Exercises

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57
 AVO cross plot

Instantaneous Frequency Acoustic Impedance

Exercise: Identification and classification of gas-sands reservoir based on the seismic attribute
section and AVO cross plot. Questions : Delineate the top and bottom of the gas-sandstone in the
Instantaneous Frequency and Acoustic Impedance sections, and determine the type of gas-
sandstone.
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1000

1200

1400

1600

Exercise. Display of PRODUCT section (left) and associated positive AVO cross plot (right). In
the product section, red is positive while blue is negative. The wiggle display is the Intercept on
zero angle with normal polarity. Determine the top and bottom of gas sand.
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80
 410

420

450

490

Exercise. Display of PRODUCT section (left) and related positive AVO cross plot (right). In
the product section, red is positive while blue is negative. The wiggle display is the Intercept
on zero angle with normal polarity. Determine the top and bottom of gas sand.
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Exercise
Fluid Substitution and AVO Modeling (taken from Zou & Bentley,
Time-lapse well log analysis, fluid substitution, and AVO, The Leading
Edge, June 2003, 550-554)
Data
Gas and oil were discovered in the Cretaceous sand. Figure A shows
segments of a density log, a P-wave log and a VSP corridor stack. In the
oil leg, the average porosity is 0.19, the average water saturation is 0.2,
reservoir pressure is 29.4 Mpa, reservoir temperature is 106o C, the gas-
oil ratio is 24 Sm3/Sm3. The specific gravity of gas is 0.734 and the oil
API is 31. The reservoir has not been produced to date. In this study,
three production scenarios are investigated :
• Gas drive through the whole oil leg. Oil is replaced by gas. Residual
oil is 0.3, and connate water is 0.22.
• Water drive through the whole oil leg. Oil is replaced by water.
Residual oil is 0.3, and there is no gas saturation.
• Half of the oil leg is replaced by gas, and the other half is replaced by
water. 102
All scenarios assumes that reservoir pressure and temperature are
maintained at initial levels. Fluid substitution done using Gassman and
Batzle-Wang methods. Table 1-2 summarize the changes due to fluid
and water-drive cases. Ku, u, Vp, Vs and AIP are the bulk modulus,
density, Vp, Vs and AI of saturated rock. Figures B-C show the PP and
PS RC changes with incident angle at GOC and OWC. Figures D-H
provide the PP and PS modeling results for different driving cases and
20% noise.

Question

Which one(s) of the following feature(s) applicable to distinguish

zones where water or gas has displaced oil from unswept zones :
a) PP time-shift, b) PS time-shift, c) RC PP at 0o, d) RC PS at 0o, e)
PP AVO gradient and amplitude, f) PS AVO gradient and amplitude.

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Figure A. The original logs
(red), the synthetic trace (blue),
and the VSP corridor stack
black).
Figure B. P-P reflection coefficient
changes with incident angle for (a)
at GOC and (b) at OWC.
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Figure B. P-
P reflection
coefficient
changes with
incident
angle for (a)
at GOC and
(b) at OWC.

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Figure C. P-S
reflection
coefficient
changes with
incident angle
for (a) at GOC
and (b) at
OWC.

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Figure D. AVO modeling (left to right) for gas/water, water, gas drive, and
original logs. 85
 Figure E. The original, gas drive P-P gather, their difference,
stacked traces, and their difference.

Figure F. The original, water drive P-P gather, their difference, stacked
traces, and their difference.

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Figure G. The original, gas/water drive P-P gather, their difference,
stacked traces, and their difference.

Figure H. The original and water drive P-S gather, their difference,
stacked traces, and their difference.

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