Motor Vehicle Engineering

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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

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INTRODUCTION
⚫ Definition
⚫ Motor Vehicles – (conveyance) used for
transporting goods or passengers or fulfilling
specific functions on land.
⚫ Motor vehicles are supported by the ground, as
contrasted with aircraft and marine craft that in
operation are supported by air or water.
⚫ Automobile (US) = Car - An object which moves
or propels by itself on its own is known as
Auto-Mobile 3
Classification of Motor vehicles
⚫ Type of roads
⚫ Guided Motor vehicles
⚫ are constrained to move along a fixed path (guide way),
such as railway vehicles and tracked levitated vehicles
⚫ Non-guided motor vehicles
⚫ can move, by choice, in various directions on the ground,
such as road and off-road vehicles.
⚫ The non-guided motor vehicles are the subject of this
course.

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Classification of Motor vehicles
⚫ Running gear
⚫ Single-Track motor vehicles
⚫ Motor vehicles with 2 wheels with or without sidecar.
⚫ Multi-Track motor vehicles
⚫ Motor vehicles with three or more wheels.

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Classification of Motor vehicles
⚫ Single-Track motor vehicles
⚫ Examples
⚫ Motorcycle - Any two-wheeled vehicle with or without
sidecar, equipped with a propelling engine.
⚫ Moped - Motor cycle with pedals and a petrol engine
of low power (VE < 50 cm3 ).
⚫ Scooter - Light motor cycle, usually with small wheels,
a low seat and a metal shield protecting the driver's
legs.

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Classification of Motor vehicles
⚫ Single-Track motor vehicles
motorcycle Moped

Motorcycle with sidecar

Scooter
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Classification of Motor vehicles
⚫ Multi-Track motor vehicles
⚫ Saloon-car (sedan) - motor car where the area for the
driver and passengers is closed off from the luggage and
engine areas.
⚫ Hatchback - car with a large sloping back, hinged at the
top, that opens like a door.
⚫ Pick - up (also Pick-up truck) - small van or truck, open and
with low sides, used by builders, farmers, etc.
⚫ Van - covered vehicle, with no side windows, for
transporting goods or people.
⚫ Lorry (US Truck) - large strong motor vehicle for
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transporting goods, soldiers, etc by road.
 Classification of Motor vehicles
⚫ Multi-Track motor vehicles

Hatchback
3 wheels Motorcycle Saloon-car (sedan)

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Pick - up (Pick-up truck) Van Lorry (US Truck)
Classification of Motor vehicles
⚫ Caterpillar tractor (off road vehicles)
⚫ Tractor fitted with the endless belt passing round the
wheels of a tractor enabling it to travel over rough
ground.

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Classification of Motor vehicles
⚫ Passenger car
⚫ Motor vehicle intended for carrying max 9
passengers with luggage.

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Classification of Motor vehicles
⚫ BUSES
⚫ Buses are used to transport people. The capacity of buses is more than 9
passengers and luggage. Buses fall into one of the following 4 categories,
depending upon the intended use.
⚫ Microbus - The capacity of microbuses is approx. 25 passengers.
⚫ City buses ( Urban buses ) : are designed and equipped for driving regularly
scheduled in-city and suburban routes. Due to short intervals between stops in local
traffic, facilitation of rapid passenger turnover by means of low steps, wide doors
and as low a vehicle floor as possible, is particularly important.
⚫ Overland buses ( Urban coach ) : The design of overland buses represents a
compromise between the city bus and the tour bus. Standing room is available in
the aisle for short trips, and the vehicle is equipped with small compartments for
luggage.
⚫ Tour buses ( Long-distance coach ) : are designed to provide a comfortable ride
over long distances. Tour buses have large luggage compartments from front to
rear below the floor. 12
Classification of Motor vehicles
⚫ 5) Buses BUSES
Microbus

Articulated bus
Tour bus

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Double-decker public bus

Classification of Motor vehicles
⚫ Transport Vehicles: Transport vehicles are further classified
⚫ According to the type of body:
⚫ General-purpose cargo trucks : with an open drop-sided body used for carrying bulk
and packaged goods.

⚫ Special-purpose trucks : with bodies adapted for a certain kind of work, e.g.
dump trucks with tiltable bodies used to carry viscous and bulk materials, or with
bodies specially adapted for transporting peat, cement, mixed fodder, grain, cotton,
cattle, gasoline, milk, etc.
⚫ According to the load capacity :
⚫ Extra-light duty trucks : up to 0.75 t , built on the chassis of passenger cars and
used for deliveries of light loads in the communication and communal services and in
trade.
⚫ Light-duty vehicles : from 0.75 to 2.5 t , that work in trade, at industrial enterprises
and in agriculture, hauling light loads. They also serves as cargo taxis.
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Classification of Motor vehicles
⚫ According to the load capacity :
⚫ Medium-duty trucks : from 2.5 to 5.0 t , mostly carrying loads
for organizations and enterprises with a moderate cargo traffic.
⚫ Heavy-duty trucks : from 5.0 t to 10.0 t , used on hard surface
roads for carrying building materials, fuel, and products
manufactured by large industrial enterprises.
⚫ Extra-heavy-duty vehicles : above 10.0 t , for work in ore and
coal mines and at big construction projects with a large amount
of steady cargo traffic. As a rule, these vehicles are diverted
from public highways.
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Classification of Motor vehicles

Flat bed Truck Transport Vehicles

Off-road deep Truck

Tractor-trailer rig

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Dump Truck
ISO Classification
⚫ ISO3833 classifies ground vehicles in 7 groups:
⚫ Motorcycles
⚫ Passenger cars
⚫ Busses
⚫ Trucks
⚫ Agricultural tractors
⚫ Passenger cars with trailer
⚫ Truck trailer/semi trailer road trains
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FHWA Classification
⚫ The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) classifies road
vehicles based on size and application.
⚫ All road vehicles are classified in 13 classes
⚫ Motorcycles
⚫ Passenger cars, including cars with a one-axle or two-axle trailer
⚫ Other two-axle vehicles, including: pickups, and vans, with a one-
axle or two-axle trailer
⚫ Buses
⚫ Two axle, six-tire single units
⚫ Three-axle single units
⚫ Four or more axle single units
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FHWA Classification
⚫ Four or fewer axle single trailers
⚫ Five-axle single trailers
⚫ Six or more axle single trailers
⚫ Five or less axle multi-trailers
⚫ Six-axle multi-trailers
⚫ Seven or more axle multi-trailers

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Classification of Motor vehicles
⚫ specific purpose Motor vehicles

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Automobiles Systems
⚫ The basic systems/ Parts of automobiles
⚫ Power plant
⚫ Engine
⚫ Drive train
⚫ Clutch, gear Box, Shaft and Differential
⚫ Electrical System
⚫ Ignition, Starting Lighting and battery
⚫ Wheels and tires
⚫ Suspension System
⚫ Steering System
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⚫ Braking System
Power Transmission
⚫ Mechanical energy is converted into Motion
⚫ Any Automobile consists of Power-train and Non
power-train components.
⚫ Power-Train components
⚫ Parts involved in the process of generating power to
converting it to Motion
⚫ Non Power-Train components
⚫ Parts like Body, Frame and Steering
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Energy Conversion
⚫ Engines take heat energy and convert it into
mechanical energy.
⚫ Motors take electrical energy and convert it
into mechanical energy.

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⚫ Engine
➢ Cooling system
➢ Lubrication system
➢ Fuel system
➢ Ignition system
➢ Intake and exhaust
system
➢ Starting system
➢ Charging system

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Engine that produces power to move the vehicle.

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Basic Parts of the Gasoline
Engine
⚫ Cylinder block ⚫ Cylinder head
⚫ Piston ⚫ Intake valve
⚫ Piston rings ⚫ Exhaust valve
⚫ Piston pin ⚫ Camshaft
⚫ Connecting rod ⚫ Timing gears
⚫ Crankshaft ⚫ Spark plug

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Cylinder Block
⚫ Basic frame of
gasoline as
well as diesel
engine.
⚫ Contains the
cylinder.

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Piston
⚫ A sliding plug
that harnesses
the force of the
burning gases
in the cylinder.

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Piston Rings
⚫ The rings seal the
compression gases
above the piston
keep the oil below
the piston rings.

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Piston Pins ⚫ Also known as the
wrist pin, it
connects the
piston to the small
end of the
connecting rod.
⚫ It transfers the
force and allows
the rod to swing
back and forth.

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Connecting Rod
⚫ Connects the piston
and piston pin to the
crankshaft.

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Crankshaft
⚫ Along the piston pin
and connecting rod
it converts the up
and down motion
(reciprocating) of the
engine to spinning
(rotary) motion.

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Flywheel
⚫ Carries the inertia
when there is no
power stroke.

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Cylinder Head
⚫ Forms the top of the
combustion
chamber.
⚫ Contains the valves,
the passageways for
the fuel mixture to
move in and out of
the engine.

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Intake and Exhaust Valves
⚫ Doorway
that lets the
gases in and
out of the
engine.

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Camshaft
⚫ Through the use of
an eccentric the
cam lobes push the
valves open.
⚫ The valve springs
close them.

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Timing Gears
⚫ These gears drive
the camshaft from
the crankshaft.

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Spark Plug
⚫ Electric match used to
begin the combustion
process of burning air
and gasoline to create
heat in gasoline
engine.

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Engine Related Terms
⚫ TDC (top dead center)
⚫ BDC (bottom dead center)
⚫ Stroke
⚫ Bore
⚫ Revolution
⚫ Compression Ratio
⚫ Displacement
⚫ Cycle

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Four Stroke gasoline Cycle
⚫ Intake
⚫ Compression
⚫ Power
⚫ Exhaust

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Four Stroke Cycle Animation

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Sammary diesel 4-stroke

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Diesel Animation

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Sammary of two stroke
gasoline engine

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Two Stroke Animation

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Drive Train
⚫ Indicates the power flow of motor vehicle from engine to
driving wheels
⚫ The main components of drive train:
⚫ Engine-Clutch-Transmission-Driveshaft-Differential-
Wheels

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Drive Train Configurations
⚫ Two wheels Drive (2WD)
⚫ Front engine rear wheel drive
⚫ Front engine front wheel drive
⚫ Engine & transmission cross mounted
⚫ Engine behind transmission
⚫ Engine in front of transmission
⚫ Rear engine rear wheel drive
⚫ Four wheel drive (4WD)
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Drive Train Configurations
⚫ Front engine rear wheel drive

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Drive Train Configurations
⚫ Front engine front wheel drive
⚫ Engine & transmission cross mounted

⚫ Engine behind transmission

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Drive Train Configurations
⚫ Front engine front wheel drive
⚫ Engine in front of transmission

⚫ Rear engine rear wheel drive

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Drive Train Configurations
⚫ Four wheel drive

Transfer Case

Transmission
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Power Transmission Efficiency

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Characteristics of Ground Vehicle
⚫ The main objective of studying mechanics (Dynamics) of
Ground vehicle is to establish guiding principles for
⚫ Rational Development
⚫ Design
⚫ Selection of vehicles
⚫ In general, the characteristics of a ground vehicle may be
described in terms of its
⚫ Performance
⚫ Handling
⚫ Ride
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Characteristics of Ground Vehicle
⚫ Performance Characteristics
⚫ Refers to the ability of the vehicle to accelerate, to drawbar pull,
to overcome obstacles and to decelerate
⚫ Handling Qualities
⚫ Are concerned with response of the vehicle to the driver’s
commands and its ability to stabilize its motion against external
disturbances
⚫ Ride Characteristics
⚫ Are related to the vibration of the vehicle excited by surface
irregularities and its effects on passengers and goods

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 Driver, Vehicle and Environment
Ground
Visual and Other
Conditions
Inputs

Accelerator
PERFORMANCE
Brakes

Driver

Steering system HANDLING

VEHICLE

Surface
RIDE
irregularities

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Aerodynamic inputs
CHAPTER ONE

The End
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