0.5 0.4 0.993 0.979 0.970 0.966 0.964 0.962 0.959 0.962
0.5 0.6 1.120 1.082 1.060 1.050 1.044 1.039 1.034 1.038
0.5 0.8 1.309 1.208 1.142 1.111 1.092 1.080 1.071 1.070
0.25 0 1.022 1.022 1.022 1.022 1.022 1.022 1.022 1.022
0.25 0.1 1.048 1.041 1.034 1.031 1.029 1.028 1.028 1.027
0.25 0.2 1.101 1.088 1.076 1.071 1.068 1.066 1.064 1.066
0.25 0.4 1.308 1.271 1.252 1.244 1.239 1.235 1.229 1.234
0.25 0.6 1.674 1.560 1.510 1.490 1.476 1.465 1.454 1.452
0.25 0.8 2.358 2.001 1.812 1.722 1.663 1.624 1.596 1.573
0.125 0 1.088 1.088 1.088 1.088 1.088 1.088 1.088 1.088
0.125 0.1 1.123 1.114 1.106 1.102 1.100 1.099 1.098 1.095
0.125 0.2 1.210 1.194 1.183 1.179 1.176 1.173 1.170 1.172
0.125 0.4 1.514 1.479 1.482 1.487 1.489 1.488 1.482 1.482
0.125 0.6 2.007 1.897 1.925 1.951 1.965 1.965 1.955 1.943
0.125 0.8 2.627 2.545 2.515 2.479 2.433 2.384 2.300
0.0625 0 1.105 1.105 1.105 1.105 1.105 1.105 1.105 1.105
0.0625 0.1 1.154 1.145 1.138 1.135 1.133 1.131 1.130 1.129
0.0625 0.2 1.256 1.248 1.246 1.246 1.246 1.245 1.243 1.243
0.0625 0.4 1.519 1.592 1.639 1.671 1.686 1.691 1.693
0.0625 0.6 2.073 2.240 2.369 2.445 2.475 2.470
0.0625 0.8 2.758 3.037 3.276 3.420 3.464 3.331
0 0 1.122 1.122 1.122 1.122 1.122 1.122 1.122 1.122
0 0.1 1.163 1.163 1.165 1.168 1.172 1.175 1.177 1.185
0 0.2 1.230 1.240 1.264 1.284 1.302 1.318 1.330 1.364
0 0.4 1.427 1.461 1.558 1.651 1.744 1.827 1.896 2.109
0 0.6 1.778 1.800 1.971 2.182 2.434 2.701 2.958 4.030
0 0.8 2.591 2.480 2.614 2.899 3.330 3.905 4.613 11.949
© n°2015-171 A16 131 / 214

Table A16.8425.2: TUB-CDSE, values of i0, i1, i2, i3 and Fgb (continue)
i1 on the surface
1 0 0.129 0.129 0.129 0.129 0.129 0.129 0.129 0.129
1 0.1 0.126 0.126 0.126 0.126 0.126 0.126 0.126 0.126
1 0.2 0.127 0.127 0.128 0.128 0.128 0.128 0.128 0.128
1 0.4 0.134 0.136 0.137 0.138 0.139 0.139 0.138 0.139
1 0.6 0.146 0.149 0.154 0.155 0.156 0.157 0.156 0.158
1 0.8 0.162 0.166 0.172 0.174 0.175 0.175 0.173 0.176
0.5 0 0.119 0.119 0.119 0.119 0.119 0.119 0.119 0.119
0.5 0.1 0.114 0.114 0.113 0.113 0.113 0.113 0.113 0.113
0.5 0.2 0.119 0.118 0.118 0.118 0.118 0.118 0.118 0.118
0.5 0.4 0.138 0.140 0.142 0.143 0.144 0.144 0.143 0.144
0.5 0.6 0.169 0.172 0.180 0.183 0.184 0.185 0.184 0.188
0.5 0.8 0.210 0.213 0.225 0.230 0.232 0.232 0.229 0.231
0.25 0 7.37E-2 7.37E-2 7.37E-2 7.37E-2 7.37E-2 7.37E-2 7.37E-2 7.37E-2
0.25 0.1 7.37E-2 7.35E-2 7.33E-2 7.32E-2 7.31E-2 7.31E-2 7.30E-2 7.31E-2
0.25 0.2 7.98E-2 8.01E-2 8.06E-2 8.08E-2 8.09E-2 8.09E-2 8.06E-2 8.11E-2
0.25 0.4 9.79E-2 0.102 0.109 0.112 0.114 0.114 0.114 0.116
0.25 0.6 0.111 0.125 0.148 0.160 0.166 0.169 0.170 0.173
0.25 0.8 0.112 0.146 0.196 0.222 0.237 0.243 0.244 0.244
0.125 0 3.93E-2 3.93E-2 3.93E-2 3.93E-2 3.93E-2 3.93E-2 3.93E-2 3.93E-2
0.125 0.1 3.70E-2 3.71E-2 3.72E-2 3.73E-2 3.73E-2 3.73E-2 3.73E-2 3.70E-2
0.125 0.2 4.01E-2 4.15E-2 4.32E-2 4.40E-2 4.44E-2 4.46E-2 4.46E-2 4.48E-2
0.125 0.4 3.60E-2 4.50E-2 5.76E-2 6.45E-2 6.89E-2 7.14E-2 7.25E-2 7.39E-2
0.125 0.6 2.05E-3 3.59E-2 6.58E-2 8.88E-2 0.106 0.116 0.121 0.122
0.125 0.8 1.08E-2 5.77E-2 1.09E-1 0.152 0.180 0.194 0.202
0.0625 0 2.02E-2 2.02E-2 2.02E-2 2.02E-2 2.02E-2 2.02E-2 2.02E-2 2.02E-2
0.0625 0.1 1.66E-2 1.69E-2 1.73E-2 1.75E-2 1.76E-2 1.76E-2 1.76E-2 1.77E-2
0.0625 0.2 1.50E-2 1.69E-2 1.94E-2 2.08E-2 2.16E-2 2.21E-2 2.23E-2 2.26E-2
0.0625 0.4 1.13E-2 1.75E-2 2.42E-2 3.00E-2 3.40E-2 3.66E-2 3.88E-2
0.0625 0.6 9.72E-3 2.04E-2 3.55E-2 4.95E-2 5.96E-2 6.94E-2
0.0625 0.8 3.31E-3 7.63E-3 3.25E-2 6.69E-2 9.68E-2 0.131
0 0 0.000
0 0.1 0.000
0 0.2 0.000
0 0.4 0.000
0 0.6 0.000
0 0.8 0.000
1 0 0.465 0.465 0.465 0.465 0.465 0.465 0.465 0.465
1 0.1 0.460 0.461 0.462 0.462 0.463 0.463 0.463 0.463
1 0.2 0.457 0.459 0.462 0.463 0.463 0.464 0.464 0.464
1 0.4 0.452 0.458 0.464 0.466 0.467 0.468 0.468 0.469
1 0.6 0.445 0.457 0.466 0.470 0.472 0.472 0.473 0.475
1 0.8 0.443 0.463 0.478 0.483 0.486 0.487 0.487 0.489
0.5 0 0.569 0.569 0.569 0.569 0.569 0.569 0.569 0.569
0.5 0.1 0.570 0.569 0.568 0.568 0.568 0.567 0.567 0.567
0.5 0.2 0.576 0.574 0.573 0.573 0.573 0.572 0.572 0.572
0.5 0.4 0.599 0.596 0.594 0.594 0.593 0.593 0.592 0.593
0.5 0.6 0.637 0.628 0.624 0.621 0.620 0.619 0.617 0.620
0.5 0.8 0.704 0.681 0.666 0.659 0.654 0.651 0.649 0.649
0.25 0 0.632 0.632 0.632 0.632 0.632 0.632 0.632 0.632
0.25 0.1 0.639 0.637 0.634 0.633 0.633 0.632 0.632 0.632
0.25 0.2 0.657 0.653 0.649 0.647 0.646 0.646 0.645 0.645
0.25 0.4 0.727 0.714 0.708 0.706 0.704 0.703 0.701 0.703
0.25 0.6 0.850 0.812 0.796 0.789 0.784 0.781 0.777 0.778
0.25 0.8 1.093 0.978 0.916 0.887 0.868 0.856 0.847 0.840
0.125 0 0.664 0.664 0.664 0.664 0.664 0.664 0.664 0.664
0.125 0.1 0.674 0.671 0.668 0.667 0.666 0.666 0.665 0.664
0.125 0.2 0.705 0.700 0.696 0.694 0.693 0.692 0.691 0.692
0.125 0.4 0.815 0.802 0.802 0.803 0.803 0.803 0.801 0.801
0.125 0.6 1.002 0.953 0.958 0.964 0.967 0.966 0.962 0.960
0.125 0.8 1.238 1.196 1.178 1.162 1.144 1.127 1.098
0.0625 0 0.673 0.673 0.673 0.673 0.673 0.673 0.673 0.673
0.0625 0.1 0.689 0.686 0.683 0.682 0.681 0.681 0.681 0.680
0.0625 0.2 0.729 0.725 0.724 0.724 0.724 0.723 0.722 0.722
0.0625 0.4 0.830 0.853 0.869 0.879 0.884 0.885 0.885
0.0625 0.6 1.034 1.087 1.127 1.150 1.158 1.157
0.0625 0.8 1.316 1.395 1.462 1.500 1.508 1.458
0 0 0.683 0.683 0.683 0.683 0.683 0.683 0.683 0.683
0 0.1 0.696 0.696 0.698 0.699 0.701 0.702 0.703 0.706
0 0.2 0.723 0.727 0.737 0.745 0.752 0.759 0.763 0.777
0 0.4 0.798 0.811 0.849 0.885 0.921 0.953 0.980 1.061
0 0.6 0.933 0.941 1.004 1.082 1.176 1.274 1.369 1.764
0 0.8 1.258 1.219 1.267 1.368 1.521 1.723 1.972 4.546
A16 132 / 214 © n°2015-171

i2 on the surface
1 0 4.78E-2 4.78E-2 4.78E-2 4.78E-2 4.78E-2 4.78E-2 4.78E-2 4.78E-2
1 0.1 4.67E-2 4.68E-2 4.69E-2 4.69E-2 4.69E-2 4.69E-2 4.69E-2 4.70E-2
1 0.2 4.71E-2 4.74E-2 4.76E-2 4.78E-2 4.78E-2 4.79E-2 4.78E-2 4.79E-2
1 0.4 5.01E-2 5.11E-2 5.23E-2 5.28E-2 5.31E-2 5.31E-2 5.30E-2 5.34E-2
1 0.6 5.51E-2 5.70E-2 5.94E-2 6.04E-2 6.10E-2 6.11E-2 6.09E-2 6.19E-2
1 0.8 6.12E-2 6.33E-2 6.63E-2 6.74E-2 6.79E-2 6.79E-2 6.73E-2 6.84E-2
0.5 0 4.06E-2 4.06E-2 4.06E-2 4.06E-2 4.06E-2 4.06E-2 4.06E-2 4.06E-2
0.5 0.1 4.09E-2 4.07E-2 4.06E-2 4.06E-2 4.05E-2 4.05E-2 4.05E-2 4.05E-2
0.5 0.2 4.30E-2 4.30E-2 4.30E-2 4.30E-2 4.30E-2 4.30E-2 4.29E-2 4.30E-2
0.5 0.4 5.25E-2 5.33E-2 5.47E-2 5.53E-2 5.56E-2 5.56E-2 5.53E-2 5.60E-2
0.5 0.6 6.69E-2 6.85E-2 7.22E-2 7.39E-2 7.47E-2 7.49E-2 7.44E-2 7.63E-2
0.5 0.8 8.57E-2 8.66E-2 9.20E-2 9.40E-2 9.48E-2 9.46E-2 9.35E-2 9.48E-2
0.25 0 2.15E-2 2.15E-2 2.15E-2 2.15E-2 2.15E-2 2.15E-2 2.15E-2 2.15E-2
0.25 0.1 2.21E-2 2.21E-2 2.20E-2 2.20E-2 2.19E-2 2.19E-2 2.19E-2 2.19E-2
0.25 0.2 2.51E-2 2.53E-2 2.57E-2 2.58E-2 2.59E-2 2.59E-2 2.58E-2 2.60E-2
0.25 0.4 3.38E-2 3.60E-2 3.95E-2 4.11E-2 4.20E-2 4.24E-2 4.23E-2 4.31E-2
0.25 0.6 3.96E-2 4.65E-2 5.78E-2 6.34E-2 6.67E-2 6.81E-2 6.84E-2 6.99E-2
0.25 0.8 3.91E-2 5.59E-2 7.97E-2 9.16E-2 9.82E-2 0.101 0.101 0.102
0.125 0 8.08E-3 8.08E-3 8.08E-3 8.08E-3 8.08E-3 8.08E-3 8.08E-3 8.08E-3
0.125 0.1 8.41E-3 8.51E-3 8.61E-3 8.65E-3 8.67E-3 8.67E-3 8.64E-3 8.63E-3
0.125 0.2 9.86E-3 1.06E-2 1.16E-2 1.20E-2 1.22E-2 1.23E-2 1.23E-2 1.25E-2
0.125 0.4 6.41E-3 1.11E-2 1.76E-2 2.11E-2 2.34E-2 2.47E-2 2.53E-2 2.59E-2
0.125 0.6 -1.50E-2 4.45E-3 1.97E-2 3.12E-2 3.95E-2 4.46E-2 4.72E-2 4.87E-2
0.125 0.8 -8.74E-3 1.47E-2 4.00E-2 6.07E-2 7.39E-2 8.08E-2 8.39E-2
0.0625 0 2.77E-3 2.77E-3 2.77E-3 2.77E-3 2.77E-3 2.77E-3 2.77E-3 2.77E-3
0.0625 0.1 2.59E-3 2.78E-3 2.98E-3 3.08E-3 3.13E-3 3.15E-3 3.15E-3 3.19E-3
0.0625 0.2 1.53E-3 2.53E-3 3.85E-3 4.54E-3 4.98E-3 5.24E-3 5.38E-3 5.52E-3
0.0625 0.4 -1.15E-3 1.84E-3 5.32E-3 8.28E-3 1.04E-2 1.17E-2 1.28E-2
0.0625 0.6 -3.52E-3 1.76E-3 9.36E-3 1.64E-2 2.15E-2 2.66E-2
0.0625 0.8 -7.39E-3 -6.17E-3 6.11E-3 2.31E-2 3.76E-2 5.37E-2
0 0 0.000
0 0.1 0.000
0 0.2 0.000
0 0.4 0.000
0 0.6 0.000
0 0.8 0.000
1 0 0.385 0.385 0.385 0.385 0.385 0.385 0.385 0.385
1 0.1 0.380 0.381 0.382 0.382 0.382 0.382 0.382 0.382
1 0.2 0.377 0.379 0.381 0.382 0.382 0.383 0.383 0.383
1 0.4 0.371 0.376 0.381 0.383 0.384 0.384 0.384 0.385
1 0.6 0.364 0.373 0.381 0.384 0.385 0.386 0.386 0.389
1 0.8 0.362 0.378 0.391 0.396 0.398 0.399 0.399 0.400
0.5 0 0.451 0.451 0.451 0.451 0.451 0.451 0.451 0.451
0.5 0.1 0.449 0.449 0.449 0.449 0.449 0.449 0.448 0.449
0.5 0.2 0.452 0.451 0.451 0.451 0.451 0.451 0.451 0.451
0.5 0.4 0.462 0.461 0.461 0.461 0.461 0.461 0.460 0.461
0.5 0.6 0.479 0.476 0.475 0.474 0.474 0.473 0.473 0.476
0.5 0.8 0.514 0.507 0.503 0.501 0.499 0.498 0.497 0.498
0.25 0 0.491 0.491 0.491 0.491 0.491 0.491 0.491 0.491
0.25 0.1 0.492 0.491 0.490 0.490 0.489 0.489 0.489 0.489
0.25 0.2 0.502 0.499 0.498 0.497 0.496 0.496 0.496 0.496
0.25 0.4 0.536 0.530 0.527 0.526 0.525 0.525 0.523 0.525
0.25 0.6 0.598 0.579 0.571 0.568 0.565 0.563 0.561 0.563
0.25 0.8 0.726 0.670 0.641 0.626 0.617 0.611 0.607 0.604
0.125 0 0.512 0.512 0.512 0.512 0.512 0.512 0.512 0.512
0.125 0.1 0.515 0.514 0.512 0.511 0.511 0.511 0.511 0.510
0.125 0.2 0.532 0.529 0.527 0.526 0.525 0.525 0.524 0.524
0.125 0.4 0.590 0.582 0.581 0.582 0.582 0.582 0.580 0.580
0.125 0.6 0.691 0.662 0.662 0.664 0.665 0.664 0.662 0.663
0.125 0.8 0.822 0.796 0.784 0.774 0.764 0.755 0.741
0.0625 0 0.518 0.518 0.518 0.518 0.518 0.518 0.518 0.518
0.0625 0.1 0.525 0.524 0.522 0.521 0.521 0.521 0.520 0.520
0.0625 0.2 0.547 0.545 0.544 0.544 0.544 0.543 0.543 0.543
0.0625 0.4 0.603 0.614 0.622 0.626 0.629 0.629 0.629
0.0625 0.6 0.713 0.737 0.756 0.766 0.770 0.770
0.0625 0.8 0.878 0.911 0.939 0.954 0.955 0.927
0 0 0.526 0.526 0.526 0.526 0.526 0.526 0.526 0.526
0 0.1 0.531 0.531 0.532 0.533 0.534 0.535 0.535 0.537
0 0.2 0.546 0.549 0.555 0.559 0.564 0.567 0.570 0.578
0 0.4 0.589 0.596 0.617 0.637 0.657 0.675 0.690 0.736
0 0.6 0.664 0.668 0.703 0.746 0.797 0.850 0.902 1.115
0 0.8 0.851 0.831 0.856 0.910 0.990 1.096 1.226 2.573
© n°2015-171 A16 133 / 214

i3 on the surface
1 0 2.47E-2 2.47E-2 2.47E-2 2.47E-2 2.47E-2 2.47E-2 2.47E-2 2.47E-2
1 0.1 2.42E-2 2.42E-2 2.43E-2 2.43E-2 2.44E-2 2.44E-2 2.44E-2 2.44E-2
1 0.2 2.43E-2 2.45E-2 2.48E-2 2.49E-2 2.49E-2 2.49E-2 2.49E-2 2.50E-2
1 0.4 2.59E-2 2.66E-2 2.74E-2 2.78E-2 2.79E-2 2.80E-2 2.79E-2 2.82E-2
1 0.6 2.85E-2 2.98E-2 3.13E-2 3.19E-2 3.23E-2 3.24E-2 3.23E-2 3.29E-2
1 0.8 3.14E-2 3.28E-2 3.45E-2 3.51E-2 3.54E-2 3.54E-2 3.51E-2 3.57E-2
0.5 0 2.04E-2 2.04E-2 2.04E-2 2.04E-2 2.04E-2 2.04E-2 2.04E-2 2.04E-2
0.5 0.1 2.07E-2 2.06E-2 2.06E-2 2.05E-2 2.05E-2 2.05E-2 2.05E-2 2.05E-2
0.5 0.2 2.20E-2 2.20E-2 2.20E-2 2.20E-2 2.20E-2 2.20E-2 2.19E-2 2.21E-2
0.5 0.4 2.75E-2 2.80E-2 2.89E-2 2.93E-2 2.95E-2 2.95E-2 2.93E-2 2.98E-2
0.5 0.6 3.57E-2 3.67E-2 3.89E-2 3.98E-2 4.03E-2 4.04E-2 4.02E-2 4.13E-2
0.5 0.8 4.63E-2 4.67E-2 4.95E-2 5.05E-2 5.08E-2 5.06E-2 5.00E-2 5.07E-2
0.25 0 9.56E-3 9.56E-3 9.56E-3 9.56E-3 9.56E-3 9.56E-3 9.56E-3 9.56E-3
0.25 0.1 1.01E-2 1.00E-2 1.00E-2 9.99E-3 9.98E-3 9.97E-3 9.94E-3 9.97E-3
0.25 0.2 1.18E-2 1.20E-2 1.22E-2 1.23E-2 1.24E-2 1.24E-2 1.23E-2 1.24E-2
0.25 0.4 1.69E-2 1.83E-2 2.04E-2 2.14E-2 2.19E-2 2.22E-2 2.21E-2 2.26E-2
0.25 0.6 2.00E-2 2.41E-2 3.07E-2 3.40E-2 3.59E-2 3.68E-2 3.69E-2 3.78E-2
0.25 0.8 1.95E-2 2.93E-2 4.29E-2 4.95E-2 5.31E-2 5.46E-2 5.46E-2 5.49E-2
0.125 0 2.91E-3 2.91E-3 2.91E-3 2.91E-3 2.91E-3 2.91E-3 2.91E-3 2.91E-3
0.125 0.1 3.29E-3 3.35E-3 3.43E-3 3.45E-3 3.47E-3 3.47E-3 3.46E-3 3.47E-3
0.125 0.2 4.12E-3 4.60E-3 5.18E-3 5.44E-3 5.59E-3 5.66E-3 5.67E-3 5.75E-3
0.125 0.4 1.60E-3 4.44E-3 8.41E-3 1.06E-2 1.19E-2 1.27E-2 1.31E-2 1.35E-2
0.125 0.6 -1.28E-2 -2.91E-4 8.94E-3 1.58E-2 2.08E-2 2.38E-2 2.53E-2 2.63E-2
0.125 0.8 -8.75E-3 5.30E-3 2.03E-2 3.24E-2 4.00E-2 4.38E-2 4.54E-2
0.0625 0 7.13E-4 7.13E-4 7.13E-4 7.13E-4 7.13E-4 7.13E-4 7.13E-4 7.13E-4
0.0625 0.1 8.62E-4 9.79E-4 1.11E-3 1.17E-3 1.20E-3 1.21E-3 1.22E-3 1.24E-3
0.0625 0.2 1.14E-4 7.32E-4 1.54E-3 1.97E-3 2.25E-3 2.40E-3 2.50E-3 2.58E-3
0.0625 0.4 -1.79E-3 5.64E-5 2.06E-3 3.87E-3 5.14E-3 5.93E-3 6.61E-3
0.0625 0.6 -3.75E-3 -6.37E-4 3.94E-3 8.17E-3 1.12E-2 1.43E-2
0.0625 0.8 -6.29E-3 -6.00E-3 1.28E-3 1.13E-2 1.99E-2 2.91E-2
0 0 0.000
0 0.1 0.000
0 0.2 0.000
0 0.4 0.000
0 0.6 0.000
0 0.8 0.000
1 0 0.338 0.338 0.338 0.338 0.338 0.338 0.338 0.338
1 0.1 0.332 0.333 0.334 0.334 0.334 0.335 0.335 0.335
1 0.2 0.330 0.332 0.333 0.334 0.335 0.335 0.335 0.335
1 0.4 0.324 0.329 0.332 0.334 0.335 0.335 0.335 0.336
1 0.6 0.318 0.325 0.332 0.334 0.335 0.336 0.336 0.339
1 0.8 0.315 0.330 0.340 0.344 0.346 0.347 0.347 0.348
0.5 0 0.386 0.386 0.386 0.386 0.386 0.386 0.386 0.386
0.5 0.1 0.383 0.383 0.383 0.383 0.383 0.383 0.382 0.383
0.5 0.2 0.384 0.384 0.384 0.384 0.384 0.384 0.384 0.384
0.5 0.4 0.389 0.389 0.389 0.389 0.389 0.389 0.389 0.390
0.5 0.6 0.397 0.397 0.397 0.397 0.397 0.397 0.396 0.399
0.5 0.8 0.420 0.419 0.418 0.417 0.417 0.416 0.416 0.416
0.25 0 0.415 0.415 0.415 0.415 0.415 0.415 0.415 0.415
0.25 0.1 0.414 0.413 0.412 0.412 0.412 0.412 0.412 0.412
0.25 0.2 0.419 0.418 0.417 0.416 0.416 0.416 0.415 0.416
0.25 0.4 0.439 0.436 0.434 0.433 0.433 0.433 0.432 0.433
0.25 0.6 0.476 0.465 0.460 0.458 0.457 0.456 0.454 0.457
0.25 0.8 0.557 0.525 0.508 0.499 0.494 0.490 0.488 0.487
0.125 0 0.431 0.431 0.431 0.431 0.431 0.431 0.431 0.431
0.125 0.1 0.431 0.430 0.429 0.428 0.428 0.428 0.428 0.427
0.125 0.2 0.441 0.439 0.437 0.437 0.437 0.436 0.436 0.436
0.125 0.4 0.476 0.471 0.471 0.471 0.471 0.471 0.470 0.470
0.125 0.6 0.541 0.521 0.520 0.521 0.521 0.521 0.519 0.521
0.125 0.8 0.627 0.609 0.600 0.593 0.587 0.581 0.573
0.0625 0 0.435 0.435 0.435 0.435 0.435 0.435 0.435 0.435
0.0625 0.1 0.438 0.437 0.436 0.435 0.435 0.435 0.435 0.435
0.0625 0.2 0.452 0.451 0.450 0.450 0.450 0.449 0.449 0.449
0.0625 0.4 0.489 0.495 0.499 0.501 0.503 0.503 0.503
0.0625 0.6 0.558 0.571 0.582 0.587 0.589 0.591
0.0625 0.8 0.670 0.686 0.700 0.707 0.706 0.689
0 0 0.441 0.441 0.441 0.441 0.441 0.441 0.441 0.441
0 0.1 0.443 0.444 0.444 0.445 0.445 0.446 0.446 0.447
0 0.2 0.454 0.456 0.459 0.463 0.465 0.468 0.470 0.475
0 0.4 0.482 0.486 0.500 0.514 0.527 0.539 0.549 0.584
0 0.6 0.532 0.534 0.557 0.584 0.617 0.651 0.684 0.822
0 0.8 0.657 0.644 0.660 0.694 0.744 0.810 0.892 1.734
A16 134 / 214 © n°2015-171

Table A16.8425.2: TUB-CDSE, values of i0, i1, i2, i3 and Fgb (end)
Fgb on the surface
1 0 0.744 0.744 0.744 0.744 0.744 0.744 0.744 0.744
1 0.1 0.742 0.744 0.746 0.743 0.748 0.747 0.747 0.748
1 0.2 0.736 0.745 0.749 0.747 0.753 0.752 0.752 0.754
1 0.4 0.748 0.763 0.776 0.778 0.786 0.786 0.785 0.789
1 0.6 0.769 0.798 0.826 0.838 0.846 0.847 0.846 0.853
1 0.8 0.803 0.843 0.890 0.908 0.919 0.920 0.917 0.927
0.5 0 0.704 0.704 0.704 0.704 0.704 0.704 0.704 0.704
0.5 0.1 0.708 0.710 0.711 0.708 0.712 0.711 0.711 0.712
0.5 0.2 0.710 0.717 0.723 0.721 0.726 0.725 0.725 0.726
0.5 0.4 0.734 0.761 0.788 0.797 0.803 0.802 0.801 0.806
0.5 0.6 0.762 0.832 0.898 0.921 0.934 0.936 0.935 0.947
0.5 0.8 0.797 0.916 1.036 1.080 1.102 1.105 1.101 1.117
0.25 0 0.568 0.568 0.568 0.568 0.568 0.568 0.568 0.568
0.25 0.1 0.575 0.580 0.584 0.581 0.585 0.584 0.584 0.585
0.25 0.2 0.563 0.585 0.601 0.605 0.608 0.607 0.606 0.608
0.25 0.4 0.499 0.596 0.671 0.694 0.706 0.708 0.708 0.714
0.25 0.6 0.360 0.578 0.770 0.839 0.874 0.886 0.889 0.900
0.25 0.8 0.141 0.516 0.890 1.039 1.115 1.145 1.153 1.167
0.125 0 0.432 0.432 0.432 0.432 0.432 0.432 0.432 0.432
0.125 0.1 0.413 0.431 0.443 0.445 0.447 0.446 0.446 0.445
0.125 0.2 0.330 0.402 0.449 0.462 0.467 0.468 0.468 0.469
0.125 0.4 1.15E-2 0.253 0.450 0.512 0.539 0.550 0.554 0.559
0.125 0.6 -0.428 1.65E-2 0.408 0.572 0.656 0.696 0.715 0.725
0.125 0.8 -0.308 0.296 0.619 0.813 0.922 0.975 1.006
0.0625 0 0.282 0.282 0.282 0.282 0.282 0.282 0.282 0.282
0.0625 0.1 0.236 0.290 0.324 0.332 0.336 0.336 0.336 0.336
0.0625 0.2 2.13E-3 0.168 0.298 0.333 0.346 0.350 0.351 0.353
0.0625 0.4 -0.187 0.172 0.311 0.368 0.392 0.402 0.410
0.0625 0.6 -3.10E-2 0.242 0.378 0.448 0.485 0.515
0.0625 0.8 -0.241 0.117 0.353 0.509 0.616 0.729
0 0 0.000
0 0.1 0.000
0 0.2 0.000
0 0.4 0.000
0 0.6 0.000
0 0.8 0.000
a/c a/h Fgb at the bottom
1 0 0.657 0.657 0.657 0.657 0.657 0.657 0.657 0.657
1 0.1 0.629 0.639 0.648 0.649 0.655 0.655 0.656 0.657
1 0.2 0.602 0.624 0.642 0.647 0.656 0.657 0.658 0.660
1 0.4 0.562 0.600 0.638 0.651 0.666 0.670 0.671 0.675
1 0.6 0.521 0.577 0.635 0.660 0.675 0.681 0.684 0.691
1 0.8 0.480 0.551 0.626 0.659 0.678 0.686 0.690 0.697
0.5 0 0.883 0.883 0.883 0.883 0.883 0.883 0.883 0.883
0.5 0.1 0.864 0.871 0.878 0.876 0.883 0.883 0.883 0.884
0.5 0.2 0.855 0.869 0.884 0.886 0.895 0.896 0.896 0.898
0.5 0.4 0.871 0.897 0.930 0.945 0.954 0.956 0.956 0.962
0.5 0.6 0.912 0.949 0.996 1.016 1.027 1.030 1.029 1.038
0.5 0.8 0.987 1.011 1.049 1.062 1.068 1.067 1.065 1.070
0.25 0 1.022 1.022 1.022 1.022 1.022 1.022 1.022 1.022
0.25 0.1 1.015 1.019 1.023 1.020 1.028 1.027 1.026 1.027
0.25 0.2 1.031 1.042 1.054 1.059 1.064 1.063 1.062 1.066
0.25 0.4 1.137 1.164 1.201 1.217 1.228 1.228 1.225 1.234
0.25 0.6 1.332 1.361 1.421 1.444 1.456 1.454 1.448 1.452
0.25 0.8 1.676 1.646 1.668 1.651 1.630 1.607 1.588 1.573
0.125 0 1.088 1.088 1.088 1.088 1.088 1.088 1.088 1.088
0.125 0.1 1.085 1.091 1.094 1.096 1.099 1.097 1.097 1.095
0.125 0.2 1.128 1.143 1.159 1.165 1.171 1.170 1.168 1.172
0.125 0.4 1.287 1.340 1.419 1.454 1.475 1.479 1.478 1.482
0.125 0.6 1.595 1.615 1.796 1.886 1.937 1.950 1.947 1.943
0.125 0.8 2.069 2.297 2.398 2.426 2.408 2.372 2.300
0.0625 0 1.105 1.105 1.105 1.105 1.105 1.105 1.105 1.105
0.0625 0.1 1.115 1.121 1.126 1.128 1.132 1.130 1.129 1.129
0.0625 0.2 1.169 1.190 1.219 1.232 1.241 1.241 1.241 1.243
0.0625 0.4 1.394 1.519 1.600 1.651 1.677 1.686 1.693
0.0625 0.6 1.943 2.151 2.327 2.424 2.465 2.470
0.0625 0.8 2.573 2.875 3.190 3.380 3.445 3.331
0 0 1.122 1.122 1.122 1.122 1.122 1.122 1.122 1.122
0 0.1 1.138 1.141 1.150 1.156 1.162 1.166 1.169 1.185
0 0.2 1.210 1.216 1.242 1.267 1.289 1.306 1.319 1.364
0 0.4 1.472 1.456 1.533 1.623 1.716 1.800 1.869 2.109
0 0.6 1.994 1.873 1.968 2.154 2.392 2.649 2.896 4.030
0 0.8 3.230 2.737 2.689 2.924 3.329 3.884 4.571 11.949
© n°2015-171 A16 135 / 214

A16.8425.3 TUB-CDSE. MLL option: coefficients

to be calculated considering the coefficients tabulated in section A16.8427.3 (TUB-CDAE)
c a a
β   2    2 
re h h
cos      sin  1
2 h 2 h h
 qn: section reduction factor under N1 or M1 only  a 2 1 a  a
1  -  Arcsin   sin  1
 h  2 h  h
 en: coefficient allowing for local work hardening  h
a 0.955  0.12 
under N1 0.97  1  0.16   rm
 h 
 em: coefficient allowing for local and general work a 1
hardening under M2 1  0.16 
h
 ep: coefficient allowing for defect position under 0.9 0.9
pressure
 t: coefficient allowing for stress triaxiality 1 a  1 a
1   1 
2 h  2 h
A16.8425.4 TUB-CDSE. EPS option: stresses in the section of the defect - coefficients
to be calculated considering the coefficients tabulated in section A16.8427.4 (TUB-CDAE)
 1m : axial membrane 1.1 N1 1 P  ri 2
 


   re2  ri2  
ac 
2 

0.95
r
2
e 
 ri2 
ac
2

thickness
 2m : circumferential 1 P  rm
membrane .
0.95 h
M2 N1  rm  sin   a 1 2 re3  re  a 3 P  ri2
    sin   .
h.     
  rm2  h 2
  rm h 3 
 
   re2  ri2 

a  c  rm
2 

2
h
 12 : shear M1
2   a 
2  rm  h  1    
 4 h 
 fin 1.5
 fel 0.7  fpl
 fpl  a  a  
cos      sin   
 2 h 4  2h 4 
 g 0.535  g  1.4 see A16.8414.23
A16.8425.5 TUB-CDSE. Calculating kth2: coefficients

 fth 1
a c
1 
h   rm
 rth  a  a 
Max 0 ; 15     0.2  
 c  h 
A16 136 / 214 © n°2015-171

A16.8426 TUBE - Circumferential part-throughwall axisymmetrical internal defect
A16.8426.1 TUB-CDAI. Describing defect geometry

The geometry of the circumferential part-throughwall axisymmetrical internal defect is defined Figure A16.8426.1.
Figure A16.8426.1: TUB-CDAI, tube containing a circumferential part-throughwall axisymmetrical internal defect

A16.8426.2 TUB-CDAI. Influence coefficients - E* value

The values of the coefficients i0, i1, i2, i3, i4 and Fgb are given in table A16.8426.2. The value of Jel is obtained using those
coefficients and E* = E/(1 - 2).
the values V of the influence coefficients i0, i1, i2, i3 and Fgb (A16.8122) at the deep point, considering the variables x = h/ri and
y = a/h.
© n°2015-171 A16 137 / 214

Table A16.8426.2: TUB-CDAI, values of the coefficients i0, i1, i2, i3, i4 and Fgb
a/h h / ri = h / ri = h / ri = h / ri = h / ri = h / ri = h / ri = h / ri = h / ri =
1 1/2 1/5 1/10 1/20 1/40 1/80 1/160 1/400
i0 0 1.122 1.122 1.122 1.122 1.122 1.122 1.122 1.122 1.122
i0 0.1 1.067 1.107 1.140 1.155 1.165 1.171 1.175 1.178 1.181
i0 0.2 1.050 1.130 1.211 1.255 1.287 1.310 1.326 1.337 1.347
i0 0.3 1.055 1.173 1.313 1.400 1.468 1.520 1.558 1.586 1.611
i0 0.4 1.079 1.234 1.440 1.583 1.706 1.807 1.886 1.946 2.002
i0 0.5 1.124 1.314 1.591 1.804 2.004 2.183 2.334 2.456 2.577
i0 0.6 1.200 1.421 1.768 2.060 2.362 2.660 2.935 3.177 3.438
i0 0.7 1.324 1.576 1.984 2.352 2.770 3.228 3.704 4.173 4.740
i0 0.8 1.549 1.829 2.281 2.700 3.212 3.834 4.570 5.406 6.605
i1 0 0.683 0.683 0.683 0.683 0.683 0.683 0.683 0.683 0.683
i1 0.1 0.660 0.676 0.688 0.694 0.699 0.700 0.702 0.703 0.704
i1 0.2 0.656 0.686 0.718 0.735 0.747 0.756 0.762 0.766 0.770
i1 0.3 0.660 0.705 0.758 0.791 0.817 0.837 0.852 0.863 0.872
i1 0.4 0.672 0.730 0.808 0.861 0.908 0.946 0.976 0.999 1.020
i1 0.5 0.693 0.764 0.867 0.946 1.020 1.086 1.143 1.188 1.234
i1 0.6 0.730 0.811 0.937 1.046 1.153 1.262 1.362 1.451 1.546
i1 0.7 0.791 0.881 1.027 1.158 1.307 1.470 1.641 1.809 2.012
i1 0.8 0.904 1.003 1.161 1.307 1.485 1.702 1.960 2.253 2.673
i2 0 0.526 0.526 0.526 0.526 0.526 0.526 0.526 0.526 0.526
i2 0.1 0.511 0.520 0.527 0.530 0.532 0.534 0.535 0.536 0.536
i2 0.2 0.510 0.527 0.544 0.554 0.561 0.566 0.569 0.572 0.574
i2 0.3 0.513 0.538 0.567 0.586 0.600 0.612 0.620 0.626 0.631
i2 0.4 0.520 0.553 0.595 0.625 0.651 0.672 0.688 0.701 0.713
i2 0.5 0.534 0.573 0.629 0.672 0.713 0.749 0.780 0.805 0.829
i2 0.6 0.557 0.601 0.669 0.726 0.785 0.844 0.898 0.946 0.998
i2 0.7 0.596 0.644 0.722 0.791 0.870 0.957 1.048 1.137 1.245
i2 0.8 0.669 0.721 0.804 0.880 0.973 1.086 1.221 1.374 1.593
i3 0 0.441 0.441 0.441 0.441 0.441 0.441 0.441 0.441 0.441
i3 0.1 0.431 0.436 0.441 0.443 0.444 0.445 0.446 0.446 0.447
i3 0.2 0.430 0.441 0.453 0.459 0.464 0.467 0.469 0.471 0.472
i3 0.3 0.432 0.449 0.468 0.480 0.490 0.497 0.503 0.507 0.510
i3 0.4 0.438 0.459 0.487 0.506 0.523 0.537 0.547 0.557 0.564
i3 0.5 0.448 0.473 0.509 0.537 0.563 0.586 0.606 0.623 0.639
i3 0.6 0.464 0.492 0.535 0.572 0.610 0.647 0.682 0.713 0.746
i3 0.7 0.491 0.522 0.571 0.615 0.665 0.720 0.778 0.834 0.903
i3 0.8 0.545 0.577 0.629 0.676 0.734 0.805 0.889 0.985 1.122
i4 0 0.378 0.378 0.378 0.378 0.378 0.378 0.378 0.378 0.378
i4 0.1 0.378 0.382 0.386 0.387 0.388 0.389 0.389 0.390 0.390
i4 0.2 0.378 0.386 0.395 0.399 0.402 0.405 0.407 0.408 0.409
i4 0.3 0.380 0.392 0.406 0.415 0.421 0.427 0.431 0.434 0.434
i4 0.4 0.385 0.400 0.419 0.433 0.445 0.455 0.463 0.469 0.470
i4 0.5 0.392 0.410 0.436 0.455 0.474 0.491 0.505 0.516 0.528
i4 0.6 0.404 0.424 0.455 0.481 0.507 0.534 0.559 0.580 0.604
i4 0.7 0.425 0.447 0.481 0.512 0.547 0.585 0.626 0.665 0.713
i4 0.8 0.466 0.489 0.526 0.557 0.598 0.646 0.705 0.771 0.866
Fgb 0 0.561 0.748 0.935 1.020 1.069 1.095 1.108 1.115 1.119
Fgb 0.1 0.555 0.751 0.954 1.049 1.106 1.138 1.155 1.178 1.181
Fgb 0.2 0.564 0.777 1.019 1.144 1.224 1.273 1.303 1.337 1.347
Fgb 0.3 0.576 0.812 1.105 1.274 1.393 1.474 1.527 1.586 1.611
Fgb 0.4 0.594 0.853 1.207 1.436 1.614 1.746 1.842 1.946 2.002
Fgb 0.5 0.621 0.899 1.318 1.619 1.878 2.089 2.255 2.456 2.577
Fgb 0.6 0.675 0.973 1.462 1.848 2.217 2.551 2.844 3.177 3.438
Fgb 0.7 0.755 1.076 1.632 2.106 2.601 3.105 3.602 4.173 4.740
Fgb 0.8 0.892 1.247 1.867 2.410 3.015 3.695 4.460 5.406 6.605
A16 138 / 214 © n°2015-171

A16.8426.3 TUB-CDAI. MLL option: coefficients

 qm: section reduction factor under M2 a
1
h
 qn: section reduction factor under N1 or M1 only a
1
h
 en: coefficient allowing for local work hardening h
under N1 0.92  0.12 
rm
 em: coefficient allowing for local and general work 1
hardening under M2
 ep: coefficient allowing for defect position under 1
pressure
 t: coefficient allowing for stress triaxiality 1 a
1 
2 h
A16.8426.4 TUB-CDAI. EPS option: stresses in the section of the defect - coefficients
 1m : axial membrane
if p = 0 or n1  max p 2 ; 0.5  p 2  
1.1 N1 ri  a2
1.2  N1 ri  a2
 
  re2  ri 2  n(a)
P
re  ri  a 2
2
else
 
  re2  ri 2  n(a)
 1 .3  P 
re2  ri  a 2
N1 P  ri2
with : n1  p
  (re2  ri2 )   y (re2  ri2 )   y
a a a  a
If  0.5 n(a)  1 0.65 If  0.5 n(a)  1.35 1 
h h h  h
thickness
membrane P.
h
 gb : global bending M2
  rm2  h
 12 : shear M1
 a
2  rm2  h  1  
 h 
 fin 1.5
 fel  a
0 .7   1  
 h
 fpl 1 a 
. cos  
1.02 h 2
 g 0.535  g  1.4 see A16.8414.23
A16.8426.5 TUB-CDAI. Calculating kth2: coefficients

 fth 1
a
1
h
 rth  2 
1  a  3 a a 
1 avec q th  Max 1  2   ;  0.6    3    
 a  h  2 h  h  
1    q th   
 h
© n°2015-171 A16 139 / 214

A16.8427 TUBE - Circumferential part-throughwall axisymmetrical external defect
A16.8427.1 TUB-CDAE. Describing defect geometry

The geometry of the circumferential part-throughwall axisymmetrical external defect is defined Figure A16.8427.1a.
Figure A16.8427.1a: TUB-CDAE, tube containing a circumferential part-throughwall axisymmetrical external defect

A16.8427.2 TUB-CDAE. Influence coefficients - E* value

The values of the coefficients i0, i1, i2, i3 , i4 and Fgb are given in table A16.8427.2. The value of Jel is obtained using those
coefficients and: E* = E/(1 - 2).
the values V of the influence coefficients i0, i1, i2, i3 and Fgb (A16.8122) at the deep point, considering the variables x = h/ri and
y = a/h.
A16 140 / 214 © n°2015-171

Table A16.8427.2: TUB-CDAE, values of the coefficients i0, i1, i2, i3, i4 and Fgb
1 1/2 1/5 1/10 1/20 1/40 1/80 1/160 1/400
i0 0 1.122 1.122 1.122 1.122 1.122 1.122 1.122 1.122 1.122
i0 0.1 1.163 1.163 1.165 1.168 1.172 1.175 1.177 1.179 1.181
i0 0.2 1.230 1.240 1.264 1.284 1.302 1.318 1.330 1.339 1.347
i0 0.3 1.316 1.340 1.396 1.446 1.493 1.533 1.565 1.589 1.612
i0 0.4 1.427 1.461 1.558 1.651 1.744 1.827 1.896 1.951 2.004
i0 0.5 1.574 1.610 1.748 1.896 2.057 2.212 2.350 2.464 2.580
i0 0.6 1.778 1.800 1.971 2.182 2.434 2.701 2.958 3.190 3.443
i0 0.7 2.080 2.062 2.242 2.508 2.864 3.283 3.737 4.192 4.748
i0 0.8 2.591 2.480 2.614 2.899 3.330 3.905 4.613 5.432 6.618
i1 0 0.683 0.683 0.683 0.683 0.683 0.683 0.683 0.683 0.683
i1 0.1 0.696 0.696 0.698 0.699 0.701 0.702 0.703 0.704 0.704
i1 0.2 0.723 0.727 0.737 0.745 0.752 0.759 0.763 0.767 0.771
i1 0.3 0.756 0.765 0.788 0.807 0.826 0.842 0.854 0.864 0.873
i1 0.4 0.798 0.811 0.849 0.885 0.921 0.953 0.980 1.001 1.021
i1 0.5 0.854 0.867 0.920 0.976 1.037 1.096 1.148 1.191 1.235
i1 0.6 0.933 0.941 1.004 1.082 1.176 1.274 1.369 1.455 1.548
i1 0.7 1.051 1.045 1.110 1.207 1.336 1.487 1.650 1.814 2.014
i1 0.8 1.258 1.219 1.267 1.368 1.521 1.723 1.972 2.260 2.676
i2 0 0.526 0.526 0.526 0.526 0.526 0.526 0.526 0.526 0.526
i2 0.1 0.531 0.531 0.532 0.533 0.534 0.535 0.535 0.536 0.536
i2 0.2 0.546 0.549 0.555 0.559 0.564 0.567 0.570 0.572 0.574
i2 0.3 0.565 0.570 0.583 0.595 0.605 0.614 0.621 0.627 0.632
i2 0.4 0.589 0.596 0.617 0.637 0.657 0.675 0.690 0.702 0.714
i2 0.5 0.620 0.627 0.656 0.687 0.721 0.754 0.782 0.806 0.830
i2 0.6 0.664 0.668 0.703 0.746 0.797 0.850 0.902 0.948 0.998
i2 0.7 0.732 0.728 0.763 0.815 0.884 0.965 1.052 1.139 1.246
i2 0.8 0.851 0.831 0.856 0.910 0.990 1.096 1.226 1.377 1.595
i3 0 0.441 0.441 0.441 0.441 0.441 0.441 0.441 0.441 0.441
i3 0.1 0.443 0.444 0.444 0.445 0.445 0.446 0.446 0.447 0.447
i3 0.2 0.454 0.456 0.459 0.463 0.465 0.468 0.470 0.471 0.472
i3 0.3 0.466 0.470 0.478 0.486 0.493 0.499 0.503 0.507 0.510
i3 0.4 0.482 0.486 0.500 0.514 0.527 0.539 0.549 0.556 0.564
i3 0.5 0.502 0.507 0.526 0.546 0.568 0.589 0.608 0.623 0.639
i3 0.6 0.532 0.534 0.557 0.584 0.617 0.651 0.684 0.714 0.747
i3 0.7 0.576 0.574 0.597 0.630 0.673 0.725 0.780 0.836 0.903
i3 0.8 0.657 0.644 0.660 0.694 0.744 0.810 0.892 0.986 1.123
i4 0 0.387 0.387 0.387 0.387 0.387 0.387 0.387 0.387 0.387
i4 0.1 0.387 0.388 0.388 0.388 0.389 0.389 0.390 0.390 0.390
i4 0.2 0.395 0.397 0.399 0.402 0.404 0.406 0.407 0.408 0.409
i4 0.3 0.404 0.407 0.413 0.419 0.424 0.428 0.431 0.434 0.436
i4 0.4 0.416 0.419 0.429 0.439 0.448 0.457 0.464 0.469 0.475
i4 0.5 0.431 0.434 0.447 0.462 0.478 0.493 0.506 0.517 0.528
i4 0.6 0.452 0.454 0.469 0.489 0.512 0.536 0.560 0.581 0.604
i4 0.7 0.484 0.483 0.498 0.522 0.552 0.588 0.627 0.666 0.714
i4 0.8 0.543 0.535 0.546 0.569 0.604 0.650 0.706 0.772 0.866
Fgb 0 1.122 1.122 1.122 1.122 1.122 1.122 1.122 1.122 1.122
Fgb 0.1 1.138 1.141 1.150 1.156 1.162 1.166 1.169 1.175 1.180
Fgb 0.2 1.210 1.216 1.242 1.267 1.289 1.306 1.319 1.334 1.346
Fgb 0.3 1.322 1.322 1.372 1.423 1.471 1.511 1.543 1.578 1.610
Fgb 0.4 1.472 1.456 1.533 1.623 1.716 1.800 1.869 1.937 2.001
Fgb 0.5 1.680 1.632 1.728 1.866 2.024 2.180 2.316 2.446 2.577
Fgb 0.6 1.994 1.873 1.968 2.154 2.392 2.649 2.896 3.156 3.435
Fgb 0.7 2.481 2.222 2.277 2.500 2.824 3.213 3.636 4.135 4.735
Fgb 0.8 3.230 2.737 2.689 2.924 3.329 3.884 4.571 5.407 6.612
© n°2015-171 A16 141 / 214

A16.8427.3 TUB-CDAE. MLL option: coefficients

1
h
1
h
 en: coefficient allowing for local work hardening h
under N1 0.955  0.12
rm
 em: coefficient allowing for local and general work 1
hardening under M2
 ep: coefficient allowing for defect position under 0.9
pressure
1 
2 h
A16.8427.4 TUB-CDAE. EPS option : stresses in the section of the defect - coefficients
 1m : axial membrane 1.1 N1 rm 1
 
  re2  ri 2  (a)
P
2h

1
a
h
a a a  a
If  0 .5 (a)  1  0.65  If  0 .5 (a)  1.35  1  
h h h  h
thickness
 2m : circumferential  
membrane rm  a 1 
P  1  0.4   
h  h a
1 
 h 
  rm2  h
 12 : shear M1
 a
2  rm2  h  1  
 h
 fin 1.5
 fel  a
0 .7   1  
 h
 fpl 1 a 
 cos  
1.02 h 2
 g 0.535  g  1.4 see A16.8414.23
A16.8427.5 TUB-CDAE. Calculating kth2 : coefficients

 fth 1
a
1
h
 rth  2 
1  a  a a 
1 avec q th  Max 1  1.4   ;   0.43  0.2   1.3    
 a  h  h  h  
 1  
 thq   
 h
A16 142 / 214 © n°2015-171

A16.8430 TUBE - LONGITUDINAL DEFECT
A16.8431 TUBE - Longitudinal throughwall defect
A16.8431.1 TUB-LTR. Describing defect geometry

The geometry of the longitudinal throughwall defect is defined Figure A16.8431.1.
Figure A16.8431.1: TUB-LTR, tube containing a longitudinal throughwall defect

2c : length of the defect ri
2.c
A16.8431.2 TUB-LTR. Influence coefficients - E* value

The values of the influence coefficients Fm and Fb are given table A16.8431.2. The value of Jel is obtained using those
coefficients and E*=E/(1 - 2).
the values V of the influence coefficients Fm and Fb (A16.8122).
Table A16.8431.2: TUB-LTR, values of Fm, Fb

c  Fm Fb
rm  h
0.2 1.039 0.992
0.4 1.119 0.980
0.6 1.231 0.965
0.8 1.369 0.948
1 1.524 0.930
1.2 1.692 0.912
1.4 1.868 0.893
1.6 2.049 0.875
1.8 2.231 0.858
2 2.413 0.841
2.2 2.593 0.826
2.4 2.772 0.811
2.6 2.947 0.797
2.8 3.120 0.784
3 3.291 0.771
3.2 3.461 0.759
3.4 3.629 0.747
3.6 3.798 0.736
3.8 3.966 0.725
4 4.136 0.713
4.2 4.307 0.702
4.4 4.480 0.691
4.6 4.653 0.680
4.8 4.825 0.670
5 4.995 0.661
© n°2015-171 A16 143 / 214

A16.8431.3 TUB-LTR. MLL option: coefficients

 qm : section reduction factor under M2 Later
 qp : section reduction factor under pressure P Later
 ep : coefficient allowing for defect position under pressure Later
A16.8431.4 TUB-LTR. EPS option: stresses in the section of the defect - coefficients
 1m : axial membrane 
1.1 N1 P  rm c 
 1 

  re2  ri2  
2h 
 rm  h 
thickness
membrane rm  c 
P  1
h  rm  h 

  rm2  h
 12 : shear 
M1 c 
 1 
2    rm2  h  rm  h 
 fin 1.5
 fel 1
 fpl 1
 g 0.535  g  1.4 see A16.8414.23
A16.8431.5 TUB-LTR. Calculating kth2 : coefficients

 fth 1
2c
1
L
 rth 0
A16 144 / 214 © n°2015-171

A16.8432 TUBE - Longitudinal part-throughwall rectangular internal defect
A16.8432.1 TUB-LDRI. Describing defect geometry

The geometry of the longitudinal part-throughwall rectangular internal defect is defined Figure A16.8432.1.
Figure A16.8432.1: TUB-LDRI, tube containing a longitudinal part-throughwall rectangular internal defect

L
2.c
A16.8432.2 TUB-LDRI. Influence coefficients - E* value

(Ult.)
A16.8432.3 TUB-LDRI. MLL option: coefficients

A16.8432.4 TUB-LDRI. EPS option: stresses in the section of the defect - coefficients
 1m : axial membrane 1.1 N1 P  rm 1  a a 1

  re2  ri2  2h qp
 with qp  1    
 h  h 1 c
rm  a
thickness
 2m : circumferential rm 1
membrane P 
h qp
  rm2  h
 12 : shear  
 
M1  1 
 
2    rm2  h  1  a  c 
   rm  h 

 fin 3
 fel 1
 fpl 1
 g 0.535  g  1.4 see A16.8414.23
© n°2015-171 A16 145 / 214

A16.8432.5 TUB-LDRI. Calculating kth2 : coefficients

 fth 1
a c
1 
h   rm
 rth  a  a 
Max 0 ; 15     0.2  
 c  h 
A16 146 / 214 © n°2015-171

A16.8433 TUBE - Longitudinal part-throughwall rectangular external defect
A16.8433.1 TUB-LDRE. Describing defect geometry

The geometry of the longitudinal part-throughwall rectangular external defect is defined Figure A16.8433.1.
Figure A16.8433.1: TUB-LDRE, tube containing a longitudinal part-throughwall rectangular external defect

2.c
A16.8433.2 TUB-LDRE. Influence coefficients - E* value

(Later)
A16.8433.3 TUB-LDRE. MLL option: coefficients

A16.8433.4 TUB-LDRE. EPS option: stresses in the section of the defect - coefficients
 1m : axial membrane 1.1 N1 P  rm 1  a a 1
 
re2  ri2  
2h qp
 avec qp  1    
 h  h 1 c
rm  a
thickness
membrane P 
h qp
  rm2  h
 12 : shear  
 
M1 1
  

2    rm2  h  1  a  c 
   rm  h 

 fin 1.5
 fel 1
 fpl 1
 g 0.535  g  1.4 see A16.8414.23
© n°2015-171 A16 147 / 214

A16.8433.5 TUB-LDRE. Calculating kth2 : coefficients

 fth 1
a c
1 
h   rm
 rth  a  a 
Max 0 ; 15     0.2  
 c  h 
A16 148 / 214 © n°2015-171

A16.8434 TUBE - Longitudinal part-throughwall semi-elliptical internal defect
A16.8434.1 TUB-LDSI. Describing defect geometry

The geometry of the longitudinal part-throughwall semi-elliptical internal defect is defined Figure A16.8434.1.
Figure A16.8434.1: TUB-LDSI, tube containing a longitudinal part-throughwall semi-elliptical internal defect

L
2.c
A16.8434.2 TUB-LDSI. Influence coefficients - E* value

The values of the coefficients i0, i1, i2 and i3 at the bottom and on the surface are given table A16.8434.2. The value of Jel is
obtained using those coefficients and E* = E/(1 - 2).
the values V of the influence coefficients i0, i1, i2 and i3 (A16.8122) at the deep and the surface points, considering the variables
x = h/ri , y = a/h and z = a/c.
© n°2015-171 A16 149 / 214

Table A16.8434.2: TUB-LDSI, values of i0, i1, i2 and i3

i0 on the surface
1 0 0.744 0.744 0.744 0.744 0.744 0.744 0.744 0.744
1 0.1 0.717 0.732 0.742 0.745 0.746 0.747 0.748 0.748
1 0.2 0.699 0.724 0.741 0.747 0.750 0.752 0.753 0.754
1 0.4 0.701 0.736 0.764 0.775 0.781 0.785 0.786 0.789
1 0.6 0.737 0.779 0.813 0.828 0.838 0.843 0.846 0.853
1 0.8 0.802 0.846 0.878 0.895 0.905 0.912 0.917 0.927
0.5 0 0.704 0.704 0.704 0.704 0.704 0.704 0.704 0.704
0.5 0.1 0.681 0.696 0.705 0.708 0.710 0.711 0.711 0.712
0.5 0.2 0.675 0.698 0.714 0.719 0.722 0.724 0.725 0.726
0.5 0.4 0.719 0.754 0.778 0.789 0.795 0.799 0.801 0.806
0.5 0.6 0.806 0.865 0.898 0.912 0.921 0.927 0.931 0.947
0.5 0.8 0.922 1.022 1.062 1.073 1.080 1.087 1.093 1.117
0.25 0 0.568 0.568 0.568 0.568 0.568 0.568 0.568 0.568
0.25 0.1 0.567 0.576 0.581 0.583 0.584 0.584 0.585 0.585
0.25 0.2 0.581 0.593 0.601 0.604 0.605 0.606 0.607 0.608
0.25 0.4 0.644 0.681 0.697 0.702 0.704 0.706 0.708 0.714
0.25 0.6 0.724 0.820 0.870 0.879 0.880 0.881 0.884 0.900
0.25 0.8 0.808 1.006 1.124 1.154 1.146 1.139 1.138 1.167
0.125 0 0.432 0.432 0.432 0.432 0.432 0.432 0.432 0.432
0.125 0.1 0.442 0.445 0.446 0.447 0.447 0.447 0.447 0.445
0.125 0.2 0.460 0.467 0.468 0.468 0.468 0.468 0.468 0.469
0.125 0.4 0.500 0.537 0.555 0.558 0.557 0.555 0.555 0.559
0.125 0.6 0.538 0.634 0.705 0.723 0.730 0.726 0.722 0.725
0.125 0.8 0.561 0.735 0.934 0.992 1.020 1.022 1.005 1.006
0.0625 0 0.282 0.282 0.282 0.282 0.282 0.282 0.282 0.282
0.0625 0.1 0.339 0.338 0.338 0.337 0.337 0.337 0.337 0.336
0.0625 0.2 0.350 0.354 0.354 0.354 0.353 0.352 0.352 0.353
0.0625 0.4 0.368 0.391 0.409 0.411 0.412 0.412 0.410 0.410
0.0625 0.6 0.384 0.429 0.496 0.513 0.522 0.525 0.526 0.515
0.0625 0.8 0.389 0.457 0.618 0.687 0.721 0.742 0.749 0.729
0 0 0.000
0 0.1 0.000
0 0.2 0.000
0 0.4 0.000
0 0.6 0.000
0 0.8 0.000
1 0 0.657 0.657 0.657 0.657 0.657 0.657 0.657 0.657
1 0.1 0.640 0.648 0.653 0.655 0.656 0.656 0.656 0.657
1 0.2 0.633 0.644 0.653 0.656 0.658 0.659 0.659 0.660
1 0.4 0.637 0.650 0.662 0.668 0.671 0.673 0.674 0.675
1 0.6 0.666 0.671 0.677 0.681 0.684 0.686 0.687 0.691
1 0.8 0.752 0.730 0.709 0.701 0.698 0.696 0.696 0.697
0.5 0 0.883 0.883 0.883 0.883 0.883 0.883 0.883 0.883
0.5 0.1 0.843 0.862 0.875 0.879 0.882 0.883 0.883 0.884
0.5 0.2 0.831 0.858 0.880 0.888 0.893 0.895 0.897 0.898
0.5 0.4 0.863 0.895 0.924 0.939 0.948 0.954 0.957 0.962
0.5 0.6 0.964 0.984 0.999 1.009 1.017 1.023 1.027 1.038
0.5 0.8 1.189 1.162 1.108 1.083 1.070 1.065 1.064 1.070
0.25 0 1.022 1.022 1.022 1.022 1.022 1.022 1.022 1.022
0.25 0.1 0.966 0.994 1.013 1.020 1.024 1.025 1.026 1.027
0.25 0.2 0.965 1.005 1.036 1.050 1.057 1.060 1.062 1.066
0.25 0.4 1.066 1.126 1.171 1.194 1.208 1.217 1.222 1.234
0.25 0.6 1.269 1.353 1.393 1.406 1.414 1.423 1.430 1.452
0.25 0.8 1.633 1.727 1.695 1.643 1.595 1.570 1.560 1.573
0.125 0 1.088 1.088 1.088 1.088 1.088 1.088 1.088 1.088
0.125 0.1 1.029 1.060 1.081 1.089 1.093 1.095 1.096 1.095
0.125 0.2 1.056 1.105 1.139 1.153 1.161 1.165 1.168 1.172
0.125 0.4 1.225 1.338 1.407 1.436 1.450 1.460 1.468 1.482
0.125 0.6 1.466 1.702 1.850 1.887 1.900 1.902 1.907 1.943
0.125 0.8 1.861 2.220 2.462 2.473 2.417 2.353 2.301 2.300
0.0625 0 1.105 1.105 1.105 1.105 1.105 1.105 1.105 1.105
0.0625 0.1 1.062 1.094 1.114 1.122 1.125 1.128 1.129 1.129
0.0625 0.2 1.116 1.175 1.211 1.225 1.232 1.237 1.239 1.243
0.0625 0.4 1.293 1.479 1.601 1.638 1.657 1.669 1.674 1.693
0.0625 0.6 1.527 1.908 2.260 2.375 2.421 2.433 2.437 2.470
0.0625 0.8 1.912 2.455 3.163 3.436 3.526 3.501 3.427 3.331
0 0 1.122 1.122 1.122 1.122 1.122 1.122 1.122 1.122
0 0.1 1.103 1.141 1.167 1.176 1.181 1.183 1.184 1.185
0 0.2 1.155 1.243 1.312 1.338 1.351 1.358 1.361 1.364
0 0.4 1.322 1.567 1.835 1.959 2.029 2.069 2.089 2.109
0 0.6 1.549 1.999 2.733 3.222 3.565 3.784 3.903 4.030
0 0.8 1.933 2.529 3.943 5.535 7.324 9.032 10.270 11.949
A16 150 / 214 © n°2015-171

Table A16.8434.2: TUB-LDSI, values of i0, i1, i2 and i3 (continue)

i1 on the surface
1 0 0.129 0.129 0.129 0.129 0.129 0.129 0.129 0.129
1 0.1 0.118 0.122 0.124 0.125 0.126 0.126 0.126 0.126
1 0.2 0.114 0.120 0.124 0.126 0.127 0.127 0.128 0.128
1 0.4 0.117 0.126 0.132 0.135 0.137 0.138 0.138 0.139
1 0.6 0.131 0.140 0.147 0.151 0.153 0.155 0.156 0.158
1 0.8 0.154 0.160 0.165 0.168 0.170 0.172 0.173 0.176
0.5 0 0.119 0.119 0.119 0.119 0.119 0.119 0.119 0.119
0.5 0.1 0.105 0.109 0.111 0.112 0.113 0.113 0.113 0.113
0.5 0.2 0.105 0.111 0.115 0.116 0.117 0.117 0.118 0.118
0.5 0.4 0.123 0.131 0.137 0.139 0.141 0.142 0.143 0.144
0.5 0.6 0.154 0.168 0.174 0.177 0.179 0.181 0.182 0.188
0.5 0.8 0.193 0.217 0.223 0.223 0.223 0.225 0.226 0.231
0.25 0 7.37E-2 7.37E-2 7.37E-2 7.37E-2 7.37E-2 7.37E-2 7.37E-2 7.37E-2
0.25 0.1 6.96E-2 7.13E-2 7.23E-2 7.27E-2 7.29E-2 7.29E-2 7.30E-2 7.31E-2
0.25 0.2 7.63E-2 7.84E-2 7.96E-2 8.01E-2 8.04E-2 8.06E-2 8.07E-2 8.11E-2
0.25 0.4 0.100 0.109 0.112 0.113 0.113 0.113 0.114 0.116
0.25 0.6 0.126 0.154 0.166 0.168 0.167 0.167 0.168 0.173
0.25 0.8 0.149 0.208 0.241 0.248 0.243 0.240 0.239 0.244
0.125 0 3.93E-2 3.93E-2 3.93E-2 3.93E-2 3.93E-2 3.93E-2 3.93E-2 3.93E-2
0.125 0.1 3.72E-2 3.74E-2 3.73E-2 3.73E-2 3.73E-2 3.73E-2 3.73E-2 3.70E-2
0.125 0.2 4.45E-2 4.54E-2 4.51E-2 4.48E-2 4.46E-2 4.46E-2 4.46E-2 4.48E-2
0.125 0.4 5.82E-2 6.91E-2 7.36E-2 7.42E-2 7.33E-2 7.27E-2 7.26E-2 7.39E-2
0.125 0.6 6.74E-2 9.68E-2 0.119 0.124 0.126 0.124 0.123 0.122
0.125 0.8 6.85E-2 0.121 0.183 0.201 0.209 0.209 0.202 0.202
0.0625 0 2.02E-2 2.02E-2 2.02E-2 2.02E-2 2.02E-2 2.02E-2 2.02E-2 2.02E-2
0.0625 0.1 1.83E-2 1.82E-2 1.79E-2 1.77E-2 1.77E-2 1.76E-2 1.76E-2 1.77E-2
0.0625 0.2 2.17E-2 2.30E-2 2.31E-2 2.29E-2 2.26E-2 2.25E-2 2.24E-2 2.26E-2
0.0625 0.4 2.49E-2 3.21E-2 3.83E-2 3.92E-2 3.96E-2 3.95E-2 3.88E-2 3.88E-2
0.0625 0.6 2.67E-2 3.98E-2 6.18E-2 6.76E-2 7.06E-2 7.20E-2 7.20E-2 6.94E-2
0.0625 0.8 2.72E-2 4.48E-2 9.57E-2 1.18E-1 1.29E-1 1.35E-1 1.38E-1 0.131
0 0 0.000
0 0.1 0.000
0 0.2 0.000
0 0.4 0.000
0 0.6 0.000
0 0.8 0.000
1 0 0.465 0.465 0.465 0.465 0.465 0.465 0.465 0.465
1 0.1 0.457 0.460 0.462 0.462 0.463 0.463 0.463 0.463
1 0.2 0.455 0.459 0.462 0.463 0.463 0.464 0.464 0.464
1 0.4 0.456 0.460 0.464 0.466 0.467 0.468 0.468 0.469
1 0.6 0.468 0.469 0.470 0.471 0.472 0.472 0.473 0.475
1 0.8 0.516 0.505 0.496 0.492 0.490 0.489 0.489 0.489
0.5 0 0.569 0.569 0.569 0.569 0.569 0.569 0.569 0.569
0.5 0.1 0.552 0.560 0.564 0.566 0.567 0.567 0.567 0.567
0.5 0.2 0.548 0.558 0.566 0.569 0.570 0.571 0.572 0.572
0.5 0.4 0.559 0.570 0.580 0.585 0.588 0.590 0.591 0.593
0.5 0.6 0.599 0.604 0.607 0.610 0.612 0.614 0.615 0.620
0.5 0.8 0.708 0.692 0.668 0.657 0.651 0.649 0.648 0.649
0.25 0 0.632 0.632 0.632 0.632 0.632 0.632 0.632 0.632
0.25 0.1 0.609 0.620 0.627 0.629 0.631 0.631 0.632 0.632
0.25 0.2 0.608 0.623 0.635 0.640 0.642 0.644 0.644 0.645
0.25 0.4 0.644 0.665 0.680 0.688 0.693 0.697 0.699 0.703
0.25 0.6 0.723 0.748 0.758 0.762 0.764 0.767 0.769 0.778
0.25 0.8 0.893 0.914 0.892 0.870 0.851 0.841 0.837 0.840
0.125 0 0.664 0.664 0.664 0.664 0.664 0.664 0.664 0.664
0.125 0.1 0.638 0.651 0.659 0.662 0.664 0.665 0.665 0.664
0.125 0.2 0.648 0.666 0.679 0.685 0.688 0.689 0.690 0.692
0.125 0.4 0.711 0.749 0.773 0.784 0.789 0.793 0.796 0.801
0.125 0.6 0.807 0.884 0.930 0.940 0.944 0.944 0.946 0.960
0.125 0.8 0.995 1.106 1.173 1.169 1.144 1.120 1.101 1.098
0.0625 0 0.673 0.673 0.673 0.673 0.673 0.673 0.673 0.673
0.0625 0.1 0.653 0.666 0.674 0.677 0.679 0.680 0.680 0.680
0.0625 0.2 0.674 0.696 0.710 0.716 0.718 0.720 0.721 0.722
0.0625 0.4 0.743 0.809 0.852 0.865 0.872 0.876 0.878 0.885
0.0625 0.6 0.839 0.970 1.088 1.125 1.139 1.142 1.143 1.157
0.0625 0.8 1.023 1.205 1.431 1.515 1.537 1.523 1.494 1.458
0 0 0.683 0.683 0.683 0.683 0.683 0.683 0.683 0.683
0 0.1 0.674 0.689 0.699 0.702 0.704 0.705 0.706 0.706
0 0.2 0.695 0.730 0.757 0.767 0.772 0.775 0.776 0.777
0 0.4 0.761 0.854 0.956 1.004 1.031 1.046 1.054 1.061
0 0.6 0.854 1.018 1.287 1.467 1.593 1.673 1.717 1.764
0 0.8 1.036 1.245 1.739 2.297 2.925 3.523 3.957 4.546
© n°2015-171 A16 151 / 214

Table A16.8434.2: TUB-LDSI, values of i0, i1, i2 and i3 (continue)

i2 on the surface
1 0 4.78E-2 4.78E-2 4.78E-2 4.78E-2 4.78E-2 4.78E-2 4.78E-2 4.78E-2
1 0.1 4.35E-2 4.51E-2 4.62E-2 4.66E-2 4.68E-2 4.68E-2 4.69E-2 4.70E-2
1 0.2 4.19E-2 4.45E-2 4.64E-2 4.71E-2 4.75E-2 4.77E-2 4.78E-2 4.79E-2
1 0.4 4.41E-2 4.75E-2 5.03E-2 5.16E-2 5.24E-2 5.28E-2 5.30E-2 5.34E-2
1 0.6 5.13E-2 5.43E-2 5.71E-2 5.87E-2 5.97E-2 6.04E-2 6.08E-2 6.19E-2
1 0.8 6.23E-2 6.36E-2 6.43E-2 6.52E-2 6.60E-2 6.66E-2 6.71E-2 6.84E-2
0.5 0 4.06E-2 4.06E-2 4.06E-2 4.06E-2 4.06E-2 4.06E-2 4.06E-2 4.06E-2
0.5 0.1 3.71E-2 3.87E-2 3.97E-2 4.01E-2 4.03E-2 4.04E-2 4.04E-2 4.05E-2
0.5 0.2 3.77E-2 4.00E-2 4.16E-2 4.22E-2 4.26E-2 4.28E-2 4.29E-2 4.30E-2
0.5 0.4 4.73E-2 5.04E-2 5.26E-2 5.38E-2 5.45E-2 5.50E-2 5.52E-2 5.60E-2
0.5 0.6 6.27E-2 6.83E-2 7.05E-2 7.16E-2 7.24E-2 7.32E-2 7.37E-2 7.63E-2
0.5 0.8 8.17E-2 9.13E-2 9.22E-2 9.14E-2 9.10E-2 9.13E-2 9.19E-2 9.48E-2
0.25 0 2.15E-2 2.15E-2 2.15E-2 2.15E-2 2.15E-2 2.15E-2 2.15E-2 2.15E-2
0.25 0.1 2.07E-2 2.13E-2 2.16E-2 2.18E-2 2.18E-2 2.19E-2 2.19E-2 2.19E-2
0.25 0.2 2.45E-2 2.52E-2 2.54E-2 2.56E-2 2.57E-2 2.58E-2 2.58E-2 2.60E-2
0.25 0.4 3.69E-2 4.08E-2 4.17E-2 4.17E-2 4.18E-2 4.19E-2 4.21E-2 4.31E-2
0.25 0.6 4.89E-2 6.19E-2 6.75E-2 6.77E-2 6.72E-2 6.70E-2 6.73E-2 6.99E-2
0.25 0.8 5.92E-2 8.71E-2 1.02E-1 1.04E-1 1.01E-1 9.91E-2 9.84E-2 1.02E-1
0.125 0 8.08E-3 8.08E-3 8.08E-3 8.08E-3 8.08E-3 8.08E-3 8.08E-3 8.08E-3
0.125 0.1 8.93E-3 8.85E-3 8.73E-3 8.69E-3 8.67E-3 8.67E-3 8.67E-3 8.63E-3
0.125 0.2 1.28E-2 1.30E-2 1.27E-2 1.25E-2 1.24E-2 1.23E-2 1.23E-2 1.25E-2
0.125 0.4 1.85E-2 2.39E-2 2.61E-2 2.62E-2 2.57E-2 2.54E-2 2.53E-2 2.59E-2
0.125 0.6 2.11E-2 3.56E-2 4.66E-2 4.91E-2 4.98E-2 4.88E-2 4.80E-2 4.87E-2
0.125 0.8 2.11E-2 4.61E-2 7.59E-2 8.45E-2 8.82E-2 8.78E-2 8.46E-2 8.39E-2
0.0625 0 2.77E-3 2.77E-3 2.77E-3 2.77E-3 2.77E-3 2.77E-3 2.77E-3 2.77E-3
0.0625 0.1 3.54E-3 3.47E-3 3.30E-3 3.22E-3 3.18E-3 3.17E-3 3.16E-3 3.19E-3
0.0625 0.2 5.00E-3 5.71E-3 5.81E-3 5.71E-3 5.55E-3 5.46E-3 5.42E-3 5.52E-3
0.0625 0.4 5.63E-3 9.29E-3 1.25E-2 1.30E-2 1.32E-2 1.32E-2 1.28E-2 1.28E-2
0.0625 0.6 5.51E-3 1.14E-2 2.24E-2 2.54E-2 2.70E-2 2.77E-2 2.77E-2 2.66E-2
0.0625 0.8 5.21E-3 1.24E-2 3.69E-2 4.75E-2 5.31E-2 5.64E-2 5.75E-2 5.37E-2
0 0 0.000
0 0.1 0.000
0 0.2 0.000
0 0.4 0.000
0 0.6 0.000
0 0.8 0.000
1 0 0.385 0.385 0.385 0.385 0.385 0.385 0.385 0.385
1 0.1 0.379 0.381 0.382 0.382 0.382 0.382 0.382 0.382
1 0.2 0.378 0.380 0.382 0.382 0.383 0.383 0.383 0.383
1 0.4 0.379 0.381 0.383 0.384 0.384 0.384 0.385 0.385
1 0.6 0.385 0.385 0.386 0.386 0.386 0.386 0.387 0.389
1 0.8 0.417 0.411 0.405 0.403 0.402 0.401 0.401 0.400
0.5 0 0.451 0.451 0.451 0.451 0.451 0.451 0.451 0.451
0.5 0.1 0.441 0.444 0.447 0.448 0.448 0.448 0.448 0.449
0.5 0.2 0.438 0.444 0.448 0.449 0.450 0.450 0.451 0.451
0.5 0.4 0.444 0.449 0.455 0.457 0.459 0.460 0.460 0.461
0.5 0.6 0.466 0.467 0.468 0.469 0.470 0.471 0.472 0.476
0.5 0.8 0.534 0.524 0.510 0.503 0.500 0.498 0.497 0.498
0.25 0 0.491 0.491 0.491 0.491 0.491 0.491 0.491 0.491
0.25 0.1 0.476 0.482 0.486 0.488 0.488 0.489 0.489 0.489
0.25 0.2 0.476 0.484 0.490 0.493 0.494 0.495 0.495 0.496
0.25 0.4 0.494 0.505 0.513 0.517 0.520 0.521 0.522 0.525
0.25 0.6 0.538 0.549 0.553 0.554 0.555 0.557 0.558 0.563
0.25 0.8 0.643 0.650 0.635 0.621 0.611 0.605 0.603 0.604
0.125 0 0.512 0.512 0.512 0.512 0.512 0.512 0.512 0.512
0.125 0.1 0.496 0.503 0.507 0.509 0.510 0.510 0.510 0.510
0.125 0.2 0.500 0.510 0.517 0.521 0.522 0.523 0.524 0.524
0.125 0.4 0.534 0.554 0.566 0.572 0.574 0.576 0.578 0.580
0.125 0.6 0.589 0.626 0.647 0.652 0.653 0.653 0.654 0.663
0.125 0.8 0.707 0.759 0.787 0.781 0.767 0.753 0.743 0.741
0.0625 0 0.518 0.518 0.518 0.518 0.518 0.518 0.518 0.518
0.0625 0.1 0.505 0.512 0.517 0.519 0.520 0.520 0.520 0.520
0.0625 0.2 0.516 0.528 0.536 0.539 0.541 0.542 0.542 0.543
0.0625 0.4 0.555 0.589 0.611 0.618 0.622 0.624 0.625 0.629
0.0625 0.6 0.610 0.677 0.736 0.754 0.760 0.761 0.761 0.770
0.0625 0.8 0.727 0.818 0.927 0.965 0.973 0.963 0.947 0.927
0 0 0.526 0.526 0.526 0.526 0.526 0.526 0.526 0.526
0 0.1 0.519 0.527 0.533 0.535 0.536 0.537 0.537 0.537
0 0.2 0.532 0.551 0.566 0.572 0.575 0.576 0.577 0.578
0 0.4 0.569 0.621 0.678 0.704 0.719 0.727 0.732 0.736
0 0.6 0.623 0.712 0.857 0.955 1.023 1.066 1.090 1.115
0 0.8 0.738 0.847 1.105 1.397 1.725 2.038 2.265 2.573
A16 152 / 214 © n°2015-171

Table A16.8434.2: TUB-LDSI, values of i0, i1, i2 and i3 (end)

i3 on the surface
1 0 2.47E-2 2.47E-2 2.47E-2 2.47E-2 2.47E-2 2.47E-2 2.47E-2 2.47E-2
1 0.1 2.25E-2 2.34E-2 2.40E-2 2.42E-2 2.43E-2 2.43E-2 2.43E-2 2.44E-2
1 0.2 2.17E-2 2.31E-2 2.41E-2 2.45E-2 2.47E-2 2.48E-2 2.49E-2 2.50E-2
1 0.4 2.32E-2 2.49E-2 2.64E-2 2.72E-2 2.76E-2 2.78E-2 2.79E-2 2.82E-2
1 0.6 2.75E-2 2.89E-2 3.03E-2 3.11E-2 3.16E-2 3.20E-2 3.22E-2 3.29E-2
1 0.8 3.39E-2 3.39E-2 3.38E-2 3.40E-2 3.44E-2 3.47E-2 3.49E-2 3.57E-2
0.5 0 2.04E-2 2.04E-2 2.04E-2 2.04E-2 2.04E-2 2.04E-2 2.04E-2 2.04E-2
0.5 0.1 1.87E-2 1.95E-2 2.01E-2 2.03E-2 2.04E-2 2.04E-2 2.05E-2 2.05E-2
0.5 0.2 1.92E-2 2.04E-2 2.12E-2 2.16E-2 2.18E-2 2.19E-2 2.20E-2 2.21E-2
0.5 0.4 2.52E-2 2.68E-2 2.79E-2 2.85E-2 2.89E-2 2.91E-2 2.93E-2 2.98E-2
0.5 0.6 3.44E-2 3.72E-2 3.81E-2 3.86E-2 3.90E-2 3.94E-2 3.98E-2 4.13E-2
0.5 0.8 4.54E-2 5.03E-2 5.00E-2 4.91E-2 4.87E-2 4.88E-2 4.90E-2 5.07E-2
0.25 0 9.56E-3 9.56E-3 9.56E-3 9.56E-3 9.56E-3 9.56E-3 9.56E-3 9.56E-3
0.25 0.1 9.41E-3 9.68E-3 9.83E-3 9.90E-3 9.93E-3 9.94E-3 9.95E-3 9.97E-3
0.25 0.2 1.19E-2 1.21E-2 1.22E-2 1.22E-2 1.23E-2 1.23E-2 1.23E-2 1.24E-2
0.25 0.4 1.94E-2 2.15E-2 2.19E-2 2.18E-2 2.18E-2 2.19E-2 2.20E-2 2.26E-2
0.25 0.6 2.61E-2 3.36E-2 3.67E-2 3.67E-2 3.63E-2 3.61E-2 3.62E-2 3.78E-2
0.25 0.8 3.15E-2 4.76E-2 5.59E-2 5.68E-2 5.49E-2 5.35E-2 5.29E-2 5.49E-2
0.125 0 2.91E-3 2.91E-3 2.91E-3 2.91E-3 2.91E-3 2.91E-3 2.91E-3 2.91E-3
0.125 0.1 3.71E-3 3.62E-3 3.52E-3 3.49E-3 3.48E-3 3.47E-3 3.47E-3 3.47E-3
0.125 0.2 6.02E-3 6.15E-3 5.92E-3 5.77E-3 5.70E-3 5.67E-3 5.67E-3 5.75E-3
0.125 0.4 9.07E-3 1.23E-2 1.36E-2 1.37E-2 1.34E-2 1.32E-2 1.31E-2 1.35E-2
0.125 0.6 9.81E-3 1.84E-2 2.50E-2 2.66E-2 2.70E-2 2.63E-2 2.58E-2 2.63E-2
0.125 0.8 9.28E-3 2.37E-2 4.12E-2 4.62E-2 4.83E-2 4.80E-2 4.60E-2 4.54E-2
0.0625 0 7.13E-4 7.13E-4 7.13E-4 7.13E-4 7.13E-4 7.13E-4 7.13E-4 7.13E-4
0.0625 0.1 1.46E-3 1.41E-3 1.31E-3 1.26E-3 1.23E-3 1.22E-3 1.22E-3 1.24E-3
0.0625 0.2 2.20E-3 2.67E-3 2.75E-3 2.69E-3 2.60E-3 2.54E-3 2.51E-3 2.58E-3
0.0625 0.4 2.20E-3 4.40E-3 6.42E-3 6.75E-3 6.90E-3 6.86E-3 6.64E-3 6.61E-3
0.0625 0.6 1.83E-3 5.11E-3 1.17E-2 1.35E-2 1.45E-2 1.50E-2 1.49E-2 1.43E-2
0.0625 0.8 1.50E-3 5.10E-3 1.93E-2 2.55E-2 2.88E-2 3.09E-2 3.15E-2 2.91E-2
0 0 0.000
0 0.1 0.000
0 0.2 0.000
0 0.4 0.000
0 0.6 0.000
0 0.8 0.000
1 0 0.338 0.338 0.338 0.338 0.338 0.338 0.338 0.338
1 0.1 0.333 0.334 0.334 0.335 0.335 0.335 0.335 0.335
1 0.2 0.332 0.334 0.334 0.335 0.335 0.335 0.335 0.335
1 0.4 0.332 0.333 0.335 0.335 0.335 0.335 0.336 0.336
1 0.6 0.336 0.336 0.336 0.336 0.336 0.336 0.336 0.339
1 0.8 0.360 0.356 0.352 0.350 0.349 0.349 0.348 0.348
0.5 0 0.386 0.386 0.386 0.386 0.386 0.386 0.386 0.386
0.5 0.1 0.378 0.380 0.382 0.382 0.382 0.382 0.382 0.383
0.5 0.2 0.376 0.380 0.382 0.383 0.383 0.384 0.384 0.384
0.5 0.4 0.380 0.383 0.386 0.387 0.388 0.389 0.389 0.390
0.5 0.6 0.393 0.394 0.394 0.394 0.395 0.395 0.396 0.399
0.5 0.8 0.442 0.435 0.425 0.420 0.418 0.417 0.416 0.416
0.25 0 0.415 0.415 0.415 0.415 0.415 0.415 0.415 0.415
0.25 0.1 0.403 0.407 0.410 0.411 0.411 0.411 0.411 0.412
0.25 0.2 0.403 0.408 0.412 0.414 0.415 0.415 0.415 0.416
0.25 0.4 0.414 0.421 0.425 0.428 0.430 0.431 0.431 0.433
0.25 0.6 0.442 0.448 0.450 0.450 0.451 0.452 0.452 0.457
0.25 0.8 0.517 0.518 0.507 0.498 0.491 0.487 0.486 0.487
0.125 0 0.431 0.431 0.431 0.431 0.431 0.431 0.431 0.431
0.125 0.1 0.418 0.422 0.425 0.426 0.427 0.427 0.427 0.427
0.125 0.2 0.420 0.427 0.432 0.434 0.435 0.435 0.436 0.436
0.125 0.4 0.441 0.453 0.461 0.464 0.466 0.467 0.468 0.470
0.125 0.6 0.477 0.499 0.511 0.513 0.514 0.514 0.514 0.521
0.125 0.8 0.562 0.592 0.605 0.600 0.590 0.581 0.575 0.573
0.0625 0 0.435 0.435 0.435 0.435 0.435 0.435 0.435 0.435
0.0625 0.1 0.425 0.430 0.433 0.434 0.434 0.435 0.435 0.435
0.0625 0.2 0.432 0.440 0.445 0.447 0.448 0.448 0.449 0.449
0.0625 0.4 0.457 0.478 0.492 0.496 0.498 0.500 0.500 0.503
0.0625 0.6 0.494 0.535 0.569 0.580 0.583 0.583 0.584 0.591
0.0625 0.8 0.578 0.632 0.695 0.716 0.719 0.712 0.701 0.689
0 0 0.441 0.441 0.441 0.441 0.441 0.441 0.441 0.441
0 0.1 0.436 0.441 0.445 0.446 0.447 0.447 0.447 0.447
0 0.2 0.445 0.457 0.467 0.471 0.473 0.474 0.474 0.475
0 0.4 0.470 0.503 0.540 0.558 0.567 0.573 0.576 0.584
0 0.6 0.506 0.563 0.656 0.719 0.762 0.790 0.806 0.822
0 0.8 0.587 0.655 0.817 0.999 1.204 1.400 1.542 1.734
© n°2015-171 A16 153 / 214

A16.8434.3 TUB-LDSI. MLL option: coefficients

 qm : section reduction factor under M2 0.9 – 0.13.(a/c)
 qp : section reduction factor under pressure P  
 
a 1
1   1  
h  c 1 a 
 1   
 a 5 h 
 ep : coefficient allowing for defect position under 1
pressure
 em1 : coefficient allowing for defect position 0.83 if a/h  0.125
under M1 0.72+0.88.a/h if 0.125  a/h  0.25
0.94 if a/h  0.25
A16.8434.4 TUB-LDSI. EPS option: stresses in the section of the defect - coefficients
 1m : axial membrane  
 
1.1 N1 P  rm 1 a  1 

  re2  ri2  
2h qp
 avec qp  1   1 
h  c
 1 
1 a



 a 5 h 
thickness
membrane P .
h qp
  rm2  h
 12 : shear  
 
M1  1 

2    rm2  h  1  a  c 
 
   rm  h 
 fin 3
 fel 1 – 0.144.(a/c)
 fpl 1 – 0.144.(a/c)
 g 0.535  g  1.4 see A16.8414.23
A16.8434.5 TUB-LDSI. Calculating kth2 : coefficients

 fth 1
a c
1 
h   rm
 rth  a  a 
Max 0 ; 15     0.2  
 c  h 
A16 154 / 214 © n°2015-171

A16.8435 TUBE - Longitudinal part-throughwall semi-elliptical external defect
A16.8435.1 TUB-LDSE. Describing defect geometry

The geometry of the longitudinal part-throughwall semi-elliptical external defect is defined Figure A16.8435.1.
Figure A16.8435.1: TUB-LDSE, tube containing a longitudinal part-throughwall semi-elliptical external defect

2.c
A16.8435.2 TUB-LDSE. Influence coefficients - E* value

The values of the coefficients i0, i1, i2 and i3 at the bottom and on the surface are given table A16.8435.2. the value of Jel is
obtained using those coefficients and E* = E/(1 - 2).
the values V of the influence coefficients i0, i1, i2 and i3 (A16.8122) at the deep and the surface points, considering the variables
x = h/ri , y = a/h and z = a/c.
© n°2015-171 A16 155 / 214

Table A16.8435.2: TUB-LDSE, values of i0, i1, i2 and i3

i0 on the surface
1 0 0.744 0.744 0.744 0.744 0.744 0.744 0.744 0.744
1 0.1 0.764 0.759 0.753 0.751 0.750 0.749 0.748 0.748
1 0.2 0.785 0.774 0.764 0.759 0.757 0.755 0.754 0.754
1 0.4 0.847 0.830 0.811 0.802 0.796 0.793 0.791 0.789
1 0.6 0.939 0.921 0.893 0.878 0.867 0.860 0.856 0.853
1 0.8 1.062 1.042 1.001 0.975 0.955 0.942 0.934 0.927
0.5 0 0.704 0.704 0.704 0.704 0.704 0.704 0.704 0.704
0.5 0.1 0.727 0.722 0.717 0.715 0.713 0.712 0.712 0.712
0.5 0.2 0.752 0.744 0.736 0.732 0.729 0.728 0.727 0.726
0.5 0.4 0.835 0.835 0.827 0.820 0.815 0.810 0.808 0.806
0.5 0.6 0.959 0.987 0.992 0.982 0.968 0.957 0.950 0.947
0.5 0.8 1.129 1.206 1.233 1.211 1.179 1.153 1.134 1.117
0.25 0 0.568 0.568 0.568 0.568 0.568 0.568 0.568 0.568
0.25 0.1 0.592 0.590 0.588 0.586 0.586 0.585 0.585 0.585
0.25 0.2 0.612 0.612 0.612 0.611 0.610 0.609 0.608 0.608
0.25 0.4 0.669 0.693 0.715 0.720 0.720 0.717 0.715 0.714
0.25 0.6 0.742 0.816 0.898 0.924 0.927 0.920 0.912 0.900
0.25 0.8 0.834 0.990 1.189 1.267 1.270 1.244 1.216 1.167
0.125 0 0.432 0.432 0.432 0.432 0.432 0.432 0.432 0.432
0.125 0.1 0.447 0.447 0.448 0.447 0.447 0.447 0.447 0.445
0.125 0.2 0.456 0.462 0.467 0.469 0.469 0.469 0.469 0.469
0.125 0.4 0.482 0.504 0.534 0.551 0.559 0.561 0.561 0.559
0.125 0.6 0.513 0.565 0.647 0.697 0.732 0.744 0.745 0.725
0.125 0.8 0.536 0.630 0.816 0.939 1.038 1.085 1.081 1.006
0.0625 0 0.282 0.282 0.282 0.282 0.282 0.282 0.282 0.282
0.0625 0.1 0.334 0.335 0.336 0.337 0.337 0.337 0.337 0.336
0.0625 0.2 0.338 0.342 0.347 0.350 0.352 0.352 0.353 0.353
0.0625 0.4 0.349 0.362 0.382 0.392 0.401 0.408 0.410 0.410
0.0625 0.6 0.361 0.385 0.435 0.462 0.485 0.506 0.521 0.515
0.0625 0.8 0.364 0.402 0.506 0.577 0.634 0.691 0.740 0.729
0 0 0.000
0 0.1 0.000
0 0.2 0.000
0 0.4 0.000
0 0.6 0.000
0 0.8 0.000
1 0 0.657 0.657 0.657 0.657 0.657 0.657 0.657 0.657
1 0.1 0.666 0.663 0.660 0.658 0.657 0.657 0.657 0.657
1 0.2 0.679 0.673 0.666 0.663 0.662 0.661 0.660 0.660
1 0.4 0.717 0.704 0.690 0.684 0.680 0.678 0.676 0.675
1 0.6 0.771 0.746 0.719 0.706 0.699 0.694 0.691 0.691
1 0.8 0.843 0.792 0.743 0.722 0.710 0.703 0.700 0.697
0.5 0 0.883 0.883 0.883 0.883 0.883 0.883 0.883 0.883
0.5 0.1 0.908 0.900 0.892 0.888 0.886 0.885 0.885 0.884
0.5 0.2 0.945 0.930 0.914 0.907 0.903 0.901 0.899 0.898
0.5 0.4 1.066 1.039 1.005 0.988 0.976 0.969 0.965 0.962
0.5 0.6 1.254 1.209 1.139 1.099 1.072 1.055 1.045 1.038
0.5 0.8 1.540 1.429 1.275 1.190 1.136 1.105 1.087 1.070
0.25 0 1.022 1.022 1.022 1.022 1.022 1.022 1.022 1.022
0.25 0.1 1.062 1.051 1.039 1.034 1.031 1.029 1.028 1.027
0.25 0.2 1.129 1.110 1.090 1.080 1.073 1.069 1.067 1.066
0.25 0.4 1.353 1.342 1.310 1.285 1.265 1.251 1.242 1.234
0.25 0.6 1.705 1.728 1.681 1.617 1.557 1.514 1.486 1.452
0.25 0.8 2.272 2.291 2.157 1.990 1.834 1.725 1.657 1.573
0.125 0 1.088 1.088 1.088 1.088 1.088 1.088 1.088 1.088
0.125 0.1 1.134 1.123 1.111 1.105 1.102 1.100 1.099 1.095
0.125 0.2 1.223 1.213 1.198 1.190 1.182 1.178 1.175 1.172
0.125 0.4 1.504 1.547 1.567 1.559 1.538 1.519 1.505 1.482
0.125 0.6 1.924 2.084 2.213 2.214 2.165 2.096 2.038 1.943
0.125 0.8 2.626 2.890 3.175 3.172 3.014 2.804 2.614 2.300
0.0625 0 1.105 1.105 1.105 1.105 1.105 1.105 1.105 1.105
0.0625 0.1 1.160 1.152 1.142 1.138 1.134 1.133 1.131 1.129
0.0625 0.2 1.259 1.263 1.263 1.261 1.256 1.252 1.249 1.243
0.0625 0.4 1.548 1.633 1.718 1.747 1.753 1.744 1.729 1.693
0.0625 0.6 1.992 2.234 2.546 2.679 2.728 2.711 2.661 2.470
0.0625 0.8 2.727 3.116 3.829 4.232 4.401 4.349 4.146 3.331
0 0 1.122 1.122 1.122 1.122 1.122 1.122 1.122 1.122
0 0.1 1.182 1.180 1.182 1.183 1.184 1.185 1.185 1.185
0 0.2 1.282 1.301 1.329 1.344 1.353 1.359 1.362 1.364
0 0.4 1.580 1.695 1.867 1.967 2.030 2.068 2.088 2.109
0 0.6 2.028 2.319 2.864 3.270 3.578 3.785 3.903 4.030
0 0.8 2.779 3.220 4.408 5.825 7.473 9.088 10.286 11.949
A16 156 / 214 © n°2015-171

Table A16.8435.2: TUB-LDSE, values of i0, i1, i2 and i3 (continue)

i1 on the surface
1 0 0.129 0.129 0.129 0.129 0.129 0.129 0.129 0.129
1 0.1 0.130 0.129 0.127 0.127 0.126 0.126 0.126 0.126
1 0.2 0.136 0.134 0.131 0.129 0.129 0.128 0.128 0.128
1 0.4 0.155 0.150 0.145 0.143 0.141 0.140 0.140 0.139
1 0.6 0.182 0.177 0.170 0.165 0.162 0.160 0.158 0.158
1 0.8 0.218 0.212 0.199 0.191 0.185 0.181 0.178 0.176
0.5 0 0.119 0.119 0.119 0.119 0.119 0.119 0.119 0.119
0.5 0.1 0.117 0.116 0.114 0.114 0.113 0.113 0.113 0.113
0.5 0.2 0.124 0.123 0.121 0.120 0.119 0.118 0.118 0.118
0.5 0.4 0.150 0.151 0.150 0.149 0.147 0.146 0.145 0.144
0.5 0.6 0.187 0.198 0.202 0.198 0.194 0.191 0.188 0.188
0.5 0.8 0.237 0.263 0.272 0.264 0.254 0.245 0.239 0.231
0.25 0 7.37E-2 7.37E-2 7.37E-2 7.37E-2 7.37E-2 7.37E-2 7.37E-2 7.37E-2
0.25 0.1 7.42E-2 7.40E-2 7.36E-2 7.34E-2 7.32E-2 7.32E-2 7.31E-2 7.31E-2
0.25 0.2 7.97E-2 8.09E-2 8.15E-2 8.16E-2 8.14E-2 8.12E-2 8.11E-2 8.11E-2
0.25 0.4 0.095 0.106 0.115 0.117 0.118 0.117 0.116 0.116
0.25 0.6 0.114 0.141 0.171 0.181 0.182 0.179 0.177 0.173
0.25 0.8 0.135 0.188 0.255 0.280 0.281 0.273 0.263 0.244
0.125 0 3.93E-2 3.93E-2 3.93E-2 3.93E-2 3.93E-2 3.93E-2 3.93E-2 3.93E-2
0.125 0.1 3.64E-2 3.68E-2 3.72E-2 3.73E-2 3.73E-2 3.73E-2 3.73E-2 3.70E-2
0.125 0.2 3.86E-2 4.10E-2 4.35E-2 4.44E-2 4.48E-2 4.49E-2 4.48E-2 4.48E-2
0.125 0.4 4.44E-2 5.28E-2 6.40E-2 7.03E-2 7.33E-2 7.44E-2 7.44E-2 7.39E-2
0.125 0.6 5.02E-2 6.76E-2 0.095 0.113 0.125 0.130 0.130 0.122
0.125 0.8 5.15E-2 0.080 0.138 0.179 0.212 0.228 0.226 0.202
0.0625 0 2.02E-2 2.02E-2 2.02E-2 2.02E-2 2.02E-2 2.02E-2 2.02E-2 2.02E-2
0.0625 0.1 1.62E-2 1.67E-2 1.73E-2 1.75E-2 1.76E-2 1.76E-2 1.77E-2 1.77E-2
0.0625 0.2 1.68E-2 1.84E-2 2.04E-2 2.15E-2 2.22E-2 2.24E-2 2.25E-2 2.26E-2
0.0625 0.4 1.80E-2 2.21E-2 2.85E-2 3.20E-2 3.53E-2 3.77E-2 3.88E-2 3.88E-2
0.0625 0.6 1.93E-2 2.60E-2 4.13E-2 4.96E-2 5.71E-2 6.44E-2 6.99E-2 6.94E-2
0.0625 0.8 1.96E-2 2.91E-2 5.96E-2 8.10E-2 9.84E-2 1.17E-1 1.34E-1 0.131
0 0 0.000
0 0.1 0.000
0 0.2 0.000
0 0.4 0.000
0 0.6 0.000
0 0.8 0.000
1 0 0.465 0.465 0.465 0.465 0.465 0.465 0.465 0.465
1 0.1 0.466 0.465 0.464 0.464 0.463 0.463 0.463 0.463
1 0.2 0.471 0.469 0.466 0.465 0.465 0.464 0.464 0.464
1 0.4 0.484 0.479 0.474 0.472 0.470 0.470 0.469 0.469
1 0.6 0.501 0.493 0.484 0.479 0.477 0.475 0.474 0.475
1 0.8 0.533 0.517 0.502 0.496 0.493 0.491 0.490 0.489
0.5 0 0.569 0.569 0.569 0.569 0.569 0.569 0.569 0.569
0.5 0.1 0.576 0.573 0.570 0.569 0.568 0.568 0.568 0.567
0.5 0.2 0.589 0.584 0.578 0.576 0.574 0.573 0.573 0.572
0.5 0.4 0.631 0.621 0.609 0.602 0.598 0.596 0.594 0.593
0.5 0.6 0.696 0.679 0.654 0.640 0.630 0.625 0.621 0.620
0.5 0.8 0.806 0.768 0.715 0.687 0.670 0.660 0.654 0.649
0.25 0 0.632 0.632 0.632 0.632 0.632 0.632 0.632 0.632
0.25 0.1 0.645 0.641 0.637 0.635 0.633 0.633 0.632 0.632
0.25 0.2 0.670 0.662 0.655 0.651 0.648 0.647 0.646 0.645
0.25 0.4 0.750 0.744 0.731 0.721 0.714 0.709 0.706 0.703
0.25 0.6 0.877 0.880 0.859 0.835 0.813 0.798 0.788 0.778
0.25 0.8 1.097 1.095 1.040 0.980 0.926 0.889 0.867 0.840
0.125 0 0.664 0.664 0.664 0.664 0.664 0.664 0.664 0.664
0.125 0.1 0.680 0.675 0.670 0.668 0.667 0.666 0.666 0.664
0.125 0.2 0.713 0.709 0.702 0.699 0.696 0.694 0.693 0.692
0.125 0.4 0.818 0.831 0.835 0.830 0.822 0.814 0.809 0.801
0.125 0.6 0.974 1.027 1.064 1.059 1.038 1.012 0.991 0.960
0.125 0.8 1.252 1.338 1.419 1.405 1.343 1.268 1.203 1.098
0.0625 0 0.673 0.673 0.673 0.673 0.673 0.673 0.673 0.673
0.0625 0.1 0.693 0.689 0.685 0.684 0.682 0.681 0.681 0.680
0.0625 0.2 0.731 0.732 0.731 0.730 0.728 0.726 0.725 0.722
0.0625 0.4 0.841 0.871 0.900 0.909 0.909 0.905 0.898 0.885
0.0625 0.6 1.007 1.093 1.199 1.242 1.254 1.244 1.223 1.157
0.0625 0.8 1.299 1.434 1.672 1.799 1.844 1.814 1.737 1.458
0 0 0.683 0.683 0.683 0.683 0.683 0.683 0.683 0.683
0 0.1 0.704 0.704 0.705 0.705 0.706 0.706 0.706 0.706
0 0.2 0.744 0.752 0.763 0.769 0.773 0.775 0.776 0.777
0 0.4 0.859 0.903 0.969 1.007 1.031 1.046 1.053 1.061
0 0.6 1.028 1.135 1.335 1.485 1.598 1.674 1.717 1.764
0 0.8 1.324 1.483 1.901 2.399 2.976 3.543 3.963 4.546
© n°2015-171 A16 157 / 214

Table A16.8435.2: TUB-LDSE, values of i0, i1, i2 and i3 (continue)

i2 on the surface
1 0 4.78E-2 4.78E-2 4.78E-2 4.78E-2 4.78E-2 4.78E-2 4.78E-2 4.78E-2
1 0.1 4.89E-2 4.83E-2 4.76E-2 4.73E-2 4.71E-2 4.70E-2 4.70E-2 4.70E-2
1 0.2 5.17E-2 5.05E-2 4.92E-2 4.86E-2 4.83E-2 4.81E-2 4.80E-2 4.79E-2
1 0.4 6.03E-2 5.85E-2 5.63E-2 5.51E-2 5.44E-2 5.39E-2 5.36E-2 5.34E-2
1 0.6 7.30E-2 7.10E-2 6.75E-2 6.53E-2 6.37E-2 6.27E-2 6.21E-2 6.19E-2
1 0.8 8.95E-2 8.64E-2 7.99E-2 7.57E-2 7.26E-2 7.06E-2 6.94E-2 6.84E-2
0.5 0 4.06E-2 4.06E-2 4.06E-2 4.06E-2 4.06E-2 4.06E-2 4.06E-2 4.06E-2
0.5 0.1 4.22E-2 4.17E-2 4.11E-2 4.08E-2 4.07E-2 4.06E-2 4.05E-2 4.05E-2
0.5 0.2 4.57E-2 4.50E-2 4.41E-2 4.37E-2 4.34E-2 4.32E-2 4.31E-2 4.30E-2
0.5 0.4 5.78E-2 5.89E-2 5.87E-2 5.80E-2 5.72E-2 5.66E-2 5.62E-2 5.60E-2
0.5 0.6 7.53E-2 8.13E-2 8.31E-2 8.16E-2 7.95E-2 7.78E-2 7.66E-2 7.63E-2
0.5 0.8 9.83E-2 1.11E-1 1.15E-1 1.11E-1 1.05E-1 1.01E-1 9.81E-2 9.48E-2
0.25 0 2.15E-2 2.15E-2 2.15E-2 2.15E-2 2.15E-2 2.15E-2 2.15E-2 2.15E-2
0.25 0.1 2.22E-2 2.22E-2 2.21E-2 2.20E-2 2.20E-2 2.20E-2 2.19E-2 2.19E-2
0.25 0.2 2.47E-2 2.55E-2 2.61E-2 2.62E-2 2.61E-2 2.61E-2 2.60E-2 2.60E-2
0.25 0.4 3.18E-2 3.73E-2 4.23E-2 4.37E-2 4.39E-2 4.36E-2 4.33E-2 4.31E-2
0.25 0.6 3.94E-2 5.33E-2 6.86E-2 7.36E-2 7.42E-2 7.31E-2 7.17E-2 6.99E-2
0.25 0.8 4.77E-2 7.36E-2 1.07E-1 1.19E-1 1.19E-1 1.15E-1 1.10E-1 1.02E-1
0.125 0 8.08E-3 8.08E-3 8.08E-3 8.08E-3 8.08E-3 8.08E-3 8.08E-3 8.08E-3
0.125 0.1 8.03E-3 8.32E-3 8.56E-3 8.65E-3 8.68E-3 8.69E-3 8.68E-3 8.63E-3
0.125 0.2 8.95E-3 1.03E-2 1.17E-2 1.22E-2 1.24E-2 1.25E-2 1.25E-2 1.25E-2
0.125 0.4 1.06E-2 1.49E-2 2.07E-2 2.40E-2 2.56E-2 2.62E-2 2.62E-2 2.59E-2
0.125 0.6 1.20E-2 2.02E-2 3.38E-2 4.27E-2 4.91E-2 5.14E-2 5.16E-2 4.87E-2
0.125 0.8 1.27E-2 2.51E-2 5.28E-2 7.27E-2 8.90E-2 9.67E-2 9.61E-2 8.39E-2
0.0625 0 2.77E-3 2.77E-3 2.77E-3 2.77E-3 2.77E-3 2.77E-3 2.77E-3 2.77E-3
0.0625 0.1 2.37E-3 2.65E-3 2.96E-3 3.09E-3 3.15E-3 3.17E-3 3.17E-3 3.19E-3
0.0625 0.2 2.56E-3 3.32E-3 4.33E-3 4.94E-3 5.28E-3 5.43E-3 5.48E-3 5.52E-3
0.0625 0.4 2.77E-3 4.59E-3 7.56E-3 9.26E-3 1.09E-2 1.22E-2 1.27E-2 1.28E-2
0.0625 0.6 2.88E-3 5.66E-3 1.26E-2 1.63E-2 2.00E-2 2.37E-2 2.65E-2 2.66E-2
0.0625 0.8 2.95E-3 6.55E-3 2.01E-2 2.97E-2 3.77E-2 4.70E-2 5.52E-2 5.37E-2
0 0 0.000
0 0.1 0.000
0 0.2 0.000
0 0.4 0.000
0 0.6 0.000
0 0.8 0.000
1 0 0.385 0.385 0.385 0.385 0.385 0.385 0.385 0.385
1 0.1 0.384 0.384 0.383 0.383 0.383 0.382 0.382 0.382
1 0.2 0.386 0.385 0.384 0.384 0.383 0.383 0.383 0.383
1 0.4 0.392 0.390 0.388 0.386 0.386 0.385 0.385 0.385
1 0.6 0.401 0.397 0.392 0.390 0.388 0.388 0.387 0.389
1 0.8 0.420 0.413 0.406 0.404 0.402 0.401 0.401 0.400
0.5 0 0.451 0.451 0.451 0.451 0.451 0.451 0.451 0.451
0.5 0.1 0.453 0.451 0.450 0.449 0.449 0.449 0.449 0.449
0.5 0.2 0.460 0.457 0.454 0.453 0.452 0.451 0.451 0.451
0.5 0.4 0.481 0.476 0.469 0.466 0.464 0.462 0.462 0.461
0.5 0.6 0.514 0.505 0.492 0.484 0.479 0.477 0.475 0.476
0.5 0.8 0.576 0.556 0.530 0.516 0.507 0.503 0.500 0.498
0.25 0 0.491 0.491 0.491 0.491 0.491 0.491 0.491 0.491
0.25 0.1 0.496 0.494 0.491 0.490 0.490 0.489 0.489 0.489
0.25 0.2 0.509 0.505 0.501 0.499 0.497 0.497 0.496 0.496
0.25 0.4 0.551 0.548 0.540 0.535 0.530 0.528 0.526 0.525
0.25 0.6 0.618 0.618 0.605 0.591 0.580 0.572 0.567 0.563
0.25 0.8 0.741 0.737 0.705 0.674 0.646 0.628 0.617 0.604
0.125 0 0.512 0.512 0.512 0.512 0.512 0.512 0.512 0.512
0.125 0.1 0.519 0.516 0.513 0.512 0.512 0.511 0.511 0.510
0.125 0.2 0.537 0.534 0.530 0.528 0.527 0.526 0.525 0.524
0.125 0.4 0.594 0.600 0.600 0.597 0.592 0.588 0.585 0.580
0.125 0.6 0.678 0.703 0.719 0.714 0.702 0.688 0.677 0.663
0.125 0.8 0.837 0.878 0.912 0.900 0.865 0.826 0.793 0.741
0.0625 0 0.518 0.518 0.518 0.518 0.518 0.518 0.518 0.518
0.0625 0.1 0.528 0.526 0.523 0.522 0.521 0.521 0.521 0.520
0.0625 0.2 0.549 0.549 0.548 0.547 0.546 0.545 0.544 0.543
0.0625 0.4 0.610 0.625 0.640 0.643 0.643 0.640 0.636 0.629
0.0625 0.6 0.700 0.745 0.799 0.819 0.823 0.815 0.804 0.770
0.0625 0.8 0.868 0.938 1.055 1.116 1.132 1.112 1.070 0.927
0 0 0.526 0.526 0.526 0.526 0.526 0.526 0.526 0.526
0 0.1 0.536 0.536 0.536 0.537 0.537 0.537 0.537 0.537
0 0.2 0.559 0.563 0.570 0.573 0.575 0.577 0.577 0.578
0 0.4 0.623 0.648 0.684 0.706 0.719 0.727 0.732 0.736
0 0.6 0.717 0.775 0.883 0.964 1.025 1.067 1.090 1.115
0 0.8 0.886 0.970 1.189 1.450 1.752 2.048 2.268 2.573
A16 158 / 214 © n°2015-171

Table A16.8435.2: TUB-LDSE, values of i0, i1, i2 and i3 (end)

i3 on the surface
1 0 2.47E-2 2.47E-2 2.47E-2 2.47E-2 2.47E-2 2.47E-2 2.47E-2 2.47E-2
1 0.1 2.55E-2 2.51E-2 2.47E-2 2.46E-2 2.45E-2 2.44E-2 2.44E-2 2.44E-2
1 0.2 2.71E-2 2.64E-2 2.57E-2 2.54E-2 2.52E-2 2.51E-2 2.50E-2 2.50E-2
1 0.4 3.21E-2 3.11E-2 2.98E-2 2.92E-2 2.87E-2 2.85E-2 2.83E-2 2.82E-2
1 0.6 3.93E-2 3.82E-2 3.61E-2 3.48E-2 3.39E-2 3.33E-2 3.30E-2 3.29E-2
1 0.8 4.85E-2 4.65E-2 4.25E-2 4.00E-2 3.81E-2 3.70E-2 3.63E-2 3.57E-2
0.5 0 2.04E-2 2.04E-2 2.04E-2 2.04E-2 2.04E-2 2.04E-2 2.04E-2 2.04E-2
0.5 0.1 2.15E-2 2.12E-2 2.08E-2 2.07E-2 2.06E-2 2.06E-2 2.05E-2 2.05E-2
0.5 0.2 2.35E-2 2.31E-2 2.27E-2 2.24E-2 2.23E-2 2.22E-2 2.21E-2 2.21E-2
0.5 0.4 3.05E-2 3.13E-2 3.13E-2 3.09E-2 3.05E-2 3.01E-2 2.99E-2 2.98E-2
0.5 0.6 4.06E-2 4.42E-2 4.54E-2 4.44E-2 4.32E-2 4.22E-2 4.14E-2 4.13E-2
0.5 0.8 5.35E-2 6.09E-2 6.28E-2 6.02E-2 5.70E-2 5.43E-2 5.26E-2 5.07E-2
0.25 0 9.56E-3 9.56E-3 9.56E-3 9.56E-3 9.56E-3 9.56E-3 9.56E-3 9.56E-3
0.25 0.1 1.01E-2 1.01E-2 1.00E-2 1.00E-2 1.00E-2 9.99E-3 9.98E-3 9.97E-3
0.25 0.2 1.15E-2 1.20E-2 1.24E-2 1.25E-2 1.25E-2 1.25E-2 1.24E-2 1.24E-2
0.25 0.4 1.54E-2 1.89E-2 2.20E-2 2.29E-2 2.30E-2 2.29E-2 2.27E-2 2.26E-2
0.25 0.6 1.93E-2 2.77E-2 3.70E-2 4.00E-2 4.04E-2 3.97E-2 3.89E-2 3.78E-2
0.25 0.8 2.32E-2 3.84E-2 5.80E-2 6.53E-2 6.53E-2 6.26E-2 5.98E-2 5.49E-2
0.125 0 2.91E-3 2.91E-3 2.91E-3 2.91E-3 2.91E-3 2.91E-3 2.91E-3 2.91E-3
0.125 0.1 3.04E-3 3.23E-3 3.39E-3 3.45E-3 3.47E-3 3.48E-3 3.48E-3 3.47E-3
0.125 0.2 3.53E-3 4.36E-3 5.23E-3 5.57E-3 5.71E-3 5.74E-3 5.74E-3 5.75E-3
0.125 0.4 4.19E-3 6.69E-3 1.02E-2 1.23E-2 1.33E-2 1.36E-2 1.36E-2 1.35E-2
0.125 0.6 4.58E-3 9.12E-3 1.71E-2 2.25E-2 2.64E-2 2.78E-2 2.79E-2 2.63E-2
0.125 0.8 4.80E-3 1.14E-2 2.71E-2 3.88E-2 4.85E-2 5.30E-2 5.27E-2 4.54E-2
0.0625 0 7.13E-4 7.13E-4 7.13E-4 7.13E-4 7.13E-4 7.13E-4 7.13E-4 7.13E-4
0.0625 0.1 7.32E-4 9.04E-4 1.09E-3 1.17E-3 1.21E-3 1.22E-3 1.23E-3 1.24E-3
0.0625 0.2 8.02E-4 1.24E-3 1.85E-3 2.22E-3 2.43E-3 2.52E-3 2.55E-3 2.58E-3
0.0625 0.4 8.40E-4 1.82E-3 3.47E-3 4.44E-3 5.46E-3 6.25E-3 6.59E-3 6.61E-3
0.0625 0.6 8.22E-4 2.23E-3 6.03E-3 8.06E-3 1.02E-2 1.24E-2 1.42E-2 1.43E-2
0.0625 0.8 8.03E-4 2.52E-3 9.92E-3 1.51E-2 1.96E-2 2.50E-2 2.99E-2 2.91E-2
0 0 0.000
0 0.1 0.000
0 0.2 0.000
0 0.4 0.000
0 0.6 0.000
0 0.8 0.000
1 0 0.338 0.338 0.338 0.338 0.338 0.338 0.338 0.338
1 0.1 0.336 0.335 0.335 0.335 0.335 0.335 0.335 0.335
1 0.2 0.337 0.336 0.336 0.335 0.335 0.335 0.335 0.335
1 0.4 0.340 0.339 0.337 0.337 0.336 0.336 0.336 0.336
1 0.6 0.345 0.343 0.340 0.338 0.337 0.337 0.337 0.339
1 0.8 0.359 0.355 0.351 0.350 0.349 0.349 0.348 0.348
0.5 0 0.386 0.386 0.386 0.386 0.386 0.386 0.386 0.386
0.5 0.1 0.385 0.384 0.383 0.383 0.383 0.383 0.383 0.383
0.5 0.2 0.390 0.388 0.386 0.385 0.385 0.384 0.384 0.384
0.5 0.4 0.402 0.399 0.395 0.393 0.391 0.390 0.390 0.390
0.5 0.6 0.422 0.416 0.408 0.403 0.400 0.398 0.397 0.399
0.5 0.8 0.463 0.451 0.435 0.427 0.422 0.419 0.418 0.416
0.25 0 0.415 0.415 0.415 0.415 0.415 0.415 0.415 0.415
0.25 0.1 0.416 0.415 0.413 0.412 0.412 0.412 0.412 0.412
0.25 0.2 0.424 0.422 0.419 0.418 0.417 0.416 0.416 0.416
0.25 0.4 0.450 0.448 0.442 0.439 0.436 0.435 0.434 0.433
0.25 0.6 0.492 0.491 0.481 0.473 0.466 0.461 0.458 0.457
0.25 0.8 0.573 0.569 0.548 0.528 0.511 0.500 0.494 0.487
0.125 0 0.431 0.431 0.431 0.431 0.431 0.431 0.431 0.431
0.125 0.1 0.433 0.431 0.429 0.429 0.428 0.428 0.428 0.427
0.125 0.2 0.445 0.443 0.440 0.439 0.438 0.437 0.437 0.436
0.125 0.4 0.481 0.484 0.483 0.481 0.477 0.475 0.473 0.470
0.125 0.6 0.534 0.549 0.556 0.552 0.544 0.535 0.528 0.521
0.125 0.8 0.641 0.665 0.681 0.671 0.649 0.624 0.604 0.573
0.0625 0 0.435 0.435 0.435 0.435 0.435 0.435 0.435 0.435
0.0625 0.1 0.440 0.438 0.437 0.436 0.436 0.435 0.435 0.435
0.0625 0.2 0.454 0.454 0.453 0.452 0.451 0.450 0.450 0.449
0.0625 0.4 0.493 0.503 0.511 0.513 0.512 0.510 0.507 0.503
0.0625 0.6 0.551 0.579 0.611 0.622 0.623 0.618 0.610 0.591
0.0625 0.8 0.664 0.707 0.777 0.811 0.817 0.802 0.775 0.689
0 0 0.441 0.441 0.441 0.441 0.441 0.441 0.441 0.441
0 0.1 0.447 0.447 0.447 0.447 0.447 0.447 0.447 0.447
0 0.2 0.462 0.465 0.470 0.472 0.473 0.474 0.474 0.475
0 0.4 0.505 0.521 0.545 0.559 0.567 0.573 0.576 0.584
0 0.6 0.566 0.603 0.673 0.725 0.764 0.791 0.805 0.822
0 0.8 0.678 0.732 0.869 1.032 1.221 1.406 1.544 1.734
© n°2015-171 A16 159 / 214

A16.8435.3 TUB-LDSE. MLL option: coefficients

 qm : section reduction factor under M2 0.9 – 0.13.(a/c)
 qp : section reduction factor under pressure P  
 
a 1
1   1  
h  c 1 a 
 1   
 a 5 h 
pressure
under M1 0.72+0.88.a/h if 0.125  a/h  0.25
0.94 if a/h  0.25
A16.8435.4 TUB-LDSE. EPS option: stresses in the section of the defect - coefficients
 1m : axial membrane  
 
1.1 N1 P  rm 1 a  1 

  re2  ri2   
2h 0.9  qp
avec qp  1   1 
h  c
 1 
1 a



 a 5 h 
thickness
membrane P 
h 0.9  qp
  rm2  h
 12 : shear  
 
M1  1 
 
2    rm2  h  1  a  c 
   rm  h 

 fin 1.5
 fel 1 – 0.144.(a/c)
 fpl 1 – 0.144.(a/c)
 g 0.535  g  1.4 see A16.8414.23
A16.8435.5 TUB-LDSE. Calculating kth2 : coefficients

 fth 1
a c
1 
h   rm
 rth  a  a 
Max 0 ; 15     0.2  
 c  h 
A16 160 / 214 © n°2015-171

A16.8436 TUBE - Longitudinal part-throughwall infinite internal defect
A16.8436.1 TUB-LDII. Describing defect geometry

The geometry of the longitudinal part-throughwall infinite internal defect is defined Figure A16.8436.1.
Figure A16.8436.1: TUB-LDII, tube containing a longitudinal part-throughwall infinite internal defect

A16.8436.2 TUB-LDII. Influence coefficients - E* value

The values of the coefficients i0, i1, i2, i3, i4 are given in table A16.8436.2. The value of Jel is obtained using those coefficients
and E* = E/(1 - 2).
the values V of the influence coefficients i0, i1, i2, i3 and i4 (A16.8122) at the deep and the surface points, considering the
variables x = h/ri and y = a/h.
© n°2015-171 A16 161 / 214

Table A16.8436.2: TUB-LDII, values of the coefficients i0, i1, i2, i3 and i4
1 1/2 1/5 1/10 1/20 1/40 1/80 1/160 1/400
i0 0 1.122 1.122 1.122 1.122 1.122 1.122 1.122 1.122 1.122
i0 0.1 1.103 1.141 1.167 1.176 1.181 1.183 1.184 1.185 1.185
i0 0.2 1.155 1.243 1.312 1.338 1.351 1.358 1.361 1.363 1.364
i0 0.3 1.231 1.389 1.533 1.592 1.623 1.640 1.649 1.653 1.656
i0 0.4 1.322 1.567 1.835 1.959 2.029 2.069 2.089 2.099 2.105
i0 0.5 1.427 1.772 2.231 2.481 2.635 2.726 2.774 2.798 2.812
i0 0.6 1.549 1.999 2.733 3.222 3.565 3.784 3.903 3.966 4.004
i0 0.7 1.703 2.245 3.328 4.253 5.037 5.615 5.959 6.148 6.268
i0 0.8 1.933 2.529 3.943 5.535 7.324 9.032 10.270 11.040 11.567
i1 0 0.683 0.683 0.683 0.683 0.683 0.683 0.683 0.683 0.683
i1 0.1 0.674 0.689 0.699 0.702 0.704 0.705 0.706 0.706 0.706
i1 0.2 0.695 0.730 0.757 0.767 0.772 0.775 0.776 0.777 0.777
i1 0.3 0.726 0.786 0.842 0.865 0.877 0.884 0.887 0.889 0.890
i1 0.4 0.761 0.854 0.956 1.004 1.031 1.046 1.054 1.057 1.060
i1 0.5 0.803 0.932 1.104 1.197 1.255 1.289 1.307 1.316 1.322
i1 0.6 0.854 1.018 1.287 1.467 1.593 1.673 1.717 1.740 1.754
i1 0.7 0.923 1.117 1.505 1.837 2.118 2.326 2.449 2.517 2.561
i1 0.8 1.036 1.245 1.739 2.297 2.925 3.523 3.957 4.227 4.412
i2 0 0.526 0.526 0.526 0.526 0.526 0.526 0.526 0.526 0.526
i2 0.1 0.519 0.527 0.533 0.535 0.536 0.537 0.537 0.537 0.537
i2 0.2 0.532 0.551 0.566 0.572 0.575 0.576 0.577 0.578 0.578
i2 0.3 0.549 0.583 0.614 0.627 0.634 0.638 0.640 0.641 0.641
i2 0.4 0.569 0.621 0.678 0.704 0.719 0.727 0.732 0.734 0.735
i2 0.5 0.593 0.664 0.758 0.810 0.841 0.860 0.870 0.875 0.878
i2 0.6 0.623 0.712 0.857 0.955 1.023 1.066 1.090 1.103 1.110
i2 0.7 0.666 0.769 0.975 1.152 1.302 1.412 1.478 1.514 1.537
i2 0.8 0.738 0.847 1.105 1.397 1.725 2.038 2.265 2.406 2.503
i3 0 0.441 0.441 0.441 0.441 0.441 0.441 0.441 0.441 0.441
i3 0.1 0.436 0.441 0.445 0.446 0.447 0.447 0.447 0.447 0.447
i3 0.2 0.445 0.457 0.467 0.471 0.473 0.474 0.474 0.475 0.475
i3 0.3 0.456 0.478 0.499 0.507 0.512 0.514 0.516 0.516 0.517
i3 0.4 0.470 0.503 0.540 0.558 0.567 0.573 0.576 0.577 0.578
i3 0.5 0.486 0.531 0.592 0.626 0.646 0.659 0.665 0.668 0.670
i3 0.6 0.506 0.563 0.656 0.719 0.762 0.790 0.806 0.813 0.818
i3 0.7 0.535 0.601 0.732 0.844 0.939 1.009 1.050 1.073 1.088
i3 0.8 0.587 0.655 0.817 0.999 1.204 1.400 1.542 1.630 1.690
i4 0 0.387 0.387 0.387 0.387 0.387 0.387 0.387 0.387 0.387
i4 0.1 0.382 0.386 0.389 0.390 0.390 0.390 0.390 0.390 0.390
i4 0.2 0.389 0.398 0.405 0.408 0.409 0.410 0.410 0.411 0.411
i4 0.3 0.397 0.413 0.428 0.434 0.438 0.439 0.440 0.441 0.441
i4 0.4 0.407 0.431 0.458 0.470 0.477 0.481 0.483 0.484 0.485
i4 0.5 0.419 0.451 0.495 0.519 0.533 0.542 0.547 0.549 0.550
i4 0.6 0.434 0.474 0.540 0.584 0.615 0.635 0.646 0.651 0.655
i4 0.7 0.456 0.502 0.593 0.672 0.738 0.787 0.817 0.833 0.843
i4 0.8 0.496 0.543 0.654 0.781 0.922 1.058 1.156 1.217 1.259
A16 162 / 214 © n°2015-171

A16.8436.3 TUB-LDII. MLL option: coefficients

 qm : section reduction factor under M2 0.9
 qp : section reduction factor under pressure P  a
1  
 h 
pressure
under M1 0.72+0.88.a/h if 0.125  a/h  0.25
0.94 if a/h  0.25
A16.8436.4 TUB-LDII. EPS option: stresses in the section of the defect - coefficients
 1m : axial membrane 1.1 N1 rm  a 1  a

  re2  ri2 P 
2h qp
with qp  1  
 h
thickness
 2m : circumferential rm  a 1
membrane P 
h qp
  rm2  h
 12 : shear M1 1

2    rm2  h qp
 fin 3
 fel 1
 fpl 1
 g 0.535  g  1.4 see A16.8414.23
A16.8436.5 TUB-LDII. Calculating kth2 : coefficients

 fth 1
a
1
h
 rth  2 
1  a  a a 
 1 with q th  Max 1  3.1  ;  0.76  3.26   5    
 a  h  h  h  
1    q th   
 h
© n°2015-171 A16 163 / 214

A16.8437 TUBE - Longitudinal part-throughwall infinite external defect
A16.8437.1 TUB-LDIE. Describing defect geometry

The geometry of the longitudinal part-throughwall infinite external defect is defined Figure A16.8437.1.
Figure A16.8437.1: TUB-LDIE, tube containing a longitudinal part-throughwall infinite external defect

A16.8437.2 TUB-LDIE. Influence coefficients - E* value

The values of the coefficients i0, i1, i2, i3, i4 are given table A16.8437.2. The value of Jel is obtained using those coefficients and
E* = E/(1 - 2).
the values V of the influence coefficients i0, i1, i2, i3 and i4 (A16.8122) at the deep and the surface points, considering the
variables x = h/ri and y = a/h.
A16 164 / 214 © n°2015-171

Table A16.8437.2: TUB-LDIE, values of the coefficients i0, i1, i2, i3 and i4
1 1/2 1/5 1/10 1/20 1/40 1/80 1/160 1/400
i0 0 1.122 1.122 1.122 1.122 1.122 1.122 1.122 1.122 1.122
i0 0.1 1.182 1.180 1.182 1.183 1.184 1.185 1.185 1.185 1.185
i0 0.2 1.282 1.301 1.329 1.344 1.353 1.359 1.362 1.363 1.364
i0 0.3 1.415 1.472 1.553 1.598 1.625 1.641 1.649 1.653 1.656
i0 0.4 1.580 1.695 1.867 1.967 2.030 2.068 2.088 2.098 2.105
i0 0.5 1.782 1.976 2.295 2.499 2.638 2.726 2.772 2.797 2.812
i0 0.6 2.028 2.319 2.864 3.270 3.578 3.785 3.903 3.965 4.004
i0 0.7 2.341 2.729 3.587 4.375 5.082 5.626 5.961 6.148 6.268
i0 0.8 2.779 3.220 4.408 5.825 7.473 9.088 10.286 11.044 11.567
i1 0 0.683 0.683 0.683 0.683 0.683 0.683 0.683 0.683 0.683
i1 0.1 0.704 0.704 0.705 0.705 0.706 0.706 0.706 0.706 0.706
i1 0.2 0.744 0.752 0.763 0.769 0.773 0.775 0.776 0.777 0.777
i1 0.3 0.796 0.818 0.850 0.867 0.878 0.884 0.887 0.889 0.890
i1 0.4 0.859 0.903 0.969 1.007 1.031 1.046 1.053 1.057 1.060
i1 0.5 0.935 1.008 1.128 1.204 1.256 1.289 1.307 1.316 1.322
i1 0.6 1.028 1.135 1.335 1.485 1.598 1.674 1.717 1.740 1.754
i1 0.7 1.148 1.289 1.598 1.881 2.135 2.330 2.450 2.517 2.560
i1 0.8 1.324 1.483 1.901 2.399 2.976 3.543 3.963 4.229 4.412
i2 0 0.526 0.526 0.526 0.526 0.526 0.526 0.526 0.526 0.526
i2 0.1 0.536 0.536 0.536 0.537 0.537 0.537 0.537 0.537 0.537
i2 0.2 0.559 0.563 0.570 0.573 0.575 0.577 0.577 0.578 0.578
i2 0.3 0.588 0.601 0.619 0.628 0.634 0.638 0.640 0.641 0.641
i2 0.4 0.623 0.648 0.684 0.706 0.719 0.727 0.732 0.734 0.735
i2 0.5 0.665 0.705 0.771 0.813 0.842 0.860 0.870 0.875 0.878
i2 0.6 0.717 0.775 0.883 0.964 1.025 1.067 1.090 1.102 1.110
i2 0.7 0.784 0.859 1.024 1.175 1.310 1.414 1.478 1.514 1.537
i2 0.8 0.886 0.970 1.189 1.450 1.752 2.048 2.268 2.407 2.503
i3 0 0.441 0.441 0.441 0.441 0.441 0.441 0.441 0.441 0.441
i3 0.1 0.447 0.447 0.447 0.447 0.447 0.447 0.447 0.447 0.447
i3 0.2 0.462 0.465 0.470 0.472 0.473 0.474 0.474 0.475 0.475
i3 0.3 0.482 0.490 0.502 0.508 0.512 0.514 0.516 0.516 0.517
i3 0.4 0.505 0.521 0.545 0.559 0.567 0.573 0.576 0.577 0.578
i3 0.5 0.532 0.558 0.601 0.628 0.647 0.658 0.665 0.668 0.670
i3 0.6 0.566 0.603 0.673 0.725 0.764 0.791 0.805 0.813 0.818
i3 0.7 0.610 0.658 0.763 0.858 0.944 1.010 1.051 1.073 1.088
i3 0.8 0.678 0.732 0.869 1.032 1.221 1.406 1.544 1.630 1.690
i4 0 0.387 0.387 0.387 0.387 0.387 0.387 0.387 0.387 0.387
i4 0.1 0.390 0.390 0.390 0.390 0.390 0.390 0.390 0.390 0.390
i4 0.2 0.402 0.404 0.407 0.408 0.409 0.410 0.410 0.411 0.411
i4 0.3 0.416 0.422 0.430 0.435 0.438 0.439 0.440 0.441 0.441
i4 0.4 0.432 0.444 0.461 0.471 0.477 0.481 0.483 0.484 0.485
i4 0.5 0.452 0.471 0.501 0.520 0.534 0.542 0.546 0.549 0.550
i4 0.6 0.476 0.503 0.552 0.589 0.616 0.635 0.646 0.651 0.655
i4 0.7 0.508 0.542 0.615 0.682 0.742 0.788 0.817 0.833 0.843
i4 0.8 0.558 0.595 0.691 0.803 0.934 1.062 1.158 1.218 1.259
© n°2015-171 A16 165 / 214

A16.8437.3 TUB-LDIE. MLL option: coefficients

 qm : section reduction factor under M2 0.9
 qp : section reduction factor under pressure P  a
1  h 
 
 ep : coefficient allowing for defect position under 0.9
pressure
under M1 0.72+0.88.a/h if 0.125  a/h  0.25
0.94 if a/h  0.25
A16.8437.4 TUB-LDIE. EPS option: stresses in the section of the defect - coefficients
 1m : axial membrane 1.1 N1 rm 1  a

  re2  ri2   P  2h  0.9  q p
with qp  1  
 h
thickness
membrane P 
h 0.9  qp
  rm2  h
 12 : shear M1 1

2    rm2  h qp
 fin 1.5
 fel 1
 fpl 1
 g 0.535  g  1.4 see A16.8414.23
A16.8437.5 TUB-LDIE. Calculating kth2 : coefficients

 fth 1
a
1
h
 rth  2 
1  a  a a 
 1 with q th  Max 1  3.1  ;  0.76  3.26   5    
 a  h  h  h  
1    q th   
 h
A16 166 / 214 © n°2015-171

A16.8500 THICKNESS CHANGE
A16.8510 COMMON DATA FOR THICKNESS CHANGES
A16.8511 Geometry of the thickness change - Loading

The geometry of the thickness change (with one or two inclined sections) and the applied load components are shown in
Figure A16.8511.
Figure A16.8511: thickness changes
 "Thin" part
3
ri : internal radius
re : external radius
rm : average radius
H
h : thickness
ri Re
 "Thick" part
ri : internal radius h 2
Re : external radius
Rm : average radius 1 1
H : thickness
p 
 Transition section
1 : angle of transition section with one
inclined section N1 M2
1, 2 : angles of transition section with two M1
inclined sections
L : length of transition section
 Loading 3
P : internal pressure
M1 : torsion moment
1 : rotation of section around axis 1 H
M2 : bending moment around axis 2
2 : rotation of section around axis 2
N1 : axial force (with no bottoming effect) ri Re
u1 : axial elongation
h
2
1 1

p 
N1 M2
M1
A16.8512 Calculating KI for a circumferential throughwall defect
A16.8512.1 KI – General formulation

For an internal circumferential part-throughwall defect, the expression of KI (A16.8120) can be written as follows:
 a a
2
a
3
a
4 
K I   0  i 0  1  i1      2  i 2      3  i 3      4  i 4     Fgb   gb     a
 h h h h 
 
© n°2015-171 A16 167 / 214

The values of coefficients io, ..., i4, Fgb and the value of E* are those of the tube in the "thin" part (same rm and same h) with the
same defect (A16.8420).
The values of stresses o, ..., 4, gb are obtained by a finite element elastic calculation of the thickness change with no defects
subjected to the applied loading.
A16.8512.11 KI - P, N1, M2
For a circumferential part-throughwall defect, in a thickness change subjected to pressure P, normal force N1 and overall
bending moment M2, an upperbound value of KI can be obtained by multiplying the value of KI of the tube in the "thin" part with
the same defect (A16.8412.1) by coefficient Kt:
 internal defect: Kt = 1
i a
 external defect: K t  K 2  C 2  2  K 2  C 2  1  1 
io h
H  
where K2 = 1.1 and C 2  Min ; 2.1 ; 1.33  0.04  2  re 
h  h 
  
A16.8512.12 KI - thermal transient

For a circumferential part-throughwall defect in a thickness change whose length L is less than rm  h and which is subjected
to a cold thermal transient (A16.8132) such that:
 the Fourier number characterising thermal shock Fc in the tube in the "thin" part is less than 0.1 (Fc<0.1)
 the Biot number B in the tube in the "thin" part is greater than 10 (B>10)
an upperbound value of KI can be obtained by adding, to the value of KI for the tube in the "thin" part with the same defect
(A16.8412.1), a contribution KIsup resulting from the additional bending stress due to the effect of the thickness change on the
thin part.
The value of KIsup can be obtained as follows:

  a 
 internal defect: K I sup    sup  io  2   sup  i1       a
  h 
  a 
 external defect: K I sup    sup  io  2   sup  i1       a
  h 
where  sup 
6  Msup  sin Y *
Msup  e  Y  
 3  1  2 

 Ta  cos Y  sin Y   Ma* 
 2 2 

Y  
L  1/ 4
h 2
   rm  h 
 2
The average and linear temperatures moy and 1 are determined as per A16.8132 in the tube corresponding to the thin part
(index a) and in the tube corresponding to the thick part (index b) subjected to the cold thermal transient. This makes it possible
to calculate :
 Y u  Ybu 
ub  u a  Ma  Mb    X ub  a  X b 
 Ya  Yb 
Mb  Ma Xa  Xb  
Ta*  Xb   Ma*  Ma* 
Ya  Yb Ya  Yb
 
 
X a  X
X ua  X ub  Yau  Ybu  b
Ya  Yb
where
h2 E    1a H2 E    1b
Ma   ua  rm    moya Mb   ub  Rm    moyb
12 1  12 1 
1 1 1 1 E  h3
Xu  X   Yu  Y  
2  D  2 D 2  D  3 2  D  2
D

12  1   2 
A16.8513 Calculating KII, KIII for a circumferential part-throughwall defect
A16.8513.1 KII, KIII - P, N1, M2 and thermal transient

The shear stresses due to pressure P, under normal force N1, at overall bending moment M2 and during the thermal transient
can be ignored.
A16.8513.2 KII, KIII - M1

Torsion moment M1 gives rise to:
 a stress intensity factor KIII in Mode III for the point at the bottom of the part-throughwall semi-elliptical or axisymmetrical
defects.
 a stress intensity factor KII in Mode II for the point on the surface of the part-throughwall semi-elliptical defects,
A16 168 / 214 © n°2015-171

An upperbound value of KIII for the point at the bottom of the circumferential part-throughwall defects can be written as follows:
 a a
2
a 
3
K III   0  i 0  1  i1    2  i 2      3  i 3        a
 h h  h  

An upperbound value of KII for the point on surface of the circumferential part-throughwall defects can be written as follows
 a a
2
a 
3
K II   0  i 0  1  i1    2  i 2      3  i 3        a
 h h  h  

The coefficients io …i3 at the bottom and on the surface are those of Mode I of the tube in the "thin" part (same rm and same h)
with the same defect. Their values are given, for each defect, in A16.8420 for circumferential part-throughwall defects.
The shear stress values 0 ... 3 are the coefficients of the polynomial representation of the nominal shear stress, calculated
along the mated face in the thickness change; they are obtained by a finite element elastic calculation of the thickness change
with no defects subjected to torsion moment M1.
For a circumferential part-throughwall defect, in a thickness change subjected to torsion moment M1, upperbound values of KII
and KIII can be obtained by multiplying the values of KII and KIII for the tube in the "thin" part with the same defect (A16.8413.1)
by coefficient Kt. The value of coefficient Kt is given in A16 8512.11.
 ‘one slope’ or ‘two slopes’ thickness change included in the envelop profile of the RCC-MRx such as : rm/h3,
* Class N1Rx piping : slope less than 1/3 (angle 1 = 18°) or figure RB 3683.51 of RCC-MRx on which the thickness ratio
H/h is limited to 2,5 and the angle of the change in the case of a ‘one slope’ configuration is limited to 1 = 30°,
* Class N2Rx piping : angle of the change limited to à 1 = 30°,
 For a thickness ratio H/h between 2 and 2.5, Pressure P must checks : P  y.(h/rm).
 Circumferential defect TRA-CDSI, CDSE, CDAI, CDAE (Table A16.8110) whatever its position x1 in the thin part from the
end of the thickness change (Fig. A16.8520),
* As defined in the table A16.8514.1,
 Circumferential defect at internal or external surface whatever its position x1 (Fig. A16.8520) in the thin part from the
thickness change, semi-elliptical or axisymmetric as defined in table A16.8514.1,
 located at a minimal distance of 1.5.(rm3/h)1/2 from a junction elbow/straight pipe,
Table A16.8514.1: Thickness change – applicability for circumferential defect

TRA - CDSI, CDSE, CDAI, CDAE
a 1 1 a 1
  
h 4 4 h 2
1 a Bottom Bottom
3 c
a 1 Bottom
 Surface
c 3
For a circumferential part-throughwall defect the values of ref and Lr are equal to those of the tube in the "thin" part (same rm
and same h) with the same defect.
They are given, along with their scope,
either by the Modified Limit Load option (A16.8414.11),
or by the Elastic-Plastic Stress option (A16.8414.2).
Values of the coefficients of the option EPS and of the option MLL are those of the pipe corresponding to the thin part with the
same defect (A16.8420).
A16.8515 Calculating kth1 and k*th1
A16.8515.1 Calculating kth1 - Thermal shock only

The values of kth1 are equal to those of the tube in the "thin" part (same rm and same h) with the same defect. They are given
in A16.8415 with the same scope.
The values of 1 and 2 can be assessed by calculating the temperature distribution through the thickness or in the straight
section of the "thin" part of the thickness change, or in the section perpendicular to the defect.
© n°2015-171 A16 169 / 214

A16.8515.2 Calculating k*th1 - Loading combined with thermal shock

The values of k*th are equal to those of the tube in the "thin" part (same rm and same h) with the same defect. They are given
A16.8520 THICKNESS CHANGE - CIRCUMFERENTIAL DEFECT

As for an example, the geometry of the internal (Fig.A16.8520) or external axisymmetrical part-throughwall circumferential
defect is described in terms of:
 its depth a,
 its position x1 in relation to the end of the transition section.
The geometry of the internal or external semi-elliptical part-throughwall circumferential defect is described in terms of:
 its depth a ,
 its length 2c,
 its position x1 in relation to the end of the transition section,
 its symmetrical position in relation to the bending plane.
Figure A16.8520: thickness change

with internal axisymmetrical part-throughwall circumferential defect
x1
ri Re
a h

A16 170 / 214 © n°2015-171

A16.8600 ELBOWS
A16.8610 COMMON DATA FOR ELBOWS
A16.8611 Geometry of the elbow - Loading - Nominal elastic stresses
A16.8611.1 Geometry of the elbow - Loading

The geometry of the elbow and the applied load components are shown in Figure A16.8611.1.
Figure A16.8611.1: elbow
ri : internal radius  : azimuth in the section (radian) h  Rc
Z    rm 2 .h 
re : external radius h : thickness rm2
If there is extra thickness on the inside
h 3
rm : average radius rm  re  surface: rm rm
2 h() : thickness as a function of azimuth X La 
2
h h
1
 h()  d : average thickness
Rc : bend radius
h 
2 0
c : elbow bend radius (in radians) = angle  : angle in radians between the entrance P : internal pressure
between the entrance section and the exit section and the considered section
section of the elbow =0 : elbow entrance section
30° elbow : c = /6 =c/2 : elbow median section
45° elbow : c = /4 =c : elbow exit section
90° elbow : c = /2
180° elbow : c = 
Moments in the entrance section Moments in a given section Moments in the mid section
     
M1o : torsion moment M1  M1o  cos   Mo3  sin  M1 c   M1o  cos c   Mo3  sin c 
 2   2   2 
 
Mo2 : in plane bending moment M2  Mo2 M2  c   Mo2
 2 
     
Mo3 : out plane bending moment M3  M1o  sin   Mo3  cos  M3  c   M1o  sin c   Mo3  cos c 
 2   2   2 
1
Extrados :  = +/2 M1 (c)
3 M3(c)
Exit section 
3
re Side
=0 2
ri  M2(c)
c
2 
Rc P
h
M10
Intrados :  = -/2
M20 < 0 closing moment
1
M20 > 0 opening moment
2
M20
Circumferential
3 M30
Longitudinal
Entrance section
© n°2015-171 A16 171 / 214

A16.8611.2 Nominal elastic stresses
A16.8611.21 Nominal elastic stresses – Internal pressure P

For internal pressure P, the nominal elastic membrane stresses no1m, no2m and bending stresses no1b, no2b are given in
table A16.8611.21.
Table A16.8611.21: internal pressure P - nominal elastic stresses
no1m(P) membrane longitudinal P  ri
2  h()
no1b(P) bending longitudinal 0
no2m(P) membrane circumferential P  ri  2  Rc  ri  sin  

h  2  Rc  rm  sin  
no2b(P) bending circumferential 0
A16.8611.22 Nominal elastic stresses – In plane bending moment M2

For in plane bending moment M2, the nominal elastic stresses, elastic nominal stresses are a function of the elbow angle c
and of the considered section.
 For elbows angle 45°, 90°, 180° (c = /4, /2, ), in the entrance section ( = 0) and the mid section ( = c/2), the elastic
nominal membrane stresses no1m, no2m, nominal bending stresses no1b, no2b and nominal shear membrane stresses
no12m and no12b are given by trigonometric series functions of the defect azimuth  :
- stresses no1b, no2b and no1m, no2m :
M
σ no   2  s1  sin ()  s 3  sin(3)  s 5  sin(5)  c o  c 2  cos( 2)  c 4  cos( 4)
Z
- stresses no12b and no12m :
M

σ no  2  c1  cos ()  c 3  cos( 3)  c 5  cos( 5)  s 2  sin( 2)  s 4  sin( 4)  s 6  sin( 6)
Z

The coefficients s1,..,6 and co,..,5 for each elastic nominal stress component are functions of the elbow parameters  and
X = rm/h :
 f 
2
s i or c i  a  b  2  c    d  e  X     p  X  q X  r 
 X
Where the coefficients (a, b, c, d, e, f) and (p, q, r) are given in tables A16.8611.22a to f.
 For elbows angle c between /6 and , in the entrance section ( = 0) and the mid section (= c/2), the stresses are
obtained from the values of these stresses for elbow angles c = /4, c = /2 and c = , according to :
 4      
- for /6  c  /2 : no ( c )  no ( )      c   no ( )  no ( )
2  2   4 2 
2   
- for /2  c   : no ( c )  no ( )      c   no ( )  no ( )
  2 
 In a given section represented by its angle  (0    c), the longitudinal and circumferential stresses are obtained from
the stresses values in the two main sections of the elbow (entrance :  = 0 and median  = c/2 ), with the following
equation :
     
 no ( )   no (0)   no ( c )   no (0)  sin . 

 2   c 
Shear stresses are obtained from their values in the entrance section of the elbow ( = 0), with the following equation :
1      2 
 no (  )   no (0)cos    1 
 

2   c    c 
 The domain of validity of these equations is :
3  rm/h  20 0.1    1 /6  c  
A16 172 / 214 © n°2015-171

Table A16.8611.22a: 45° elbow (c = /4) – Moment M2,

coefficients for the entrance section ( = 0)
a b c d e f p q r
no1m(Mo2) s1 -0.98378 0.00515 -0.02043 -0.02875 1.00E-03 0.17972 -2.09E-03 1.35E-03 -0.03114
Longitudinal s3 0.85418 -0.10054 0.17694 -1.06341 3.91E-03 0.27351 1.02E-03 -3.86E-02 0.04281
membrane s5 0.00836 -0.01004 0.00376 0.00182 -3.33E-04 0.00542 9.55E-03 -2.74E-01 -0.12665
c0 0.00040 -0.00004 -0.00085 -0.00074 6.39E-05 0.00398 2.34E-01 -8.67E-01 -4.83268
c2 -0.31145 -0.17108 0.51751 -0.02919 6.15E-04 -0.25125 6.40E-04 -4.00E-02 -0.08270
c4 -0.39029 0.45316 -0.07698 -0.00313 2.51E-04 0.02725 -1.43E-05 -8.46E-03 -2.07984
no1b(Mo2) s1 -0.52015 0.12180 0.40193 0.01331 -2.70E-04 -0.84740 -2.09E-03 7.59E-02 -1.90309
Longitudinal s3 -0.05092 0.05015 -0.01566 -0.02397 1.68E-03 0.16398 1.98E-03 3.23E-02 -2.42678
bending s5 0.01719 0.00866 -0.03264 0.01427 -3.14E-04 -0.01869 7.84E-03 -2.22E-01 -0.04562
c0 -0.03947 0.05994 -0.03083 -0.03014 1.98E-03 0.23675 7.13E-04 6.82E-02 -2.44582
c2 -0.36232 0.08041 0.24922 -0.12920 -1.34E-03 -0.39203 -2.63E-03 1.01E-01 -1.58809
c4 -1.66623 0.07394 1.64967 -0.06441 2.21E-04 0.01198 -2.01E-04 7.03E-03 -1.11378
no2m(Mo2) s1 -0.04919 0.04014 0.01387 0.01965 -5.52E-04 -0.23326 3.95E-03 -1.06E-01 -1.12095
Circumferential s3 -0.01681 0.01924 -0.00552 0.01598 -5.03E-04 -0.11862 1.32E-02 -3.79E-01 -0.15570
membrane s5 -0.00553 -0.00308 0.01141 -0.00603 1.49E-04 0.00716 6.33E-03 -1.92E-01 -0.04552
c0 0.03002 -0.02288 0.00988 -0.03758 1.04E-03 0.33462 2.95E-03 -1.29E-01 -0.78999
c2 0.09331 0.01618 -0.10744 0.02091 -9.89E-04 0.32748 8.20E-04 -7.37E-02 0.46649
c4 0.02139 0.02025 -0.05431 0.01606 -3.71E-05 -0.01744 -4.89E-03 1.20E-01 -1.12418
no2b(Mo2) s1 -0.02758 0.02096 0.01072 0.00637 -2.31E-04 -0.12181 -1.85E-03 7.87E-02 -2.30248
Circumferential s3 -0.04772 -0.04015 0.08539 0.08967 -4.97E-03 0.13221 -3.09E-03 1.54E-02 -1.24963
bending s5 -0.07853 0.09310 -0.02421 0.00934 6.24E-04 -0.01723 -1.04E-03 6.94E-02 -2.46390
c0 -0.01147 0.00547 -0.00117 -0.01356 7.72E-04 0.05943 3.10E-02 -6.45E-01 -0.26337
c2 2.81915 -0.60430 1.86157 -4.99997 9.94E-03 0.78362 4.53E-04 -1.61E-02 0.07701
c4 0.08699 -0.09041 0.16761 -0.18931 1.14E-03 0.13941 6.40E-03 -2.20E-01 0.89099
no12m(Mo2) c1 -0.05031 0.03250 0.02283 0.01075 -3.29E-04 -0.12183 -2.52E-03 0.07743 -1.98517
Shear c3 0.81145 -0.01190 0.06130 -0.80606 -1.94E-03 -0.13363 -5.32E-04 0.01853 -0.01027
membrane c5 -0.00354 0.00511 -0.00064 -0.00212 1.55E-04 -0.00795 8.30E-04 -0.11411 -0.04281
s2 -0.13507 -0.09783 0.27395 -0.15468 3.35E-03 -0.01587 6.04E-03 -0.18096 1.15169
s4 -0.01732 -0.02893 0.07700 -0.04709 6.92E-04 0.03235 3.90E-03 -0.12564 -0.13728
s6 0.00141 -0.00417 0.00393 -0.00051 -3.60E-05 -0.00157 1.00E-02 -0.29417 -0.07604
no12b(Mo2) c1 0.00398 -0.00447 0.00245 -0.01552 9.94E-04 0.05323 7.51E-02 -0.99971 -0.68509
Shear c3 -0.08787 0.07481 -0.17828 0.25226 -2.48E-03 -0.05248 1.62E-03 -0.05153 -0.02336
bending c5 0.01080 0.01907 -0.04326 0.01741 -1.25E-04 -0.01867 5.84E-03 -0.18141 -0.02112
s2 0.20042 -0.26169 0.74119 -0.48414 -5.67E-03 -0.14342 -1.98E-02 0.41493 2.10782
s4 -0.04948 0.00765 0.00476 0.03704 8.04E-06 -0.01927 1.54E-03 -0.07049 -0.02123
s6 -0.00130 -0.00112 0.00417 -0.00200 4.50E-05 -0.00042 1.06E-02 -0.22439 -0.63140
Table A16.8611.22b: 45° elbow (c = /4) – Moment M2,

coefficients for the median section ( = c/2)
a b c d e f p q r
no1m(Mo2) s1 -0.64685 -0.01009 0.02003 -0.38804 7.83E-04 0.19565 -5.96E-05 4.14E-04 0.03372
Longitudinal s3 -2.00924 2.05590 -0.24147 -0.02303 9.78E-04 0.35455 2.46E-04 6.05E-03 -1.99467
membrane s5 -0.91081 0.06727 0.88958 -0.01502 -1.87E-03 -0.07224 5.72E-06 9.76E-04 -1.13481
c0 0.00210 -0.00132 -0.00094 -0.00159 6.18E-05 0.01078 1.27E-02 5.54E-01 -6.49160
c2 1.30538 0.32061 -1.70062 -0.17771 1.03E-02 -0.01923 -1.74E-04 -1.17E-02 -0.78320
c4 -0.13231 0.20496 -0.09954 -0.02270 1.13E-03 0.11712 -5.63E-03 1.15E-01 -2.48872
no1b(Mo2) s1 -1.29072 0.22592 1.10226 -0.13151 4.40E-03 -0.95130 7.67E-04 -1.04E-02 -1.26347
Longitudinal s3 -1.24967 0.21161 1.04762 -0.01554 -5.55E-04 0.21630 -7.95E-06 -5.34E-04 -1.21680
bending s5 0.01998 -0.03261 0.01425 0.00044 -4.26E-05 0.00020 1.72E-03 -5.70E-02 -2.25665
c0 0.23178 -0.14084 -0.11273 -0.01969 5.87E-04 0.43105 1.82E-03 -3.81E-02 -1.52629
c2 -3.06900 2.44671 0.20400 -0.03112 1.31E-03 -0.21258 8.70E-05 2.49E-03 -1.84115
c4 -3.10915 0.05792 3.12746 -0.09659 5.22E-04 0.04533 -1.00E-04 5.45E-03 -1.06964
no2m(Mo2) s1 -0.10769 -0.01771 0.15083 -0.04117 1.36E-03 -0.19517 5.63E-03 -1.62E-01 -0.00883
Circumferential s3 -0.36370 0.02743 0.36798 -0.06606 1.86E-03 -0.02281 4.54E-04 -6.27E-03 -1.15293
membrane s5 -0.23603 0.24496 -0.01215 -0.00150 4.02E-05 0.01516 3.21E-04 -1.14E-02 -1.98111
c0 0.03522 -0.01816 0.01681 -0.02064 -1.20E-04 0.45853 -2.29E-03 -1.92E-02 -0.97571
c2 -0.24204 -0.07685 0.32176 0.12363 -4.49E-03 0.17534 5.15E-05 -2.22E-02 -0.39686
c4 -0.02616 0.00912 0.02136 -0.00834 3.02E-04 0.01200 9.33E-03 -2.53E-01 -0.61493
no2b(Mo2) s1 -0.16604 0.11344 0.05266 -0.00278 1.33E-04 -0.19874 7.65E-04 -1.13E-02 -1.62419
Circumferential s3 -2.91851 -0.15346 3.10880 0.28080 -1.47E-02 -0.23379 6.47E-05 -1.42E-02 -0.91959
bending s5 0.23722 -0.32694 0.10331 -0.00072 -1.04E-04 -0.03912 -7.79E-04 9.07E-03 -2.40797
c0 -0.03010 0.03135 -0.01201 -0.02105 1.36E-03 0.09014 2.07E-02 -3.84E-01 -1.61672
c2 7.34726 -0.79392 2.77151 -10.90659 -1.87E-03 2.06764 2.97E-04 -1.09E-02 0.11948
c4 0.29301 -0.17842 0.41116 -0.55184 -2.43E-04 0.14751 3.54E-03 -1.33E-01 0.60916
no12m(Mo2) c1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Shear c3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
membrane c5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
s2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
s4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
s6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
no12b(Mo2) c1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Shear c3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
bending c5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
s2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
s4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
s6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
© n°2015-171 A16 173 / 214

Table A16.8611.22c: 90°elbow (c = /2) - Moment M2

a b c d e f p q r
no1m(Mo2) s1 -0.97668 0.00872 -0.03109 -0.03096 1.10E-03 0.18816 -5.44E-04 -2.92E-02 -0.03326
Longitudinal s3 -0.27269 -0.32708 0.87873 -0.37809 1.34E-03 0.16222 2.34E-03 -6.74E-02 -0.20051
membrane s5 0.00457 -0.02404 0.02362 -0.01249 1.27E-05 0.05656 1.03E-02 -2.89E-01 -0.12294
c0 0.00036 0.00012 -0.00100 -0.00070 6.06E-05 0.00405 2.34E-01 -8.67E-01 -4.83268
c2 0.08307 -0.11826 0.02616 0.00018 5.40E-05 -0.06748 -5.82E-03 1.26E-01 -2.19435
c4 -0.29138 0.32156 -0.03168 0.00223 1.03E-04 -0.06517 -6.59E-05 -5.68E-04 -2.03590
no1b(Mo2) s1 -0.46118 0.11850 0.35018 0.03023 -8.97E-04 -0.92857 -3.99E-03 1.31E-01 -2.24010
Longitudinal s3 0.06022 -0.02588 -0.03055 -0.07030 2.94E-03 0.22820 1.30E-03 -1.06E-01 -0.21644
bending s5 -0.00013 -0.00380 0.00259 -0.00652 2.94E-04 0.03444 2.24E-02 -4.53E-01 -0.95653
c0 0.07970 -0.04447 -0.04906 -0.01579 4.91E-04 0.23739 -8.80E-03 2.67E-01 -3.26146
c2 -0.32203 0.17343 0.05397 -0.02311 -3.36E-03 -0.47975 -2.86E-03 1.21E-01 -2.01943
c4 -0.27527 -0.04050 0.37461 -0.08777 1.33E-03 0.05680 1.91E-03 -4.79E-02 -0.88895
no2m(Mo2) s1 -0.08022 0.05282 0.03608 0.02064 -6.21E-04 -0.23600 -3.72E-03 1.08E-01 -2.15326
Circumferential s3 -0.01956 0.02123 -0.00228 0.01648 -5.27E-04 -0.12311 1.35E-02 -3.81E-01 -0.15604
membrane s5 -0.00793 0.00916 0.00005 0.00024 7.45E-06 -0.01326 4.55E-03 -1.22E-01 -1.39794
c0 0.04344 -0.03694 0.01128 -0.04244 1.23E-03 0.35282 2.93E-03 -1.29E-01 -0.79565
c2 0.20349 0.03968 -0.24059 0.01362 -5.97E-04 0.36083 3.44E-03 -1.02E-01 -0.23350
c4 -0.05648 0.02170 0.01945 0.02014 -1.52E-04 -0.00819 -2.78E-04 2.04E-02 -1.25020
no2b(Mo2) s1 0.02974 -0.03062 0.00530 0.01966 -1.31E-03 -0.15308 2.34E-05 7.00E-02 -2.44682
Circumferential s3 0.34999 -0.27288 -0.05647 -0.03416 9.13E-04 0.39646 -6.16E-04 8.61E-03 -1.67134
bending s5 -0.04565 0.07138 -0.04774 0.02118 3.15E-04 0.00203 -1.56E-03 9.43E-02 -2.48243
c0 -0.01624 0.01112 -0.00385 -0.02012 1.22E-03 0.08406 3.14E-02 -6.49E-01 -0.26452
c2 -0.56778 -0.51594 1.70338 -1.35146 1.56E-03 0.09351 2.63E-05 3.35E-03 -0.33303
c4 -0.12277 -0.20087 0.47641 -0.19855 7.57E-04 0.22704 3.13E-03 -9.00E-02 -0.51811
no12m(Mo2) c1 -0.03375 0.02113 0.01803 0.01310 -4.20E-04 -0.12929 -1.00E-02 0.27901 -2.95562
Shear c3 0.05827 0.09856 -0.25251 0.14743 -1.73E-03 -0.11019 2.51E-03 -0.06744 -0.15342
membrane c5 -0.01790 0.01771 -0.00254 0.01501 -5.06E-04 -0.05873 1.05E-03 -0.11554 -0.04282
s2 0.03487 -0.02407 0.08198 -0.17696 1.60E-03 -0.06161 1.88E-04 0.00066 -0.30524
s4 0.22632 -0.14537 -0.08035 -0.00750 2.54E-04 -0.00972 -5.50E-04 0.01856 -1.75024
s6 0.00595 -0.00897 0.00515 -0.00222 2.39E-05 0.00229 1.00E-02 -0.29417 -0.07602
no12b(Mo2) c1 0.00395 -0.00577 0.00353 -0.02105 1.35E-03 0.07232 6.69E-02 -0.86522 -1.00118
Shear c3 0.21800 0.09224 -0.35689 0.09190 -1.70E-03 0.02575 2.86E-03 -0.07694 -0.26158
bending c5 0.09930 -0.01124 -0.10637 0.03079 -6.28E-04 -0.03747 1.56E-03 -0.03427 -1.23007
s2 -0.23960 0.10045 -0.31086 0.61659 -4.93E-03 0.01357 -2.50E-04 0.01065 -0.11873
s4 -0.01504 0.04383 -0.06435 0.04701 -2.45E-04 -0.07552 5.18E-03 -0.15336 -0.04869
s6 0.00114 0.00343 -0.00287 -0.01059 4.97E-04 0.02253 -3.77E-03 -0.04049 -0.00762
Table A16.8611.22d: 90°elbow (c = /2) - Moment M2

a b c d e f p q r
no1m(Mo2) s1 -0.64755 -0.01602 0.03955 -0.40441 8.94E-04 0.21730 1.01E-04 -4.84E-03 0.09485
Longitudinal s3 -1.90960 2.20730 -0.54401 0.01771 3.00E-06 0.25576 -1.27E-03 3.88E-02 -2.18699
membrane s5 0.03872 -0.09027 0.10142 -0.03599 -1.29E-03 0.02089 2.32E-03 -7.12E-02 -0.84941
c0 0.00257 -0.00118 -0.00172 -0.00247 1.04E-04 0.01599 1.27E-02 5.54E-01 -6.49169
c2 0.04415 0.06219 -0.07734 -0.06112 4.29E-03 -0.40655 -5.00E-03 4.22E-02 -0.90747
c4 -0.12309 0.19819 -0.08231 -0.02867 1.63E-03 0.01282 -7.09E-03 1.48E-01 -2.48477
no1b(Mo2) s1 -0.62243 0.18318 0.46861 -0.01655 4.71E-04 -1.38500 -2.11E-03 7.42E-02 -1.83270
Longitudinal s3 -1.29503 0.30792 1.02147 -0.13877 3.93E-03 0.39620 2.85E-05 6.46E-03 -1.34660
bending s5 0.01844 -0.03445 0.01524 -0.00469 8.57E-05 0.04104 1.84E-03 -5.65E-02 -2.25716
c0 0.25344 -0.20539 -0.07231 -0.03743 1.14E-03 0.48543 -2.45E-03 8.09E-02 -2.31044
c2 -1.29197 0.97291 -0.07884 0.05133 -1.09E-03 -0.67031 -2.03E-03 6.44E-02 -1.92702
c4 -1.20003 -0.17290 1.52700 -0.22042 2.79E-03 0.15620 4.32E-04 -5.71E-03 -0.97678
no2m(Mo2) s1 -0.03847 0.04435 0.00441 0.04351 -1.26E-03 -0.41700 4.00E-03 -1.21E-01 -0.82532
Circumferential s3 0.00303 0.00774 -0.00775 0.00470 1.54E-04 -0.15447 -3.79E-03 4.41E-02 -1.88251
membrane s5 -0.24801 0.25033 -0.00332 -0.00613 2.21E-04 0.01542 6.82E-04 -1.94E-02 -1.92114
c0 0.02984 -0.01769 0.01858 -0.04721 9.04E-04 0.57812 -1.29E-03 -3.29E-02 -1.04838
c2 0.30333 0.15175 -0.47668 0.07921 -1.95E-03 0.63744 8.93E-03 -2.83E-01 1.36310
c4 -0.02093 -0.00786 0.02589 0.01647 -7.50E-04 -0.01689 2.49E-03 -1.15E-01 -0.59249
no2b(Mo2) s1 -0.12560 0.11098 0.01793 0.01064 -2.30E-04 -0.28550 -2.18E-03 6.92E-02 -2.08105
Circumferential s3 0.71987 0.52902 -1.41100 0.31890 -8.57E-03 0.26948 2.76E-03 -1.03E-01 0.44780
bending s5 0.23084 -0.32860 0.10361 0.00463 -4.63E-04 -0.00779 -7.32E-04 8.15E-03 -2.40840
c0 -0.03424 0.03190 -0.01219 -0.02693 1.74E-03 0.11008 2.30E-02 -4.25E-01 -1.67065
c2 6.48564 -1.59077 5.23941 -11.97941 2.15E-02 1.69141 3.97E-04 -1.43E-02 0.17335
c4 0.28283 -0.50829 0.98433 -0.81358 9.36E-04 0.31535 3.30E-03 -1.10E-01 0.13997
no12m(Mo2) c1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Shear c3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
membrane c5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
s2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
s4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
s6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
no12b(Mo2) c1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Shear c3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
bending c5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
s2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
s4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
s6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
A16 174 / 214 © n°2015-171

Table A16.8611.22e: 180° elbow (c = ) - Moment M2

a b c d e f p q r
no1m(Mo2) s1 -0.98030 0.01173 -0.03066 -0.02681 9.35E-04 0.17247 -6.07E-03 1.37E-01 -1.04711
membrane s5 -0.00289 -0.02732 0.03704 -0.02256 3.24E-04 0.08184 8.62E-03 -2.51E-01 -0.12819
c0 0.00048 0.00034 -0.00097 -0.00039 2.96E-05 0.00302 2.34E-01 -8.67E-01 -4.83268
c2 -0.03448 -0.00761 0.02152 -0.01018 1.01E-03 0.00729 -1.19E-02 4.68E-01 -5.56157
c4 -0.40380 0.44723 -0.04669 0.01669 -4.12E-04 -0.10756 -5.67E-04 1.17E-02 -2.08745
no1b(Mo2) s1 -0.41714 0.07258 0.35118 0.03095 -1.03E-03 -0.92479 -5.24E-03 1.64E-01 -2.32815
Longitudinal s3 -0.32265 0.04261 0.31492 -0.08509 2.77E-03 0.12112 1.85E-03 -3.93E-02 -1.09777
bending s5 0.00384 -0.01098 0.00654 -0.01627 1.02E-03 0.05574 7.51E-02 -9.51E-01 -0.53927
c0 0.08520 -0.04719 -0.04895 -0.01697 5.32E-04 0.24128 -9.37E-03 2.80E-01 -3.26424
c2 -0.39175 0.11182 0.21741 -0.07768 -2.23E-03 -0.41416 -3.69E-03 1.33E-01 -1.75616
c4 -0.68105 -0.10549 0.85252 -0.09155 1.33E-03 0.03965 1.12E-03 -3.11E-02 -0.79937
no2m(Mo2) s1 -0.06675 0.03708 0.03690 0.02008 -6.25E-04 -0.22132 -5.07E-03 1.43E-01 -2.13809
Circumferential s3 -0.00247 -0.00016 0.00044 0.01050 -3.49E-04 -0.07587 1.30E-02 -3.66E-01 -0.15213
membrane s5 -0.00207 0.00546 -0.00171 0.00385 -1.15E-04 -0.03034 6.01E-03 -1.60E-01 -1.41292
c0 0.03701 -0.02977 0.01207 -0.04070 1.16E-03 0.34561 2.67E-03 -1.22E-01 -0.79298
c2 0.23684 0.03191 -0.26124 0.00679 -3.96E-04 0.34448 1.59E-03 -4.60E-02 -0.64725
c4 -0.09889 0.02848 0.04730 0.01885 3.47E-04 0.02111 -6.00E-04 3.64E-02 -1.29946
no2b(Mo2) s1 -0.03891 0.02495 0.02370 0.00471 -2.00E-04 -0.14501 -4.70E-03 1.56E-01 -2.55911
Circumferential s3 0.29109 -0.25589 0.02269 -0.10591 4.11E-03 0.41409 -6.51E-03 1.21E-01 -1.90811
bending s5 -0.02878 0.07330 -0.08273 0.03307 5.10E-04 0.01437 -4.35E-03 1.78E-01 -2.67979
c0 -0.01593 0.01140 -0.00385 -0.02039 1.24E-03 0.08448 3.14E-02 -6.49E-01 -0.26454
c2 -0.61577 -0.58149 1.83768 -1.36903 7.58E-04 0.14160 -2.66E-05 1.51E-03 -0.22115
c4 -0.88927 -0.15227 1.21556 -0.24912 3.05E-03 0.25094 1.49E-03 -3.54E-02 -0.91990
no12m(Mo2) c1 -0.03328 0.02072 0.01770 0.01421 -4.69E-04 -0.12987 -1.06E-02 0.29171 -2.95346
Shear c3 0.25010 0.11138 -0.41645 0.11915 -2.81E-03 -0.10850 3.22E-03 -0.07943 -0.31797
membrane c5 -0.02107 0.01847 -0.00225 0.01948 -7.48E-04 -0.06227 6.90E-04 -0.11692 -0.04305
s2 0.03657 -0.02526 0.10939 -0.21888 2.33E-03 -0.01173 1.35E-03 -0.04144 0.17169
s4 -1.29190 -0.13522 1.43965 -0.00479 -5.48E-04 -0.04627 2.20E-04 -0.00890 -0.84895
s6 0.00055 -0.00607 0.00709 -0.00448 9.12E-05 0.01392 1.05E-02 -0.29748 -0.07686
no12b(Mo2) c1 0.00200 0.00065 0.00036 -0.01212 8.12E-04 0.04035 1.07E-01 -1.25014 -1.27802
Shear c3 0.14259 0.11727 -0.32049 0.08821 -7.12E-04 0.06089 4.00E-03 -0.12570 0.45597
bending c5 0.15688 0.00245 -0.18285 0.04271 -1.03E-03 -0.05415 1.96E-03 -0.04549 -0.99895
s2 -0.27201 0.09383 -0.26899 0.60958 -4.50E-03 0.01531 -4.69E-04 0.01798 -0.19989
s4 0.00680 0.03724 -0.07361 0.03738 -1.09E-04 -0.04978 -1.76E-04 0.02223 -1.50004
s6 0.00039 0.00529 -0.00486 -0.00849 4.16E-04 0.02016 -3.39E-03 -0.04064 -0.00766
Table A16.8611.22f: 180° elbow (c = ) - Moment M2

a b c d e f p q r
no1m(Mo2) s1 -0.64607 -0.02109 0.05966 -0.42646 1.15E-03 0.23443 2.32E-04 -9.43E-03 0.15246
Longitudinal s3 -3.64574 3.98328 -0.58109 0.02750 -3.15E-05 0.07440 -5.64E-04 1.40E-02 -2.06718
membrane s5 -0.10566 -0.12517 0.31107 -0.10610 1.58E-04 0.16238 3.20E-03 -9.04E-02 -0.78048
c0 0.00221 -0.00118 -0.00180 -0.00310 1.71E-04 0.01765 1.28E-02 5.54E-01 -6.49174
c2 -0.04517 -0.08399 0.12763 -0.00453 -9.39E-06 -0.14151 -9.25E-03 3.11E-01 -3.97757
c4 -0.04493 0.07671 -0.02459 -0.02004 1.06E-03 -0.13370 -3.49E-03 1.43E-01 -2.48291
no1b(Mo2) s1 -0.82052 0.36142 0.49185 0.02490 -6.83E-04 -1.55225 -2.68E-03 8.81E-02 -1.99313
bending s5 0.00218 -0.01802 0.01324 -0.01208 2.94E-04 0.08995 1.02E-03 -2.77E-02 -2.24411
c0 0.22435 -0.16792 -0.08572 -0.03661 1.15E-03 0.50567 -4.51E-03 1.40E-01 -2.59179
c2 -0.53181 0.49071 -0.37427 0.13763 -5.67E-03 -0.72009 1.33E-03 6.58E-03 -1.85388
c4 -0.77418 -0.31482 1.30584 -0.30703 4.72E-03 0.14823 3.11E-03 -7.90E-02 -0.51551
no2m(Mo2) s1 0.00374 -0.02997 0.05095 0.03045 -2.05E-03 -0.34653 -6.17E-03 2.50E-01 -2.39441
Circumferential s3 0.02085 -0.02562 0.00605 0.02002 -5.97E-04 -0.17718 6.00E-04 -3.95E-02 -1.89373
membrane s5 -0.25272 0.24688 0.00953 -0.00475 2.05E-04 -0.01577 6.26E-04 -1.42E-02 -1.91494
c0 0.02810 -0.02333 0.02260 -0.05504 1.20E-03 0.61915 -1.08E-03 -2.82E-02 -1.06636
c2 0.43709 0.06888 -0.52744 0.07013 -2.10E-03 0.71632 3.21E-03 -9.16E-02 -0.40658
c4 0.11684 0.01334 -0.16373 0.06173 -1.40E-03 -0.04433 1.80E-03 -4.63E-02 -0.91297
no2b(Mo2) s1 -0.17747 0.16490 0.01742 0.01950 -4.92E-04 -0.32605 -2.33E-03 7.02E-02 -2.15145
Circumferential s3 -2.72389 -0.25978 3.02476 -0.04490 7.59E-04 0.74383 -2.14E-04 7.78E-03 -0.98558
bending s5 0.03879 -0.08609 0.04456 0.00441 -4.34E-04 0.03434 -3.30E-03 8.96E-02 -3.07307
c0 -0.03735 0.03699 -0.01460 -0.02723 1.77E-03 0.11288 2.29E-02 -4.24E-01 -1.67294
c2 -1.03383 -1.17094 3.66182 -2.94985 5.65E-03 0.42970 7.69E-04 -2.07E-02 0.08202
c4 -0.61513 -0.82902 2.09923 -0.76758 1.76E-03 0.50197 2.98E-03 -8.42E-02 -0.34558
no12m(Mo2) c1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Shear c3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
membrane c5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
s2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
s4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
s6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
no12b(Mo2) c1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Shear c3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
bending c5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
s2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
s4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
s6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
© n°2015-171 A16 175 / 214

A16.8611.23 Nominal elastic stresses – out of plane bending moment M3

For an out of plane bending moment M3, the nominal elastic stresses, elastic nominal stresses are a function of the elbow
angle c and of the considered section.
 For elbows angle 45°, 90°, 180° (c = /4, /2, ), in the entrance section ( = 0) and the mid section ( = c/2), the
elastic nominal membrane stresses no1m, no2m, nominal bending stresses no1b, no2b and nominal shear membrane
stresses no12m and no12b are given by trigonometric series functions of the defect azimuth  :
M
 
σ no  3  c 1  cos ()  c 3  cos( 3)  c 5  cos( 5)  s 2  sin( 2)  s 4  sin( 4)  s 6  sin( 6)
Z
M
σ no  3  s1  sin ()  s 3  sin( 3)  s 5  sin( 5)  c o  c 2  cos( 2)  c 4  cos( 4)
Z
The coefficients s1,..,6 and co,..,5 for each nominal elastic stress component are functions of the elbow parameters  and X =
rm/h :
 
f 2 
s i or c i  a  b  2  c    d  e  X     p  X  q X  r
 X
where the coefficients (a, b, c, d, e, f) and (p, q, r) are given in tables A16.8611.23a to f.
 For elbows angle c between /6 and , in the entrance section ( = 0) and the mid section ( = c/2), the stresses are
obtained from the values of these stresses for elbow angles c = /4, c = /2 and c = , according to :
 4      
- for /6  c  /2 :  no (  c )   no ( )      c    no ( )   no ( )
2  2   4 2 
2   
- for /2  c   :  no ( c )   no ( )      c    no ( )   no ( )
  2 
equation :
     
no ( )  no (0)  no ( c )  no (0)  sin . 

 2   c 
 In a given section represented by its angle  (0    c), Shear stresses are obtained from their values in the entrance
section of the elbow ( = 0), with the following equation :
1      2 
 no (  )   no (0)cos    1 
 

2   c    c 
3  rm/h  20 0,1    1 /6  c  
A16 176 / 214 © n°2015-171

Table A16.8611.23a: 45° elbow (c = /4) - Moment M3

a b c d e f p q r
no1m(Mo3) c1 1.03230 0.00667 -0.03739 0.02675 -9.98E-04 -0.18303 4.95E-03 -1.30E-01 -0.17430
Longitudinal c3 -1.48990 0.02072 0.07670 1.51585 -3.22E-03 -0.25221 5.47E-04 -2.13E-02 -0.03249
membrane c5 -0.02517 0.03073 -0.01155 -0.01248 9.41E-04 0.04349 2.24E-02 -5.15E-01 -0.19212
s2 -0.25122 -0.15796 0.45146 -0.06982 1.90E-03 -0.18281 1.59E-03 -6.29E-02 0.14797
s4 -0.07284 -0.05691 0.18012 -0.07943 1.30E-03 0.05826 2.93E-03 -8.22E-02 -0.49795
s6 -0.00312 -0.00413 0.00891 -0.00496 8.53E-05 0.01428 7.70E-03 -2.48E-01 -0.04629
no1b(Mo3) c1 0.69530 -0.01044 -0.68837 0.01926 -9.24E-04 0.70456 -3.58E-04 1.88E-02 -1.27289
Longitudinal c3 0.03661 -0.02435 -0.00023 0.02825 -1.65E-03 -0.17072 4.70E-03 -4.69E-02 -1.99014
bending c5 0.02365 -0.02567 0.00394 -0.00380 1.32E-04 0.00106 -3.79E-04 -1.63E-03 -1.98879
s2 -0.35279 0.04552 0.27714 -0.14606 -9.43E-04 -0.32051 -2.13E-03 8.42E-02 -1.37387
s4 -0.00500 -0.03949 0.08502 -0.05295 3.95E-04 0.03735 1.00E-02 -3.15E-01 1.20336
s6 0.00367 -0.00539 0.00298 -0.00748 2.71E-04 0.02256 -4.23E-03 -9.33E-03 -0.00327
no2m(Mo3) c1 0.13836 -0.00031 -0.14476 0.01302 -5.96E-04 0.04741 8.69E-04 -2.17E-02 -0.88711
Circumferential c3 -0.00364 0.00151 0.00079 -0.00787 2.22E-04 0.09921 2.84E-03 -8.14E-02 -1.35657
membrane c5 -0.00966 0.00929 -0.00012 -0.00105 8.46E-05 0.00624 7.47E-03 -1.68E-01 -1.29068
s2 -0.03249 -0.01737 0.03267 0.05842 -1.79E-03 0.25896 -6.89E-04 8.18E-03 -0.47686
s4 -0.06261 -0.01342 0.03363 0.05222 -6.13E-04 -0.02218 2.53E-03 -8.69E-02 0.26619
s6 0.00091 0.00097 -0.00187 -0.00067 5.56E-05 0.00060 3.92E-03 -1.54E-01 -0.04000
no2b(Mo3) c1 -0.01526 0.00769 0.01019 -0.01983 7.79E-04 0.12493 8.82E-03 -1.96E-01 -1.15142
Circumferential c3 -0.39751 -0.20050 0.72375 -0.23647 5.60E-03 -0.01645 2.47E-03 -6.79E-02 -0.32021
bending c5 -0.03589 -0.02989 0.09194 -0.03887 4.65E-04 0.04299 5.23E-03 -1.52E-01 -0.43451
s2 1.77389 -0.64748 1.97610 -4.00350 8.14E-03 0.86670 6.03E-04 -2.15E-02 0.14077
s4 2.30958 0.40983 -1.86529 -0.89929 2.39E-03 0.09364 1.19E-04 -8.35E-03 -0.40050
s6 0.00253 -0.00994 0.00392 -0.00041 -7.58E-05 0.02718 -2.06E-03 -7.98E-02 -0.02262
no12m(Mo3) s1 -0.00976 0.00171 0.00543 -0.00636 2.92E-04 0.07391 8.75E-04 0.00692 -1.37985
Shear s3 -0.35343 0.06065 -0.19896 0.43916 1.78E-03 0.12628 -1.33E-03 0.04543 0.05739
membrane s5 -0.00117 -0.00344 0.00265 0.00805 -4.37E-04 -0.00599 -3.95E-04 -0.07953 -0.01958
c0 -0.14518 -0.00090 0.00360 0.14213 1.72E-05 0.00144 -4.77E-05 0.00138 -0.01873
c2 -0.13568 -0.09118 0.25773 -0.14080 3.06E-03 -0.02408 5.91E-03 -0.17635 1.14112
c4 -0.01703 -0.04327 0.10094 -0.05436 5.75E-04 0.03245 4.61E-03 -0.14143 0.13012
no12b(Mo3) s1 0.00953 -0.00843 0.00387 0.00854 -6.10E-04 -0.07401 -1.13E-03 0.09476 -1.97057
Shear s3 0.01109 -0.08867 0.22763 -0.20975 2.23E-03 0.06469 2.91E-03 -0.09192 0.27327
bending s5 -0.01146 -0.01118 0.03274 -0.01195 2.71E-05 0.00992 1.95E-03 -0.05785 -0.99194
c0 0.00110 0.00068 -0.00170 -0.00036 1.13E-05 0.00082 -1.29E-03 -0.00011 -0.00001
c2 -2.53216 0.06220 -0.31707 3.01830 -7.52E-03 -0.29878 2.36E-04 -0.00832 0.09171
c4 0.42891 0.00003 -0.44545 0.00630 5.94E-04 0.01327 -2.02E-04 0.00762 -1.07227
Table A16.8611.23b: 45° elbow (c = /4) - Moment M3

a b c d e f p q r
no1m(Mo3) c1 0.99382 0.00584 0.00013 0.02568 -7.94E-04 -0.19900 7.47E-03 -2.66E-01 0.78971
Longitudinal c3 -1.69118 0.33705 -1.02444 2.62372 -1.01E-03 -0.56889 9.68E-04 -3.72E-02 0.25601
membrane c5 -0.04608 0.02058 -0.00266 0.02247 1.91E-04 -0.00106 -9.00E-04 -2.55E-02 -0.41486
s2 1.32705 -0.36379 1.17988 -2.39226 9.95E-03 0.06501 2.83E-04 -1.11E-02 0.19031
s4 0.17785 -0.08998 0.17417 -0.32334 3.28E-03 0.11906 2.32E-03 -8.19E-02 0.09403
s6 -0.00918 -0.01936 0.04076 -0.01388 -4.34E-06 0.01306 5.23E-03 -1.77E-01 -0.08241
no1b(Mo3) c1 -0.42261 0.11222 0.33601 0.10259 -5.31E-03 0.69408 -4.81E-04 -7.91E-04 -1.06185
Longitudinal c3 -0.08192 -0.05594 0.25429 -0.08993 -3.33E-04 -0.28229 2.96E-04 2.17E-02 -0.96702
bending c5 -0.01393 0.02444 -0.01221 -0.00305 1.52E-04 0.01111 -4.07E-03 9.10E-02 -3.07175
s2 -0.75773 0.41581 -0.05749 -0.02895 -1.72E-04 -0.21303 5.35E-05 2.51E-02 -1.61595
s4 0.28825 -0.00812 -0.10868 -0.20887 1.51E-03 0.09820 1.33E-03 -5.45E-02 -0.20801
s6 0.01419 -0.00060 -0.00407 -0.03930 1.72E-03 0.08328 -1.38E-02 1.73E-01 0.02199
no2m(Mo3) c1 -0.07652 0.02489 -0.07148 0.14471 -1.27E-03 0.00974 1.22E-03 -2.92E-02 0.05077
Circumferential c3 0.25679 -0.03165 -0.25281 0.05419 -1.48E-03 0.04747 4.81E-04 -5.77E-03 -1.22145
membrane c5 -0.02242 0.01953 0.00290 -0.00526 3.61E-04 0.01411 7.76E-03 -1.61E-01 -1.39552
s2 -0.87398 -0.10940 0.98344 0.12804 -4.58E-03 0.17516 -1.92E-04 -3.60E-03 -0.75592
s4 -0.01525 0.00580 0.01477 -0.00323 1.27E-04 -0.01150 1.34E-02 -3.69E-01 -0.08111
s6 -0.00097 -0.00176 0.00231 -0.00201 6.77E-05 0.00773 3.03E-03 -1.55E-01 -0.04005
no2b(Mo3) c1 0.03211 -0.03542 0.01434 -0.00151 -1.35E-04 0.13733 1.31E-03 -4.80E-02 -1.29813
Circumferential c3 0.49418 -0.47316 1.27031 -1.58601 1.25E-02 0.30235 1.61E-03 -5.45E-02 0.25543
bending c5 -0.04919 -0.15387 0.32123 -0.13599 5.56E-04 0.09140 1.04E-02 -3.27E-01 1.30056
s2 12.10048 -0.78274 2.76158 -15.62647 -2.63E-03 2.02435 1.79E-04 -6.65E-03 0.07737
s4 9.89182 0.57180 -2.07088 -8.49628 4.24E-03 0.21772 1.65E-05 -3.34E-03 -0.07405
s6 -0.00749 0.00234 0.00247 -0.00209 -2.39E-05 0.02707 1.21E-02 -3.55E-01 -0.07004
no12m(Mo3) s1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Shear s3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
membrane s5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
c0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
c2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
c4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
no12b(Mo3) s1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Shear s3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
bending s5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
c0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
c2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
c4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
© n°2015-171 A16 177 / 214

Table A16.8611.23c: 90° elbow (c = /2) - Moment M3

a b c d e f p q r
no1m(Mo3) c1 1.04517 0.00747 -0.05103 0.02735 -1.02E-03 -0.18651 3.83E-03 -1.01E-01 -0.34938
Longitudinal c3 -1.45952 0.11678 -0.15996 1.61870 -3.04E-03 -0.22034 3.33E-04 -1.41E-02 -0.05472
membrane c5 -0.00995 0.01370 -0.00685 -0.00098 3.23E-04 -0.00441 1.43E-02 -3.66E-01 -0.14402
s2 -0.13573 -0.08442 0.26246 -0.05598 7.77E-04 -0.17095 5.36E-03 -1.68E-01 0.38916
s4 -0.35804 -0.11832 0.51408 -0.05962 1.04E-03 0.03531 7.95E-04 -2.50E-02 -0.63225
s6 -0.00741 -0.00682 0.01761 -0.00795 1.29E-04 0.01853 8.73E-03 -2.53E-01 -0.04702
no1b(Mo3) c1 0.44428 0.01995 -0.46755 -0.00628 2.17E-04 0.78505 -1.44E-03 4.86E-02 -1.41219
Longitudinal c3 0.06313 -0.06810 0.01604 0.04063 -2.62E-03 -0.17264 9.43E-03 -1.36E-01 -2.02487
bending c5 -0.31479 -0.04162 0.35966 -0.00673 1.59E-04 0.00926 3.80E-04 -1.21E-02 -0.82820
s2 -0.19574 -0.06939 0.38146 -0.25398 -2.62E-03 -0.41637 -2.10E-03 7.68E-02 -1.06117
s4 -0.03490 -0.07263 0.16582 -0.06856 2.87E-04 0.03251 4.20E-03 -1.34E-01 0.13968
s6 0.00252 -0.00512 0.00417 -0.00847 3.14E-04 0.02246 -4.47E-03 -9.43E-03 -0.00328
no2m(Mo3) c1 0.13707 0.00014 -0.14377 0.00587 -1.69E-04 0.06291 5.95E-04 -1.91E-02 -0.88806
Circumferential c3 -0.07728 0.01671 0.04596 -0.00221 6.44E-04 0.11576 -1.06E-04 2.26E-02 -1.26849
membrane c5 -0.02747 0.00937 0.00823 0.00989 4.71E-05 0.00074 -1.36E-03 5.88E-02 -1.26271
s2 0.20699 0.06193 -0.23880 -0.01662 -5.29E-04 0.34815 3.46E-03 -1.03E-01 0.12478
s4 0.01554 0.02106 -0.05148 0.02314 -3.38E-04 -0.02468 4.28E-03 -1.18E-01 -0.01773
s6 -0.00094 0.00290 -0.00188 0.00111 -1.24E-05 -0.00714 3.52E-03 -1.55E-01 -0.04011
no2b(Mo3) c1 -0.02263 0.00846 0.01529 -0.02490 1.01E-03 0.14876 8.41E-03 -1.83E-01 -1.14376
Circumferential c3 -0.35245 -0.27687 0.73793 -0.16390 2.48E-03 -0.15706 4.23E-03 -1.45E-01 0.54341
bending c5 -0.24819 -0.05829 0.35594 -0.07975 1.56E-03 0.08881 2.22E-03 -5.57E-02 -0.79376
s2 1.67188 -0.75031 2.24984 -4.02668 7.24E-03 0.66679 4.44E-04 -1.63E-02 0.11931
s4 3.51147 0.36651 -1.63508 -2.28986 1.85E-03 0.13062 2.91E-05 -2.70E-03 -0.23327
s6 0.00235 -0.01213 0.00641 0.00006 -1.27E-04 0.02846 -1.96E-03 -7.94E-02 -0.02256
no12m(Mo3) s1 -0.01795 0.00216 0.01047 -0.00829 5.17E-04 0.08886 2.28E-04 0.02980 -1.37953
Shear s3 -0.21747 0.16548 -0.52007 0.52379 1.51E-03 0.09568 -2.70E-03 0.07963 0.60374
membrane s5 0.00434 -0.00791 0.00352 -0.00248 -1.21E-05 0.02358 -2.46E-03 -0.03875 -0.01293
c0 -0.14518 -0.00091 0.00360 0.14214 1.63E-05 0.00145 -4.64E-05 0.00136 -0.01873
c2 -0.14520 -0.08633 0.24321 -0.11313 2.60E-03 -0.03466 5.98E-03 -0.17520 1.03318
c4 -0.10244 -0.07219 0.21309 -0.05161 5.60E-04 0.02845 2.39E-03 -0.06746 -0.32467
no12b(Mo3) s1 0.01116 -0.00839 0.00394 0.01044 -7.46E-04 -0.08772 -1.42E-03 0.10462 -1.97344
Shear s3 -0.07028 -0.13711 0.33858 -0.17972 1.75E-03 0.02926 5.06E-03 -0.16067 0.87018
bending s5 -0.09859 -0.01850 0.13673 -0.02827 4.11E-04 0.02873 1.71E-03 -0.04323 -0.89741
c0 0.00245 0.00100 -0.00240 -0.00139 1.59E-05 0.00094 -7.35E-04 -0.00021 -0.00001
c2 0.50642 -0.03981 -0.26433 0.02744 -8.08E-03 -0.24137 -1.30E-03 0.06121 -1.01199
c4 0.06706 0.02944 -0.12182 0.02682 1.20E-04 -0.02741 1.68E-03 -0.03319 -0.89217
Table A16.8611.23d: 90° elbow (c = /2) - Moment M3

a b c d e f p q r
no1m(Mo3) c1 1.03882 0.01213 -0.04479 0.02353 -9.47E-04 -0.22475 2.84E-03 -7.28E-02 -0.34182
Longitudinal c3 -1.95400 0.52323 1.70040 0.01575 -2.87E-03 -0.44941 1.81E-04 -1.14E-02 -1.37826
membrane c5 -0.02732 0.07756 -0.09703 0.03654 1.02E-03 -0.03098 4.18E-03 -1.30E-01 -0.41341
s2 -0.34010 -0.24929 0.64045 -0.04417 9.47E-04 -0.50965 3.00E-03 -1.19E-01 0.88259
s4 0.07429 -0.11434 0.23323 -0.24335 2.79E-03 0.03165 3.76E-04 -4.56E-03 -0.64185
s6 -0.03496 -0.03241 0.08682 -0.03381 4.41E-04 0.05680 7.64E-03 -2.20E-01 -0.08675
no1b(Mo3) c1 -0.23440 0.13231 -0.05057 0.17997 -8.35E-04 1.13070 -8.78E-04 3.99E-02 -1.14326
Longitudinal c3 -0.08770 0.11089 -0.01682 0.06366 -2.20E-03 -0.31312 -8.25E-03 1.96E-01 -2.57026
bending c5 -0.01165 0.02237 -0.01124 0.00106 3.60E-05 -0.02166 -3.59E-03 8.62E-02 -3.07281
s2 -0.61360 -0.01205 0.63109 -0.34092 -1.99E-03 -0.64932 -2.54E-03 9.61E-02 -1.14265
s4 0.15803 -0.14214 0.17707 -0.20623 1.35E-05 0.01101 7.32E-04 -2.06E-02 -0.73024
s6 0.02351 -0.02181 0.00814 -0.04523 1.80E-03 0.11824 -3.56E-03 -3.39E-02 -0.00560
no2m(Mo3) c1 0.30063 0.03777 -0.32205 -0.01459 -3.56E-04 0.05214 2.04E-04 -4.05E-03 -0.78227
Circumferential c3 0.02019 0.00204 -0.03560 0.00468 -4.03E-05 0.17039 -8.92E-04 4.90E-02 -1.89032
membrane c5 0.01541 -0.00824 -0.01017 0.00671 -1.86E-04 -0.00232 2.20E-03 -6.03E-02 -1.38203
s2 -0.23449 0.00291 0.13544 0.18783 -3.52E-03 0.49080 -5.23E-04 1.46E-02 -0.69680
s4 0.00765 0.02651 -0.06385 0.05090 -9.39E-04 -0.04711 1.32E-02 -4.08E-01 1.93981
s6 -0.00029 0.00272 -0.00284 0.00106 1.14E-05 -0.00620 3.51E-03 -1.55E-01 -0.04011
no2b(Mo3) c1 -0.06462 0.03568 0.04471 -0.04744 1.70E-03 0.29874 6.43E-03 -1.50E-01 -1.26539
bending c5 0.18054 -0.16361 0.09396 -0.10653 -4.10E-04 -0.01053 3.90E-04 6.46E-03 -1.30546
s2 11.10733 -1.59135 5.33687 -16.63898 1.79E-02 1.77743 2.30E-04 -8.55E-03 0.12434
s4 10.65580 0.91593 -3.99795 -7.71050 5.80E-03 0.30027 1.11E-04 -5.21E-03 -0.17741
s6 0.02627 -0.02656 0.00808 -0.01160 2.99E-04 0.03796 -1.86E-03 -8.11E-02 -0.02315
no12m(Mo3) s1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Shear s3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
membrane s5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
c0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
c2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
c4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
no12b(Mo3) s1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Shear s3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
bending s5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
c0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
c2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
c4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
A16 178 / 214 © n°2015-171


a b c d e f p q r
no1m(Mo3) c1 1.07744 0.01058 -0.08562 0.02392 -8.79E-04 -0.17891 2.47E-03 -6.84E-02 -0.49877
Longitudinal c3 -0.04257 0.22005 -0.54726 0.48139 -2.34E-03 -0.22287 4.72E-03 -1.52E-01 0.63925
membrane c5 -0.03450 0.04062 -0.01481 -0.01855 1.34E-03 0.06769 2.33E-02 -5.28E-01 -0.20494
s2 -0.04678 0.00936 0.03660 0.00241 -2.77E-04 -0.21385 -3.26E-06 2.37E-02 -1.91519
s4 0.03149 -0.03417 0.01830 -0.03354 7.00E-04 0.01306 -9.24E-04 3.94E-02 -1.84015
s6 -0.00553 -0.00373 0.01153 -0.00620 1.27E-04 0.01409 7.80E-03 -2.51E-01 -0.04664
no1b(Mo3) c1 0.83681 -0.15016 -0.69753 0.01004 -2.69E-04 0.76878 -8.74E-04 3.29E-02 -1.48796
Longitudinal c3 0.00902 -0.02117 0.01346 -0.00173 -3.36E-05 -0.00194 -2.61E-02 9.22E-01 -10.15608
bending c5 -0.03236 0.03605 -0.00571 -0.00297 1.22E-04 0.01072 1.87E-03 -5.61E-02 -1.99784
s2 -0.34838 0.28720 -0.12468 0.02734 -1.79E-03 -0.36609 -6.60E-04 5.23E-02 -2.05171
s4 0.00656 -0.03093 0.06173 -0.05473 7.34E-04 0.04628 9.12E-03 -2.84E-01 0.85820
s6 0.00247 -0.00474 0.00409 -0.00919 3.48E-04 0.02229 -4.42E-03 -9.41E-03 -0.00328
no2m(Mo3) c1 0.01312 -0.01252 0.00044 -0.00974 2.89E-04 0.08674 4.85E-03 -1.34E-01 -1.22623
Circumferential c3 0.00218 -0.00097 -0.00365 -0.01198 3.84E-04 0.11972 4.31E-03 -1.12E-01 -1.48160
membrane c5 -0.00784 0.00948 -0.00171 0.00057 4.37E-06 0.00019 7.53E-03 -1.81E-01 -1.31845
s2 0.16236 0.05298 -0.21116 -0.00491 1.10E-04 0.40424 5.76E-03 -1.89E-01 0.69513
s4 -0.01690 -0.00067 -0.01087 0.03774 -6.50E-04 -0.01962 1.26E-02 -3.94E-01 2.29681
s6 0.00206 0.00090 -0.00339 -0.00095 7.78E-05 0.00338 4.12E-03 -1.55E-01 -0.04006
no2b(Mo3) c1 -0.02270 0.01523 0.00862 -0.02305 9.33E-04 0.14472 9.18E-03 -2.03E-01 -1.15414
Circumferential c3 0.09807 -0.07722 -0.03214 -0.05152 2.77E-03 -0.16770 -3.23E-03 5.70E-02 -1.90009
bending c5 -0.03284 -0.00694 0.05647 -0.03115 5.73E-04 0.04253 5.15E-03 -1.43E-01 -0.81409
s2 1.96339 -0.44050 1.27365 -3.60777 4.54E-03 0.49148 4.29E-04 -1.32E-02 -0.03032
s4 0.05145 -0.07611 0.15186 -0.16712 1.76E-03 0.17906 1.23E-02 -3.93E-01 1.86175
s6 0.00086 -0.00563 0.00217 0.00216 -1.78E-04 0.01942 -2.22E-03 -8.39E-02 -0.02318
no12m(Mo3) s1 -0.01382 0.00523 0.00439 -0.00867 4.82E-04 0.08637 5.97E-04 0.02727 -1.56908
Shear s3 -0.30582 0.10244 -0.27721 0.42347 2.38E-03 0.10896 -3.12E-03 0.09869 -0.11439
membrane s5 0.00598 -0.00375 -0.00209 0.00317 -2.14E-04 0.00231 -2.18E-03 -0.04096 -0.01340
c0 -0.14585 -0.00116 0.00479 0.14178 2.40E-05 0.00176 -6.72E-05 0.00199 -0.02610
c2 -0.27916 -0.04675 0.28651 -0.04959 1.87E-03 -0.07315 2.67E-04 -0.00822 -0.56645
c4 -0.01480 -0.03235 0.07837 -0.04920 7.48E-04 0.03955 4.93E-03 -0.14615 -0.06783
no12b(Mo3) s1 0.02626 -0.00838 -0.01329 0.01594 -9.08E-04 -0.09749 2.02E-03 -0.00072 -1.50062
Shear s3 -0.09901 -0.07894 0.24960 -0.12105 1.60E-03 0.02217 1.95E-03 -0.05398 -0.36537
bending s5 -0.02573 -0.00810 0.04546 -0.01663 1.89E-04 0.01798 2.50E-03 -0.07126 -0.98529
c0 0.00158 0.00097 -0.00238 -0.00049 1.45E-05 0.00096 -1.34E-03 -0.00046 -0.00003
c2 0.63908 0.01049 -0.34600 -0.07622 -8.03E-03 -0.23220 -1.22E-03 0.04911 -0.71697
c4 0.65983 0.02805 -0.70440 0.00137 7.85E-04 0.02266 -2.67E-04 0.00851 -1.01988

a b c d e f p q r
no1m(Mo3) c1 1.04130 0.00436 -0.01697 0.00651 -1.20E-03 -0.24176 6.75E-04 -1.98E-03 -0.44691
Longitudinal c3 -2.43204 1.62003 1.10623 -0.07926 1.46E-03 -0.21950 3.89E-04 -9.15E-03 -1.76465
membrane c5 0.20057 -0.28154 0.08598 -0.00349 4.65E-05 -0.02170 1.43E-04 -1.54E-03 -2.56204
s2 -0.16683 -0.06023 0.27621 -0.04966 4.73E-04 -0.38307 3.54E-03 -1.07E-01 -0.24799
s4 -0.37048 -0.20017 0.65834 -0.09868 2.65E-04 -0.08598 9.20E-05 -2.88E-02 -0.29842
s6 1.06504 0.10459 -0.98628 -0.18053 -4.72E-04 -0.00244 3.80E-05 1.21E-03 -0.72831
no1b(Mo3) c1 -0.10725 0.10660 -0.11609 0.11619 -6.00E-05 1.24719 -7.60E-04 3.72E-02 -1.20065
Longitudinal c3 0.01940 -0.03602 0.02345 0.02988 -1.22E-03 -0.15536 -2.03E-02 4.92E-01 -4.12660
bending c5 0.24372 -0.02210 -0.09921 -0.11595 -3.93E-04 -0.03756 -1.17E-03 4.24E-02 -0.83031
s2 -1.62834 1.24251 -0.01573 0.07036 -2.08E-03 -0.62519 -1.66E-03 4.75E-02 -1.89179
s4 -0.24161 -0.30027 0.76215 -0.23947 1.93E-04 0.04999 2.41E-03 -7.25E-02 -0.20144
s6 -0.00538 -0.00621 0.01345 -0.00891 1.45E-04 0.03479 1.01E-02 -2.87E-01 -0.31600
no2m(Mo3) c1 0.00491 -0.00237 -0.00421 -0.00501 1.45E-04 0.06779 4.19E-03 -1.62E-01 -0.01960
Circumferential c3 0.13369 -0.05987 -0.09097 -0.00360 2.95E-04 0.20640 -1.07E-03 2.74E-02 -1.55564
membrane c5 -0.01417 0.01596 -0.00702 0.00588 -2.59E-05 0.00774 -3.00E-03 1.20E-01 -2.41491
s2 1.25299 -0.11395 0.50377 -1.63021 -1.83E-04 0.77590 1.15E-03 -4.18E-02 0.61147
s4 -0.23388 0.00338 0.12014 0.11906 -3.19E-04 -0.00474 7.86E-05 2.66E-03 -0.61560
s6 0.00063 0.00686 -0.00767 0.00317 -1.79E-05 -0.01912 -4.92E-03 1.65E-02 -0.00317
no2b(Mo3) c1 -0.29236 0.09285 0.20759 -0.01320 3.17E-04 0.22492 -2.87E-04 1.45E-02 -1.48973
bending c5 0.30538 -0.20922 0.09418 -0.18876 -4.61E-04 0.01045 -1.13E-03 4.72E-02 -1.25142
s2 6.90003 -1.60994 5.34435 -12.28531 1.37E-02 1.23716 3.45E-04 -1.23E-02 0.16693
s4 -11.67115 1.60390 -5.75203 15.66908 5.82E-03 0.25825 -2.96E-05 2.60E-03 0.19605
s6 -0.07559 0.08096 -0.01834 -0.01497 4.59E-04 0.11145 9.24E-03 -2.69E-01 -1.06101
no12m(Mo3) s1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Shear s3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
membrane s5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
c0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
c2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
c4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
no12b(Mo3) s1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Shear s3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
bending s5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
c0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
c2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
c4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
© n°2015-171 A16 179 / 214

A16.8611.24 Nominal elastic stresses – torsion moment M1

For a torsion moment M1, the nominal elastic stresses, elastic nominal stresses are a function of the elbow angle c and of the
considered section.
 For elbows angle 45°, 90°, 180° (c = /4, /2, ), in the entrance section ( = 0) and the mid section (= c/2), the elastic
nominal membrane stresses no1m, no2m, nominal bending stresses no1b, no2b and nominal shear membrane stresses
no12m and no12b are given by trigonometric series functions of the defect azimuth  :
M1
σ no 
Z

 c 1  cos ()  c 3  cos( 3)  c 5  cos( 5)  s 2  sin( 2)  s 4  sin( 4)  s 6  sin( 6) 
M1
σ no   s1  sin ()  s 3  sin( 3)  s 5  sin( 5)  c o  c 2  cos( 2)  c 4  cos( 4)
Z
The coefficients s1,..,6 and co,..,5 for each nominal elastic stress component are functions of the elbow parameters  and
X = rm/h :
 f 2

si ou c i  a  b  2  c    d  e  X     p X  q X  r 
 X
where the coefficients (a, b, c, d, e, f) and (p, q, r) are given in tables A16.8611.24a to f.
 For elbows angle c between /6 and , in the entrance section ( = 0) and the median section ( = c/2), the stresses
are obtained from the values of these stresses for elbow angles c = /4, c = /2 and c = , according to :
 4      
- for /6  c  /2 :  no (  c )   no ( )      c    no ( )   no ( )
2  2   4 2 
2   
- for /2  c   : no (  c )  no ( )      c   no ( )  no ( )
  2 
equation :
1   
  2 
 no (  )   no (0)cos 
  1 
 


2   c
   c  
 In a given section represented by its angle  (0    c), Shear stresses are obtained from their values in the entrance
and the median sections of the elbow (entrance :  = 0 and median  = c/2 ), with the following equation :
     
no ( )  no (0)  no ( c )  no (0)  sin . 

 2   c 
3  rm/h  20 0.1    1 /6  c  
A16 180 / 214 © n°2015-171

Table A16.8611.24a: 45° elbow (c = /4) - Moment M1

a b c d e f p q r
no1m(Mo1) c1 0.00995 -0.00260 0.00490 -0.01490 9.45E-05 0.01951 -1.93E-04 0.00614 0.00119
Longitudinal c3 -0.11749 0.09187 -0.22452 0.29885 -2.61E-03 -0.09578 2.28E-03 -0.08409 0.37207
membrane c5 0.00363 -0.00400 0.00111 0.00128 1.28E-05 -0.01520 1.17E-02 -0.32081 -0.31165
s2 -0.14497 -0.11593 0.31527 0.01192 -1.12E-03 -0.16730 1.80E-03 -0.08852 0.00087
s4 -0.02713 0.03385 -0.01063 -0.00246 1.48E-04 0.00211 -1.31E-02 0.29605 -3.69009
s6 -0.00048 -0.00246 0.00406 -0.00134 2.54E-06 0.00167 8.38E-03 -0.25750 -0.05375
no1b(Mo1) c1 -0.00909 -0.01550 0.00991 -0.00351 1.52E-04 0.00769 7.08E-03 -0.05478 -3.76277
Longitudinal c3 -0.01467 0.01365 0.01539 0.00258 -7.51E-05 -0.05669 2.13E-03 -0.05201 -1.72574
bending c5 0.00223 -0.00064 -0.00041 0.00075 -2.56E-05 -0.00493 7.52E-03 -0.19025 -2.04591
s2 -0.23900 0.27260 -0.05572 0.01279 -3.05E-04 -0.08924 -1.79E-03 0.03927 -2.07141
s4 -0.00032 -0.02021 0.04379 -0.02918 3.53E-04 0.01442 9.57E-03 -0.30704 1.28900
s6 -0.00293 -0.00131 0.00266 0.00295 -1.73E-04 0.00051 -3.80E-03 -0.01814 -0.00847
no2m(Mo1) c1 -0.29090 0.03406 0.25992 -0.03757 1.25E-03 0.23726 2.95E-04 -0.00217 -1.14990
Circumferential c3 -0.01430 0.02230 -0.00813 -0.00424 3.03E-04 0.02367 1.15E-02 -0.18760 -2.35097
membrane c5 -0.00136 0.00157 -0.00030 -0.00014 8.97E-06 0.00109 1.58E-02 -0.40085 -0.62778
s2 0.04656 0.03413 -0.09837 0.02966 -7.37E-04 0.08064 1.23E-02 -0.38707 2.12164
s4 -0.00979 -0.00057 0.01005 0.00330 -1.59E-04 -0.01032 3.76E-03 -0.15799 -0.02267
s6 -0.00063 0.00042 0.00002 0.00020 -3.18E-06 -0.00062 3.53E-03 -0.15433 -0.03999
no2b(Mo1) c1 -0.00325 -0.00378 0.00258 -0.00281 1.52E-04 0.00980 2.15E-02 -0.43733 -1.25043
Circumferential c3 -0.32076 0.37875 -0.06511 0.01482 -3.41E-04 -0.10049 -9.36E-04 -0.00228 -2.06317
bending c5 -0.00246 0.00856 -0.00499 -0.00034 -9.39E-06 0.00384 -2.49E-03 0.11036 -3.61159
s2 -0.27489 -0.41629 1.08764 -0.57331 6.99E-03 -0.04643 4.94E-03 -0.15975 0.95772
s4 -5.40079 0.33027 -1.04394 6.07593 2.29E-03 0.05708 -2.80E-05 0.00202 0.05392
s6 -0.00692 -0.00161 0.00589 0.01082 -5.43E-04 -0.01899 -9.33E-04 -0.06948 -0.02205
no12m(Mo1) s1 -0.00911 0.00374 0.00362 -0.01259 6.88E-04 0.05525 1.15E-02 -0.20067 -1.10995
Shear s3 1.13437 -0.03158 0.09917 -1.22627 1.22E-03 0.06026 1.26E-04 -0.00521 0.04660
membrane s5 0.00648 -0.00056 -0.00407 -0.00339 1.12E-04 0.00685 -3.49E-03 0.00347 -0.00711
c0 -0.49970 0.00056 -0.00380 -0.00553 2.76E-04 0.06155 3.49E-03 0.08897 0.02570
c2 -0.07022 -0.03696 0.12545 -0.03024 9.47E-04 -0.04501 2.53E-03 -0.08122 -0.00185
c4 0.06318 -0.04880 -0.01418 -0.00165 6.01E-05 0.00373 -1.36E-04 0.00276 -1.86683
no12b(Mo1) s1 0.03060 -0.00030 -0.02904 -0.02635 9.03E-04 0.16662 -5.40E-03 0.13634 -1.57866
Shear s3 -0.05665 -0.06593 0.16420 -0.05536 9.85E-04 -0.01569 8.19E-03 -0.24401 0.99105
bending s5 -0.02138 0.00057 0.02576 -0.00548 4.52E-06 0.00426 -1.18E-03 0.03127 -1.48719
c0 -0.03515 -0.00848 0.01356 0.02996 -2.63E-05 -0.24869 -7.57E-04 0.02662 -0.31484
c2 2.76981 0.04309 -0.17951 -2.59013 -2.08E-03 0.05813 -3.89E-05 0.00140 -0.01985
c4 -0.03978 0.01796 0.02179 -0.00271 1.20E-04 -0.00352 2.88E-03 -0.09129 -1.09008
Table A16.8611.24b: 45° elbow (c = /4) - Moment M1

a b c d e f p q r
no1m(Mo1) c1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Longitudinal c3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
membrane c5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
s2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
s4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
s6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
no1b(Mo1) c1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Longitudinal c3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
bending c5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
s2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
s4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
s6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
no2m(Mo1) c1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Circumferential c3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
membrane c5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
s2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
s4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
s6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
no2b(Mo1) c1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
bending c5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
s2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
s4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
s6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
no12m(Mo1) s1 0.00100 -0.00005 -0.00169 -0.00835 3.67E-04 0.04330 1.16E-01 -0.79072 -0.99527
Shear s3 3.11527 -0.02054 0.06115 -3.15319 -5.63E-04 0.01427 -3.75E-05 0.00115 0.00238
membrane s5 -0.00183 -0.00139 0.00315 -0.00010 -1.03E-05 0.00105 -4.09E-04 -0.06577 -0.01519
c0 -0.50002 -0.00199 -0.00140 -0.00535 2.92E-04 0.06156 9.13E-03 -0.02956 0.79074
c2 0.13571 -0.01923 0.08227 -0.25566 2.66E-03 0.06253 1.50E-03 -0.05223 0.36616
c4 0.05709 -0.01706 0.05162 -0.09256 2.90E-05 0.00592 -1.35E-04 -0.00141 0.27922
no12b(Mo1) s1 0.13287 -0.00574 -0.12869 -0.04546 1.58E-03 0.33704 -2.77E-03 0.07083 -1.35680
Shear s3 0.48903 -0.04874 0.16524 -0.62542 1.02E-03 0.02323 1.45E-04 -0.00693 0.13437
bending s5 -0.00040 -0.00026 0.00047 -0.00013 4.01E-07 0.00119 -4.98E-03 -0.00030 -0.00002
c0 -0.04070 -0.01724 0.02925 0.03033 -1.15E-04 -0.25897 -1.69E-03 0.05516 -0.61025
c2 2.72023 0.03611 -0.12707 -2.59282 -5.33E-04 0.04095 2.07E-05 -0.00061 -0.00683
c4 0.01163 -0.00397 -0.00845 0.00234 -6.95E-05 -0.00672 3.89E-03 -0.11817 -0.97056
© n°2015-171 A16 181 / 214


a b c d e f p q r
no1m(Mo1) c1 -0.00021 0.00614 -0.00320 0.00227 -2.50E-04 -0.00574 1.08E-01 -0.14451 -3.77739
Longitudinal c3 0.33695 0.11318 -0.56423 0.17281 -3.20E-03 -0.04861 2.45E-03 -0.06598 -0.62336
membrane c5 0.00771 -0.00086 -0.00606 0.01026 -2.15E-04 -0.05911 1.13E-02 -0.31579 -0.31070
s2 0.01824 0.14817 -0.39000 0.32162 -3.80E-03 -0.15523 5.61E-03 -0.18288 1.17595
s4 -0.00804 0.00564 0.00176 -0.00193 1.60E-04 -0.02966 -1.35E-02 0.30192 -3.68994
s6 0.00218 -0.00565 0.00506 -0.00539 1.74E-04 0.01467 7.84E-03 -0.25859 -0.05391
no1b(Mo1) c1 -0.02217 0.00554 -0.00019 -0.01122 7.17E-04 0.04095 1.20E-02 -0.11947 -3.77497
Longitudinal c3 0.08302 0.07304 -0.21442 0.07866 -1.02E-03 -0.01372 3.72E-03 -0.10894 -0.14309
bending c5 0.00254 -0.00322 0.00146 0.00245 -7.72E-05 -0.01997 7.46E-03 -0.19215 -2.04665
s2 0.02158 -0.00653 -0.02572 0.04332 -2.58E-03 -0.16508 5.55E-03 -0.03325 -2.76752
s4 0.05608 -0.06463 0.01868 -0.00796 -1.28E-04 -0.03049 -5.17E-04 0.04325 -2.25322
s6 -0.00413 -0.00753 0.00962 -0.00102 -9.65E-05 0.02311 -3.76E-03 -0.01802 -0.00856
no2m(Mo1) c1 -0.29141 0.03217 0.27146 -0.05663 1.78E-03 0.25548 5.43E-04 -0.00931 -1.14186
membrane c5 -0.00191 0.00285 -0.00128 -0.00122 4.29E-05 0.01058 1.58E-02 -0.40107 -0.62783
s2 -0.00524 -0.00006 0.00441 0.00234 -3.81E-04 0.12241 -3.83E-03 0.06065 -1.85718
s4 0.00336 0.00512 -0.01472 0.01111 -2.73E-04 -0.00749 6.63E-03 -0.19577 -0.02777
s6 -0.00014 0.00303 -0.00293 0.00255 -6.72E-05 -0.01124 3.47E-03 -0.15459 -0.04007
no2b(Mo1) c1 -0.01009 0.00533 -0.00126 -0.00882 5.29E-04 0.03713 2.25E-02 -0.44004 -1.25120
Circumferential c3 0.10135 -0.14924 0.07263 0.03421 -1.16E-03 -0.32018 -3.71E-03 0.06324 -2.31639
bending c5 0.00500 -0.00752 0.00427 -0.00418 1.52E-04 0.00496 -2.65E-03 0.11331 -3.61124
s2 1.38839 -0.04373 -0.50875 -0.84254 -1.20E-03 -0.66241 -3.77E-04 0.02041 -0.69061
s4 -0.00692 -0.08770 0.15432 -0.10004 1.55E-03 0.15059 2.66E-03 -0.07652 -0.87845
s6 -0.00474 -0.00192 0.00545 0.01151 -5.90E-04 -0.02390 -1.79E-03 -0.07771 -0.02257
no12m(Mo1) s1 0.00141 -0.00241 0.00154 -0.00785 2.93E-04 0.03518 1.48E-01 -1.10684 -0.87138
Shear s3 1.29385 0.06333 -0.29725 -1.07421 7.90E-04 -0.00596 2.07E-04 -0.00487 -0.13002
membrane s5 0.01486 -0.01039 0.00033 -0.02219 8.61E-04 0.06378 -2.57E-03 -0.03935 -0.01239
c0 -0.49958 0.00000 -0.00235 -0.00630 2.62E-04 0.06089 3.16E-03 0.08912 0.02569
c2 -0.04500 0.03776 0.01127 0.00215 -3.15E-05 -0.06977 2.06E-03 -0.04775 -1.65485
c4 -0.11776 0.10420 0.01952 -0.00653 2.39E-04 -0.02195 8.02E-04 -0.01641 -1.81041
no12b(Mo1) s1 0.02430 -0.00361 -0.00960 -0.02920 5.61E-04 0.14192 -5.45E-03 0.16692 -1.55865
Shear s3 -0.23165 0.21937 0.01707 0.00262 -2.09E-05 -0.10136 9.98E-04 -0.02564 -1.81873
bending s5 -0.11363 0.05478 0.06762 -0.01926 5.28E-04 0.03144 6.23E-04 -0.00854 -1.57252
c0 -0.02625 -0.00709 0.00984 0.02338 -2.22E-05 -0.24888 -1.15E-03 0.03653 -0.31536
c2 2.63993 -0.01011 0.10456 -2.73773 -5.77E-05 0.26213 5.95E-05 -0.00362 0.09105
c4 -0.08436 0.04689 0.03252 0.01142 -9.64E-05 -0.04921 2.90E-03 -0.08074 -1.03395

a b c d e f p q r
no1m(Mo1) c1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Longitudinal c3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
membrane c5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
s2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
s4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
s6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
no1b(Mo1) c1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Longitudinal c3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
bending c5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
s2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
s4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
s6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
no2m(Mo1) c1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
membrane c5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
s2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
s4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
s6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
no2b(Mo1) c1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
bending c5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
s2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
s4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
s6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
no12m(Mo1) s1 0.00269 -0.00213 -0.00006 -0.01116 4.08E-04 0.05591 1.23E-01 -0.89025 -1.04443
Shear s3 0.00950 -0.00577 -0.01598 -0.00411 1.29E-04 0.06993 1.11E-02 -0.32531 -0.26847
membrane s5 -0.00113 0.00359 -0.00471 0.00797 -2.78E-04 -0.01707 -4.72E-04 -0.06624 -0.01528
c0 -0.50007 0.00128 -0.01218 0.00327 2.42E-04 0.05800 -4.33E-03 0.35462 0.16277
c2 -0.13874 -0.06279 0.25224 -0.07388 1.81E-03 -0.09871 2.72E-03 -0.08604 -0.21245
c4 -0.01836 0.02467 -0.01099 -0.00103 5.02E-05 0.01608 -3.06E-04 -0.01029 -2.46676
no12b(Mo1) s1 0.07624 -0.00423 -0.07377 -0.04117 1.39E-03 0.32230 -6.69E-03 0.18081 -1.99940
Shear s3 -0.09069 -0.11925 0.29054 -0.10995 1.91E-03 -0.02498 9.86E-03 -0.30366 1.42288
bending s5 0.02158 -0.00652 -0.01278 -0.01172 5.47E-04 0.03251 -7.00E-03 0.10211 -1.12676
c0 -0.04798 -0.01864 0.03348 0.03427 -9.03E-05 -0.25754 -2.08E-03 0.06756 -0.70839
c2 0.17447 0.15609 -0.40809 0.15218 -3.05E-03 0.13946 4.66E-03 -0.16773 1.24862
c4 -0.03510 0.01449 0.02501 -0.00870 2.77E-04 -0.01234 3.72E-03 -0.11779 -0.96984
A16 182 / 214 © n°2015-171

Tableau A16.8611.24e: 180° elbow (c = ) - Moment M1

a b c d e f p q r
no1m(Mo1) c1 0.00002 0.00592 -0.00318 0.00279 -2.44E-04 -0.00783 9.38E-02 -0.15166 -3.78038
Longitudinal c3 -0.15529 0.08572 0.01102 0.05021 5.01E-04 0.14418 -4.51E-04 0.03337 -1.60644
membrane c5 -0.00195 0.01715 -0.01696 0.01588 -3.67E-04 -0.06645 8.55E-03 -0.25184 -0.31827
s2 0.20502 0.15233 -0.44881 0.16757 -2.59E-03 -0.07094 3.13E-03 -0.08954 0.04546
s4 -0.00129 -0.00425 0.00576 0.00389 -6.44E-05 -0.05918 -1.39E-02 0.32208 -3.68920
s6 0.00421 -0.00594 0.00362 -0.00463 1.59E-04 0.01119 8.83E-03 -0.27821 -0.05106
no1b(Mo1) c1 -0.02180 0.00571 -0.00057 -0.01158 7.44E-04 0.04217 1.21E-02 -0.11946 -3.77497
Longitudinal c3 -0.08433 0.06007 -0.01697 0.04177 4.68E-05 0.05596 -5.73E-04 0.03751 -1.55769
bending c5 0.00246 -0.00342 0.00116 0.00291 -9.27E-05 -0.02172 7.30E-03 -0.19222 -2.04667
s2 -0.00934 0.01620 -0.02316 0.02590 -1.61E-03 -0.07809 5.18E-04 0.13094 -4.02172
s4 -0.06680 0.08513 -0.01886 0.00823 -2.16E-04 -0.07404 3.53E-03 -0.10093 -1.89442
s6 0.00056 -0.00766 0.00654 -0.00719 2.07E-04 0.03503 -2.66E-03 -0.04678 -0.02029
no2m(Mo1) c1 -0.28505 -0.00393 0.30206 -0.05821 1.82E-03 0.25444 8.26E-04 -0.01966 -0.98062
membrane c5 -0.00081 0.00048 -0.00034 -0.00253 8.26E-05 0.01865 1.67E-02 -0.40132 -0.62790
s2 0.00407 -0.00266 -0.00256 -0.00854 2.05E-04 0.14906 -2.44E-04 0.00916 -1.87981
s4 0.03694 0.01094 -0.05781 0.02012 -5.25E-04 -0.01607 7.24E-03 -0.20149 -0.03024
s6 -0.00124 0.00331 -0.00272 0.00588 -2.17E-04 -0.01877 -4.58E-03 -0.00020 -0.00014
no2b(Mo1) c1 -0.01013 0.00529 -0.00132 -0.00887 5.34E-04 0.03709 2.26E-02 -0.44003 -1.25120
Circumferential c3 0.09757 -0.15116 0.06852 0.04578 -1.75E-03 -0.29534 -4.20E-03 0.07076 -2.31371
bending c5 -0.00514 0.00842 -0.00066 -0.00145 1.15E-04 -0.01320 5.45E-02 -0.77643 -0.37122
s2 0.10954 -0.01713 0.03411 -0.14379 -4.56E-04 -0.61495 -8.96E-04 0.04384 -1.33493
s4 -0.16172 0.02841 0.18994 -0.08401 1.53E-03 0.07029 1.54E-04 0.00624 -1.63689
s6 -0.00235 -0.01182 0.01351 -0.00311 -4.61E-05 0.02353 4.01E-04 -0.10999 -0.09104
no12m(Mo1) s1 0.00785 -0.00798 -0.00160 -0.00891 3.22E-04 0.05020 -1.32E-02 0.33390 -2.94192
Shear s3 -0.13432 -0.04206 0.21905 -0.06731 1.54E-03 0.00992 3.11E-03 -0.07868 -0.52149
membrane s5 0.02019 -0.01738 0.00163 -0.02104 8.36E-04 0.06317 6.23E-04 -0.11536 -0.04286
c0 -0.49979 0.00031 -0.00324 -0.00581 2.69E-04 0.06116 2.57E-03 0.09603 0.03090
c2 -0.11994 0.10314 0.02036 -0.00183 9.63E-05 -0.04259 6.82E-04 -0.00792 -1.91714
c4 0.01330 -0.01127 0.00119 0.01013 -3.47E-04 -0.07292 1.19E-02 -0.30252 -0.97277
no12b(Mo1) s1 0.00204 0.00670 -0.02990 0.00260 6.36E-04 0.14712 1.99E-01 -1.26662 1.77811
Shear s3 -0.24271 0.21556 0.03534 0.00669 -1.87E-04 -0.12922 4.98E-04 -0.00864 -1.85870
bending s5 -0.05819 0.02518 0.03918 -0.01613 4.87E-04 0.02954 2.39E-03 -0.05396 -1.37681
c0 -0.00658 -0.00408 0.00321 0.00808 -5.49E-05 -0.25195 -8.74E-04 0.02078 -0.21285
c2 -0.47804 0.01864 0.05222 0.40032 3.54E-04 0.26184 -5.98E-04 0.02624 -0.47699
c4 -0.02881 0.01202 0.01004 0.01944 -7.71E-04 -0.05860 6.47E-03 -0.23404 -0.03407
Tableau A16.8611.24f: 180° elbow (c = ) - Moment M1

a b c d e f p q r
no1m(Mo1) c1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Longitudinal c3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
membrane c5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
s2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
s4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
s6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
no1b(Mo1) c1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Longitudinal c3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
bending c5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
s2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
s4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
s6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
no2m(Mo1) c1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
membrane c5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
s2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
s4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
s6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
no2b(Mo1) c1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
bending c5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
s2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
s4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
s6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
no12m(Mo1) s1 0.00442 -0.00653 0.00385 -0.01722 6.03E-04 0.07677 1.53E-01 -1.20672 -0.86220
Shear s3 0.36838 0.04498 -0.26636 -0.17973 1.98E-03 0.04077 1.18E-03 -0.03648 -0.36210
membrane s5 -0.00019 -0.00184 0.00091 -0.00311 3.80E-05 0.02760 2.54E-02 -0.57745 -0.14504
c0 -0.49992 0.03402 -0.10123 0.05822 2.96E-04 0.06083 9.70E-02 -0.26508 2.71866
c2 -0.05147 0.05319 0.00162 0.01191 -3.13E-04 -0.14435 4.55E-03 -0.12743 -1.30003
c4 0.47154 -0.08516 -0.34950 -0.03257 -6.09E-04 -0.01984 -1.80E-05 0.01171 -1.15753
no12b(Mo1) s1 0.06888 -0.00018 -0.06874 -0.04096 1.38E-03 0.30877 -6.92E-03 0.18702 -1.99216
Shear s3 0.07290 -0.06896 0.00657 0.01574 -4.63E-04 -0.25304 1.17E-03 -0.01962 -1.96972
bending s5 0.01224 -0.01766 0.00652 -0.00179 -5.50E-05 0.01418 1.61E-02 -0.35978 -1.24160
c0 -0.04950 -0.02114 0.03816 0.03315 -7.58E-05 -0.25600 -2.18E-03 0.07230 -0.78161
c2 2.03753 -0.37461 1.44760 -3.13871 1.94E-03 0.60741 5.09E-04 -0.02333 0.56755
c4 -0.94585 0.88460 0.07826 0.00207 9.61E-05 -0.13078 3.43E-04 -0.00534 -1.92022
© n°2015-171 A16 183 / 214

A16.8612.1 KI - Circumferential defect

 For a circumferential throughwall defect, the expression of KI (A16.8120) can be written as follows:
 
K I   m  Fm   b  Fb   gb  Fgb    c
The values of influence coefficients Fm, Fb and Fgb are those of the equivalent tube (same rm and same h) with the same
defect (A16.8420).
Stress values m, b and gb are given in Table A16.8612.1a (later).
 For a circumferential part-throughwall defect, the expression of KI (A16.8120) can be written as follows:
 a a
2
a
3
a 
4
K I    0  i 0   1  i1      2  i 2      3  i 3      4  i 4        a
 h h h  h  

The values of influence coefficients io, ..., i4 are those of the equivalent tube (same rm and same h) with the same defect
(A16.8420).
Stress values o, ..., 4 are obtained either by carrying out a finite element elastic calculation of the elbow with no defects
subjected to the applied loading, or approximated by linear stresses o, 1 in the cross-section of the elbow deduced directly
from the applied loading (Table A16.8612.1b) using the nominal elastic stress formulas no1m and no1b given in A16.8611.2.
If only the module of the moment at the top of the elbow is known, it shall be taken as an in-plane bending moment M2.
In the event of thermal shock with a linear variation in fluid temperature, stress values o, ..., 3 can be taken as equal to
those of the tube (same rm and same h), with the same defect, given in Table A16.8412.2b.
Table A16.8612.1b: elbow with circumferential part-throughwall defect
nominal elastic stresses normal to the plane of the defect
0 1
constant stress through linearised stress through
thickness of tube thickness of tube
Internal defect no1m - no1b + P +2.no1b
External defect no1m + no1b -2.no1b
A16.8612.2 KI - Longitudinal defect

 For a longitudinal throughwall defect, the expression of KI (A16.8120) can be written as follows:
K I   m  Fm   b  Fb     c
The values of influence coefficients Fm and Fb are those of the equivalent tube (same rm and same h) with the same defect
(A16.8430).
Stress values m and b are given in Table A16.8612.2a (later).
 For a longitudinal part-throughwall defect, the expression of KI (A16.8120) can be written as follows:
 a a
2
a
3
a 
4
K I    0  i 0   1  i1      2  i 2      3  i 3      4  i 4        a
 h h h  h  

The values of influence coefficients io, ..., i4 are those of the equivalent tube (same rm and same h) with the same defect
(A16.8430).
The stress values are obtained either by a finite element elastic calculation of the elbow with no defects subjected to the
applied loading, or approximated by linearised stress values o and 1 in the median section of the elbow, deduced directly
from the applied loading (Table A16.8612.2b) using nominal elastic stress formulas no2m and no2b given in A16.8611.2.
If bending moment M2o is a closing moment (M2o< 0), it gives rise to a positive stress intensity factor KI in Mode I (crack
opening) for an internal defect on the intrados and the extrados and for an external defect on the crown. Conversely, if
bending moment M2o is an opening moment (M2o> 0), it gives rise to a positive stress intensity factor KI in Mode I (crack
opening) for an external defect on the intrados and the extrados and for an internal defect on the crown. For all other defect
positions, it is assumed that M2=0 (Table A16.8612.2c).
If only the modulus of the moment at the top of the elbow is known, it shall be taken as an in-plane bending moment M2.
In the event of thermal shock with a linear variation in fluid temperature, stress values o, ..., 3 can be taken as equal to
those of the tube (same rm and same h), with the same defect, given in Table A16.8412.2b.
A16 184 / 214 © n°2015-171

Table A16.8612.2b: elbow with longitudinal defect

nominal elastic stresses normal to the plane of the defect
0 1
constant stress through thickness of linearised stress through
tube thickness of tube
Internal defect no2m - no2b + P +2.no2b
Table A16.8612.2c: elbow with longitudinal defect
in-plane bending moment for calculating KI
Intrados Extrados Crown
Internal defect closing (M20<0) M2 = M20 M2 = M20 M2 = 0
0
opening (M2 >0) M2 = 0 M2 = 0 M2 = M20
External defect closing (M20<0) M2 = 0 M2 = 0 M2 = M20

opening (M20>0) M2 = M20 M2 = M20 M2 = 0
A16.8613 Calculating KII and KIII

Torsion moment M1, in-plane bending moment M2 and out-of-plane bending moment M3 lead to :
 a mode II stress intensity factor at the surface point of semi-elliptical defects and of throughwall defects (circumferential and
longitudinal), which can be calculated from :
 a
K II   0  i 0  1  i1      a
 t
 a mode III stress intensity factor at the deepest point of part through wall defects, which can be calculated from :
 a
K III  0  i 0  1  i1      a
 t
The values of the influence coefficients io and i1 are the influence coefficients of the pipe with the same defect and geometry
size (ri, h) (A16.8420 and 8430).
The values of the shear stresses 0 and 1 can be obtained either from an elastic finite element calculation of the elbow without
defect under the applied loading, or from a linearised estimation given in table A16.8613.
Table A16.8613: elbow – nominal elastic shear stresses
0 1
constant stress through thickness of linearised stress through
tube thickness of tube
Internal defect no12m - no12b +2.no12b

The reference stress can be estimated using either the MML option (A16.8414.1) or the EPS option (A16.8414.2).
A16.8614.1 MLL option (Modified Limit Load)
A16.8614.11 MLL option: elbow – circumferential defect in the entrance or exit section
This method is applicable for elbows :
 such that 3  rm/h  20 0.1    1 /6  c  
 include a circumferential defect which :
- is far from a change transition by at least 1.5.(rm.h)1/2,
- is at the junction section or near to an elbow junction by less than 1.5.(rm3/h)1/2 ,
© n°2015-171 A16 185 / 214

Table A16.8614.111: MLL option -elbow – applicability for the circumferential defect
Circumferential a 1 1 a 1
defect   
h 4 4 h 2
1 a Bottom Bottom
3 c
a 1 Bottom
 Surface
c 3
 Lr equation in function of the moment values in the median section of the elbow M1(c/2), M2(c/2), M3(c/2) is :
2 2 2
Lr 
 2
 
q  
m
 

 
 p 

 m1 
 
  q
2 
  1   
q  
m
 


 
 m em t  ep   en n   m em t 
with
2 2
 M2  c / 2 
   M3  c / 2 
 
3 P  rm  3 M1 c / 2
p   C1c       m1  
2 h  y  g2   g3  2   rm2  h   y
m 
4  rm2  h   y
 2  R c  rm 
 C1c  0,5    for a defect at the junction between the elbow and the straight pipe
 4  R c  rm  
 C1c=1 for a defect in the straight pipe
  = 0.8 for a defect at the internal surface in the junction
  = 1 for a defect at the external surface in the junction and all defect in the straight pipe (if the
distance to the junction is less than 1,5.(rm3/h)1/2)
   
 g2  1  0.13  0.69  (2 c / )  0.18  (2 c / ) 2  Min 0.62  2  0.31   0.85 ; 0 
  g3  1  0.13  0.69  (2 c / )  0.18  (2 c / ) 2  Min1.2    1.1 ; 0 with c in radian
It leads to ref = Lr y where y is the conventional 0.2% yield stress (Rp0.2).

The significance and the value of coefficients qm, qn, en, em, ep and t is given for each kind of defect in the corresponding
section (A16.8620).
*
 If Lr<1 and if m is different from 0, Lr is calculated from :
 
2
L*r  2
 m*
2
 
 m12  p 2  1   2  m * with
m 
m *  0.28  1     qm  1  p 2   1 
 qn 
2
If Lr* < Lr < 1, a new value of Kr is used for the J calculation through the equation Js = Jel/Kr .
This new value of Kr is determined from a linear interpolation between Kr(Lr*) and Kr(Lr=1) according to section
A16.8414.112.
A16.8614.12 MLL option: elbow - Longitudinal defect in median section
This method is applicable for elbows:
 such that 3  rm/h  20 0.1    1 /6  c  
 include a longitudinal defect which :
- is far from a change transition by at least 1,5.(rm.h)1/2,
- is centred on the median section of the elbow ,
Table A16.8614.121: MLL option - elbow – applicability for the longitudinal defect
Longitudinal a 1 1 a 1
defect   
h 4 4 h 2
1 a Bottom Bottom
3 c
a 1 Bottom
 Surface
c 3
A16 186 / 214 © n°2015-171

 Lr equation in function of the moment values in the median section of the elbow M1(c/2), M2(c/2), M3(c/2) is :
2 2 2 2 2

Lr   2 
m 
 
qm   em   t 
 p   2 m  2 
    1   1    
m
 
  m1 
  
  qp   ep   qp   qm   em   t   qp 
with
3 P  rm M2  c / 22  M3  c / 22 1 3 M1 c / 2
p   C1c m   m1  
2 h  y g 2   rm2  h   y
4  rm2  h  y
 2  R c  rm  sin   h
   MinC1c ;1 with C1c   
 2  R c  rm  sin   h()
  = 0.5 pour  = 0.5 for a defect at the internal surface at the flange c
 2 

 g  1  1  e

 1.1 c
 
 0,6
  Min 0.8    1; 0

 with c in radian
 
It leads to ref = Lr y with y the conventional 0,2% yield stress (Rp0.2).

The significance and the value of coefficients qm, qp, em, ep and t is given for each kind of defect in the corresponding
section (A16.8620).
 If Lr<1 and if m is different from 0, Lr* is calculated from:
  m *   m   1   
2
2 2 m 
L*r m  0,28  1     qm  1  p   1 
2 2 2 2 2
 p 1 m* m12
with * 2
 qp 
 
2
If Lr* < Lr < 1, a new value of Kr is used for the J calculation through the equation Js = Jel/Kr .
This new value of Kr is determined from a linear interpolation between Kr(Lr*) and Kr(Lr=1) according to section
A16.8414.112.
A16.8614.2 EPS option (Elastic Plastic Stress) – Stresses s1m and s’1m
This method is applicable for elbows:
 such that 3  rm/h  20 0.1    1 /6  c  
 include a circumferential defect which :
- is far from a change transition by at least 1.5.(rm.h)1/2,
- is at the junction section or near to an elbow junction by less than 1.5.(rm3/h)1/2 ,
 or include a longitudinal defect which :
- is centred on the median section of the elbow ,
Table A16.8614.21: EPS option - elbow – applicability

Defect a 1 1 a 1
  
h 4 4 h 2
1 a Bottom Bottom
3 c
a 1 Bottom
 Surface
c 3
A16.8614.22 Calculating equivalent stresses

The stresses s1m and s’1m which are useful for calculating the equivalent stresses (A16. 7312) are calculated as follows:
1 g
s1' m  fin  1m   gb s1m  1m    gb
fel fpl
 The elastic stress due to overall bending of the elbow gb in the section of the defect is corrected by an amplification
coefficient due to the presence of the defect: 1/fel (elasticity) or 1/fpl (plasticity). These coefficients are tabulated, for each
defect, with the stresses in the corresponding chapters (A16.8620, 8630).
© n°2015-171 A16 187 / 214

 The elastic stress values 1m, 1b, 2m, 2b, 12 and gb are given, for each type of defect, in the corresponding chapters
(A16.8620, 8630) as function of the pressure P and the moments M1, M2 and M3 in the defect section.
 The coefficient g which is related to the plasticity redistribution and the coefficient fin are tabulated, for each defect, as the
stresses equations in corresponding sections (A16.8620, 8630).
A16.8615 Calculating kth1 and K*th1
A16.8615.1 Calculating kth1 : thermal shock only

The values of kth1 are equal to those of the equivalent tube (same rm and same h) with the same defect. They are given
A16.8615.2 Calculating k*th1 : loading combined with thermal shock

The proposed method is valid when the analytical methods for mechanical loadings only (evaluation of Js calculation according
to section A16.7310) and for thermal transient only (calculation of kth1 according to A16.8615.1) are both valid.
A16.8615.21 Circumferential defect

With the notations defined in section A16.8614.11, first step is to calculated Lr(P=0) using the following equation :
2 2
L r (P  0) 
 2

m   m1 
  
  1  
2  m 

 qm   em   t   qn   en   qm   em   t 
Value of kth1* is then deduced from:
 kth1* = kth1 if one of the four conditions is checked :
- the value of Lr calculated according to A16.8614.11 for the other loading than thermal transient verifies Lr  0,5 ;
- the value of Lr(P=0) calculated considering all other loading except thermal transient verifies Lr(P=0)  2p where p is the
reduced pressure (A16.8614.11) ;
- the cooling thermal transient shows a low Fourrier number F (F  0,1) and a high Biot number B (B  10) ;
- moments M1 and M3 equal 0.
 kth1* = 1 if none of these four conditions is checked.
A16.8615.22 Longitudinal defect

With the notations defined in section A16.8614.12, first step is to calculated Lr(P=0) using the following equation :
2 2 2 2
L r (P  0) 
 2
  
m 

qm   em   t 

 2 m1 
     1  2



m 
 
 m1 

  qp   qm   em   t   qp 
Value of kth1* is then deduced from:
 kth1* = kth1 if one of the two conditions is checked :
- the value of Lr calculated according to A16.8614.12 for the other loading than thermal transient verifies Lr  0,5 ;
- the value of Lr(P=0) calculated considering all other loading except thermal transient verifies qp.Lr(P=0)  p/2 where p is
the reduced pressure (A16.8614.12) ;
 kth1* = 1 if none of these two conditions is checked.
The method is not applicable if qp.Lr(P=0) > 2p.
Specific case of a part-throughwall defect at the flange:

kth1* = 1 if Lr calculated according to A16.8614.12 verifies Lr  0,25 or if Lr(P=0) verifies qp.Lr(P=0)  p. If not, the method is not
applicable.
A16.8616 Calculating kth2 and kth2*

In the case of circumferential defects, kth2 and kth2* are equal to those of the equivalent tube (same rm and same h). They are
given in section A16.8416 with the same domain of applicability but are not applicable to elbows with an external defect.
In the case of longitudinal defects, kth2 and kth2* are equal to those of the equivalent tube (same rm and same h) except for the
formulation of parameter  which, for any longitudinal defects in an elbow, is =1.2. The other factors in the formula for
calculating kth2 and kth2* are given in section A16.8416 with the same domain of applicability but are not applicable to elbows
with an external defect.
A16 188 / 214 © n°2015-171

A16.8620 ELBOW – CIRCUMFERENTIAL DEFECT
A16.8621 ELBOW – Circumferential throughwall defect (Later)

A16.8622 ELBOW – Circumferential part-throughwall rectangular internal defect
(Later)
A16.8623 ELBOW – Circumferential part-throughwall rectangular external defect
(Later)
A16.8624 ELBOW – Circumferential part-throughwall semi-elliptical internal defect
in the entrance or the exit section
A16.8624.1 COU-CDSI-es. Describing defect geometry
The geometry of the circumferential part-throughwall semi-elliptical internal defect is described in terms of (Fig. A16.8624.1):
 its depth a
 its length 2c.
 its azimuth value  (-    ) in the entrance or the exit section of the elbow.
Figure A16.8624.1: COU-CDSI-es, elbow containing a circumferential
part-throughwall semi-elliptical internal defect – entrance or exit section
Extrados Side Intrados
a
a 2.c
a
2.c
2.c
A16.8624.2 COU-CDSI-es. Influence coefficients - E* value

The values of coefficients i0, i1, i2, i3 for the points on the surface and at the bottom, and the value of E* are those of the tube
(same rm and same h) with the same defect (TUB-CDSI). They are given in the table A16.8424.2.
A16.8624.3 COU-CDSI-es. MLL option: coefficients

c a a
   2    2 
rm h h
cos      sin 1
2 h 2 h h
 qn: section reduction factor under N1 or M1 only a  2 1 a  a
1  - .Arc sin   sin 1
h   2 h  h
 en: coefficient allowing for local work hardening a
under N1 1 - 0.16  1
h
 em: coefficient allowing for local and general a
work hardening under M2 0.92 - 0.15  0.92
h
 ep: coefficient allowing for defect position under
1 1
pressure
1   1 
2 h  2 h
© n°2015-171 A16 189 / 214

A16.8624.4 COU-CDSI-es. EPS option: stresses in the section of the defect - coefficients
 1m : axial membrane P  rm h 1  1
   1  
2h h qp  z
 a  a 1 P  rm 2    rm2  h
where qp  1    z  1 
 h   h  1
c 2  h M1
rm  a
thickness
 2m : circumferential membrane P  r
m

h C1c

*
where C1*c 
1.85  R c  1.35  rm  sin 
h h qp 2  R c  rm  sin 
If y <0 :
M 22  M32
  rm2 h

1
g

 1  0.23  y  0.0176  y 2 
If y >0 :
M 22  M32
  rm2  h

1
g

 1  0.32  y  0.12  y 2 
 M1 M 
where y   sign 1 
 and y=0 if M3 =0
M 2  M3  M3 



if   0.5 :  g  Min 1 ; 1.075 _ 0.15  c



  Min 0.8  

0. 6
;1 
  
if  < 0.5 :  g  Min 1 ; 1.075 _ 0.15  c   0.905  0.78
  
 12 : shear M1 1 1
 
2
2    rm  h p 0.8
q
 fin 1.5
 fel
If y <0 :
  a a
cos   
2 h 2h
 1

 sin    1  0.23  y  0.0176  y 2 
    k
If y >0 :
  a a
cos   
 2 h  2h
 1

 sin    1  0.32  y  0.12  y 2 
  k
where 
c
ri
 
k  Min 1 ; - 0.3782  0.986  0.446 
 fpl   a a  1
cos     sin  
  2 h  2h  k
 g 
4
A16 190 / 214 © n°2015-171

A16.8625 ELBOW - Circumferential part-throughwall semi-elliptical external defect

in the entrance or exit section of the elbow
A16.8625.1 COU-CDSE-es. Describing defect geometry

The geometry of the circumferential part-throughwall semi-elliptical external defect is described in terms of (Fig. A16.8625.1):
 its depth a
 its length 2c.
 its azimuth value  (-    ) in the entrance or the exit section of the elbow..
Figure A16.8625.1: COU-CDSE-es COU-CDSE, elbow containing a circumferential
part-throughwall semi-elliptical external defect – entrance or exit section
Extrados Side Intrados
a 2.c
a
2.c
2.c
A16.8625.2 COU-CDSE-es. Influence coefficients - E* value

(same rm and same h) with the same defect (TUB-CDSE). They are given in the table A16.8425.2
© n°2015-171 A16 191 / 214

A16.8625.3 COU-CDSE-es. MLL option: coefficients

c a a
   2   2
rm h h
cos  sin 1
2 h 2 h h
 qn: section reduction factor under N1 or M1 only a  2 1 a  a
1  - .Arc sin   sin 1
h    2 h  h
 en: coefficient allowing for local work hardening a 1
under N1 1  0.16
h
 em: coefficient allowing for local and general a
work hardening under M2 0.92 - 0.15 0.92
h
 ep: coefficient allowing for defect position under 0.9 0.9
pressure
1   1 
2 h  2 h
A16.8625.4 COU-CDSE-es. EPS option: stresses in the section of the defect -

coefficients
 1m : axial membrane P  rm h 1 1  a  a 1
   where qp  1   
2h h qp 0.95  h  h 1  c
rm  a
thickness
 2m : circumferential P  rm h C1*c
  
1
where C1*c 
1.85  R c  1.35  rm  sin 
membrane
h h qp 0.95 2  R c  rm  sin 
If y <0 :
M 22  M32
  rm2  h

1
g

 1  0 .3  y  0 .1  y 2 
If y >0 :
M 22  M32
  rm2  h

1
g
 
 1  Max  0.25  y  0.6  y 2 ;  0.37 
where 
 g  Min 0.8  0.6 ; 1 
 M1 M 
y  sign 1  and y=0 if M3 =0

M 2  M3  M3 
 12 : shear M1 1 1
 
2    rm2  h p 0 .9
q
 fin 1.5
 fel   a a  1 c
cos     sin   where 
  2 h  2h  k re
k 2  sin(1.74  Min(  ;   )  1.976 ) where -     
if k2  0, then k=Min[1 ; (-0.378 .2+0.986 .+0.446)]
else k=Min[1 ; (-0.378 .2+0.986 .+0.446).(1-0.31 .k21.53)]
 fpl fpl  f el
 g 
4
A16 192 / 214 © n°2015-171

A16.8626 ELBOW - Circumferential part-throughwall axisymmetrical internal defect

in the entrance or exit section of the elbow
A16.8626.1 COU-CDAI-es. Describing defect geometry

The geometry of the circumferential part-throughwall axisymmetrical internal defect is described in terms of (Fig.A16.8626.1) :
 its depth a,
 its position in the entrance or exit section of the elbow.
Figure A16.8626.1: COU-CDAI-es, elbow containing a circumferential
part-throughwall axisymmetrical internal defect - entrance or exit section
A16.8626.2 COU-CDAI-es. Influence coefficients - E* value

(same rm and same h) with the same defect (TUB-CDAI). They are given in the table A16.8426.2.
© n°2015-171 A16 193 / 214

A16.8626.3 COU-CDAI-es. MLL option: coefficients

1
h
1
h
 en: coefficient allowing for local work hardening 1
under N1
 em: coefficient allowing for local and general 0.92
work hardening under M2
 ep: coefficient allowing for defect position under 1
pressure
1 
2 h
A16.8626.4 COU-CDAI-es . EPS option: stresses in the section of the defect - coefficients
 1m : axial membrane P  rm h 1  a 
  where qp  1  
2h h qp  h 
thickness
 2m : circumferential P  rm

h C1c

*
where C1*c  1.085 
1.85  R c  1.35  rm 
membrane
h h qp 2  R c  rm 
if y <0 :
M 22  M32
  rm2 h

1
g

 1  0.23  y  0.0176  y 2 
if y >0 :
M 22  M32
  rm2  h

1
g

 1  0.32  y  0.12  y 2 
 M1 M 
where y   sign 1 
 and y=0 if M3 =0
M 2  M3  M3 



if   0.5 :  g  Min 1 ; 1.075 _ 0.15  c



  Min 0.8  

0. 6
;1 
  
if  < 0.5 :  g  Min 1 ; 1.075 _ 0.15  c   0.905  
0.78
  
 12 : shear M1 1 1
 
2    rm2  h qp 0.8
 fin 1,5
 fel
if y <0 :
 a 1

1  h   k  1  0.23  y  0.0176  y
 

2
1  h   k  1  0.32  y  0.12  y 
 a 1 2
if y >0 :
 
where k  Min1 ; - 0.378    0.986    0.446 
2
 fpl  a 1
1  h   k
 
 g 
4
A16 194 / 214 © n°2015-171

A16.8627 Circumferential part-throughwall axisymmetrical external defect in the

entrance or exit section of the elbow
A16.8627.1 COU-CDAE-es. Describing defect geometry

The geometry of the circumferential part-throughwall axisymmetrical external defect is described in terms of (Fig.A16.8627.1):
 its depth a,
 its position in the entrance or exit section of the elbow.
Figure A16.8627.1: COU-CDAE-es, elbow containing a circumferential
part-throughwall axisymmetrical external defect - entrance or exit section
A16.8627.2 COU-CDAE-es. Influence coefficients - E* value

(same rm and same h) with the same defect (TUB-CDAE). They are given in the table A16.8427.2.
© n°2015-171 A16 195 / 214

A16.8627.3 COU-CDAE-es. MLL option: coefficients

1
h
1
h
under N1
 ep: coefficient allowing for defect position under 0.9
pressure
1 
2 h
A16.8627.4 COU-CDAE-es. EPS option: stresses in the section of the defect -

coefficients
 1m : axial membrane P  rm h 1 1  a 
   where qp  1  
2h h qp 0.95  h 
thickness
 2m : circumferential P  rm h C1*c
  
1
where C1*c 
1.85  R c  1.35  rm 
membrane
h h qp 0.95 2  R c  rm 
if y <0 :
M 22  M32
  rm2 h

1
g

 1  0 .3  y  0 .1  y 2 
if y >0 :
M 22  M32
  rm2  h

1
g
 
 1  Max  0.25  y  0.6  y 2 ;  0.37 
where 
 g  Min 0.8  0.6 ; 1 
 M1 M 
y  sign 1 
 and y=0 if M3 =0
M 2  M3  M3 
 12 : shear M1 1 1
 
2    rm2  h p 0 .9
q
 fin 1.5
 fel  a 1
1  h   k
 
where  
k  Min 1 ; - 0.378  2  0.986    0.446 
 fpl fpl  f el
 g 
4
A16 196 / 214 © n°2015-171

A16.8630 ELBOW - LONGITUDINAL DEFECT
A16.8631 ELBOW - Longitudinal throughwall defect (Later)
A16.8632 ELBOW - Longitudinal part-throughwall rectangular internal defect

(Later)
A16.8633 ELBOW - Longitudinal part-throughwall rectangular external defect

(Later)
A16.8634 ELBOW - Longitudinal part-throughwall semi-elliptical internal defect

centred at the mid section
A16.8634.1 COU-LDSI-m. Describing defect geometry

The geometry of the longitudinal part-throughwall semi-elliptical internal defect is described in terms of (Fig. A16.8634.1):
 its depth a
 its length 2c.
 its centred position in the mid section
 its azimuth value : at the intrados ( = -/2), at the extrados ( = /2) or at the flange of the elbow ( = 0 or  = ).
Figure A16.8634.1: COU-LDSI-m, elbow containing a longitudinal part-throughwall
semi-elliptical internal defect – mid section
2.c a 2.c
a
Intrados Extrados
A16.8634.2 COU-LDSI-m : Influence coefficients - E* value

(same rm and same h) with the same defect (TUB- LDSI). They are given in the table A16.8434.2.
© n°2015-171 A16 197 / 214

A16.8634.3 COU-LDSI-m. MLL option: coefficients

c a a
   2   2
rm h h
cos     sin 1
2 h 2 h h
 qn: section reduction factor under N1 or M1 only  a  a 1  a  a 1
1    1   
 h   h   c  h  h c
1 1
rm  a rm  a

under N1 1  0.16 
h
 em: coefficient allowing for local and general 1 1
 ep: coefficient allowing for defect position under 1 a  1 a
pressure 1   1 
2 h  2 h
A16.8634.4 COU-LDSI-m. EPS option: stresses in the section of the defect - coefficients
   where qp  1   
2h h qp 0.95  h   h  c
1
rm  a
thickness
 2m : circumferential P  rm h C1c 1 2  R c  rm  sin 
   where C1c 
membrane h h qp 0.95 2  R c  rm  sin 
M 22  M 32

1
g

where  g  Min 0.8  0.6 ; 1 
  rm2 h
 12 : shear M1 1

2    rm2  h qp
 fin 1.5
 fel fel = 0.85 .fpl
 fpl  a    a a  1 c
Min1 ; 1  0.4    0.25   cos     sin   where  
  h     2 h  2h  k R c  ri  sin
  
k  Min 1 ; - 0.378  2  0.986    0.446  0.257   c  0.595  
 g 2
  1m 
 for a defect at the flange ( = 0°) : g   1  0.75  
4  1m   gb 

 for a defect at the extrados ( = 90°) : g
4
2
   2m 
 for a defect at the intrados ( = -90°) : g  1  0.05  
4   2m   gb 
A16 198 / 214 © n°2015-171

A16.8635 ELBOW - Longitudinal part-throughwall semi-elliptical external defect

centred at the mid section
A16.8635.1 COU-LDSE-m. Describing defect geometry

The geometry of the longitudinal part-throughwall semi-elliptical internal defect is described in terms of (Fig. A16.8635.1):
 its depth a
 its length 2c.
 its centred position in the mid section
Figure A16.8635.1: COU-LDSE-m, elbow containing a longitudinal part-throughwall
semi-elliptical external defect - mid section
2.c a
2.c
a
Intrados Extrados
A16.8635.2 COU-LDSE-m. Influence coefficients - E* value

(same rm and same h) with the same defect (TUB- LDSE). They are given in the table A16.8435.2.
© n°2015-171 A16 199 / 214

A16.8635.3 COU-LDSE-m. MLL option: coefficients

c a a
   2    2 
rm h h
cos      sin 1
2 h 2 h h
 qn: section reduction factor under N1 or M1 only  a  a 1  a  a 1
1     1   
h  h  c  h  h c
  1 1
rm  a rm  a

under N1 1  0.16 
h
 em: coefficient allowing for local and general 0.9 0.9
 ep: coefficient allowing for defect position under 1 a  1 a
pressure 1   1 
2 h  2 h
A16.8635.4 COU-LDSE-m. EPS option: stresses in the section of the defect - coefficients
   where qp  1   
2h h qp 0.92  h  h 1  c
rm  a
thickness
 gb : global bending M 22  M 32

1
g

where  g  Min 0.8  0.6 ; 1 
  rm2  h
 12 : shear M1 1

2    rm2 q
h p
 fin 1.5
 fel  a    a a  c
Min1;1  0.4    0.25   cos     sin  where  
 h    2 h  2h  R c  re  sin
 fpl  a    a a  1 c
Min1;1  0.4    0.25   cos     sin   where  
  h     2 h  2h  k R c  re  sin
where   
k  Min 1 ; - 0.378  2  0.986    0.446  0.257   c  0.595  
 g 
4
A16 200 / 214 © n°2015-171

A16.8636 ELBOW - Longitudinal part-throughwall infinite internal defect
A16.8636.1 COU-LDII. Describing defect geometry

The geometry of the longitudinal part-throughwall infinite internal defect is described in terms of (Fig.A16.8636.1):
 its depth a,
Figure A16.8636.1: COU-LDII, elbow containing a longitudinal part-throughwall infinite internal defect
a
Intrados Extrados
A16.8636.2 COU-LDII. Influence coefficients – E* value

(same rm and same h) with the same defect (TUB- LDII). They are given in the table A16.8436.2.
© n°2015-171 A16 201 / 214

A16.8636.3 COU-LDII. MLL option: coefficients

1
h
 qn: section reduction factor under N1 or M1 only  a 
 1 
 h 
under N1
 em: coefficient allowing for local and general 1
 ep: coefficient allowing for defect position under 1 a
pressure 1 
2 h
A16.8636.4 COU-LDII. EPS option: stresses in the section of the defect - coefficients
 1m : axial membrane Prm h 1 1  a 
   where qp  1  
2h h qp 0.95  h  
thickness
 2m : circumferential Prm h C1c 1 2  R c  rm  sin 

1
g

where  g  Min 0.8  0.6 ; 1 
  rm2 h
 12 : shear M1 1

2    .rm2  .h qp
 fin 1.5
 fel  a   a
Min1 ; 1  0.4    0.25   1  0.5  
  h   h
 fpl  a   a 1
Min1 ; 1  0.4    0.25   1  0.5   
 h   h k
  
where k  Min 1 ; 0.95 - 0.378  2  0.986    0.446  0.257   c  0.595  
 g 
4
A16 202 / 214 © n°2015-171

A16.8637 ELBOW - Longitudinal part-throughwall infinite external defect
A16.8637.1 COU-LDIE. Describing defect geometry

The geometry of the longitudinal part-throughwall infinite external defect is described in terms of (Fig.A16.8637.1):
 its depth a,
Figure A16.8637.1: COU-LDIE, elbow containing a longitudinal part-throughwall infinite external defect
2.c a
a
Intrados Extrados
A16.8637.2 COU-LDIE. Influence coefficients – E* value

(same rm and same h) with the same defect (TUB- LDIE). They are given in the table A16.8437.2.
© n°2015-171 A16 203 / 214

A16.8637.3 COU-LDIE. MLL option: coefficients

1
h
 qn: section reduction factor under N1 or M1 only  a 
 1 
 h 
under N1
 ep: coefficient allowing for defect position under 1 a
pressure 1 
2 h
A16.8637.4 COU-LDIE. EPS option: stresses in the section of the defect - coefficients
 1m : axial membrane P  rm h 1 1  a 
   where qp  1  
2h h qp 0,92  h 
thickness

1
g

where  g  Min 0.8  0.6 ; 1 
  rm2 h
 12 : shear M1 1

2    rm2  h qp
 fin 1.5
 fel  a   a
Min1 ; 1  0.4    0.25   1  0.5  
  h   h
 fpl  a   a 1
Min1 ; 1  0.4    0.25   1  0.5   
 h   h k
  
where k  Min 1 ; - 0.378  2  0.986    0.446  0.257   c  0.595  
 g 
4
A16 204 / 214 © n°2015-171

A16.8700 PIPING TEE

A16.8710 COMMON DATA FOR PIPING TEE
A16.8711 Geometry of the piping tee - loading

The geometry of the piping tee and the applied load components are shown in Figure A16.8711.
Figure A16.8711: Geometry of the piping TEE
Geometry Loading
Run pipe Branch pipe

Rm : average radius rm : average radius p : internal pressure
H : thickness h : thickness m : axial stress in the branch pipe
m
Branch pipe
Run pipe rm
h H
Rm
p
A16.8712.1 KI – Circumferential defect

The expression of KI can be written as follows: K I  F   m    H
The values of F are given in A16.8721.2.
A16.8712.2 KI – Longitudinal defect

The expression of KI can be written as follows: K I  F   m    c
The values of F are given in en A16.8731.2.
© n°2015-171 A16 205 / 214

A16.8720 TEE– CIRCUMFERENTIAL DEFECT AT THE TEE JOINT
A16.8721 TEE-CDSE. Circumferential defect at the tee joint , part-through semi-

elliptical external defect
A16.8721.1 Describing defect geometry

The geometry of the circumferential defect at the tee joint, part-through semi-elliptical external defect is described in terms of
(Fig.A16.8721.1):
 its symmetrical position in relation to the tee junction,
 its depth a,
 its length 2c,
c
 the parameter   .
Rm  h
Figure A16.8721.1: TEE containing a circumferential defect at the tee joint
m
Branch pipe
Run pipe rm
h H
Rm
p
2.c
A16.8721.2 Influence coefficients

F  4.1959    1.5007   2  2.8565   3  3.1328   4  1.9778   5 and 
a / H
a / c 0.58
Its formula is valid for: 0.1 <   1.4 and 0.1  a/h  0.85
rm / h  Rm / H = 14 and 2c/H = 4
A16.8721.3 Calculating ref and Lr

Under internal pressure, the reference stress is given by:
 a
1 .4
1 
 1  1 .2     
R  H 1  1.2987  2  0.026905  4  5.3549  10  4  6 
 ref  p m  
H  0. 8
a  a 
 1  1,1   1  0,4   
 H
   H  
Its formula is valid for: Rm = rm H=h 0  c/Rm  2

a/h  0.8 5  Rm/H  10
the depth of the defect is assumed to be constant
A16 206 / 214 © n°2015-171

A16.8730 TEE – LONGITUDINAL DEFECT AT THE TEE JOINT
A16.8731 TEE-LTR. Longitudinal throughwall defect at the tee joint

The geometry of the longitudinal throughwall defect at the tee joint is described in terms of (Fig.A16.8731.1):
 its position in relation to the tee junction,
 its length 2c with equal length in the run and branch pipes.
Figure A16.8731.1: TEE containing a longitudinal throughwall defect at the tee joint
m
Branch pipe
rm
Run pipe
h H
c
c
Rm
p

 c 
F  2.3  1.25   
 rm 
Its formula is valid for: rm / h = 7.5 Rm / H = 4.5 Rm/rm=1
0.05  c/rm  0.4
A16.8731.3 Calculation of ref and Lr

Under internal pressure, the reference stress is given by:
 a
2
1 
 1  1. 1     
 H c 
 2.3  1.25  
R Rm
 ref  p  m   
H  a  a 
 1  1 .1    1  0 .2   
H  H
 
 
Its formula is valid for: Rm= rm , H=h 0  c/Rm  0.5

a/h  0.8 5  Rm/H  10
© n°2015-171 A16 207 / 214

A16.8800 NOZZLE
A16.8810 COMMON DATA FOR NOZZLE
A16.8811 Geometry of the nozzle - Loading

The geometry of the nozzle and the applied load components are shown in Figure A16.8811
Figure A16.8811: nozzle
Geometry Loading
ri : internal radius p : internal pressure

h : thickness
Nozzle
A16 208 / 214 © n°2015-171

A16.8820 NOZZLE – CIRCUMFERENTIAL DEFECT
A16.8821 PIQ-CDAI. Circumferential part-throughwall axisymmetrical internal

defect

A reinforced nozzle contains a circumferential part-throughwall axisymmetrical internal defect. This defect can be located at 3
distinct positions: remote from the reinforced section (Position P1), in the reinforced section (Position P2), or in the nozzle
corner (Position P3).
The axial stress , perpendicular to the plan of the defect, is expressed as :

2 3
z z z
   o  1      2      3   
h h h
as a function of the distance measured from the internal surface..

The stress intensity factor KI of a circumferential part-throughwall axisymmetrical internal defect (depth a), located in positions
P1, P2 or P3 (Fig.A16.8821.2), is given by:
K I   o  G o  1  G1   2  G 2   3  G 3     a
The coefficients G are expressed as:

2 3 4 5
a a a a a
Gi  A  B     C     D     E     F   
h h h h h
 Defect located in P1 :
For 0.05  a/h  0.85 and Ri/h = 6, the coefficients GP1 are given in table A16.8821.2a. Tabulated values of the coefficients
A, B, C, D, E and F are given in table A16.8821.2b
For 0.05 a/h  0.85 and Ri/h = 2, the coefficients GP2 are given in table A16.8821.2a. Tabulated values of the coefficients
The defect plane is inclined at 45 degrees to the nozzle axis.
For 0.05  a/h  0.85 and Ri/h = 3, the coefficients GP3 are given in table A16.8821.2a. Tabulated values of the coefficients
© n°2015-171 A16 209 / 214

Figure A16.8821.2: nozzle containing a circumferential part-throughwall axisymmetrical internal defect
Nozzle
a
o z
Position P1
Nozzle
a
Position P2 z
o
Nozzle
z
Position P3
h
A16 210 / 214 © n°2015-171

Table A16.8821.2a: values of the coefficients G

a/h Go G1 G2 G3
P1 Ri/h=6 0.05 1.108 0.033 8.2e-4 3.1e-5
0.10 1.128 0.066 4.6e-3 3.9e-4
0.15 1.156 0.099 1.1e-2 1.4e-3
0.20 1.193 0.134 0.020 0.003
0.25 1.237 0.170 0.032 0.007
0.30 1.287 0.209 0.047 0.012
0.35 1.344 0.251 0.065 0.018
0.40 1.406 0.297 0.086 0.028
0.45 1.475 0.347 0.111 0.040
0.50 1.551 0.402 0.141 0.056
0.55 1.635 0.463 0.177 0.076
0.60 1.730 0.532 0.220 0.103
0.65 1.836 0.608 0.271 0.136
0.70 1.956 0.693 0.330 0.178
0.75 2.092 0.788 0.401 0.231
0.80 2.248 0.894 0.483 0.298
0.85 2.427 1.012 0.579 0.380
P2 Ri/h=2 0.05 1.105 0.033 1.8e-3 4.3e-5
0.10 1.116 0.066 0.006 4.0e-4
0.15 1.132 0.100 0.012 1.4e-3
0.20 1.152 0.136 0.020 0.003
0.25 1.175 0.172 0.032 0.007
0.30 1.202 0.210 0.046 0.012
0.35 1.233 0.250 0.065 0.019
0.40 1.267 0.292 0.086 0.028
0.45 1.304 0.337 0.112 0.041
0.50 1.345 0.385 0.143 0.057
0.55 1.391 0.437 0.178 0.078
0.60 1.442 0.492 0.218 0.104
0.65 1.498 0.551 0.264 0.136
0.70 1.563 0.616 0.315 0.174
0.75 1.635 0.685 0.373 0.221
0.80 1.717 0.760 0.438 0.278
0.85 1.811 0.840 0.509 0.345
P3 Ri/h=3 0.05 1.163 0.033 1.2e-3 2.9e-5
0.10 1.221 0.069 0.005 3.7e-4
0.15 1.275 0.108 0.012 1.4e-3
0.20 1.325 0.148 0.022 0.003
0.25 1.371 0.189 0.035 0.007
0.30 1.413 0.232 0.050 0.012
0.35 1.452 0.276 0.070 0.020
0.40 1.489 0.322 0.092 0.030
0.45 1.523 0.368 0.118 0.042
0.50 1.554 0.416 0.148 0.059
0.55 1.584 0.465 0.182 0.079
0.60 1.613 0.515 0.220 0.104
0.65 1.640 0.567 0.263 0.135
0.70 1.666 0.621 0.310 0.171
0.75 1.692 0.677 0.363 0.214
0.80 1.718 0.736 0.421 0.265
0.85 1.743 0.798 0.485 0.324
© n°2015-171 A16 211 / 214

Table A16.8821.2a: values of the coefficients A, B, C, D, E, F

i A B C D E F
P1 0 1.0996 4.5261e-2 2.6219 -2.9990 2.3676 0.00
Ri/h=6 1 0.00 0.6616 -9.2479e-2 0.6300 0.2476 0.00
2 0.00 -1.5985e-2 0.6777 -0.6284 0.9370 0.00
3 0.00 0.00 -1.6719e-2 0.6191 -0.7110 0.8622
i A B C D E F
P1 0 1.1001 3.8075e-2 1.3449 -1.4616 1.1582 0.00
Ri/h=6 1 0.00 0.65786 2.44e-2 0.36173 7.9264e-2 0.00
2 0.00 -1.7255e-2 0.35431 0.32616 7.3325e-2 0.00
3 0.00 0.00 -6.108e-3 0.47833 -0.18556 0.34369
i A B C D E F
P1 0 1.1001 1.3099 -1.0208 0.43558 0.00 0.00
Ri/h=6 1 0.00 0.6407 0.5959 -0.6267 0.3978 0.00
2 0.00 -4.8911e-3 0.5654 -1.1053e-2 0.1678 0.00
3 0.00 0.00 -1.4582e-2 0.5314 -0.1722 0.2215

Later
A16 212 / 214 © n°2015-171

A16.8830 NOZZLE – RADIAL DEFECT
A16.8831 PIQ-RDI. Radial part-throughwall internal defect
A16.8832 Describing defect geometry and loading

A reinforced nozzle contains a radial part-throughwall and part-circular internal defect (depth a) located at the nozzle corner
where the reference thickness is h’ (Fig. A16.8831.1).
In the structure without defect, the circumferential stress c, perpendicular to the plane of the defect is expressed as a function
of the distance z (measured from the internal surface) and the internal pressure p:
  z 
 c  p   A o  A 1   
  h' 
The nominal circumferential stress due to the pressure is named cno = p.(Rm/H) with Rm = Ri + 0.5H.
Figure A16.8831.1: nozzle containing a radial part-throughwall Figure A16.8831.2: 2D model

and part-circular internal defect
Nozzle
cno
z 0.5cno 0.5cno
rn
h’
ZA A
a
H
Ri cno
rn
A16.8832.1 Stress intensity factor KI

 For 0.02  a/rn  0.4, , the stress intensity factor KI at the deepest point A is given by: K I  p  A o  G o  A 1  G1     a
The coefficients Go and G1 may be expressed as:
2 3 4 5
a a a a a 
Gi  A  B     C     D     E     F   

r
 n r
 n r
 n r
 n  rn 
The coefficients A, B, C, D, E and F are given in table A16.8831.2a.
Tabulated values of the coefficients Go and G1 are given in table A16.8831.2b.
 For 0.07  a/rn  0.9, an approximated value of KI at the deepest point A is given by:
2 3 4
a  a  a  a 
K I  F1   cno    a where F1  2.4582  5.4782     9.6492  
 r
  8.80  
 r
  3.1446  
 r


 rn   n   n   n 
 For 0.02  a/ rn  1.0, an approximated value of KI at the deepest point A can be obtained assuming a throughwall defect
emanating from a hole (radius rn) in a plate (Fig.A16.8831.2) subjected to a circumferential stress cno and an axial stress
a = 0.5.cno (Fig. A16.8831.2),
2 3 4
a  a  a  a 
K I  F2   cno    a where F2  2.8041  4.9327     7.986  
 r
  6.9783  
 r
  2.4132  
 r


 rn   n   n   n 

Later
© n°2015-171 A16 213 / 214

Table A16.8831.2a: values of the coefficients A, B, C, D, E, F

A B C D E F
0.02  a/rn  0.1 Go 0.29894 35.8220 -792.370 8645.6 -47953.0 106030.0
0.1  a/rn  0.4 Go 0.94376 3.1120 -71.030 403.51 -901.45 730.17
0.02  a/rn  0.4 G1 0.051892 2.7548 -29.818 157.16 -336.78 260.96
Table A16.8831.2b: Values of the coefficients Go and G1

a/rn Go G1
0.02 0.760 0.096
0.03 0.858 0.112
0.04 0.905 0.124
0.05 0.923 0.133
0.06 0.924 0.140
0.07 0.916 0.145
0.08 0.903 0.149
0.09 0.887 0.152
0.10 0.868 0.155
0.12 0.823 0.161
0.14 0.787 0.169
0.16 0.762 0.180
0.18 0.747 0.194
0.20 0.744 0.212
0.22 0.752 0.234
0.24 0.768 0.259
0.26 0.791 0.286
0.28 0.820 0.315
0.30 0.852 0.344
0.32 0.886 0.374
0.34 0.921 0.404
0.36 0.959 0.433
0.38 1.000 0.462
0.40 1.048 0.492
A16 214 / 214 © n°2015-171

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2015 Afcen RCC-MRx Code Section III - Tome 1 – Subsection Z : technical appendices

A16.1000 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................................... 1

© n°2015-171 Contents A16 1 / 8

A16.7600 OPENING............................................................................................................................................................... 54

Contents A16 2 / 8 © n°2015-171

8.2. Test specimens (bar, CT, CNT)

© n°2015-171 Contents A16 3 / 8

Auteurs : D.P.ROOKE, D.J.CARTWRIGHT

Contents A16 4 / 8 © n°2015-171

Auteurs : P. CAMBEFORT et C.LEBOULEUR (EDF Septen)

© n°2015-171 Contents A16 5 / 8

Contents A16 6 / 8 © n°2015-171

© n°2015-171 Contents A16 7 / 8

Symbol Allias Definition

Contents A16 8 / 8 © n°2015-171

© n°2015-171 A16 1 / 214

A16 2 / 214 © n°2015-171

A16.2000 PREVENTION OF FAST FRACTURE

A16.2122 General analysis principles

A16.2123 Rules for prevention of fast fracture

A16.2200 ANALYSIS EXEMPTION (Not supplied)

© n°2015-171 A16 3 / 214

A16.2300 CONVENTIONAL ANALYSIS FOR PREVENTION OF FAST

A16.2311 Selection of analyzed areas

A16.2312 Selection of transients

A16.2313 Reference defects

A16.2320 METHODS OF ANALYSIS

A16.2321 Negligible creep

A16.2321.1 Properties of materials used in the analysis

A16.2321.2 Prevention of P-type damages

A16.2321.3 Prevention of tear initiation

Acceptable calculation methods for J are provided in A16.7000.

A16 4 / 214 © n°2015-171

A16.2321.4 Prevention of defect instability

A16.2322 Significant creep

A16.2322.1 Properties of Materials used in the analysis

A16.2322.2 Prevention of P-type damages

A16.2322.3 Prevention of tear initiation

A16.2322.4 Prevention of defect instability

A16.2400 DETAILED ANALYSIS FOR PREVENTION OF FAST FRACTURE

© n°2015-171 A16 5 / 214

Figure A16.2313: defects

Internal defect Surface defect

JR J(C inst , a f + dainst)

A16 6 / 214 © n°2015-171

A16.3000 DEFECT ASSESSMENT – LEAK BEFORE BREAK

A16.3200 DEFECT USED IN THE ANALYSIS

A16.3220 INTERNAL DEFECT PERPENDICULAR TO SKIN

A16.3230 SURFACE DEFECT PERPENDICULAR TO SKIN

A16.3240 DEFECT OF COMPLEX ORIENTATION

© n°2015-171 A16 7 / 214

A16.3250 MULTIPLE DEFECTS – RULES OF INTERACTION

A16 8 / 214 © n°2015-171

Figure A16.3210: defects

Internal defect Surface defect

Defect of complex orientation Multiple defects

Figure A16.2200: internal defects

Defects Interaction Effective defect dimensions

Figure A16.3230: surface defect

© n°2015-171 A16 9 / 214

Figure A16.3250a: non-coplanar defects interaction criteria

Defects Interaction Effective dimension

Principal plan normal to the Defect projection on the principal  =t1+t2+S2