SPSS &Surfer Tutorial

Dr.rer.nat. Thomas Putranto

 EDA using SPSS
• Open your file “data.xlxs” and copy your data in SPSS data

• Check your “Variable View”

change “type” to numeric
 EDA using SPSS
• SCATTER PLOT for checking stationary
EDA using SPSS
NORMALITY TEST
NORMALITY TEST
HISTOGRAM
Normal Q-Q Plot
BOX PLOT
 Surfer-Basics

• Give your files meaningful names!

• E.g. dataset_01_invdist_pow2_20140826.grd
• Use a well organized folder structure
• Don‘t mess up different file categories: raw data (.xls,.dat,…), Surfer files (.grd), cross
validation result files (.dat), krige standard deviation files (.grd), …
• Do not change file extensions!

General procedure
• Check data consistency and plausability!
• Make a scatter plot (e.g. in Excel or in Surfer as post map)
• Check data point distribution (spatial and statistical)
• Decide which interpolation methods could be appropiate
• Do a variogram analysis (even if you don‘t plan to use Kriging)
• Interpolate (simple or Kriging) and visualize
• Cross-validation / Krige standard deviation and discussion of results
Interpolation – start and choose data file
• Interpolation via
Grid-> Data

• Data selection (e.g. Excel file)

• Check Data column assignment

 Interpolation – General options
• Choose an interpolation method

• -> „simple“ methods like Inverse

Distance, Minimum Curvature,
Radial Basis Function etc.
• -> Kriging

• Variation of parameters in Advanced

Options
 Interpolation – breaklines and faults

• Definition of faults and breaklines

• -> not possible for all

interpolation methods

• File Containing Fault Traces

-> File in „.bln“ – format (see Surfer
reference)
• Press OK
 Interpolation - Cross-validation (leave one out)
•  Important: choose interpolation method and respective options
(„Advanced Options“) first, before starting cross-validation!

Menu „Cross Validate“

Choose name and location of save

file („.dat“)
- Meaningful file name!
 Containing e.g. „XV“

Press OK
 Cross-validation will be
conducted (can take a while)
•Creation of the grid file Interpolation – finish interpolation
•  Choose filename and location for interpolated grid file (meaningful
filename!)
•  Choose Grid Line Geometry (grid resolution, grid extent)
•  Start interpolation (Press OK)
 Create map for cross validation results
•• Visualize XV residuals as class map
•
-> Map -> New -> (Classed) Post Map

Properties
• Be sure to choose the right
column! (residuals in xv
(.dat) result file you saved in
the Cross validate sub menu)
• Number of classes
• Choose a Binning Method
• or better user defined:
define symmetric classes
according to your data range
 Calculate RMS from cross validation results
• Grid data choose data click cross validate  choose a storage location  save as .dat
• Copy the data into an excel sheet calculate the last column
Geostatistics – Experimental semi-variogram
•• Experimental semi-variogram
•
-> Grid -> Variogram -> New Variogram
-> Choose data set (e.g. Excel table)
-> OK
 Geostatistics – Fitting of the math. model
• Fitting of a math. Model to the• experimental semi-
variogram •

-> Variogram Properties (right click)

-> Model -> Add/remove component
 Geostatistics – Fitting of the math. model
• Fitting of the selected model •
•
-> Select „Variogram Component“
-> Change parameters scale und length
-> Click „Apply“ to see changes directly in the semi-variogram
 Geostatistics – Anisotropy
Check data set for anisotropy •
• Go to tab „Experimental“ •
• Change Tolerance (e.g. 40) – note angle shown in blue color
• change Direction by clicking „Step CW/Step CCW“
• see changes in variogram directly

General settings
• Max lag distance / Number of lags
• Change scale vertically to avoid
flipping of axis scale
 Geostatistics – Kriging
Kriging Interpolation (after finishing semi-variogram fitting)
• Grid -> Data
• Gridding Method: Kriging
• Advanced Options
 Geostatistics – Kriging
Choose variogram model
• Manual input of variogram model settings (Add, choose type and parameters)
• Better: choose existing variogram „Get variogram“ and select one contained in Surfer
project (note: if you have multiple variograms in your project, name them on the left side
of program window)
 Geostatistics – Kriging
Krige standard deviation
• Output Grid of Kriging Standard Deviations
• Choose folder and file name (this is only the Krige standard deviation output file in .grd
format, so better put that information in the filename!)
 Visualization
• Different possibilities

-> Map -> New

e.g. Contour Map or 3D Wireframe

•
•
 Visualization
Properties
• e.g. filled contours
• Properties -> Levels -> click on „Fill“
• Change labeling properties
• …

•
•
 Visualization
Stacking of maps
• On the object manager
• e.g. drag the contour-map into the 3D-
model section

•
•

 Stacking of 3D wireframe, contour

map and post Map