A REPORT ON COMPLETION OF STUDENT

INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME

(S.I.W.E.S).

BY

IJI JOHN ELUWA.

PRESENTED TO

THE DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

BSU/SC/PHY/DE/13/22132.

MAY, 2016.

i
 CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that Iji John Eluwa with Matriculation number

BSU/SC/PHY/DE/13/22132 of the Department of Physics, Benue State University,

Makurdi, has successfully completed his six months Student Industrial Work Experience

Scheme (SIWES) at Nigeria Television Authority Channel 5, Behind Old parade ground

Area 10 Garki Abuja, from 12thNovember, 2015 to 22nd April, 2016.

Iji John Eluwa

(Student) Signature/Date

MR. ........................................

(SIWES Supervisor) Signature/Date

MR. .........................................

(Departmental SIWES Coordinator) Signature/Date

DR. ................................................

(Head of Department) Signature/Date

ii
 DEDICATION

This work is dedicated to Almighty God for His superior act of

love during the integrated course of my SIWES program, and my

father Hon. Emmanuel I. Eluwa for his financial support toward

my academic pursuit.

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

With gratitude, I want to acknowledge the Almighty God (most superior) for

His continuous love, grace and faithfulness, and his providence throughout

the period of my SIWES programme. I want to acknowledge the

Engineering Department of NTA Channel 5 Abuja especially Engr. Ifedayo,

Engr. Saka, Engr. Emeka for their moral support in the cause of this

programme.

I also acknowledge you my friend Prince Matthew Obam and course

mates Aja Fidelis, Icheme Samuel, Jamal Abechi and host of others. I am

grateful for all your support.

This report will be incomplete if I failed to acknowledge my supervisor

................ for taking his time to supervise this work. I am grateful.

And to all Department of Engineer NTA Channel 5 Abuja, I say thank you

for the opportunity and the privilege of meeting you that was well used.

Thanks to you all.

iv
 ABSTRACT

This report holds a review of the Student Industrial Work Experience

Scheme (S.I.W.E.S), at The Nigeria Television Authority; Channel 5 (The

Unity Station) Abuja. The nature of this report spans the duration and

findings during the program, including daily activities, majorly

broadcasting, Networking and the devices used.

v
 CONTENTS PAGE

Section…………………………………………………………………………Page

Number

Certification………………………………………………………………..…….i

Dedication……………………………………………………………………….ii

Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………..iii

Abstract…………………………………………………………………………..iv

Contents Page…………………………………………………………………….v

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………....….….1

1.2 About the Company (Organogram)…………………………………….…….1

1.3 Working Conditions…………………………………………………………..4

CHAPTER TWO

2.1 Duties And Responsibilities……………………………………………….…..5

2.2 Projects Conducted…………………………………………………………...6

2.3 Challenges Faced……………………………………………………….……22

vi
2.4 Problems Encountered and the Courses of Action………..………..………..22

CHAPTER THREE

3.1 Company’s Limitations and Potentials…………………………………..……23

3.2 Confirmation…………………………………………………………..………23

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 Conclusions and Summary of Experiences Obtained………………….………24

4.2 Recommendations…………………………………………………..………….24

vii
 CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION

This report has been written due to the Industrial Training (IT) program

undergone. It examines the activities carried out during the program as

regard to the duties and responsibilities that I was subjected to including

News production and the organization’s tasks.

This program was incorporated and funded by the Federal

Government of Nigeria, jointly coordinated by the National Universities

Commission (NUC) and Industrial Training Fund (ITF) for the acquisition

of skills and added values to students of various universities.

In the course of the program, I was exposed majorly to “Scala Info

Channel Designer” and “Avid Liquid” as the main software with

additional skills of Audio Control in a higher studio mixing and the ability

to deal resourcefully with unusual Sound control and Interferences.

1
1.2 ABOUT THE COMPANY

The Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) Channel 5 Abuja (The Unity

Station) was established in 1981 with a test transmission at Suleja Niger

State. The Station had one kilowatt transmitter with only 24 km coverage.

At the moment the station has 1.5 kilowatts and 3.5 kilowatts transmitters

located in Area 10 Garki FCT. The station transmits on UHF 567.75

(Channel 33) and VHF 175.25 – Channel 5 respectively.

COVERAGE

NTA Channel 5 Abuja uses Analogue transmitter to transmit only one

channel of its signal. The transmitters enable the station to cover the whole

of FCT and part of the neighbouring states of Niger, Nasarawa, Kogi and

Kaduna.

THE VISION

“To be a World Class Television Network”

MISSION

“To provide excellent Television Services Worldwide and to project the true

African Perspective.

THE GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

2
The goals and objectives of NTA Channel 5 are to educate, entertain and

enlightened the viewing audience by providing and effective coverage of

Nigeria and to broadcast the internationally acceptable programmes.

Some of the prime goals of NTA Channel 5 include;

 Promoting the knowledge of available products through balanced and

controlled information

 To encourage the production and consumption of local product in

order to achieve our sufficiency and self reliance

 To foster the spirit of hard work and high productivity with a view to

increase the Nation’s wealth and to elevate the quality of life of the

people.

The Station is headed by the General Manager Oganya L. Simon (Mrs) and

Assisted by six Heads of Department of News, Programmes, Engineering,

Administration, Marketing and Accounts as follows:

MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE

NO. NAME POSITION

1 Oganya L. Simon (Mrs) General Manager

2 Mr. John Bivan Manager Marketing

3 Sunday Esogban Manager Finance

4 Ronke Aliyu Manager Programmes

5 Fatima A Hassan Manager News & C/Affairs

3
6 Hadiza Lawal Gwaram Manager Administration

7 Shuaibu Yahaya Asst. Chief Engineer

BRIEF ON THE DEPARTMENT

ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT

The Admin Department is responsible for General Administration and

personnel matters.

ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

The Engineering Department is in charge of projects, Engineering Services

and Operations and Communication.

FINANCE DEPARTMENT

The Finance Department is responsible for financial matters such as

Accounting records, custodian of the station funds and management

information system.

MARKETING DEPARTMENT

The Department is responsible for the daily News current Affairs and sport

events.

PROGRAMMES DEPARTMENT

The Programmes Department is responsible for non-news programmes such

as Entertainment and Enlightenment.

4
ACHIEVEMENT

 Successful coverage of FCT Area Council Election 2010.

 Successful and coordination of International, National and Local

excursion visits.

 Pioneer in the social responsibility and humanitarian activity

reporting.

 Timelines of reporting security matters and information concerning

the safety of life and properties of the FCT citizens etc.

AWARDS.

A. Merit award for distinguished professionalism and selfless services to

the growth of life and promotion of Pharmacy profession by

pharmaceutical society of Nigeria 2004.

B. Merit award as a Television station of the year by Centre for

prevention of HIV/AID and Community Health 2004.

C. Award of Excellence: In recognition of successful coverage of FCT

activities by Radio, Television, Theatre and Arts workers Union

(RATTAWU) FCT Council.

D. Award for a brilliant coverage of Bakar Kunama exercise (field

training exercise) 18thJune, 2008 at Keffi Nasarawa State by Nigerian

Army.

E. Merit award in recognition of our understanding service to humanity

by Rotary Club of Apo FCT.

5
 F. Merit Award in recognition of our support to soroptimist International

Club Abuja.

G. TV STATION OF THE YEAR by capital Territory Advancement

Award (CTAA) both in 2012 and 2013

The Organization has wide varieties of workers ranging from graduates,

undergraduates, graduates, master degree holders as well as diploma

holders.

6
ORGANOGRAM OF NTA CHANNEL 5 ABUJA

7
1.3 WORKING CONDITIONS

Normal working hours for engineering department is 24 (Twenty Four)

hours daily, Mondays to Sundays. Except IT staff, 9.00am to 4.00pm

Mondays to Friday. I was also required to spend extra hours as at when

required by the organization.

8
 CHAPTER TWO

2.1 DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

The Engineering Department of the Nigeria Television Authority Channel 5

is the regulatory department that carry out maintenance and repairs of all the

equipment in all other departments and enhances the fully functionality of

all the devices. During my Industrial Training (IT) program, I learnt that

Engineering Department controls the;

a. WORKSHOP (where all faulty equipment are repaired).

b. STUDIO (Where the News and live programs are recorded for

transmission).

c. MINI CONTROL ROOM (Where the audio and video signals of all

live news and recorded programme are collected).

d. MASTER CONTROL ROOM (also called MCR: where major mixing

of audio and video signals for programs are done and send to

Transmitter).

My training schedule includes:

 Setting up and operating equipment and transmission links during

broadcast.
 Arrangement of Scroll messages for News,

 Troubleshooting and laying of cables and connector i.e. the fibre optic
cables, Bnc cables and coaxial cables.
 General networking of computer system using twisted pair cable and
RJ45 connector.
 Control Audio and Video Consoles,
9
  Minimizing loss of service when equipment fails quickly by
identifying and implementing alternative method of service provision.
 Operation and Maintenance of Generators,

 Changing over from AEDC (Abuja Electricity Distribution Company)

to generator during power failure or live programme.
 Recording of News.

 Analysis and repairing technical faults on equipment and systems

 Servicing of AC (Air Condition s) and printers.

In the course of performing these activities, I acquired valuable skills and

knowledge necessary in the transmission of signals. This is described below:

The first two weeks I was made to know the sources of Power Generation

and Electricity Distribution, Basis of Connectivity, Networking and Signal

Transfer, Equipments used and their Functions.

SETTING UP OF STUDIO

Setting up of studio is done once a day. The Nigeria Television Authority

Channel 5 News takes place at exactly 1.00pm and it is the duty of the IT

Staff in Engineering Department under the supervision of the Duty Engineer

to make sure that the stage is set ahead of 1.00pm news. We normally set up

the studio at about 12:45pm. There are different background for different

production, in some cases we pull up the chrome background incase of a

normal recording that is just going to be made ahead of a production.

I put ON the studio lights and the camera men adjust their visual to acquire

clear shot, I set up newscaster microphone and made sure that there is no
10
interference of any incoming signal from another source to the amplifier and

if it does, I will then go to the audio mixer and fade out all other incoming

audio signal and slightly fade in only the newscaster’s microphone. I also

check for communications from the deck of the Technical Directors to all

the camera men and to the Duty Engineer. These is repeated daily before

news.

ARRANGEMENT OF SCROLL MESSAGES FOR NEWS

This is the program responsible for the scroll display news that everyone

reads at the task bar of a television screen.

The type of news that the News Editor wants us to display is first of all hand

written and send to me from the News Department and upon receipt, I key it

in along with the logo using “Scala Info Channel Designer” as the software

that allow such program to run. As soon as I finished typing it, I will allow it

to run. This program work alongside with the display time of the system

therefore the system time and date must be set correctly.

Independently, this program cannot be display on its own, a Duty Engineer

must Turn On the key switch control from Fade On (To Turn it On) and

Fade Off (To Turn it Off). When this is done, the information displayed on

the screen of the Scala Info Channel Designer is been transfer to the IQ

Modular and it is received by the transmitter and it is sent by the transmitter

to the every receiver at home, it is then viewed as scroll news.

11
POWER GENERATION

The Nigeria Television Channel 5 Abuja has a 200KVA, its uses diesel as

source of power generation. It is able to supply power to every departments

in the station, including all electric appliances.

I learnt that before I start the generator, I check for the water in the radiator,

and when the generator is in use I goes back to check for the temperature

and if the temperature is above 750 celcius, I will then cool the environment

by connecting pipe from tap water and pure it on the floor close to the

generator. I will then go to every office and put off their Air conditioner. I

will also go to the recording studio to turn off the studio lights off if there is

no recording done at that particular moment.

At the engineering department, I write down the time that I put on/off the

generator in the log book of the organization. This is done at every hour

repeatedly.

COMPUTER/INTERNET NETWORKING

NETWORKING

A computer network is a telecommunication network which allows

computers to exchange data. In computers, networked computing devices
exchange data with each other using data link.

While wireless may be the wave of the future, most computer networks
today still utilize cables. In computer networking, the media over which data
or massage are transferred are called network media. The medium affects
nearly every aspect of communication. For instance, different types of
12
cables have different capacity for carrying data and also transfer the data
from one point to another at different speed.

The power and data cables are in various forms and are often standardized.
For instance, a data cable can be recognize as a printer cable and another as
a monitor cable.

A cable can only be connected to a device if it has a connector.

Network Cables and Connectors

In computer networking, the channels over which messages are transferred

are called network media. A simple network consist of computers
communicating over a cable. There are different type of connectors are
required to connect the cables to the computers.

NETWORK CABLES:

The major types of network cables include the following:

i. Twisted – pair cable

ii. Coaxial cable
iii. Fibre – optic cable
iv. Telephone cable

I will be talking about Twisted – pair cable, because that is the networking
cable that I was taught how to use during networking.

Twisted-pair cables

There are two types of twisted-pair cables. They are:

(i) Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)

(ii) Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)

13
 i. Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)

Unshielded twisted pair is the most common kind of cooper telephone

wiring. Twisted pair is the ordinary copper wire that connects home and
many business computers to the telephone company. two insulated copper
wires are twisted around each other, a number of twisted-pair wires are often
grouped together and enclosed in a protective sheath to form a cable. Each
twisted-wires consist of two copper wires that are separately insulated and
twisted together. This is to enable the cable reduce crosttalk or
electromagmatic induction and outside electrical interference between pairs
of wire. Yet, this cable is still susceptible to noise and crosstalk. Crosstalk is
defined as a situation where signals from one line are mixed with signals
from another line.

Bellow is the image of Unshielded Twisted – Pair Cable.

(i) Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)

This is similar to UTP, but it has a braided metal shielded and a foil wrap
between and around the twisted pairs to reduce noise and crosstalk.
Bellow is the image of Shielded Twisted – Pair Cable.

14
The two types of twisted pair cables (UTP and STP) have a metal
conducting core (copper); therefore they transmit data in form of
electrical signals.

Color Codes of Twisted Pair Cables

The common twisted-pair cable has four pairs of copper wires. The four
pairs have color codes as follows: Blue and Blue white, Brown and
Brown white, Green and Green white, Orange and Orange white. Bellow
is the image of Twisted Pair Color Code.

Fig: Twisted Pair Color Code

15
The Configuration of Twisted – Pair Color Code

There are two types of Configuration such as:

i. Cross – Over Color Code Configuration

ii. Straight Color Code Configuration

Bellow is the color code configuration of both Cross – Over Color Code
Configuration and Straight Color Code Configuration. It shows us how the
both end of a Twisted – Pair cable is to be arrange before connecting the
connectors.

Cross – Over Color Code Straight Color Code

Configuration Configuration
First End Second End First End Second End
Green White Orange White Orange White Orange White
Green Orange Orange Orange
Orange White Green White Green White Green White
Blue Blue Blue Blue
Blue White Blue White Blue White Blue White
Orange Green Green Green
Brown White Brown White Brown White Brown White
Brown Brown Brown Brown

 Cross – Over Color Code Configuration are use when connecting like
terms, such as, System to System, Router to Router and Switch to
Switch etc.
 Straight Color Code Configuration are us when connecting unlike
terms such as, System to Switch, Switch to Router and System to
Router etc.

16
Uses of Twisted Pair Cable

Used for telephone systems and network cabling especially LANs such as
Ethernet and star topology, and also for Pair to Pair connection between one
system to another system.

Advantages of Twisted – Pair cable

i. It is cheap and readily available.

ii. It allows straightforward addition of extra nodes (i.e. computers or
other devices like printer) to a network, especially is star topology.

Disadvantages of Twisted – Pair Cable

i. It is susceptible or prone to noise (electrical interference from external

sources)
ii. It is also prone to crosstalk (electrical interference from adjacent
cables)
iii. Low data transmission i.e. it can only carry few data signals compared
to fiber optic cable

CONNECTORS

The connector is also described as an interface for linking devices by using

cables.

The connectors are either male (containing one or more expose pins) or
female (contain holes in which the male connector can be inserted).

Most connectors generally have a male end with pins protruding from it.
This plug is meant to be inserted into a female part (also called socket),
which includes holes for accommodating the pins.
17
However, there are “hermaphroditic” plugs which can act as either male or
female plugs, and can be inserted into either one.

The common network cable connectors include the following:

i. Rj45 connector
ii. Rj11 connector
iii. BNC connector
iv. Fibre optic connector

I will be talking about Rj45 and Rj11 connectors, because they are the
connectors I was taught about.

Rj45 connector

Short stand for Registered Jack – 45, an eight – wire connector used
commonly to connect computers onto a Local – Area Network (LAN),
especially Ethernet. Rj45 connectors feature eight pins to which cables
interface electrically. The common type of cable used is the twisted – pair
cable. Rj45 connector look similar to the ubiquitous Rj11 connectors used
for connecting telephone equipment, but they are somewhat wide.

Fig: RJ45 connector.

18
Rj11 connector

Short for Registered Jack – 11, a four or six – wire connector used primarily
to connect telephone equipment using the telephone cable.

Fig: RJ11 connector.

DEVICES AND EQUIPMENTS

A television transmission comprises of Audio and Visual signal with the use

of multiple devices and equipments.

Some of these devices include:

a. An ATEM Switcher

b. Open Gear

c. IQ Modular
19
 d. Mixing Console

e. Logo Inserter

f. Transmitter

ATEM

An ATEM is a device that switches between SDI (Serial Digital Interface),

HD (High Definition) or Ultra HD video standards so that one can form

exciting live production with a wide range of video sources such as cameras,

disk recorders and slide shows or animation from computers.

Fig: ATEM 2M/E Broadcasting Board

Powerful features such as chroma key, creative transitions, audio mixer,

multi-view and more, can be gotten The more advanced models include

features such as up to 20 SDI inputs, SuperSource multi-layer engine, full

motion DVE (Digital Video Effect), larger media pool with full motion clips

and up to an incredible 6 auxiliary outputs.

20
OUTPUT

The output of ATEM program include down converted program outputs plus

auxiliary outputs allowing clean feeds, perfect for connecting to giant

outdoor LED screens, projectors, etc. The multi view outputs are in HD so

you can use any TV or monitor.

Fig: Configuration of ATEM 1M/E Broadcasting View

21
OPEN GEAR

OpenGear Converters is the device that instantly switches between all SD

and HD video format the instant the video input changes.

These inputs can either be analog bit or digital audio. OpenGear Converters

support the standard channel audio rear modules, so they can be used with

other brand.

Audio and video synchronization is combined with a signal processor,

offering full control of the 16 channels of audio, with gain, invert, shuffle
22
and sample rate conversion. Video processing offers adjustment for luma /

chroma gain plus black offset with metadata processor. Pillar bar / letter box

(wings) insertion can be achieved with the external fill signal or internally

from the logo inserter.

IQ MODULAR

The best High Definition TV broadcasts combine great picture quality with

high resolution audio in order to bring those pictures to life. To this end,

providing tools for repurposing content to maximize it’s future value and

potential is a key focus of the IQ range of video and audio processing

modules. However, Modulation is the process of varying one or more

properties of a periodic waveform, called the carrier signal, with a

modulating signal that typically contains information to be transmitted.

IQ modulation allows twice the amount of information to be sent compared

to basic AM. Besides our mere visual on the device, the device does a lot of

calculations in its functional board. IQ modular receives all SD signal HD

visual information from all electronic devices connected to it including

ATEM switcher, Open gear and Logo Inserter and send to Transmitter.

23
The IQ modular transports all information it receives directly to the

transmitter.

Multiplication (i.e mixing) operation shifts infrequency and creates

undesired high frequency components at receiver.

Lowpass filtering passes only the desired baseband signal at receiver.

“a modulation that contains both a sine and cosine wave, the

resultant is known as I/Q modulation. In this case, the I/Q

signals occupy the same frequency band, but one is real and

one is imaginary.”
24
RF MODULATION

An RF modulation is an electronic device with input baseband signal which

is used to modulate a radio frequency.

Televisions were designed to only accept signals through the aerial

connector. Signals originate at a TV station are transmitted over the air, and

are then received by an antenna and demodulated within the TV. When

equipment was developed which could use a Television receiver as its

display device such as VCRs, DVD players and video consoles, the signals

was modulated and sent to the RF input connector.

The aerial connector is standard on all TV sets, even very old ones. Since

later TV designs include composite, s-video and component video jacks,

which skip the modulation and demodulation steps.

Modulators are no longer included as standard equipment and RF

modulators are now largely a third-party product, purchase primarily to run

newer equipment such as DVD players with an old TV set.

SCALA INFO CHANNEL DESIGNER

This is program that enables an Engineer to display Station Logo at either

corner of a Television during broadcasting from a particular broadcasting

station. It is the same program that is used to display scrolling news at the

bottom of a Television during broadcasting. (About Info Channel software)

25
NEWS PRODUCTION

News production starts with stories, events or ideas in the society gathered

by the News crews. Reporters are assigned to the venue of the events to

gather information which becomes news. The information gathered is

written down as a story by the reporter, edited by the news editor and

submitted to the News Producer who compiles all the stories that would run

as news. The news caster goes through all the stories for familiarization and

pronouncement of words while the news Director with the help of the

Engineer on duty arranges the stories according to preference and order. At

news time, the Engineer on duty collect the news via an Ethernet network

cable between network computers from the Editing studio to MCR, the Duty

26
Engineer arrange the story according to program log. In this same manner,

the written story is also been typed on the teleprompter machine and export

to the Main recording Camera through the output of the teleprompting

machine. Studio lights are turned on, and a chromo display background, is

arranged. All audio sounds are checked and tested, visual effect is checked.

The news production is done with the help of Technical Director who is in

charge of all communication to the camera men and Duty Engineer on what

story to display. It is the same Technical Director that control the video

mixer by selecting on the desire camera view.

TELEPROMPTING DEVICE

The teleprompting Machine comprises of a Computer System with two

display monitor. One of the display monitor IS just in front of the operator,

this display monitor shows exactly what the operator wants to key in. The

second display monitor is placed 1800 to the standing camera lens, this

second display monitor display an inverted information seen at the first

display monitor. A transparent glass is placed at an angle of 450 and

27
supported by a black material incline to the lens of the main camera. This

transparent glass looks as if it is erect to 900 when view from a distance, and

it is placed in between the lens and the second display monitor of the

teleprompting device and the main camera lens.

The inverted information displayed on the second display monitor of the

teleprompting device is seen on the transparent glass and it is erect. This is

where the newscaster read all stories from and it is as if the newscaster has

memorized all stories. All news stories are typed on the Teleprompting

device.

CO-CHANNEL & MULTIPATH (GHOST IMAGE)

During unusual atmospheric condition, a distant station normally

undetectable at a particular location may provide a much stronger signal that

usual. The analog television picture may display the sum of the two signals,

producing an image from the strong local signal with traces or “ghost” from

thee distant, weaker signal. TV broadcast stations are located and assigned

channels so that such events are rare. These can be corrected by readjusting

of the receiving antenna may allow more of the distant signal to be rejected,

improving image quality.

A local signal may travel by more than one path from the transmitter to

receiving antenna “multipath” reception is visible as multiple impressions of

the same image, slightly shifted along the width of the screen due to the

varying transmission to road vehicles or air craft passing.

28
 FREQUENCIES TO PRIMARY MODE OF PROPAGATION

BAND FREQUENCY WAVELENGTH

ELF 3 – 30Hz 10,000 – 100,000Km

(Extremely Low Frequency )

SLF 30 – 300Hz 10,000 – 1,000Km

(Super Low Frequency )

ULF 0.3 – 3KHz 1,000 – 100Km

(Ultra Low Frequency ) (300–3,000 Hz)

VLF 3 – 30KHz 100 – 10Km

(Very Low Frequency ) (3,000–30,000 Hz)

LF 30 – 300KHz 10 – 1Km
(Low Frequency) (30,000–300,000 Hz)

MF 300 – 3000KHz 1000 - 100m

(Medium Frequency) (300,000–3,000,000 Hz)

HF 3 – 30MHz 100 – 10m

(High Frequency) (3,000,000–30,000,000 Hz)

VHF 30 – 300MHz 10 – 1m
(Very High Frequency) (30,000,000–300,000,000 Hz)

UHF 300 – 3000MHz 100 – 10cm

(Ultra High Frequency) (300,000,000–3,000,000,000 Hz)

SHF 3 – 30GHz 10 – 1cm

(Super High Frequency ) (3,000,000,000–30,000,000,000 Hz)

EHF 30–300GHz 10–1 mm

(Extremely High Frequency) (30,000,000,000–300,000,000,000 Hz)

THF 0.3–3 THz 1–0.1 mm

(Tremendously High frequency) (300,000,000,000 –3,000,000,000,000 Hz)

UP LINK AND DOWNLINK

A link is a communication channel that connects two or more

communicating device. This link may be physical or logical.

29
The term link is widely used in computer networking to refer to the

communication facilities that connects nodes of a network link in a logical

link.

TYPES OF LINKS

 Point to point

 Broad cast

 Multipath

 Point to multipath

UPLINK

An uplink is a portion of

communication link

used to transmission of

signal from an earth

signal to a satellite or air

borne platform.

Downlink

This is the link from a

satellite to the ground

satellite.

30
TRANSMITTER

In Telecommunication, Transmission (Tx) is the process of sending &

propagation of analogue and digital information signal over a physical point
to point or point to multiple point transmission medium either wire, optical
fibre. A transmitter modulates both picture and sound into one signal then
sends this transmission over a wide range for a receiver (TV set) to receive.

Radio waves are affected by the phenomenon of reflection, refraction,

diffraction, absorption, polarization and scattering.

TRANSMITTER

The signal passes through buffer stages and it is then applied to a modulator

where it modulates an “intermediate frequency” carrier (IF). This

modulation technique is usually frequency modulation (FM) with a typical

maximum deviation of 50 kHz.

The video (VF) input is a composite video signal (i.e video information with

sync) of maximum 1 volt on 75 Ω impedance. However, the modulator is

followed by a special filter known as Vestigal sideband (VSB) filter. This

filter is used to suppress a portion of one side band, thus bandwidth is

reduced. This suppression doesn't cause a loss in information. Although the

suppression causes phase delay problems the VSB stage also includes

correction circuits to equalize the phase.

31
OUTPUT STAGES

The modulated signal is applied to a mixer (also known as frequency

converter). Another input to the mixer which is usually produced in a

crystal oven oscillator is known as subcarrier. The two outputs of the mixer

are the sum and difference of two signals. Unwanted signal (usually the

sum) is filtered out and the remaining signal is the radio frequency (RF)

signal. Then the signal is applied to the amplifier stages. The number of

series amplifiers depends on the required output power. The final stage is

sent to a receiver.

RECEIVER

A receiver (TV set) receives the transmitted signals (TV programs) and turns
radio waves, which include audio and video signals, into useful signals that
can be processed into an image and sound.

DISPLAY DEVICE

This is either a TV set or monitor. A display device has the technology to

turn the electrical signals received into visible light. On a standard TV set,

this includes the CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) technology from one of the

output of the visual mixer

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MIXING CONSOLE

In Telecommunication, a mixing console (also known as an audio mixer,

mixing desk or sound mixer) is an electronic device for combining (also

called "mixing"), routing, and changing the level, timbre (tone color) or

dynamics of many different audio signals, such as microphones being used

by newscaster, mics picking up acoustic instruments such as drums or

saxophones, or signals from electric or electronic instruments such as the

electric bass or synthesizer. In the NTA CH5,Video and Audio Mixer is able

to control analog or digital signals, depending on the type of signal its

receives.The modified signals (voltages or digital samples) are summed to

produce the combined output signals, which are then broadcast, amplified

through a sound reinforcement system.

Mixing consoles are used in many applications, in NTA CH5 including the

recording studios, public address systems, sound reinforcement systems,

broadcasting, television, pre-program and News production . A typical,

simple application combines signals from two microphones (each used by

news caster, and guest during live program,) into an amplifier that drives

one set of speakers simultaneously. In live performances, the signal from the

mixer usually goes directly to an amplifier but NTA CH5 mixer has a built

in power amplifier and it is connected to powered speakers.

The audio mixer at the Nigeria Television Authority Channel 5 have 16

channels. A mixing console in a professional recording studio may have as

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many as 72 channels. It does provide phantom power for capacitor

microphones; pan control (which changes a sound's apparent position in the

stereo soundfield); filtering and equalization; routing facilities; and

monitoring facilities, whereby one of a number of sources can be routed to

loudspeakers or headphones for listening, often without affecting the mixer's

main output. It has onboard electronic effects, such as reverb.

2.3 CHALLENGES FACED

The program was requiring more than usually expected, especially great

patience effort and skill. Among others are:

The Nigeria Television Authority Channel 5 Abuja is a Nigeria owned

establishment but it is too difficult for the management to compensate IT

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students with a stipend especially the Industrial Students in the Engineering

Department.

Also, it got to sometime where I was the only IT student in the Engineering

Department and the work was too heavy on me that I began to close late at

times.

Most of the Duty Engineer cannot really explain the basis behind their job,

they were only thought on how to operate the equipments and they do not

require IT Students to go into the MCR when not required unless they are

fully aware that you have a task to undergo. For this reason, I could not

comprehensively grasp the use of swing applications in Avid Liquid and

Info Channel software

The other challenge was finance; Owing to the fact that the organization

does not give me any grant or financial support, transportation became a

major source of expenditure. It was not easy, but God saw me through.

PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED AND THE COURSES OF ACTION

Problems Encountered

The major state of difficulties encountered was:

There are majorly three Duty Engineer that really knows the devices and the

free use of all the devices and they are very friendly in explaining them

when they are less busy, but each of these Duty Engineer are on duty shift of
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five (5) days apart, its take me two to three weeks to meet with a Duty

Engineer that can really explain the other devices to me.

How It Was Solved

The course of action was: Practice from previous idea.

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 CHAPTER THREE

3.1 COMPANY’S LIMITATIONS AND POTENTIALS

3.1.1 Limitations

The major limitation is lack of facilities like computers for students on IT

training.

3.1.2 Potentials

The potentials and strengths as by the company’s regulation include:

The organization has extensive experience in Management, Entertainment,

Education and Broadcasting on recent events in the Country and beyond.

The organization has the culture of team work, there are always two Duty

Engineers and they are hard working, they have respect for colleagues.

3.2 CONFIRMATORY

The Organization’s full contact is as below:

Address – Old Parade Ground, Opposite Radio house, Area 10 Garki

Channel 5

Slogan: Unity Station

Supervisory Officer: Engr. Sani Ada Mohammed

General Manager- Oganya L. Simon (Mrs)

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 CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 CONCLUSIONS AND SUMMARY OF EXPERIENCES

OBTAINED

In summary, the Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a

Skill Training Program designed to prepare and expose students of the

University to the industrial work situation they are likely to meet after

graduation.

In the course of my engagement during the IT program at Nigeria Television

Authority, Channel 5 Abuja, I was introduced to Info Channel software, a

major technology comprising of Television Logo Insertion, Avid Liquid for

news production. I also learnt how to network computers, how to make two

or more computer belong to a member of a domain using Ethernet cable. I

also learnt how to repair some electrical appliances.

4.2 RECOMMENDATIONS

Due to the gains and favourable reception, it is advisable as a course of

action, that students of the university who do not engage in the Student

Industrial Work Experience Scheme (S.I.W.E.S), should be allowed to

participate and involve themselves as this will go a long way enhancing and

promoting their welfare giving them great opportunities in acquiring skills

for the future.

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Also, financial support should be made available before the commencement

of the training so as to aid students in their mobility.

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