SSS’S INDIRA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY [POLYTECHNIC] VISHNUPURI,

NANDED-431605

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING.

ACADEMIC YEAR [2019-20]

PART A-PLAN

“PULLY AND PULLY DRIVERS”

1.0 Brief introduction

Analytical model of a pair of pulleys mounted on compliant spinning parallel shafts is

developed.These form parts of a belt drive system and are connected by a single belt span, which
is modeled asa combination of longitudinal and torsional springs. The pulleys are modeled as
rigid cylindrical disks and slippage at the belt-pulley interfaces is ignored. The shafts are
modeled as continuous beams having torsional flexibilities as well. The rotation speed is high
such that gyroscopic effect is non-negligible. Natural frequency sensitivity to rotation speed
(Campbell diagram) and response due to a sinusoidal excitation force on a shaft is obtained.
Modal analysis after reducing the discretized system to a first order form is used for the response
calculation. The study shows that the gyroscopic effect is present even for short lengths of the
shafts. Splitting of the natural frequencies as well as the mode shapes is observed at low rotation
speeds and critical speeds are observed at high rotation speeds.

2.0 Aim of microproject

Carry out study of Pully and Pully Drivers

3.0 Action plan

Plan finish Name of responsible

Sr.No. Detail of activity Plan start date
date team member
1 Study on project 20/12/19 25/12/19 Jadhav Omprakash
2 Collect the information 21/12/019 Thakur Mahesh
3 Prepare the project 22/12/019 Bhagile Sagar
4.0 Resource required

Sr.No. Name of resource specification Quantity Remarks

Books Information
1 Wikipedia Images 1
2 Google Introduction 1
 INTRODUCTION

Belt drive systems belong to the broad context of axially moving media including but not
limited to power transmission chains, band saws in the wood and metal industries, magnetic
tapes, and even pipes conveying flowing fluids. Vibration of the axially moving elements in
these systems can be critical for the operation, e.g., large transverse vibration of the band results
in poor cutting accuracy and surface quality in the wood industry. High noise level propagating
from the supporting structures or directly from vibrating band itself can be an issue from NVH
standpoint. Alspaugh [1] investigated the torsional vibration of a thin rectangular strip translating
at a constant speed in the longitudinal direction. Torsional buckling of the strip was predicted by
the frequency-load diagram. Mote [2] analyzed small vibrations of a moving band saw
theoretically and showed that the flexural natural frequencies always decrease continuously from
a maximum at zero speed to zero value with increasing velocity. The rate of decrease depends on
the relative motion between the band and the pulley axes. Fixed pulley axes results in constant
band tension and a rapid decrease in the natural frequency with speed. On the other hand, if the
band is allowed to extend under dynamic load, the natural frequency decreases less rapidly.
Hence, pulleys mounted on flexible shafts will have the flexibility of the shafts influencing the
band tension fluctuation.

Belt drive systems are used as an effective means for transmission of power and are
found in various applications such as conveyors, machine tools, stationery or mobile powered
rotating equipment, etc. The advantages over gear and chain drive systems are low cost, light
weight, quiet operation, easy maintenance, and flexible locations of the driver and driven shafts.
A belt drive system consists of a few components such as belts, pulleys, shafts carrying the
pulleys, etc. Torsional vibration of the shaft of a belt drive transmission in a precision machine
tool was investigated by Mashinostroeniya [3]. The belt was represented as a weightless link
possessing elastic and damping properties. The equations of motion consisted of the torsional
equations of motion of the two pulleys. The parameters were determined from the amplitude-
phase frequency characteristics (APFC) plots obtained in the test rig. Experiments on precision
boring machines showed that the amplitude of the tool vibration was caused by disturbances
derived from the drive and amounted to 20 − 30 % of the total relative vibration amplitude
between the tool and the workpiece.
V-belts were exclusively used in automotive accessory drive systems. However, lifespan of a V-
belt is small and maintaining proper tension throughout the belt life is difficult. Nowadays,
serpentine belt drives are widely used in automobiles and heavy vehicles for driving the
accessories such as alternator, air conditioner, water pump, etc., by the engine power delivered
from the crankshaft These are advantageous over the conventional V-belt drives in respect of
compactness, longevity, simplified assembly, and proper maintenance of the belt tension.
Despite these advantages, serpentine belt drives suffer from noise and belt tension fluctuation,
which have their roots in the system vibration.
 MODELING AND EQUATIONS OF MOTION
The model consists of two rigid rotating cylindrical pulleys on parallel spinning shafts and
connected by a belt span. The x1 and x2 axes are assumed to be along the axes of the first and
the second shafts (Fig. 2(a)). The z1 and z2 axes are perpendicular to the x1 and x2 axes,
respectively, and are parallel to the plane of the belt in the undeflected configuration. The origin
is at the base of the first shaft at x1 = 0. The y axes are perpendicular to the belt-plane. The
flexural vibrations of the shafts are distinguished between vibrations v1 and v2 along z and u1
and u2 in the y directions. The plane x-z is termed as the coupled plane as the pulley vibrations
are coupled in this plane. At any instant, the tilting of the pulleys in these planes

The three-dimensional belt is represented by an equivalent stiffness model, which is a

combination of longitudinal and torsional springs located midway along the cross tangential
plane of the adjacent pulleys. This tangential plane is the plane of the belt in the undeflected
configuration. The longitudinal spring has an equivalent spring stiffness (kb) and resists
deflection in the tangential direction. The tangential deflection comprises of the relative
displacement of the contact points on the surface of the adjacent pulleys along the direction of
the z axes. The corresponding strain energy is given as kb2/2.

The forces due to the Coriolis and centripetal accelerations appear as additional
gyroscopic (Coriolis) and stiffness (centripetal) terms in the classical forms of the free flexural
beam vibration equations as well as in the discrete pulley equations of motion. The gyroscopic
acceleration in a given shaft bending plane has a magnitude proportional to the out of plane
velocity, and this couples the flexural vibrations in different planes. Increasing the rotation speed
increases this coupling. Shaft torsional vibrations are integral parts of the longitudinal spring
deflection as these appear as tangential terms in it Hence, the system involves both the torsional
and flexural vibrations (in orthogonal planes coupled by gyroscopic acceleration) of the shafts
coupled with longitudinal and torsional spring forces and moments.
 SENSITIVITY TO THE ROTATION SPEED

In equation (30), symmetric mass and stiffness matrices but skew symmetric gyroscopic
matrices signify that the eigenvalues can be complex quantities. The undamped system is stable
when the real parts of the eigenvalues are ≤ 0. For the system described in Table 1, effect of the
rotation speed, on the natural frequency, ! (imaginary part of an eigenvalue) of the modes, is
studied. Campbell diagram for this gyroscopic system is shown in Fig. 4 for the modes 2 to 6.
The 1 is a rigid body mode due to unconstrained torsional vibration. The 2 is the longitudinal
spring mode of the belt span. Mode splitting is observed as is increased for the degenerate modes
3, 4 and 5, 6. Subsequent eigenvector splitting is observed for > 0. Fig. 5 depicts the significant
normalized modal energies of the decoupled modes 3 to 6 for subcritical speeds. The outer split
modes 3 and 6 are flexural modes of the first shaft, whereas the inner split modes 4 and 5 are
flexural modes of the second shaft in orthogonal planes. For individual shafts, these modes
correspond to vibrations along perpendicular planes. Even at = 0, due to the presence of finite
belt tension, normalized modal energies in these planes are different for the same shaft (i.e.,
modal energy of 3 6= that of 6 and modal energy of 4 6= that of 5) (Fig. 5). Note that, as the
rotational speed approaches the critical speeds, 3 and 4 become more and more rigid body
modes. This is recognized by a drop in the modal energies of these two modes to zero near the
corresponding critical speeds. The first critical speed appears at = 0.35, which is equivalent to
the rotational speed of 2.5×103 rad/s or 1.4×105 rpm.

PART B
 Format for micro project report
“PULLY AND PULLY DRIVER”
1.0 Brief Description
Carry out study on Pully and Pully driver
2.0 Aim of micro project
Micro project is helpful to increase knowledge, explore the qualitites and trying
best study subject wise interested topics in details.
3.0 Course outcome integrated
 Identify Pully
 Advantages and disadvantages
4.0 Actual procedure followed

1 Collect the information about Pully

2 Role of Pully
3 Estimation of recycle Pully
4 Discuss all the points
5 Come out with best points
5.0 Actual resource used

Sr.no. Name of resources Specifications Quantity Remarks

Microsoft word
1 Write information 2 Important
office
2 B.N.Dutta Collect the information 2 Important
6.0 Outcomes of the micro-project
Pully and Pully driver

7.0 Skill developed/learning out of this microproject

Micro project helped to increase the knowledge Pully and Pully driver as well as
practical aspect.
 FORCE RESPONSE DUE TO EXCITATION AT THE SHAFT
This section discusses the response due to a sinusoidal force on the first shaft along the z1 axis as
discussed earlier. The force is applied at the midspan of the shaft, i.e. x0 = L1/2 as in Fig. 3 and
the amplitude of the force is taken as unity
Dimensionless force response of the shafts (dB) due to a cyclic load of unity magnitude on the
first shaft along the z1 axis. The maximum deflections of the centroids of the pulleys are shown.
The damping ratio () = 4%. (a),(b) Flexural response of the 1st shaft in the uncoupled and
coupled planes; (c),(d) Flexural response of the 2nd shaft in the uncoupled and coupled planes.
Figs. show the frequency sweep for the maximum values of the shaft flexural, torsional, and belt
responses, respectively, obtained by the modal superposition of a large number of modes (a total
of fifty two modes). Flexural response of each shaft is divided into uncoupled and coupled
planes, whereas the belt response comprises of longitudinal and torsional belt responses.
Superposed on these plots are the single or two mode response plots of the first few modes for
better understanding of the nature of the peak responses. The peak response for the longitudinal
spring is significant at the excitation frequency p = 0.035 (Fig. 8(a)), which coincides with the
peak response for mode 2. From the natural frequency vs. plot (Fig. 4), !2 is constant at 0.035.
This explains the highest longitudinal spring peak response at p = 0.035. Also, from the modal
energy plot (Fig. 9), 2 is primarily a longitudinal spring mode, unlike any other mode in the set 2
to 6 (Fig. 5). In a diminishing order, this is followed by flexural energy of the shafts (orders of
magnitude lower), torsional spring energy of the belt, and torsional energy of the shafts (Fig. 9
(b)). External flexural excitation does not excite mode 2 flexurally much, but sets in the
longitudinal spring vibration.
 CONCLUSION

Modal analysis is performed after casting the discretized system in the first order form. The
advantage of this approach is that, not only are the eigenvectors and hence the modal strain
energies normalized, but also the response to any arbitrary excitation is obtained. The normalized
eigenvectors are utilized by calculating and comparing the normalized modal energies of the
individual modes. The lower modes are decoupled flexural or longitudinal belt modes. Response
due to an arbitrary sinusoidal excitation acting on one of the shafts is obtained and matched with
one or two mode approximations of the associated peaks. This approach is helpful in determining
the participation of different modes in the response.
 REFERANCE

www.wikipedia.com

https://www.britannica.com

https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org