Viewing the Morea

KL
Du m ba rton Oa k s By z a n t i n e S y m p o si a a n d Col l o qu i a

Series Editor
Margaret Mullett

Editorial Board
John Duffy
John Haldon
Ioli Kalavrezou
 Viewing the Morea
Land and People
in the Late Medieval Peloponnese

KL
Edited by

Sharon E. J. Gerstel

Du m ba rto n Oa k s R e s e a rc h L i b r a ry a n d C ol l e c t io n
Copyright © 2013 by Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection
Trustees for Harvard University, Washington, DC
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Morea: The Land and Its People in the Aftermath of the Fourth Crusade
(Symposium) (2009 : Dumbarton Oaks)
Viewing the Morea : land and people in the late medieval Peloponnese /edited by
Sharon E. J. Gerstel.
pages cm. — (Dumbarton Oaks Byzantine symposia and colloquia)
“The majority of the chapters in this volume were presented as papers at the 2009
Dumbarton Oaks symposium ‘Morea: The Land and Its People in the Aftermath
of the Fourth Crusade’.”
Includes index.
isbn 978-0-88402-390-6 (cloth : alk. paper)
1. Peloponnesus (Greece : Peninsula)—Civilization—Congresses.
2. Peloponnesus (Greece : Peninsula)—Antiquities—Congresses.
3. Excavations (Archaeology)—Greece—Peloponnesus—Congresses.
4. Franks—Greece—Peloponnesus—History—Congresses.
5. Crusades—Fourth, 1202–1204—Congresses.
6. Civilization, Medieval—13thcentury—Congresses.
7. Civilization, Medieval—14th century—Congresses.
I. Gerstel, Sharon E. J., author, editor of compilation.
II. Dumbarton Oaks, issuing body.
III. Title.
df901.p4m66 2013
949.5´203—dc23
2012042878

www.doaks.org/publications

Designed and typeset by Melissa Tandysh

Cover: View from the Villehardouin Castle at Mystras toward Sparta and the hills
of Parnon (photo: S. Gerstel)

Frontispiece: Church of the Virgin Hodegetria, Mystras, ornamental detail

(photo: S. Gerstel)
 CONTENTS

KL

Acknowledgments L ix

Introduction L 1
sharon e. j. gerstel

The Morea through the Prism of the Past L 9

Elizabeth Jeffreys

The Architectural Layering of History in the Medieval Morea:

Monuments, Memory, and Fragments of the Past L 23
Amy Papalexandrou

The Songbook for William of Villehardouin, Prince of the Morea

(Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, fonds français 844):
A Crucial Case in the History of Vernacular Song Collections L 57
John Haines

The Triangle of Power:

Building Projects in the Metropolitan Area
of the Crusader Principality of the Morea L 111
Demetrios Athanasoulis

Coinage and Money in the Morea

after the Fourth Crusade L 153
Julian Baker and Alan M. Stahl

The Frankish Morea:

Evidence Provided by Acts of Private Transactions L 187
Helen G. Saradi
 Rural Exploitation and Market Economy
in the Late Medieval Peloponnese L 213
David Jacoby

People and Settlements of the Northeastern

Peloponnese in the Late Middle Ages:
An Archaeological Exploration L 277
Timothy E. Gregory

Greek, Frank, Other:

Differentiating Cultural and Ancestral Groups
in the Frankish Morea Using Human Remains Analysis L 309
Sandra J. Garvie-Lok

Mapping the Boundaries of Church and Village:

Ecclesiastical and Rural Landscapes
in the Late Byzantine Peloponnese L 335
Sharon E. J. Gerstel

Reflections of Constantinople:
The Iconographic Program of the South Portico
of the Hodegetria Church, Mystras L 371
Titos Papamastorakis †

A Brief “History of the Morea” as Seen through

the Eyes of an Emperor-Rhetorician:
Manuel II Palaiologos’s Funeral Oration
for Theodore, Despot of the Morea L 397
Florin Leonte

A New Lykourgos for a New Sparta:

George Gemistos Plethon
and the Despotate of the Morea L 419
Teresa Shawcross

Mapping “Melancholy-Pleasing Remains”:

The Morea as a Renaissance Memory Theater L 455
Veronica della Dora

Abbreviations L 477
About the Authors L 481
Index L 485
 Ac k now l e dgm e n ts

KL

The majority of the chapters in this volume wer e pr esented as papers at the 2009
Dumbarton Oaks symposium “Morea: The Land and Its People in the Aftermath of the Fourth Crusade.”
On behalf of the authors, the editor would like to acknowledge the support of Jan M. Ziolkowski, Director
of Dumbarton Oaks. The editor also warmly thanks Alice-Mary Talbot, former Director of Byzantine
Studies, for organizing a wonderful symposium and Margaret Mullett, current Director of Byzantine
Studies, for helping to bring this volume to fruition.

With this publication we honor the memory of Titos Papamastorakis, one of the contributors to this vol-
ume. A joyful friend and innovative thinker, Titos devoted his career to writing about Byzantine art in
the Peloponnese. May his memory be eternal.
 Thebes
Patras

Glarentza Athens
Blachernai Andravida Corinth Isthmia
Chlemoutzi
Nemea
Ayios Vasileios

Argos Merbaka
Nauplion
Mouchli

2000 m

1500 m
Mystras Sparta
Kalamata
1000 m Parori Geraki
500 m Pylos
Zaraka
Methone Korone
200 m
Monemvasia
100 m
Tigani
0m
Mani Peninsula

Kythera

N 0 100 200 km
 Introduction

KL
Sh a ron E . J. Ge r st e l

I’m going to tell you a great tale, and if you will listen to me,
I hope it will please you.1

It is not possible to find a land more appropriate and suited to Greeks

than the Peloponnese, the land bordering Europe and its outlying islands.
It seems that the Greeks have always inhabited this area
as far as people remember.2

P
eloponnese, Mor ea, A mor ea, la Mor ée,
Moréh. The long duration of the region’s occupancy and the linguistic and cultural diversity of its habi-
tants are first proclaimed through nomenclature. Derived from Pelops (Πέλοψ), the “dark-faced” son
of Tantalus, grandson of Zeus and founder of the House of Atreus, the name Peloponnese holds within
it the memory of an ancient time and place and binds the land inescapably to its heroic past. The name
would endure throughout the Byzantine period and, indeed, past the empire’s fall. Morea was a name
introduced later to the region.3 Originally associated with the northwest corner of the Peloponnese, the
area of Frankish habitation, Morea would come to stand for the land in its entirety. In its various forms
the name would be used equally by Latin, Greek, Italian, and Turk. Yet the origins of the name remain

1  “Θέλω νὰ σὲ ἀφηγηθῶ ἀφήγησιν μεγάλην· κι ἂν θέλῃς νὰ μὲ ἀκροαστῇς, ὀλπίζω νὰ σ᾽ ἀρέσῃ.” J. Schmitt, Introduction to the
Chronicle of the Morea (London, 1904; repr., Groningen, 1967), 3.
2  “Ἕλλησι δὲ οὐκ ἔστιν εὑρεῖν ἥτις ἄλλη οἰκειοτέρα χώρα οὐδὲν μᾶλλον προσήκουσα ἢ Πελοπόννησός τε καὶ ὅση δὴ ταύτῃ τῆς
Εὐρώπης προσεχὴς τῶν τε αὖ νήσων αἱ ἐπικείμεναι. Ταύτην γὰρ δὴ φαίνονται τὴν χώραν Ἕλληνες ἀεὶ οἰκοῦντες οἱ αὐτοὶ ἐξ ὅτου
περ ἄνθρωποι διαμνημονεύουσιν . . .” George Gemistos Plethon, “Address to Manuel Palaiologos concerning the Affairs in the
Peloponnese,” in S. P. Lampros, Παλαιολόγεια καὶ Πελοποννησιακά (Athens, 1926; repr., 1972), 3:247.15–248.4.
3  The name is associated with a bishopric in a notitia of the tenth century. J. Darrouzès, ed., Notitiae episcopatuum Ecclesiae
Constantinopolitanae (Paris, 1981), 7.554.

1
obscure. Scholars have linked it to a settlement
on the coast of Elis, as yet unidentified through
physical remains.4 But contemplation of the name
has given rise to more imaginative associations.
Topographically, the irregular shape of the Morea,
with its jutting capes and peninsulas, recalls the
distinctive lobed leaves of the mulberry tree,
ὁ μορέας, that still cover the land. Alternatively,
according to some the intentional transposition of
the name’s letters create a mystical link between
Morea and Romaia (Romea), distant Constanti­
nople, or New Rome.5 Peloponnese, Morea: the
names reflect history and topography, simultane-
ously embodying a mythological past and evok-
ing, through visual association, the very landscape
that sustained the vital agrarian economy.
A consideration of the region’s names and
their broader associations frames the discussion
that will follow in this volume. Viewing the region
through a wide range of sources and perspectives,
the authors of the collected chapters examine the
land and people of the Morea/Peloponnese in the
wake of the Fourth Crusade of 1204, an event of
critical importance for the region’s medieval his-
tory. The assault on the Byzantine capital was
the catalyst for the arrival in the Peloponnese of
Geoffrey I of Villehardouin, who was carried off
course by “wind and chance,” landing at the port
of Modon (Methone) in the region’s southwest
corner.6 Far from their ancestral homelands in
distant France, Geoffrey and his fellow crusad-
ers found a land that “was fertile, spacious and
delightful with its fields and waters and multi-
tude of pastures.”7 Here the knights carved out
4  Both Cape Ichthys and the area of ancient Dyme have
been proposed as the original sites of Morea. See A. Chatzes,
“Μορεὰς—Ἰχθύς,” BNJ 9 (1932): 80–86; D. Georgakas, “The
Post-Classical Names Designating the Peninsula of the
Peloponnesus (MOREAS),” Studia onomastica Monacensia
3 (1961): 302–7.
5  V. M. Coronelli, An Historical and Geographical Account
of the Morea, Negropont, and the Maritime Places, as Far
as Thessalonica: Illustrated with 42 Maps of the Countries,
Plains, Draughts of the Cities, Towns and Fortifications, trans.
R. W. Gent (London, 1687), 2. See the chapter by V. della
Dora in this volume.
6  Geoffrey of Villehardouin, “On the Conquest of Con­
stantinople,” in Chronicles of the Crusades, ed. M. Shaw
(New York, 1963), 80.
7  “Ἀφόντου ἐκερδίσασιν τὴν Καλαμάτα οἱ Φράγκοι, εἷδαν
τὸν τόπον ἔμνοστον, καλόν, χαριτωμένον, τοὺς κάμπους γὰρ
2 sharon e. j. gerstel
a territory that was French in character, though
Greek in nature. Frankish reign over the Pelo­
ponnese was short-lived, however. In 1261, as a
result of Geoffrey’s imprisonment following the
battle of Pelagonia, his son was forced to cede to
the Byzantines the southeastern Peloponnese, a
triangle of land marked by the castles of Maina,
Monemvasia, and Mystras.
The physical and written remains of this
knightly adventure—the bold attempt to plant a
Western feudal kingdom on the fertile island of
Pelops—have been a subject of study since the
nineteenth century. The tall mountains and rug-
ged landscape that formed the atmosphere for
ancient myth and legend also set the stage for
medieval chronicle and adventure. Jean Buchon,
who first published the text of the Chronicle of
the Morea, in 1825, collapsed history, relating the
knightly lords to the region’s ancient legends,
comparing the Frankish barons to “the kings of
Homer.”8 Medieval settlers from the West also
used the land’s ancient past for their own benefit.
The walls of the Latin archbishop’s guesthouse in
Patras, reported Niccolò de Martoni in 1395, were
painted with scenes of the fall of Troy, a tale that
held enormous appeal for the Latin crusaders not
only as a work of romance and chivalry but also
as an expression of crusader ideology.9 But the
subject also had resonance for Byzantine authors.
The twelfth-century Byzantine poet John Tzetzes
notes in his commentaries that during the Trojan
War the giant ivory shoulder blade of dark-faced
Pelops was the talisman that had enabled the
Greeks to conquer Troy.10 The Greek version of
καὶ τὰ νερά, τὸ πλῆθος τῶν λιβάδων.” Schmitt, Introduction
to the Chronicle of Morea, 1739–41. English translation in
H. E. Lurier, Crusaders as Conquerors: The Chronicle of
Morea (New York and London, 1964), 121.
8  J.-A. Buchon, La Grèce continentale et la Morée: Voyage,
séjour et études historiques en 1840 et 1841 (Paris, 1843), 474.
9  “Habet unam salam longam paxus XXV, in cujus
sale parietibus est picta in circuytu tota ystoria destruc-
tionis civitatis Troye.” L. Legrand, “Relation du pèleri-
nage à Jérusalem de Nicolas de Martoni, notaire italien
(1394–1395),” ROL 3 (1895): 661. On connections to Troy,
see T. Shawcross, “Re-Inventing the Homeland in the
Historiography of Frankish Greece: The Fourth Crusade
and the Legend of the Trojan War,” BMGS 27 (2003):
120–52.
10  F. Jacobs, ed., Ioannis Tzetzae Antehomerica, Homerica
et posthomerica (Leipzig, 1793), 577. On this story, see
the War of Troy, written in the thirteenth or four-
teenth century, also seems to indicate an aware-
ness of the Peloponnese and its history.11 An
interest in the past was, perhaps, inescapable in
a land marked by the ruins of ancient and medi-
eval buildings. Considering the evidence of lit-
erature and architecture, two of the chapters in
this volume examine how the past informed the
writings and thoughts of those who lived in the
Morea. Elizabeth Jeffreys investigates the role
that conceptions of the ancient past played in lit-
erary construction. Looking at those who lived
in the Peloponnese—Greeks, Franks, and oth-
ers from the West, or those who traveled through
the region—Jeffreys demonstrates that attitudes
toward the ancient past varied enormously, at least
in their representation in literature. It is only when
one probes the cultural roots of authors and audi-
ences that one can determine whether references
to the past are reflexive—a sign of learning—or
genuine in their admiration and appreciation.
The incorporation of spolia and inscriptions into
the building fabric of new constructions also con-
sciously and conspicuously evoked the past, both
ancient and medieval. Amy Papalexandrou looks
at four sites in order to question how spolia func-
tioned as aides-mémoire. Here the roles of patrons
and communities were essential in decoding a
language of ancient and medieval signs that could
hold a variety of meanings for the viewer. Spolia
are read through literary associations, as touch-
stones to buildings and communities long gone,
or as signboards carved with ancient or medi-
eval words of personal or communal resonance.
Central to both chapters is the notion of memory
and the role that memory plays in creating history.
Once settled on ancient soil, the Franks intro-
duced medieval Western culture and ways into
the region, adding a layer of history to a land that
was already stratigraphically rich. Witnessed most
enduringly in the standing remains of fortresses,
monasteries, and churches, the influence of the
West is less obviously, though no less importantly,
manifested in the Frankish law codes, acts, and
A. Mayor, The First Fossil Hunters: Paleontology in Greek and
Roman Times (Princeton, 2000), 104–10.
11  See the views expressed in M. Papathomopoulos and
E. M. Jeffreys, eds., Ὁ Πόλεμος τῆς Τρωάδος: The War of Troy
(Athens, 1996).
manuscripts that survive in European libraries.
Works such as the luxuriously illustrated song-
book of William of Villehardouin (Paris, Biblio­
thèque nationale de France, fonds français 844),
examined in this volume by John Haines, reveal
the attempts of Frankish rulers to create a court
that mirrored those in the West, and in other
crusader kingdoms in the East. Preserved today
with its gatherings reordered and with many of
its images cut out and dispersed, the songbook,
in Haines’s view, was a precious gift to the prince
of the Morea. Its story mirrors, in a sense, the for-
tunes of the prince and of the Frankish Morea
where, according to one witness, “they speak as
beautiful French as in Paris.”12 Like the songbook,
the castles, churches, and capital city the French
rulers of the Morea built were, from the outset,
closely linked to architecture in France. Through
painstaking archaeological research, Demetrios
Athanasoulis reconstructs the triangle of power of
the Moreote rulers, both mapping critical sites and
setting questions for future research. In his analy-
sis, Athanasoulis demonstrates the close connec-
tions of the new Frankish constructions in the
Morea and to similar constructions in Cyprus and
France, urging us to consider the broader meaning
of architectural evocations of French construction
and planning, particularly in the period of Philip
II Augustus (r. 1180–1223) and Louis IX (r. 1226–
1270). For Athanasoulis, Glarentza (Clarentza,
Chi­arenza), built at the northwest corner of the
Morea in closest proximity to Western Europe,
mirrors Louis’s bastide of Aigues-Mortes, France’s
only Mediterranean port in the thirteenth cen-
tury. Such visible links between the Morea and
France are visualized, as well, in the coinage that
circulated in the region. Julian Baker and Alan
Stahl, examining coin hoards and excavated sin-
gle pieces, provide a comprehensive history of the
coinage of the Morea following the Fourth Cru­
sade. Numismatic evidence reveals a close con-
nection to France, es­­pecially in the shared imagery
of tournois coinage. Information about mints, par-
ticularly the mint of Glarentza, provides valuable
insight into political vicissitudes in the Morea
and indicates through material remains the rising
power of Venice, whose economic dominance is
12  A. Goodenough, trans., The Chronicle of Muntaner (Lon­­
don, 1921), 2:627.
Introduction 3
witnessed in the proliferation of soldini and torne-
selli in the region. The minting of a Byzantine
tornesi in Mystras or Monemvasia in the late four-
teenth or early fifteenth century hints at the Greek
attempt to undercut Venetian dominance by pro-
ducing a coin that imitated the foreign issue.
Although the Latin settlers in the region
quickly established dominion over the northwest-
ern Pelopon­nese, they hardly lived in isolation
from the indigenous population. Many of the chap-
ters in this volume investigate how differing com-
munities in the Morea were interrelated through
common economies, shared commodities, and
cohabitation of settlements. Moving away from
more traditional scholarship that divides the pop-
ulation into the binaries of “Frank” and “Greek,”
these chapters look across boundaries and seek
to identify common ground. Looking broadly at
deeds, Helen Saradi seeks to understand how the
Franks’ legal practice became integrated with pre-
existing Byzantine laws governing private trans-
actions. Moving away from a focus on the elite,
her chapter introduces the local notary and his cli-
ents, who while clearly of different ethnic groups
shared common concerns that included securing
property deeds, contracting marriages, and guar-
anteeing wills. The transactions, written in Greek
or Latin, are recorded in Gospel books, on church
walls, and in archival documents. Saradi’s in-
depth analysis of the acts, reading across the tradi-
tional lines that divided communities, questions
how deeply Frankish laws regarding private trans-
actions penetrated Moreote society and suggests
the degree to which new institutions supplanted
or merged with preexisting ones. In his chapter,
David Jacoby examines the entire Peloponnese,
synthesizing written and archaeological data to
look at the Frankish Morea, the Venetian-ruled
territories, and the Byzantine province, which was
autonomous from 1348. Focusing on the agrar-
ian economy, Jacoby examines several aspects of
rural exploitation and integrates them within the
broader context of commercialization and distri-
bution. Specific commodities, including olive oil,
cotton, and wine, are thoroughly investigated in
this monumental study.
Chapters on archaeology and the analysis of
human remains provide new information on the
people and settlements in the Morea. Unlike those
who commissioned books or signed deeds, these
4 sharon e. j. gerstel
are often the anonymous residents of the Morea. By
looking at their skeletal remains, Sandra Garvie-
Lok asks questions about identity based on the
direct evidence of diet and its associated effects
on health. Approaching remains through the
analysis of skeletal morphology, ancient DNA,
and stable isotope analysis, Garvie-Lok discusses
identity and mobility in the Frankish Morea and
also provides insights into diet and infant feeding
practices. Timothy Gregory analyzes settlements
in the northeastern Peloponnese, using ceramic
and building remains to reveal the populations
that inhabited certain sites and their place within
networks of settlements. Reading the compli-
cated archaeological record, Gregory draws par-
allels between settlements across boundaries and
considers how specific sites were inhabited.
The territory that would come to be known
as the Despotate of the Morea was ceded to
the Byzantines in 1262. This region had its own
complex history, one closely linked to Constan­
tinople and the fortunes of the imperial family.
Initially governed by appointed administrators
(kephalai), it was ruled from 1349 by the son of
the Byzantine emperor, Manuel Kantakouzenos
(Cantacuzenos). The last of its despots, Thomas
and Demetrios Palaiologos, surrendered to the
Turks in 1460. At the center of any discussion
of the despotate is the city of Mystras, whose
painted churches continue to draw the inter-
est of scholars who see the artistic productions
of this city as the last great phase of Byzantine
painting. Although the city was grafted to the
branch of Constantinople, it remained deeply
rooted in the territory at its base, the lush val-
ley that lay between Taygetos and Parnon. Large
numbers of Orthodox villagers and town dwell-
ers shared the region and created their own
myths of an eternal and sacred empire generated
by the pains of loss and the hopes of refounda-
tion. These villagers are the concern of the vol-
ume editor. In my chapter, I situate these men
and women within the territory owned by the
monasteries and metropolitans of Mystras, a ter-
ritory that was geographically separated from
lands and villages endowed to the metropoli-
tan of Monemvasia. Considering archaeological
data, the evidence of standing monuments, their
monumental decoration, and preserved chryso-
bulls, I look carefully at the place of the Orthodox
villager within a multitude of landscapes. Titos
Papamastorakis looks toward Constantinople in
his chapter, linking the decoration of the church
of the Hodegetria (Aphendiko) at Mystras with
important cult centers in the Byzantine capital.
In this first comprehensive examination of the
iconography of the south portico of that church,
Papamastorakis uncovers the textual roots of the
chapel’s unusual decoration and suggests a new
date for its imagery.
Wandering through the streets of Mystras
one envisions the city through reconstructions of
its multistoried houses and its great and beautiful
churches. To revisit Mystras as it was, one needs
to hear the swish of silk clothing and listen for the
chatter of its intellectuals, who once populated the
city’s libraries and court. Florin Leonte sees the
city through the eyes of Manuel II Palaiologos,
whose Funeral Oration for his brother, the despot
of the Morea, provides insight into the mind of
its author, who hoped to circulate the text in the
West. Leonte explores and evaluates the ideologi-
cal implications of the oration by carefully sepa-
rating interwoven narrative strands. The works of
Plutarch, Herodotus, Aristotle, Isocrates, Xeno­­
phon, and others were copied at Mystras in the
late fourteenth and fifteenth century, as well as
service books for its many churches, many of
those books bearing colophons mentioning
scribes and donors.13 The names of the intellec-
tuals who inhabited or passed through the city
still dazzle: Bessarion, George Scholarios, and,
of course, George Gemistos Plethon. Writing at a
distance from Constantinople, many of the great
intellects of Mystras were deeply concerned with
the waning fortunes of the empire. Chief among
them was Gemistos Plethon, whose proposals
for reforming the despotate are of principal con-
cern to Teresa Shawcross. Carefully analyzing his
plans for social, economic, and military recon-
struction and reorganization, Shawcross pro-
vides an in-depth portrait of Gemistos Plethon
as a man whose advocacy of a second Spartan
golden age was deeply rooted in his hope for the
survival of the despotate. Following Gemistos
Plethon to Italy, we are placed in the court of
13  S. Lampros, “Λακεδαιμόνιοι βιβλιογράφοι καὶ κτήτορες
κωδίκων κατὰ τοὺς μέσους αἰῶνας καὶ ἐπὶ τουρκοκρατίας,”
Νέος Ἑλλ. 4 (1907): 152–87, 303–57.
the Medici, where the Morea is reimagined and
romanticized.
Although this volume focuses primarily on the
Latin crusaders who came to inhabit the Morea
and the Byzantines who remained or who reset-
tled in the area, it is important to recognize that
the region was also shared by others, who, due to
the constraints of space, play a less prominent role
in this study. The story of Ottoman rule over the
Peloponnese, revealed in standing fortresses, top-
onyms, vernacular poetry, and pottery, also left
deep traces on the ground and remain in collective
memory. By necessity, we have left the close exam-
ination of this period and its material remains for
another study, but simply note here the overbuild-
ing of Mystras as a Turkish city, the renaming of
settlements that have since been reverted to pre-
Ottoman nomenclature, and the remains of forti-
fications along the coast that stood as the physical
guardians of another empire’s border. Others
who shared the land include the Melingoi, who
in­­habited the western slopes of Taygetos and are
recalled through inscriptions found in a number
of the region’s painted churches.14
Also layered upon the historical and physi-
cal topography of the Morea are the traces of the
Venetians, whose “right eye,” Modon (Methone),
was strategically situated at the southwestern tip
of the peninsula, and whose soldini and torneselli
formed the means of trade between the Pelopon­­
nese and the Serenissima. So, too, one must em­­
phasize the importance of the Florentine bankers,
the Acciajuoli, who, from 1341 controlled vast
properties in the western part of the peninsula. As
David Jacoby and Timothy Gregory note, detailed
inventories of their estates, listing the Greek vil-
lagers and Latin residents by name and record-
ing their fiscal obligations, are critical sources for
understanding the agrarian economy and settle-
ments of the Morea. This phase of the Morea’s his-
tory is of particular interest to Veronica della Dora
who, in looking at cartographic evidence, sees the
evocation and manipulation of the region’s past.
Seeing the Morea as a “memory theater,” della
Dora carefully analyzes the staging of historical
events in the performance of a new narrative. Her
14  S. Kougeas, “Περὶ τῶν Μελιγκῶν τοῦ Ταϋγέτου ἐξ
ἀφορμῆς ἀνεκδότου βυζαντινῆς ἐπιγραφῆς ἐκ Λακωνίας,”
Πραγματεῖαι τῆς Ἀκαδημίας Ἀθηνῶν 15, no. 3 (1950): 1–34.
Introduction 5
chapter, like that of Teresa Shawcross, moves our
discussion into the Renaissance, evoking a new
set of actors with interests in the region.
Viewing the Morea from so many disciplinary
perspectives opens several new vistas on a com-
plicated land. In this volume, the Pelopon­­nese is
fully populated. Chivalric knight and Orthodox
villager equally share the stage, a reflection of new
directions in scholarship. Buildings and paint-
ings are redated and recontextualized. Authors
and texts are introduced and placed in dialogue.
Archaeological data and skeletal remains recover
the voice of human interactions and reconstruct
landscapes. Coins and kerns reveal aspects of
the rural and Mediterranean economy. This vol-
ume emphasizes crossing boundaries—reading
across disciplinary divides, regional limits, lin-
guistic and ethnic boundaries, and the threshold
between the ancient and medieval worlds. At the
6 sharon e. j. gerstel
center of this volume is a concern for the people—
the wide range of men and women who shared the
Morea. But this volume is also concerned with
the land. “A paradoxical geographical object,”
Veronica della Dora reminds us, the Peloponnese
“is a peninsula that became an island and an
is­land that is called a peninsula.” It is a land “bor-
dering Europe and its outlying islands,” but one
that is washed by the Mediterranean and in close
connection to Constantinople. It is a land di­­
vided by mountain ranges that acted as natural
fences between communities, a land whose soil
enabled the production of wine and olives, and a
land that held deep within it the treasures of the
ancients while also giving rise to the finest medi-
eval constructions. Viewing the land and people
of the late medieval Peloponnese, the chapters
in this volume tell “a great tale . . . I hope it will
please you.”
 A bbr e vi ation s
KL
AHR American Historical
Review
AJ Archaeological Journal
AJA American Journal of
Archaeology
AJPA American Journal of
Physical Anthropology
Ἀκαδ.Ἀθη.Πρ. Ἀκαδημία Ἀθηνῶν
Πρακτικά
ΑΜ Mitteilungen
des Deutschen
Archäologischen Instituts,
Athenische Abteilung
AnnalesESC Annales: Economies, socié-
tés, civilisations
Ἀρχ.Βυζ.Μνημ.Ἑλλ. Ἀρχεῖον τῶν βυζαντινῶν
μνημείων τῆς Ἑλλάδος
Ἀρχ.Δελτ. Ἀρχαιολογικὸν δελτίον
Ἀρχ.Ἐφ. Ἀρχαιολογικὴ ἐφημερίς
ArtB Art Bulletin
AStIt Archivio storico italiano
AStNap Archivio storico per le
province napoletane
ASV Archivio di Stato,
Venice (unpublished
documents)
BCH Bulletin de correspondance
hellénique
BEFAR Bibliothèque des Écoles
françaises d’Athènes et
de Rome
BHG Bibliotheca hagiographica
graeca
BHR Bulgarian Historical
Review/Revue bulgare
d’histoire
BMFD Byzantine Monastic
Foundation Documents:
A Complete Translation
of the Surviving Founders’
“Typika” and Testaments,
ed. J. Thomas and
A. C. Hero, DOS 35
(Washington, DC, 2000)
BMGS Byzantine and Modern
Greek Studies
BNJ Byzantinisch-
Neugriechische Jahrbücher
BSA Annual of the British
School at Athens
BSR Papers of the British
School at Rome
BullMon Bulletin monumental
ByzF Byzantinische
Forschungen
BZ Byzantinische Zeitschrift
477
 CahArch Cahiers archéologiques
CEB Congrès international des
études byzantines: Actes
CFHB Corpus fontium historiae
byzantinae
Chrysostomides, MP J. Chrysostomides,
ed., Monumenta
Peloponnesiaca:
Documents for the History Gerland, NQ A. E. Gerland, Neue
of the Peloponnese in the
14th and 15th Centuries
(Camberley, Surrey,
1995)
CIG Corpus inscriptionum
graecarum, ed. A. Boeckh
et al. (Berlin, 1828–77)
ClMed Classica et mediaevalia
CSHB Corpus scriptorum his-
toriae byzantinae
Δελτ.Χρ.Ἀρχ.Ἑτ. Δελτίον τῆς Xριστιανικῆς
ἀρχαιολογικῆς ἑταιρείας
ΔΕΕ Δελτίον τῆς ἱστορικῆς καὶ
ἐθνολογικῆς τῆς Ἑλλάδος
DGM See Zakythinos, DGM
DOC A. R. Bellinger, P.
Grierson, and M. F.
Hendy, Catalogue of
the Byzantine Coins in
the Dumbarton Oaks
Collection and in the
Whittemore Collection
(Washington, DC,
1966–99)
DOP Dumbarton Oaks Papers
DOS Dumbarton Oaks
Studies
DV See Nanetti, DV
DVL G. M. Thomas and
R. Predelli, eds.,
Diplomatarium veneto-
levantinum sive acta et
diplomata res Venetas
Graecas atque Levantis
(Venice, 1880–99)
EcHistR Economic History Review
EHB A. E. Laiou, ed., The
Economic History of
Byzantium: From
the Seventh through
478 abbreviations
the Fifteenth Century
(Washington, DC, 2002)
EHR English History Review
EO Echos d’Orient
Ἐπ.Ἑτ.Βυζ.Σπ. Ἐπετηρῖς ἐταιρείας
βυζαντινῶν σπουδῶν
EtBalk Études balkaniques
EtByz Études byzantines
Quellen zur Geschichte des
lateinischen Erzbistums
Patras (Leipzig, 1903)
GOTR Greek Orthodox
Theological Review
IG Inscriptiones graecae
(Berlin, 1873–)
JArS Journal of Archaeological
Science
JHS Journal of Hellenic Studies
JIAN Journal interna-
tional d’archéologie
numismatique
JÖB Jahrbuch der
Österreichischen
Byzantinistik
JSAH Journal of the Society of
Architectural Historians
JSav Journal des savants
JWarb Journal of the Warburg
and Courtauld Institutes
Κρ.Χρον. Κρητικὰ χρονικά
Λακ.Σπ. Λακωνικαὶ σπουδαί
Libro d’abaco G. Arrighi, ed., Libro
d’abaco: Dal codice 1754
(sec. XIV) della Biblioteca
Statale di Lucca (Lucca,
1973)
Libro dele uxanze A. Parmeggiani, ed.,
Libro dele uxanze e
statuti delo Imperio de
Romania, edizione critica,
Quaderni della Rivista di
Bizantinistica 1 (Spoleto,
1998)
Livre de la conqueste J. Longnon, ed., Livre de
la conqueste de la princée
de l’Amorée: Chronique de
Morée (1204–1305) (Paris,
1911)
 LT J. Longnon and P.
Topping, eds., Documents
sur le régime des terres
dans la principauté de
Morée au XIV e siècle
(Paris and The Hague,
1969). [Cited by page and
line numbers]
MarbJb Marburger Jahrbuch für
Kunstwissenschaft
MélRome Mélanges d’archéologie et
d’histoire, École française
de Rome
MHR Mediterranean Historical
Review
MittIÖG Mitteilungen des Instituts
für Österreichische
Geschichtsforschung
MM F. Miklosich and J.
Müller, Acta et diplo-
mata graeca medii aevi
sacra et profana (Vienna,
1860–90)
MP See Chrysostomides, MP
Nanetti, DV A. Nanetti, ed.,
Documenta veneta Coroni
& Methoni rogata:
Euristica e critica docu-
mentaria per gli oculi capi-
tales Comunis Veneciarum
(secoli XIV e XV), vol. 1,
Fondazione Nazionale
Ellenica delle Ricerche;
Istituto di Ricerche
Bizantine, Fonti 3 and 7
(Athens, 1999–2007)
NC Numismatic Chronicle
NCirc Numismatic Circular
NCMH New Cambridge Medieval
History (Cambridge and
New York, 1995–2005)
Νέος Ἑλλ. Νέος Ἑλληνομνήμων
NQ See Gerland, NQ
OCP Orientalia christiana
periodica
ODB A. P. Kazhdan et al., eds.,
The Oxford Dictionary of
Byzantium (New York
and Oxford, 1991)
Pasquale Longo A. Lombardo, ed.,
Pasquale Longo notaio
in Corone, 1289–1293,
Deputazione di Storia
patria per le Venezie,
Monumenti storici, n.s.
6 (Venice, 1951)
Pegolotti Francesco Balducci
Pegolotti, La pratica della
mercatura, ed. A. Evans
(Cambridge, MA, 1936)
PG Patrologiae cursus com-
pletus, Series graeca,
ed. J.-P. Migne (Paris,
1857–66)
PLP Prosopographisches
Lexikon der
Palaiologenzeit, ed. E.
Trapp et al. (Vienna,
1976–)
Πρακτ.Ἀρχ.Ἑτ. Πρακτικὰ τῆς ἐν Ἀθήναις
Ἀρχαιολογικής Ἑταιρείας
RA Revue archéologique
RBK K. Wessel, ed.,
Reallexikon zur byz-
antinischen Kunst
(Stuttgart, 1963–)
REB Revue des études
byzantines
RESEE Revue des études sud-est
européennes
RIN Rivista italiana di numis-
matica e scienze affini
RN Revue numismatique
ROL Revue de l’Orient latin
RS H. Spanke, ed., G.
Raynauds Bibliographie
des altfranzösischen Liedes
(Leiden, 1980)
RSI Rivista storica italiana
Sathas C. N. Sathas, ed.,
Documents inédits relatifs
à l’histoire de la Grèce
au Moyen Âge (Paris,
1890–1900)
ST Studi e testi
StMed Studi medievali
StVen Studi veneziani
SüdostF Südost-Forschungen
abbreviations 479
 Synaxarium CP H. Delehaye, ed.,
Synaxarium ecclesiae Zakythinos, DGM D. A. Zakythinos, Le
Constantinopolitanae:
Propylaeum ad Acta
sanctorum Novembris
(Brussels, 1902)
TFByzNgPhil Texte und Forschungen
zur byzantinisch-
neugriechischen
Philologie Zibaldone da Canal A. Stussi, ed., Zibaldone
TIB H. Hunger, ed., Tabula
imperii byzantini
(Vienna, 1976–)
TM Travaux et mémoires
TTh G. L. F. Tafel and G. M.
Thomas, eds., Urkunden
zur älteren Handels-
und Staatsgeschichte
der Republik Venedig
(Vienna, 1856–57)
VizVrem Vizantiiskii vremennik
despotat grec de Morée,
vol. 1, Histoire politique,
and vol. 2, Vie et
institutions, revised
and amplified edition
by C. Maltézou
(London, 1975)
da Canal: Manoscritto
mercantile del sec. XIV,
Fonti per la Storia di
Venezia, Sez. V—Fondi
Vari (Venice, 1967)
ZRVI Zbornik radova
Vizantološkog instituta,
Srpska akademija nauka

480 abbreviations
 A b ou t t h e Au t hor s
KL
Demetrios Athanasoulis is director of the
25th Ephoreia of Byzantine Antiquities. Charged
with the excavation, field research, and restora­
tion projects of the medieval monuments and sites
in the Argolid (castles of Acronauplia and Argos),
Arkadia (Karytaina, Leontari, Tegea), Corinthia
(Corinth, Lechaion, Acrocorinth, Ayionori, the
Byzan­tine churches of Corinthia), and Elis (Glar­
entza), he is also directing the installation of the
Byzantine museum of the Argolid and is a mem­
ber of the committee for the restoration of the
castles of Pylia (Methone, Korone, Old and New
Navarino). Athanasoulis led the project to restore
Chlemoutsi castle and to establish within its
walls a museum devoted to the crusader Morea.
An architectural historian and archaeologist,
his many publications, including his disserta­
tion “Church Architecture of the Olena Diocese
during the Middle and Late Byzantine Periods”
(2006), focus on Byzantine and Frankish archi­
tecture in the Peloponnese.
Julian Baker is curator of medieval and mod­
ern coins at the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford
University. He specializes in the monetary his­
tory of late medieval southern Italy, Greece, and
Byzantium, on which he has published many
articles, including “Coin Circulation in Early
Fourteenth-Century Thessaly and South-Eastern
Mainland Greece,” in N. Moschonas, ed., Money
and Markets in the Palaiologan Period (Athens,
2003), 293–336; “Three Fourteenth-Century Coin
Hoards from Apulia Containing Gigliati and
Greek Deniers Tournois,” RIN 102 (2001): 219–
80; and (with M. Ponting), “The Early Period of
Minting of Deniers Tournois in the Principality of
Achaïa (to 1289), and Their Relation to the Issues
of the Duchy of Athens,” NC 161 (2001): 207–54.
His book Coinage and Money in Greece, 1200–1430
is forthcoming with Brill (Leiden).
Veronica della Dor a is Senior Lecturer
in Geographies of Knowledge at the School of
Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol. In
2011 she was a Fellow at Dumbarton Oaks, where
she worked on a project on Byzantine sacred land­
scapes. Her research interests and publications
span cultural and historical geography, history
of cartography, and science studies, with a spe­
cific focus on sacred geographies and the eastern
Mediterranean. She is the author of Imagining
Mount Athos: Visions of a Holy Place from Homer to
World War II (Charlottesville, 2011) and coeditor
of High Places: Cultural Geographies of Mountains,
Ice, and Science (London, 2008) and Visual and
Historical Geographies (London, 2010).
481
Sandr a J. Garvie-Lok is Associate Professor
in the Department of Anthropology at the
University of Alberta. She is a bioarchaeologist
specializing in the reconstruction of human diet
and mobility using stable isotope analysis. Her
current research interests include regional and
status-linked dietary variation in Late Roman
Greece and changing diet in the Peloponnese
in the Hellenistic through Ottoman eras. Her
recent publications include “Breast-Feeding and
Weaning Patterns in Byzantine Times: Evidence
from Human Remains and Written Sources” (with
C. Bourbou), in Becoming Byzantine: Children and
Childhood in Byzantium, ed. A. Papaconstantinou
and A.-M. Talbot (Washington, DC, 2009), as
well as contributions to the American Jour­nal of
Physical Anthropology, the Journal of Anthropologi­
cal Archaeology, and the International Journal of
Historical Archaeology.
Sharon E. J. Gerstel is Professor of Byz­
antine Art and Archaeology at the University
of California, Los Angeles. An art historian
and archaeologist, her research focuses on
the late Byzantine village and on the intersec-
tions of art and ritual. She is author of Beholding
the Sacred Mysteries: Programs of the Byzantine
Sanctuary (Seattle, 1999) and has edited A Lost
Art Rediscovered: The Architectural Ceramics of
Byzan­tium (with J. Lauffenburger) (Baltimore
and University Park, PA, 2001); Thresholds of the
Sacred: Architectural, Art Historical, Archaeologi­
cal, Liturgical, and Theological Views on Religious
Screens, East and West (Washington, DC, 2007);
and Approaching the Holy Mountain: Art and
Liturgy at St. Catherine’s Monastery in the Sinai
(with Robert S. Nelson, Turnhout, 2010). She
was a recipient of a John Simon Guggenheim
Fellowship in 2010.
Timothy E. Gregory is Distinguished Pro­­fes­­
sor of Byzantine History and Classical Archae­­ol­­
ogy in the Department of History and Professor
of Anthropology in the Department of Anthro­
pology at Ohio State University, Colum­bus. He
has written or edited six books, the most recent of
which is A History of Byzantium, published in a sec-
ond edition by Wiley-Blackwell in 2010. Professor
482 about the authors
Gregory has worked in archaeological excavations
and field projects in Cyprus, Athens, Corinth,
Voiotia, Messenia, and Kythera. He is currently
Director of the Ohio State University Excavations
at Isthmia (a project of the American School of
Classical Studies at Athens, in cooperation with the
Greek Ministry of Culture) and Deputy Director of
the Australian Paliochora-Kythera Archaeological
Survey (a project of the Australian Archaeological
Institute at Athens, again in collaboration with the
Greek Ministry of Culture).
John Haines is Professor of Music and Medi­
eval Studies at the University of Toronto. He
has published on the music of the Middle Ages
and its modern reception in a variety of journals,
both musicological—from Early Music History to
Popular Music—and nonmusicological—from
Romania to Scriptorium. Recent books include
Medieval Song in Romance Languages (Cam­bridge,
2010) and Satire in the Songs of Renart le nouvel
(Geneva, 2010), number 247 in the series “Publi­
cations romanes et françaises.” He is a contribu-
tor, among others, to The Cambridge History of
Medieval Music and The Oxford Handbook of Music
Revivals, both forthcoming.
David Jacoby is Emeritus Professor of History,
Department of History, the Hebrew University of
Jerusalem, Israel. He has been Visiting Professor
at several universities in the United States and
in Venice. He is the recipient of fellowships and
research grants in the United States, France,
Italy, Germany, Austria, and Greece. In 1973 he
was awarded the Prix Gustave Schlumberger of
the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
in Paris. He is a member of the editorial board of
the journals Mediterranean Historical Review and
Crusades. His research and publications focus on
Byzantium and its former territories, the crusader
states of the Levant, Cyprus, and Egypt, and cul-
tural exchange between the West and the eastern
Mediterranean in the ninth to fifteenth centu-
ries. He is currently writing a book on medieval
silk production and trade in the Mediterranean
region. His latest collection of studies is Latins,
Greeks, and Muslims: Encounters in the Eastern
Mediterranean, Tenth–Fifteenth Centuries.
Elizabeth Jeffr eys is Emerita Bywater and
Sotheby Professor of Byzantine and Modern
Greek Language and Literature at the University
of Oxford, and Emerita Fellow of Exeter College,
Oxford. Her publications include The War of
Troy (with Manolis Papathomopoulos) (Athens,
1996); Digenis Akritis: The Grottaferrata and
Escorial Versions (Cambridge, 1998); The Age of
the ΔΡΟΜΩΝ (with John Pryor) (Leiden, 2006);
Iacobi Monachi Epistulae (with Michael Jeffreys)
(Turnhout, 2009); and Four Byzantine Novels
(Liverpool, 2012).
Florin Leonte is a doctoral candidate at the
Central European University, Budapest. He was
Junior Fellow at Dumbarton Oaks in 2009–10
and is currently finishing his dissertation on the
renewal of Byzantine imperial ideology during the
reign of Manuel II Palaiologos, under the supervi-
sion of Professor Niels Gaul.
A m y Papa lex a ndrou is an independent
scholar and research associate at the University of
Texas at Austin, where she occasionally teaches.
She is an art and architectural historian as well as
archaeologist, working primarily on the monu-
ments and material culture of late antiquity and
Byzan­tium. Her publications have appeared in var-
ious journals and collected studies, most recently
“The Memory Culture of Byzan­ t ium,” in A
Companion to Byzantium (Malden, MA, 2010) and
“On the Shoulders of Hera: Alternative Readings
of Antiquity in the Greek Memoryscape,” in
Archaeol­ogy in Situ: Sites, Archaeology, and Com­
munities in Greece (Lanham, MD, 2010). She is
currently investigating the soundways and sonic
environments of premodern cultures, especially
that of Byzantium. This interest had its beginnings
in her fieldwork on the ninth-century church of
Skripou, in central Greece, the study of which she
is currently moving toward publication.
Titos Papa m astor akis (1961–2010) was
Associate Professor of Byzantine Archaeology
and Art in the Department of History and Archae­
ology of the University of Athens. In addition to
Iconography of the Dome in Churches of the Palae­
ologan Period in the Balkan Peninsula and Cyprus
(Athens, 2001), Papamastorakis published numer-
ous book chapters and articles, including “A
Visual Encomium of Michael VIII Palaeologos:
The Exterior Wall-Paintings of the Mavriotissa at
Kastoria,” Δελτ.Χρ.Ἀρχ.Ἑτ. 15 (1989–90): 221–38;
“Funerary Representations in the Middle and Late
Byzantine Periods,” Δελτ.Χρ.Ἀρχ.Ἑτ. 19 (1996–97):
285–303; “Ioannes ‘Redolent of Perfume’ and His
Icon in the Mega Spelaion Monastery,” Zograf 26
(1997): 65–73; “Tampering with History: From
Michael III to Michael VIII,” BZ 96 (2003): 193–
209; and “Pictorial Lives: Narrative in Thirteenth-
Century Vita Icons,” Μουσείο Μπενάκη 7 (2007):
33–63.
Helen Sar adi is Professor of Byzantine His­
tory and Byzantine Civilization at the University
of the Peloponnese. Her research interests lie in
the Byzantine notarial system and related socio-
economic issues, the Byzantine city, and the
ancient tradition and monuments in Byzantium.
Her publications include Le notariat byzantin
du IX e au XV e siècles (Athens, 1991), Il sistema
notarile bizantino (VI–XV secolo) (Milan, 1999),
and The Byzantine City in the Sixth Century:
Literary Images and Historical Reality (Athens,
2006). She is currently working on the rhetoric of
the city in the Palaiologan period.
Ter esa Shawcross is Assistant Professor in
Byzantine History at Princeton University. Her
research is concerned with the history and culture
of the eastern Mediterranean in the late medi-
eval period. Recent work has explored the con-
sequences of the fragmentation of the Byzantine
Empire in the period between the crusader and
Ottoman conquests. She is currently writing
on Byzan­tine political theory. Her publications
include The Chronicle of Morea: Historiography
in Crusader Greece (Oxford, 2009). She received
a New Directions Fellowship from the Mellon
Foundation in 2012.
A lan Stahl is Curator of Numismatics at
Princeton University and a lecturer in the Depart­
ments of Classics and History. His work focuses
on the coinages of the medieval Mediterranean
and the history of Venice in the Middle Ages
about the authors 483
and the Renaissance. Among his books are The
Venetian Tornesello: A Medieval Colonial Coinage
(New York, 1985) and Zecca: The Mint of Venice in
the Middle Ages (Baltimore, 2001). He has edited
for Dumbarton Oaks The Documents of Angelo de
Cartura and Donato Fontanella: Venetian Notaries
in Fourteenth-Century Crete (2000) and is coeditor
484 about the authors
with Pamela O. Long and David McGee of The
Book of Michael of Rhodes: A Fifteenth-Century
Maritime Manuscript (Cambridge, MA, 2009). He
is a recipient of a 2008 John Simon Guggenheim
Fellowship and the 2010 Medal of the Royal
Numismatic Society.
 i n de x

KL

Page numbers in italics indicate illustrative material. Medieval persons are listed, when possible, by family name. Kings,
popes, patriarchs, and persons with toponyms (e.g., Guillaume le Vinier) are listed by first name, except where the
toponym is especially familiar (e.g., Joinville, John of). Churches are found under their location rather than under the
name of the church unless otherwise indicated (e.g., the church of the Koimesis at Merbaka is listed under Merbaka).
Manuscripts are gathered under the main entry “manuscripts” and then listed by city and institution.

Abouri, Andrea (notary), 192 Acrocorinth

Abulafia, David, 73 Bordone on, 465
Acciajuoli, Angelo, 251 castle of, 127, 130, 137, 140, 280
Acciajuoli, Antonio, 202 coins found at, 154n12, 160, 171
Acciajuoli, Bartolomea, 202 Ad Thaliarchum (Horace), 54
Acciajuoli, Bindaccio, 203 Address to the Despot Constantine (Bessarion, 1444), 445
Acciajuoli, Donato, 297n70 Address to the Emperor Manuel on the Affairs in the
Acciajuoli, Francesca, 202 Peloponnese (Plethon, 1407–1418), 422–23, 434, 435,
438, 439, 443, 447
Acciajuoli, Giovanni, 204
Adeliza of Louvain (queen of England), 65–66
Acciajuoli, Nerio, 195, 201–2, 204, 226, 258–59, 265
Adenet le Roi (poet and musician), 92
Acciajuoli, Niccolò
historical writing and sense of the past, 15, 19 Advisory Address to the Despot Theodore on the Peloponnese
private legal transactions of, 209 (Plethon, 1407–1418), 422–23, 434, 435, 438, 439, 443,
rural exploitation and market economy, 15, 19, 218, 447
220, 222, 228–31, 241, 246, 258, 259 Aegean ware, 281
settlement analysis and, 297, 298 Aegina, Omorphi Ekklesia, 37n49
Acciajuoli, Renier, 171 Aeneas, foundation myths associated with, 10, 443, 462
Acciajuoli family and lands in the Morea, 5, 299, 341n22, Against Plethon’s Doubts about Aristotle (Gennadios),
345, 448 440n155
Achaia. See Frankish Morea; Morea Agallon, Nicholas Boullotes, 421n16
acorn cups and kermes, 226, 230, 263–67 Agapitos, Panagiotis, 18
Acre Agathias (monk), 444
cotton exports and, 261 Agesilaus (ruler of ancient Sparta), 437, 444
fall of (1291), 280–81, 284 Agnes of Courtenay, 77

485
Agnes (Anna Komnena Doukaina) of Epiros, 58, 97–100, Angel, J. Lawrence, 314
101, 107, 107–8, 114, 137n133 Angelov, Dimiter, 415
Agnes of France (princess), 80 Anglo-Norman England, origins of vernacular written-
Agnes panel, 23–25, 24, 25, 35, 107, 107–8, 114 out songs in, 63–68, 67
agrarian economy. See rural exploitation and market Anilio, church of the Koimesis at, 28n20
economy Ankara, Battle of (1402), 414
Aigues-Mortes, France, 3, 88, 116, 125 Anna Komnena Doukaina (Agnes) of Epiros, 58, 97–100,
Aipeia (Messenia), church of St. George at, 29n20 101, 107, 107–8, 114, 137n133
Akova, castle of, 140, 293 Anne of Savoy, 18
Akronauplia Anonymous of Trani, 98
castle of, 125 Antonio de Reis (witness to will), 201
coins found at, 154n12, 160 Antonios (patriarch), 424–25n36
Albanians in the Morea, 221–22, 224, 256, 262, 268, 411, Antonius Stephani de Campo Fellone (notary), 193
468 apanage, 81–82
Alberic of Trois-Fontaines (chronicler), 76, 80, 82n146 Aphendiko. See Brontocheion monastery, Church of the
Albigensian Crusade, 68, 78, 79 Virgin Hodegetria (Aphendiko), Mystras
Alexander the Great, 437 Aphthonius, 400
Alexios I (emperor), coins of, 157, 236n176 Apokaukos, Alexios, 425
Alix of Brabant, 92 Apokaukos, John, 13, 20
Almyros, Battle of (1311), 286 Apophthegmata (Plutarch), 436
Alphonse of France, 81, 89, 161 appactuatio, 232–33
Alype, Kale (supplicant), 359–60, 360 apprenticeship contracts, 205
Amadeo VI of Savoy, 169 archaeological evidence. See ceramic evidence; entries at
Amauri (Amaury) of Jerusalem, 14–15n37, 75n94 settlement analysis; skeletal remains
Ambelos (site), 299 architecture of Frankish Morea, 3, 111–51
Ambroise of Evreux, 67 Andravida, as administrative center, 113–15, 114. See
amorevolezza, 88, 90 also Andravida
Amyklion, bishopric of, 350, 358 Byzantine churches, Frankish and local architectural
Anagnostakis, Elias, 393 idiom in, 142–51, 143–45, 147–50. See also specific
Ancelin of Toucy, 80, 81, 101, 102 churches, by town name
Chlemoutsi, 127–41, 128–36. See also Chlemoutsi,
ancient DNA (aDNA) analysis of skeletal remains, 314–15
castle of
Ancona pennies, 174
Glarentza, 115–27, 117, 118, 120–25. See also Glarentza
Andravida Gothic architecture, 113, 123, 138, 141, 142, 144–51
abandonment of, 115, 142 identity politics of, 151
as administrative center, 113–15, 114 political geography of principality and, 112, 113,
political geography of Frankish Morea and, 112, 113, 141 141–42
rural exploitation and market economy, 230, 247, 252 spolia, incorporation of. See spolia
St. James, cathedral church of, 35n1, 83–84, 107, 115, 201
archontes
St. Sophia, church of, 35n1, 110, 113–14, 114, 124
architecture of Frankish Morea and, 112, 142, 145
St. Stephen, church of, 115
Brontocheion monastery, iconography of south por-
William of Villehardouin and, 83–84, 101, 102
tico of, 399
Andreas son of Mathey de Bononia, 193 Plethon and, 442–43, 448
Andrews, Kevin, 51n98, 140 rural exploitation and market economy, 219, 225,
Andronikos II Palaiologos (emperor), 177, 220, 223, 247, 234–36, 238–39, 241, 269, 270, 274
264, 265, 339, 352, 356, 363n113, 364, 373, 374, 389, 392, Argos
393, 425 castle of, 140
Andronikos III Palaiologos (emperor), 425 coins found at, 152, 154, 157, 158, 160, 161, 171
Andronikos IV (emperor), 401, 404, 406, 407, 412, Ottoman abduction of citizens from, 269
415n111 Ottoman capture of, 430
Andronikos V Palaiologos (emperor), 413 private legal documents, loss of, 196
Androusa rural exploitation and market economy, 216, 221, 223,
Brontocheion properties in, 342, 345, 355 225, 245, 256, 257–59, 265, 271, 272
castle of, 126, 137, 140, 141 St. John the Baptist, knotted cross panel from church
rural exploitation and market economy, 229, 245 of, 23–24n2
St. George, church of, 28n20, 150 as Venetian stronghold, 431
as urban center, 126, 131 Argyropoulos (merchant), 432

486 index
Argyropoulos, John, 425 Baldwin I (Latin emperor of Constantinople; Baldwin IX
Aristotle, 5, 33–35, 401n40, 420n12, 436, 437, 438n141, 439, of Flanders), 75, 160
448, 457 Baldwin II Courtenay (Latin emperor of
Arkadia (Kyparissia) Constantinople), 86, 87, 102–3, 161, 165
castle at, 20, 49–51, 51, 140 Barbarigo, Agostino (doge of Venice), 174
coins found at, 157 Barbarigo, Gregorio (Bishop of Padua), 463
Arlos, castle of, 299 Bardi family, 448
Armiro (village), 250 Barnes, Ethne, 284–85, 313–14
Armstrong, Pamela, 11 Baroncelli, Aldobrando, 245, 247, 253, 268
Arras and songbook production, 58, 73–75, 91, 93–97 Barons’ Crusade, 83
Arras Puy, 73, 89, 96 barrels, casks, and coopers, 251, 258
Arrian, 14 Barsova (village), 343
arrow slits, 119, 127, 137, 139, 140 barter economy
Asanes, Manuel, 415 Bessarion’s proposals regarding, 445–46
Asen, Andronikos Palaiologos, 219, 342, 355, 393 feudal institutions and, 200
Asopos, 226 Plethon’s proposals regarding, 429, 435, 438–39, 447
Asperti, Stefano, 104n301 survival of, 242, 271, 273
aspron trachy (coin), 155n16 Basil I (emperor), 415
Assizes of Jerusalem, 82 Basilicu, 219, 228, 229n112
Assizes of Romania, 82, 166, 192, 202–3, 207, 209, 218, Bayezid (sultan), 401, 404, 405, 411n89
232n144, 233 Beck, Jean and Louise, 59, 75n94, 90, 100, 104n301
Astrona, castle of, 299 Belanidia, Church of St. George Babylas at, 366–67, 367
Astros (site), 342, 358 Belvoir Castle, 132n103–4, 136n119, 139
Athanasios I (patriarch), 373 Benedeit, Brendan, 66
Athanasoulis, Demetrios, 3, 26, 111, 481 Benedict of St. Alban, 67
Athanassopoulos, Effie, 304 Benevento, Battle of (1266), 103, 104
Athens Benoît de Sainte-Maure
Attiki Odos chapel, 306n98 Chronique des ducs de Normandie (London, BL
church of the Virgin, Parthenon, 201–2 Harley 1717), 56, 67, 69
coins found at, 155, 156, 159, 160, 174 Roman de Troie, 17, 18, 19, 20, 70n66
coins issued by lords of, 163, 174–75 Berbati, coins found at, 161, 162
Hephaisteion, burials at, 312, 321–22 Berger, Roger, 89
Little Metropolis, church of, 53 Bernart de Ventadorn (troubadour), 63, 64–65, 95, 96
palace at, 133 Bessarion, Cardinal, 5, 14, 273, 436n127, 445–46, 460
Parthenon, 30n29, 46n75, 51, 201 Bestournés, 73n87
St. John Mangoutes, church of, 52 billon trachy (coin), 152, 153, 156–57, 158, 160
St. Nicholas, Orthodox sanctuary of, Agora, 311,
Bintliff, John, 292n54, 304
321–22
Blachernai, monastery church of, Glarentza
skeletal remains, Agora, 311, 312, 321–22, 324, 331–32,
architecture of Frankish Morea and, 112, 145, 146, 147,
333
148, 149, 150, 151
as Venetian stronghold, 431
spolia, use of, 28–29, 35–39, 36–38
Atlante Veneto (Coronelli, 1692), 456, 462
Blachernai church, Constantinople, 374, 392
Atlas (Hondius, 1606), 462, 466, 473
Black Death, 218, 222, 223, 224, 244, 249, 267–70,
Atlas (Mercator, 1578–1588, 4th ed. 1616), 458, 462, 466
450–51n231
Attaleiates, Michael, 191, 196
Blegen, Carl, 293
Audefroi le Bastart, 73
Blondel (John II of Nesle), 75, 79
Ayionori, 140, 294, 299
Boccaccio, 15
Ayios Nikolaos
Bodonitza (Mendenitsa), 466
church of St. Nicholas at, 363
Boeotia, church of St. Nicholas “sta Kambia” in, 36n49
church of the Taxiarchs in, 353n72
Boiano, Nicola de, 221
Ayios Vasileios. See San Basilio
Bon, Antoine, 11, 20, 30n29, 51n98, 120, 140, 293
Boniface of Montferrat, 156
baccini (bowls immured in church walls), 27, 29, 30, 46, 53
Bono, Lorenzo (chancellor of Nauplion), 203
Badoer, Giacomo (merchant), 242, 243, 273n538, 432
Book of Essays (Metochites), 441
Baker, Julian, 3, 153, 154n4, 157, 481
Book of Laws (Plethon, ca. 1428), 423, 440–41, 447
Balard, Michel, 171n193, 195

index 487
Bordone, Benedetto (cartographer), 462, 464–65, 468 Protevangelium of James text, 375, 376, 377n25, 379,
Boscio, 219, 228–29, 231, 247 380, 391–92
Boulogne-sur-Mer, castle of, 132, 139 St. Demetrios, Mystras, nave and narthex paint-
Bourbou, Chryssa, 332 ings of, 390, 390–91, 391
Bourbouhakis, E. ca., 402n42 script of inscriptions in, 394–95
state of preservation, 374–76
Bouvines, Battle of (1214), 79
Synaxarium of Constantinople text, 375, 376, 381,
Bracciolini, Poggio, 448n205
385, 391, 392
Branaina of Branas, 80, 81 as textual pictures or pictorial texts, 385–86
Branas, Theodoros (general), 80 Zacharias, murder of, 375, 376, 380, 381, 391, 392
Brasidas, 13 Theodore I Palaiologos as monk Theodoretos, north-
Brauron, coins found at, 160 east chapel, 396
Brendan (Benedeit), 66 town, relationship to, 374
Bresciano, Antonio (priest and notary), 196n56 Zoodochos Pege, 375, 389, 392
Brindisi, mint at, 177 Brown, R. A., 67
Broneer, Oscar, 287 Bruni, Leonardo (historian), 426, 426–28, 448n205
Brontocheion monastery, Church of the Virgin Brut of Wace, 17
Hodegetria (Aphendiko), Mystras Brysi, 343, 348
Chamber of the Chrysobulls, 13, 337–48 Bucho, Nichola (cellar keeper), 298
agricultural landscape, information about, Buchon, Charles, 351n67
345–46 Buchon, Jean, 2, 76n100, 76n107, 80
dedicatory epigram, 373–74 Buchthal, Hugo, 17
endowments enumerated in texts, 337–43, 341,
Buondelmonti, Cristoforo, 461, 464
344
Buondelmonti, Maddalena, 253
integral landscape program of, 344–46
painter of south portico and, 386–91, 387, 388, 390, burials. See skeletal remains
391 Byzantine churches of Frankish Morea, 142–51, 143–45,
purpose of paintings, 346, 348, 355 147–50. See also specific churches, by town name
script of chrysobulls, 394–95 Byzantine Despotate. See also Funeral Oration for
vault and north wall painting and texts, 334, 337, Theodore, Despot of the Morea; Mystras; Orthodox
338, 340, 343, 387, 388 landscapes; Plethon; rural exploitation and market
exterior, 337, 370 economy
founding of, 373–74 casaux de parçon or partitioned villages on borders of,
galleries, 345n39 218–19, 226, 270
interior nave, 347 establishment of, 2, 4–5, 12, 101–2, 216, 372
“Mystras school” of painting and, iv, 364 expansionist policy, 443, 446
narthex and nave, iconography of, 374, 388–89 historical writing and sense of the past in, 13–14, 20–21
plan, 338 in latter part of 15th century, 423–25
rural exploitation and market economy, 223, 247, local hostility to Palaeologian despots, 441–43,
345–46, 374 444n181
St. Demetrios, Mystras, and, 345–48 Byzantine reconquest of Constantinople, 97–98, 100–103,
sigillion, 343, 374, 389 284
south portico iconographic program, 5, 371–95
Constantinopolitan cults of the Virgin, Mystras Caesarea, stable isotope analysis of skeletal remains
identified with, 374, 391–93 from, 318, 325, 326
dating, 389–90 Caffa, Genoese colony of, 195
decorative motifs, iv, 386–87, 387, 390–91 Calivia (village), 225, 250
Dormition of the Virgin, 375, 381–85, 382–86, Calomiti, Abraam, 260
388–90, 392
Canakari, Andrea, 259
Hodegetria icon, dispute over ownership of, 393
Candia, 223n70, 243n241, 256, 262, 263
Magi, visit of, 375, 379
Massacre of the Innocents, 375, 376, 379–80, 380, Carceri, Alberto dalle, 85, 87
381, 390, 391 Carceri, Berta dalle, 85, 87
Nativity cycle, 375–79, 376–79, 391 Carceri, Carintana dalle, 85–88, 87, 90, 95, 97, 99
painter of Chamber of the Chrysobulls and, Carceri, Felisa dalle, 86, 87
386–91, 387, 388, 390, 391 Carceri, Guglielmo I dalle, 85, 87, 97, 99
plan of, 375, 376 Carceri, Guglielmo II dalle, 87, 88
Carceri, Isabella dalle, 85, 87

488 index
Carceri, Marino I dalle, 85, 87 coins of, 161, 165, 169, 176
Carceri, Narzotto dalle, 85, 87 as commissioner of songbook of William of Anjou,
Carceri, Ravano dalle, 85, 86, 87 15n37, 58, 59, 60, 89–93, 99–100, 102, 104n301
Carceri, Rizzardo dalle, 85, 86, 87 in possession of songbook of William of Anjou, 104–5
Carceri family, 80–81, 81, 82, 95, 97, 99 as prince of the Morea and king of Naples and Sicily,
103–5, 107, 161, 165, 216, 248, 269, 284
Carr, Annemarie Weyl, 363n113
in Seventh Crusade, 89–90, 91
Carruthers, M., 35n45
War of Troy and, 19
cartography. See Renaissance memory theater, maps of
Charles II of Anjou (prince of the Morea), 166, 286
the Morea as
Chartia of Klabazos (1572), 196
casaux de parçon or partitioned villages, 218–19, 226, 270
Chartres, William of Ferrières, Vidame of, 79, 93
casks, barrels, and coopers, 251, 258
Chasini, Nichola (bailiff), 298
Catalans in Morea, 12, 108
Chatzidakis, Manolis, 389
Almyros, Battle of (1311), 286
ceramic evidence of, 127 Chazaud, A.-M., 70n65
coins and money, 157, 167, 168, 175 cheese and dairy products
Corinth, sack of, 284 rural exploitation and market economy, 225–26, 234,
rural exploitation and market economy, 221, 242n227, 237
245, 255, 266 stable isotope analysis and consumption of, 330–31
catastica, 225 Le chiese (Coronelli, 1709), 473
Catello family, 258 Childe, V. Gordon, 278
Catherine de Valois, 15, 16, 19 children, weaning and feeding, 332
Catzicova, 229, 230 Chlemoutsi, castle of, 127–41
Cavaça, Pietro, 266–67 abandonment of, 141
architectural influences and castralization of the
Cavaza, Giovanni and Maria, 203
palace, 132–36, 138–39
Celsi, Marco, 264
bathing facilities, 134n119
ceramic evidence. See also specific pottery types, e.g., Byzantine churches of Frankish Morea influenced
Aegean ware, Imitation Luster ware, Proto- by, 142
Maiolica ware ceramic evidence from, 126
at Corinth, 281–84, 282, 291n53, 292, 305–6, 330 chapel, 131, 132–33, 133, 134, 136–37
from Eastern Korinthia Archaeological Survey Chronicle of the Morea and, 119, 127, 140
(EKAS), 301–3 coins found at, 154n12, 171
of economic and political relationships of Frankish compared to other castles, 127, 130, 133–34, 137, 138,
Morea, 126–27 139, 140–41
immured bowls in church walls (baccini), 27, 29, 30, defensive architecture of, 127–30, 129, 130, 137–39
46, 53 fireplaces, 130, 137
at Isthmia, 289, 290–92, 292, 305–6 first and second building stages of, 127–30, 129, 140
from Nemea Valley Archaeological Project (NVAP), Glarentza and, 119, 129, 138
305 great hall, 131–34, 132–34, 136–37
Parori, 349 kitchens, 131, 134, 136–37
at San Basilio (Ayios Vasileios), 297 latrines, 130, 136
settlement analysis in southern Peloponnese, 362 plan and layout, 127, 128, 131
at Zygouries, 299 political geography of Frankish Morea and, 112, 113,
Chalkokaidides, John, 193 141
Chalkokondyles, Laonikos, 14, 372, 413n100, 446n199 private apartments, 130, 131, 134–36, 134–37
Chalkoprateia church, Constantinople, 374, 391–92 purpose of, 129–30, 137, 140
Chamber of the Chrysobulls. See Brontocheion spolia, use of, 23, 35
monastery, Church of the Virgin Hodegetria third, palatial phase of, 130–36, 130–37
(Aphendiko), Mystras Chlemoutsi, monastery at, 144
chamotsoukin, 76 Chomatenos, Demetrios, 12–13, 206
Les chansons au Roy de Navarre (Thibaut IV), 93 Choniates, Michael, 11, 12
Chantore, Antonio, 201 Choniates, Niketas, 13, 281, 282n21, 330, 363
Chappe, Pierre (Cypriot baron), 69 Chora Monastery, Constantinople, 386
Charitonymos, Hermonymos, 438 Chortasmenos, John, 415
Charles I of Anjou Choumnos, John, 253
apanage of, 81 Choumnos, Phokas, 193
architecture of Kingdom of Naples and, 141n182 Chrétien de Troyes, 68

index 489
Christ Elkomenos, Monemvasia icon of, 363–64
Chronicle of Fredegarius, 10
Chronicle of the Morea
Chlemoutsi and, 119, 127, 140
Glarentza in, 115, 120
historical writing and sense of the past in, 2, 15–16,
19, 20
on mints, 164
on Mystras, 372
on private legal transactions, 196, 201
on San Basilio (Ayios Vasileios), 293
songbook of William of Villehardouin and, 76, 77, 80,
83, 84, 88, 95, 99, 101, 104, 107, 108
spolia and cultural perspective on the past in, 28,
48–52
on tournament at Isthmia, 286
The Chronicle of Muntaner, 77n112
Chronik 42, 20n76
Chronique des ducs de Normandie (Benoît de Sainte-
Maure; London, BL Harley 1717), 56, 67, 69
Chrysapha
monastery of the Virgin Chrysaphitissa, 358–59
St. John the Baptist, 363n101
Chrysobulls, Chamber of the. See Brontocheion
monastery, Church of the Virgin Hodegetria
(Aphendiko), Mystras
Chrysokephalos, Matthew, 400n19
Chrysoloras, Demetrios, 415
Chrysoloras, Manuel, 398n5, 399, 400, 402, 403, 415, 416,
420n9, 460
Chrysostomides, Julian, 416
Cicero, 457, 458
Clement IV (pope), 102
Clement, Paul, 287, 288n49, 289
Clementia of Hungary (queen of France), 61
Clüver, Philipp, 462
coins and money, 2–3, 153–84. See also mints, and specific
types of coin
Bessarion’s proposals to limit, 445–46
checklist of coin finds, 154n4, 179–84
in early modern period, 174
excavated single coins, 154
first Achaian petty denomination issues of 1250s, 152,
158–59, 163–64, 177
founding of Glarentza, as evidence of, 115
Fourth Crusade and first half of thirteenth century,
156–63, 158, 178
Gresham’s Law, 167
hoards, 154, 171, 179–81
international dimensions of, 176–78
local counterfeits and imitations, 156–60, 158, 159, 164,
167, 169, 173, 174, 175
local Peloponnese terminology for, 156
from mid-13th to mid-14th century (1267–1353), 159,
164–70
Moreote hyperpyron of account, 171–73
Plethon’s proposals to limit, 429, 435, 438–39
regional variations in circulation patterns, 174–76
rural exploitation and market economy, monetiza-
tion by, 272–73
settlement analysis and, 289–90, 290, 296–97
significance of, 153, 178
sources and evidence, 154–55
Turkish coins, 174, 177
twelfth century, 155–56, 158
Venetian dominance of Morean coinage from mid-
14th century, 169–71, 175, 176, 434
of William II of Villehardouin, 84, 85, 163, 164–65,
177
Colart le Boutellier, 94, 94–95
Colonna, Guido della, 17
columns, commemorative meaning of, 46–47
commemorative medals, 463–64, 464
commutation of labor service, 228–29
confraternities, 424
Conon of Béthune, 14, 73, 75, 79
Conrad I Hohenstaufen (king of Sicily), 87, 97, 115
Constantine VII Porphyrogenitos (emperor), novels of,
200n82
Constantine XI (emperor), 425
Constantine Palaiologos (despot), 127, 193, 263, 421,
443n177, 445–46
Constantinople
acorn kermes shipped to, 265–66
Blachernai church, 374, 392
Byzantine reconquest of, 97–98, 100–103, 284
Chalkoprateia church, 374, 391–92
Chora Monastery, 386
cults of the Virgin at, 360–61, 374, 391–93
foodstuffs, importation of, 234, 237, 270
Fourth Crusade (1204), 2
in Funeral Oration for Theodore, 400
as New Rome, 2, 10
Ottoman siege of (1394–1402), 413
Ottomans, fall to (1452), 424
in The Present State of the Morea (Randolph, 1689),
468
The Constitution of the Lakedaimonians, 436
Contredit, Andrieu, 89
coopers, casks, and barrels, 251, 258
Corfu, mint at, 175
Corinth
ceramic evidence, 281–84, 282, 291n53, 292, 305–6, 330
coins found at, 154, 155, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162,
166–67, 171, 173, 174, 177
dietary evidence from, 281–83, 282, 330, 331, 333
fortifications at, 84
Isthmia excavations and, 289, 291n53, 292, 305–6
Kraneion basilica, 174
mint at, 155–56, 160, 162n92, 163–64
Nemea Valley Archaeological Project (NVAP) and,
305
rural exploitation and market economy, 220–21, 231,
235n173, 247, 248, 251, 257–60, 266–69, 273

490 index
 St. John, monastery of, 174
sale of, in Funeral Oration for Theodore, 410
settlement analysis, 278–85, 279, 280, 282
skeletal remains at, 284–85, 309, 311, 312
children, weaning and feeding, 332
dietary evidence, 330, 331–32, 333
morphological analysis, 313–14
stable isotope analysis, 320–21, 322–27, 323–26,
331–33
thalassemia, 285, 314
in Tutte l’isole del mondo (Bordone, 1528), 464–65
Corinthia, analysis of settlements in. See settlement
analysis in northeastern Peloponnese
Cornaro, Federico, 258
Coronelli, Vincenzo, 455–57
Atlante Veneto (1692), 456, 462
Le chiese (1709), 473
classical focus of, 469
dramatic geography of, 470–72, 471, 472
as globe-maker, 456
locus amoenus, the Morea viewed as, 468
on “melancholy-pleasing remains” of the Morea, 455,
464
Memorie istoriografiche delli regni della Morea e
Negroponte (An Historical and Geographical Account
of the Morea, Negropont, and the Maritime Places,
1687), 2n5, 455–56, 456, 459n20, 468n52, 471, 474
on Morosini, 462–63, 463
power, maps as instruments of, 472–73, 473, 474, 475
Ritratti di celebri personaggi, 462
on shape of the Morea, 459
Teatro della guerra (1708?), 454, 456–57, 463, 470, 472
Venetian-Ottoman war and, 455–56, 469–70, 470,
471, 472
Coroneus, Nicolaus, 218n16
cortesia, 88, 90
corvée labor (angareia, servicium personale, or sputica),
218, 227–30, 231, 245
Cosgrove, Denis, 475
cotton production and export, 260–63
Coucy, Castellan of, 79, 93
Coucy Castle, 132, 138
Covens, Johannes, 473–75, 474
Crèvecoeur Castle, 127, 140
Crimolisi, Jani, 202, 242–43, 265
Crucifixion icon, Monemvasia School, 265, 265–66
Crusades. See also Fourth Crusade
First Crusade, 16
Second Crusade, 10n5, 67, 71
Third Crusade, 68, 80
Fifth Crusade, 78
Seventh Crusade, 57–58, 60, 68, 77, 88–90, 91, 93, 95,
103, 104
Albigensian Crusade, 68, 78, 79
Barons’ Crusade, 83
Holy League of 1684 and Venetian-Ottoman war in
the Morea (1683–1714), 455–56, 475
songbook of William of Villehardouin, as favored
theme in, 68, 73, 78–79
Cyriacus of Ancona, 20–21, 31n31, 53n111, 372, 446
Daimonoioannes, Georgios, 253
dairy products and cheese
rural exploitation and market economy, 225–26, 234,
237
stable isotope analysis and consumption of, 330–31
dalle Carceri family. See entries at Carceri
Damala, coins of lordship of, 159, 167–68n145
Damianos of Corinth, 259
Damietta, siege of (1218), 69
Dante, 98
Dares the Phrygian, 19
Datini trading company, 248, 264
De architectura (Vitruvius), 457
De Wit, Frederick (cartographer), 472–73, 474
defensio, 199
Definitions (Plato), 420
della Dora, Veronica, 5–6, 455, 481
demesne and estate lands, 227, 230–31, 252
St. Demetrios, 366, 372
Demetrios the Magister, 400n19
Demetrios Palaiologos (despot), 4, 247, 421, 440n155
Demosthenes, 13
denier tournois (coin), 153, 158, 159, 161–62, 164, 166–68,
171, 173–78
Descent/Journey to Hades (Mazares/Mazaris), 20, 21, 195,
372, 442
Description of the Entire Peloponnese, Coastal and Interior
(Plethon), 436
Despotate of the Morea. See Byzantine Despotate
Dialogue with His Mother the Empress on Marriage
(Manuel II Palaiologos, 1396), 398, 413
Dictys of Crete, 19, 20–21
Didaskalos, Nikolaos, 259
Didymoteichon, 466
diet
children, weaning and feeding, 332
cooking pots, evidence derived from, 281–83, 282
stable isotope analysis, evidence from, 328–32, 333
Diocletian, price edict of (301), 43, 346n50
Diodorus Siculus, 436, 437
disease
Black Death, 218, 222, 223, 224, 244, 249, 267–70,
450–51n231
Florence, mortality rates in, 450
thalassemia, 285, 314
DNA analysis of skeletal remains, 314–15
Dokeianos, Ioannes (John), 14, 445n187
Dolfin, Giovanni (doge of Venice), coins of, 152, 159
Dominicans, 29, 33, 35, 39
donations to churches and monasteries, 188, 191, 192, 196,
199, 200, 205–7
index 491
Donato family, 255 Euphrosyne-Marinia (nun), 393
Dormition of the Virgin, south portico, Brontocheion Evergates, Theodore, 80, 82n141
Church of the Virgin Hodegetria (Aphendiko), Everist, Mark, 75n92
Mystras, 375, 381–85, 382–86, 388–90, 392 Evrenos Beg, 430
Dorotheos of Monemvasia, 99n257
Dossopatri, Todero and Damiano, 298 Falier, Marino (doge of Venice), 159, 265
Douglas, David, 68 Farmer’s Law, 206
Dragoumis, Stephanos, 373 farming. See rural exploitation and market economy
drama. See theater Ferdinand of Majorca, 146, 166n126
Drandakes, Nikolaos, 362 Fermor, Patrick Leigh, 53–54
ducat (coin), 168–69, 171, 173 Ferrara-Florence, Council of (1439–1439), 419, 438
Dunbabin, Jean, 105 feudal system
dyeing and tanning agents from acorn cups and kermes, imperial finances and, 430–31
226, 230, 263–67 Orthodox landscapes marked by, 335
Dyggve, Holger Petersen, 79 private legal transactions and, 187, 192, 193, 196, 200,
201, 207, 209, 210, 211
Eastern Korinthia Archaeological Survey (EKAS), 301–4, rural exploitation and market economy, 216, 232,
302–3 271–72
economic issues. See barter economy; coins and money; songbook of William of Villehardouin and, 82–83
rural exploitation and market economy; taxes and Ficino, Marsilio, 420, 422
taxation Fifth Crusade, 78
Economics (attrib. Aristotle), 448 figs and fig trees, 204, 225, 257, 258, 259
Edictum Diocletiani (301), 43, 346n50 Filangieri, Riccardo, 70n62
Edwards, K. M., 157 Filippo di Novara, 69–70, 78n113
Eleanor of Aquitaine (queen of England), 17, 66 First Crusade, 16
electrum trachy (coin), 155, 156 fish
Elis. See Frankish Morea consumption of, 329, 331–32, 333
emphyteusis, 208, 209 meanings associated with depictions of, 33–34, 34,
Encomium of St. Demetrios (Symeon of Thessalonike), 415 35n45
Enguerrand III (Lord of Coucy), 138 Flamun, Anna, 206
enthroned Christ, icon of, with knotted cross, 23n2 Florence. See also entries at Medici
On the Constitution of the Florentines (Bruni), 426,
Enzio (king of Sardinia), 72
426–28
Epidauros Limera, 355, 357, 363, 367
Ferrara-Florence, Council of (1439–1439), 419, 438
Epistolary Discourse (Chrysoloras, 1415), 403, 415 the Morea and, 5
Erart, Jean, 95 mortality rates in, 450
Erier, Thomas, 73 Plethon’s economic and political philosophy and,
Esopo, 226n83 448–52
estates and demesne lands, 227, 230–31, 252 Praise of the City of Florence (Laudatio Florentinae
Estoir des Engleis (Gaimar, 1140), 65, 108 Urbis; Bruno), 427
Estoire de la guerre sainte (Ambroise of Evreux), 67 Procession of the Magi (Benozzo Gozzoli), 418, 423
Estoire de Joseph, 66 Florent of Hainaut (prince of the Morea), 114, 125, 166,
ethnic communities of the Morea, 4, 5, 11–12. See also 168, 169
private legal transactions; skeletal remains florin (coin), 159, 168–69
Etymologies (Isidore of Seville), 458 Folda, Jaroslav, 70, 91, 95
Etzeoglou, Rodoniki, 374 Folena, Gianfranco, 70, 72n78
Euboea (Negroponte), 85–87, 95, 97, 104, 172, 220, 230, Foro, Pietro, 298
249, 253, 256n380, 265 Foundations of an Imperial Education (Manuel II
Eudamonoiannes, George, 432 Palaiologos, 1406), 398, 413
Eudamonoiannes family, 11, 239 Fourth Crusade (1204)
Eudes of Nevers, 70, 73 coins and money in the Morea and, 156–63, 158, 178
Eudo III of Burgundy, 89 establishment of Frankish Morea and, 2, 18
songbook of William of Villehardouin and, 68, 73, 75,
Eugenikos, John, 14, 227
76, 78–79
Eugenios (metropolitan of Lakedaimon), 372
Franciscans, 29, 35, 39
Eugenios (metropolitan of Mystras), 44
Frangopoulos, Manuel, 432
Eugenius IV (pope), 448

492 index
Frankish Morea. See also architecture of Frankish Geoffrey of Karytaina, 97, 101, 107
Morea; coins and money; private legal transactions Geoffrey of Villehardouin (chronicler and uncle of
in Frankish Morea; rural exploitation and mar- Geoffrey I), 75, 77, 79, 88n189, 89n192, 90n200
ket economy; settlement analysis in northeastern Geoffrey I of Villehardouin (prince of the Morea)
Peloponnese; skeletal remains; songbook of William architecture of Frankish Morea and, 112, 127, 141
of Villehardouin burial of, 84
casaux de parçon or partitioned villages on borders of, coins and money, 164
218–19, 226, 270 establishment of Frankish Morea, role in, 2, 12,
end of, 216 75–76, 215
establishment of, 2–4, 11–12, 75–76, 215–16 family tree, 77
Greek subjects in, 111, 112, 145, 151 as literary patron, 14
historical writing and sense of the past in, 14–20 spolia and, 49
political geography of, 112, 113, 141–42 will of, 200
spolia, use of, 23–25, 28–39. See also spolia Geoffrey II of Villehardouin (prince of the Morea)
Frankopoulos, Ioannes, 14 court of, 76–77
Frederick II of Hohenstaufen (Holy Roman Emperor and dying requests of, 83–84, 85
king of Sicily), 72, 87, 98, 139 as literary patron, 14
Funeral Oration for Palla Strozzi (Oratio Funebris; Bruno), marriage of, 77, 80
427 rule of Frankish Morea by, 2, 12, 76, 82
Funeral Oration for Theodore, Despot of the Morea spolia and, 35
(Manuel II Palaiologos, ca. 1410), 5, 397–417 verbal will of, 201
composition, delivery, versions, and circulation in will of Geoffrey I, 201
of, 398–400 geography. See also Renaissance memory theater, maps of
extended nature of narrative elements of, 401–2 the Morea as
ideological implications of narrative in, 412–16 empirical objects, association of geographical forms
laconism, revival of, 444 with, 459
literary and political significance of text, 397–98 as information system, 457–58
metanarrative of, 405 paradoxical geography of the Peloponnese, 457–58
narratological analysis, 405–12 Geography (Ptolemy), 465
narrator’s homodiegetic relationship to, 402–5, 416 Geoponika, 250
outline of Manuel’s narrative, 408–9 Gephryratos, 341
outline of Morea narrative, 409–10 Geraki
outline of Theodore’s narrative, 407–8 Christ Elkomenos images in churches of, 364
political history of despotate included in, 401 Mystras School of painting not affecting, 364
rhetorical templates and, 400–401 St. George, church of, 39–43, 40, 41, 53
St. John Chrysostom, church of, 42, 43–44, 44, 47, 53
Gabrielopoulos, George, 444 St. Nicholas, church of, 353n72
Gace Brulé (troubadour), 61–62, 68, 78, 79, 93, 95, 102 Gerard (scribe), 437
Gaimar, Geoffrey, 65, 66, 108 Gerland, Ernst, 188, 204, 205, 209
Galani-Krikou, M., 160 Gerokomites, Andreas, 204
Ganganeas (village), 265, 352 Geroumana, Church of the Pantanassa at, 112, 366, 367
garum, 330 Gerstel, Sharon E. J., 1, 4–5, 44, 83, 311, 335, 387, 482
Garvie-Lok, Sandra, 4, 285, 309, 332, 482 Ghisi, Bartolomeo, 16
Gastouni gigliato (coin), 159, 168
Panagia Katholike (church of the Virgin) at, 27, 29, Gille le Vinier (troubadour), 73, 89, 95
112, 145, 146, 306 gimorum tax, 261n436
rural exploitation and market economy, 224, 246
Giovanetta, wife of Viviano the shoemaker, 252
Gattilusio burials, Mytilene, church of St. John, 311, 312,
Glarentza, 115–27
322, 328, 331, 332, 333
abandonment of, 116, 127, 142
Gautier de Coincy (troubadour), 68–69, 100 acorn cups and kermes, 265, 266–67
Gautier d’Epinal (troubadour), 68n49 Aigues-Mortes, France, resemblance to, 3, 116, 125
Gemistos, George. See Plethon Andravida, administrative capital transfered
Geanakoplos, Deno, 99n260 from, 115
Genette, Gérard, 404n58 Blachernai, monastery church of
Gennadios (patriarch; formerly George Scholarios), 5, architecture of Frankish Morea and, 112, 145, 146,
423n21, 440, 445n187, 447n203 147, 148, 149, 150, 151
spolia, use of, 28–29, 35–39, 36–38

index 493
Glarentza (continued) Grierson, Philip, 157
Chlemoutsi and, 119, 129, 138 Grizi, 221, 232, 241, 245, 267, 268
coins found at, 115, 154, 171, 177 gros tournois (coin), 168, 176
cotton exports, 260–61, 263n451 grosso, Venetian (coin), 153, 158, 162, 168, 174
currants and currant trade, 257, 259 Guarino Veronese (scholar), 397–98, 399, 414, 416
East Gate, 119, 120
Guillaume le Vinier (troubadour), 73, 94, 95, 106
as economic center of Frankish Morea, 116, 126–27
Guillielmo di Napoli, 298
founding of, 115–16
grain sales and exports, 248 Guy, Castellan of Coucy, 73, 75, 79
“hôtel des princes” at, 120, 122, 141 Guy of Enghien (Lord of Argos and Nauplia), 257
as military and strategic site, 116, 119 Guy I of La Roche (Duke of Athens), 84, 86, 88, 90, 97, 101
mint, 3, 115, 119, 120, 126, 159, 162n92, 163, 164–70, 172, Guy II of La Roche (Duke of Athens), 168
175, 176
monetization of economy and, 273 Hagioi Notarioi (Markianos and Martyrios), 194, 195
olive oil consumption in, 242 Haines, John, 3, 57, 482
plan, fortifications, and gates, 116–20, 117, 118, 120–22, Halcyon (Plato), 420
125 Harley, Brian, 458
political geography of Frankish Morea and, 112, 113,
Harmenopoulos, Constantine, 206
141–42
Harvey, Alan, 248n201
population, 117
St. Francis, church of, 123, 123–25, 124, 125, 144, 151 Helen of Epiros, 98, 99
St. Mark, Venetian church of, 120–23 Helena Angela, lady of Karytaina, coins of, 159, 167–68
Sea Gate, 118–19 Helleabourkos family, 442
as urban settlement, 120, 125–26 Hellenika (Xenophon), 438
as Venetian stronghold, 431 helots, 439
Villehardouin family castle at, 84 Hendy, Michael F., 177n243
wine exports from, 255 Henri III of Brabant, 88–89, 90, 92–93
Glatsa, churches of the Panagia and the Savior at, 145–46, Henry I (king of England), 65, 66, 108
149 Henry II (king of England), 17, 66, 67, 68
Glyka, Euphrosyne, 359 Henry III (king of England), coins of, 158
Gonia, 301 Henry the Liberal of Champagne, 68
Gorgias (Plato), 420n9 Herakles
Gospel books, private legal transactions written in, in Funeral Oration for Theodore, 444
188–91, 189, 190, 196, 345 in Plethon’s works, 435
Gothic architecture, 26, 38, 113, 123, 138, 141, 142, 144–51 herbadigo or jus herbagii, 226
Gothic manuscripts, 19, 105 Hermogenes, 400
Gozzoli, Benozzo (painter), 418, 423 Hermoniakos, Constantine, 19
grains Herodotus, 5, 14, 52, 439
mills and milling, 246–48, 345–46 Hexamilion Wall, 117, 268, 285, 287, 288, 290, 413, 435
rural exploitation and market economy, 225, 231–32, Histoire universelle, 95
245–49, 270
historical writing and sense of the past, 2–3, 9–21
stable isotope analysis and consumption of, 328–29,
administration of the Morea before and after 1204
330–31
and, 10–12
Grandes Chroniques de France, 17 in Byzantine Despotate, 13–14, 20–21
Greek Despotate. See Byzantine Despotate Byzantine Greek background, writers with, 12–13, 21
Greek subjects in Byzantium, 9–10
in the Frankish Morea, 111, 112, 145, 151. See also Chronicle of the Morea, 2, 15–16, 19, 20
settlement analysis in northeastern Peloponnese; in Frankish Morea, 14–20
skeletal remains MS Koutloumousiou 220, 20
under Ottoman and Venetian rule, 468, 472–73 St. Nikon, Life of, 11, 12
Gregoras, Nikephoros, 372, 424, 434 Plethon and, 14
Gregory IX (pope), 83n153 Roman empire, sense of continuity with, 9–10, 425
Gregory the Monk, 421n16 War of Troy, 3, 16–21
Gregory of Nyssa, will inscribed on omophorion of, in Western Europe, 10
St. Nicholas, Klenia, 186, 191, 203–4 History of John Kantakouzenos (emperor), 372
Gregory, Timothy E., 4, 5, 277, 482 hoardings, 127, 138
Gresham’s Law, 167

494 index
Hodegetria church, Mystras. See Brontocheion monastery,
Church of the Virgin Hodegetria (Aphendiko), Mystras
Hodegetria icons
Mega Spelaion icon, dispute over ownership of, 393
“Monemvasiotissa,” 264–65
Holy League of 1684 and Venetian-Ottoman war in the
Morea (1683–1714), 455–56, 475
Homer, 2, 12, 18–19, 20
Hondius, Jodocus, 462, 466, 473
Honorius III (pope), 76
Hopf, Karl, 84n159, 87, 97, 102, 107
Horace, 54
Hospitallers (Knights of St. John of Jerusalem)
architecture of Frankish Morea and, 112, 132, 137, 139
coins and money, 176
Funeral Oration for Theodore and, 401, 404–6, 408,
409, 411–14, 416
historical writing and sense of the past, 12, 15
rural exploitation and market economy, 216, 259
Hugh V of Berzé, 68, 73, 75, 79
Hugh of Brienne (Count of Brienne and Lecce), 168
Hugh IV of Burgundy, 70, 89, 91–93, 96n246, 103, 104
Hugh of Les Baux, 103n289
Hugh of Oisi, 102
Hugh of Saint-Quentin, 79
human remains analysis. See skeletal remains
Hunger, Herbert, 10n4
Huon, Castellan of Arras, 94
Hutter, Irmgard, 19
hyperpyron (coin), 153, 155, 156, 158, 161, 162, 163, 171–73
icons
Christ Elkomenos, Monemvasia icon of, 363–64
Crucifixion icon, Monemvasia School, 265, 364–66
enthroned Christ with knotted cross, 23n2
Mega Spelaion icon of Virgin Hodegetria, dispute
over ownership of
Hodegetria icons, 393
Virgin Hodebetria “Monemvasiotissa,” 264–65
identity politics of architecture in Frankish Morea, 151
al-Idrisi, 459
Iliad (Homer), 19
Imitation Luster Ware, 289
inheritance agreement between husband and wife, 204
Innocent III (pope), 52
Innocent IV (pope), 81, 87
Innocent XI (pope), 455
Inscription of Parori (1389), 413, 417
Insula (Nesi), 221
Introductio in universam geographiam (Clüver, 1652), 462
iron plowshares, 223–24, 246, 270
irrigation and water resources, 230–31, 270
Isaac II Angelos (emperor), 297, 363
Isabelle of Villehardouin (princess of the Morea), 99, 103,
104, 108, 165, 166, 167
Isidore of Kiev, 399, 400, 402, 413n101, 414n109, 415
Isidore of Seville, 458
isolarii (island books), 458, 461, 461–62, 470
Isolario (Sonetti, 1480), 458
L’isole piu famose del mondo (Porcacchi, 1575), 461, 462,
466
Isova Monastery
church of Our Lady, 143
church of St. Nicholas, 143, 144
Isthmia
ceramic evidence, 289, 290–92, 292, 305–6
coins found at, 154, 161, 289–90, 290
Corinth excavations and, 289, 291n53, 292, 305–6
Eastern Korinthia Archaeological Survey (EKAS)
and, 301, 302–3, 303
Nemea Valley Archaeological Project (NVAP) and,
305
Poseidon, Panhellenic Sanctuary of, 154, 286–87, 301
St. John the Baptist, church of, 289
settlement analysis of, 285–92, 286, 287, 290–92
Italy. See also specific cities
castles of Frederick II Hohenstaufen in, 139
coinage of, 168–69, 174
governmental reform in, 425–28, 447
Plethon in, 419–20, 423, 448–52
song collections and songbooks, 72–73
Jacoby, David, 4, 5, 69, 70, 163n98, 213, 305, 482
Jann de Broera, 201
Jansonius, atlas of, 473
Jeanne of Toucy, 81, 91
Jeffreys, Elizabeth, 3, 9, 483
Jenkins, Romilly, 286–87
John III Vatatzes (emperor), 97, 158, 162
John V Palaiologos (emperor), 404, 406, 412, 414
John VI Kantakouzenos (emperor), 13, 14, 210, 372,
445n184
John VII Palaiologos (emperor), 254, 412, 413
John VIII Palaiologos (emperor), 174, 195, 400, 402, 413,
414n109, 421, 425, 433n102, 448
John (king of England), coins of, 160
John of Brienne (king of Jerusalem and Latin regent-
emperor of Constantinople), 72, 73, 76, 77, 78–79, 80,
82, 87, 93, 97, 98–99
John III Sobieski (king of Poland and grand duke of
Lithuania), 455
John the Baptist, Parnon monastic zone dedicated to, 362
John Chrysostom, 13
John of Gravina, 166
John of Ibelin, 69
John de la Roche (Duke of Athens), 52, 175
John II of Nesle (Blondel), 75, 79
John II of Rousi, 79n120
Joinville, John of, 57, 58, 61, 75n95–98, 79n117, 79n123,
88n189, 89n192, 90n200
Joseph the Monk, 400n19, 402–3
index 495
Journey/Descent to Hades (Mazares/Mazaris), 20, 21, 195, Korone (Coron)
372, 442 acorn cups and kermes, 264, 265, 266, 267
Joyner, Louise, 281–83, 284n28 coins and money, 172
Juan Fernandez de Heredia, 15, 20 cotton, 261, 262, 263
jus herbagii or herbadigo, 226 currants, 257n398, 258n409, 260
Justinianic Code, 204 export-oriented agriculture and, 270, 272
grains, 246, 248
Justinianic Novels, 192, 203n97
labor service, 227n97
in Liber insularum archipelagi (Buondelmonti, 1420),
Kalamata 464
castle of, 49, 81–82, 107, 201 livestock for slaughter in, 268
rural exploitation and market economy, 240, 241, monopolies, absence of, 272
245, 265 olives and olive oil, 236, 239–44
Kalavryta peasant workforce, 216, 217, 219–23, 225, 269
castle of, 293 pirate attacks on, 102
Mega Spelaion monastery, 393 polyculture and polyactivity, agricultural, 226
Kaldellis, Anthony, 51 private legal transactions, 188, 204, 205
Kalekas, Manuel, 413n102 as Venetian port city, 12, 85, 431, 432
Kalligas, Charis, 357 wine and vineyards, 250, 251, 254, 255, 256
Kalligopoulos brothers, 145 Kosmina, 218, 229, 240, 241
Kallimachos, 17–18 Kotychi, 230, 247
Kallinike (nun), 200 Koudouma, monastery at, 315
Kalogonia, 341, 343 Koulendia (Helleniko), 353, 355
Kalopheros, John Laskaris, 433 Kountoura, 240
Kalybitas, 343 Kourelis, Kostis, 125n72, 141–42n176
Kamateroi (Chamateroi), 11 Krak des Chevaliers, 127, 130n101, 132, 139
Kantakouzenoi, 444 Kreipe, Heinrich, 54
John VI Kantakouzenos (emperor), 13, 14, 210, 372, Kremmydi, 218n16, 240, 245–46, 252, 253
445n184 Krestena, 218, 229, 241, 251, 252, 253, 273n534
Manuel Kantakouzenos (despot), 4, 372, 413 Kritoboulos, Michael, 372
Matthew Kantakouzenos (despot), 372 Krokodeilos family, 442, 443n172
Karbuqa, 283n21 Kryovrysi, 362n100
Karpozilos, A., 282–83n21 krypteia, 439
Karytaina Kydones, Demetrios, 372, 444–45
castle of, 133, 137, 138, 140
Kyprianos (abbot of Brontocheion monastery, Mystras),
coins minted at, 159, 167–68, 175
389
Kastanitza, 358
Kyriakakis, James, 310, 311
Kastri, coins found at, 160
Kythera, 194, 195, 363, 366
Kato Kastania, St. Andrew in, 363n107
Kato Meligou, church of St. George at, 342
La Borria, 231n134
Kaukesel, Guibert, 73
labboraggio tax, 255, 258
Kavakes, Demetrios, 438
labor service/corvée labor (angareia, servicium personale,
Kazhdan, Alexander, 282n21 or sputica), 218, 227–30, 231, 245
Kenchreai, 167, 301 Laborde, Jean-Benjamin de, 58
Kinney, Dale, 46 laconism, revival of
Kiveri (Myloi), 118, 140, 247 Florence, Plethon, and Cosimo de’ Medici, 452
Klenia, church of St. Nicholas, will inscribed on medieval view of ancient Sparta, 441
omophoroion of Gregory of Nyssa in, 186, 191, 203–4 Mystras as new Sparta, 443–46, 448
Knights Hospitallers. See Hospitallers by Plethon, 435–41, 437, 447
Knossos, stable isotope analysis of skeletal remains from, precursors to and influences on Plethon, 436–40,
318 444–45
knotted cross motif, 23–24n2, 24 successors of Plethon on, 445–46
kommerkion tax, 431, 432 “Ladies’ Parliament,” 101
Kontogiannis, Nikos, 312 Laiou-Thomadakis, A., 217n13, 273n537
Kordokopi, coins found at, 161, 162 The Lakedaimonian Constitution, 436
Kordosis, Michael S., 297 Lakonian churches, spolia used in, 39–47, 40–42, 44, 45

496 index
Lakonica, 436 Louis VII (king of France), 67, 80n128
Lampoudios, Matthew, 438 Louis VIII (king of France), 75, 80, 89, 158, 161
Lampros, P., 169 Louis IX (king of France)
Lampros, Spyridon, 20, 188, 210 architecture of Frankish Morea and, 3, 115–16, 125, 141
Lampsakos, 228n110 coins and money, 158, 161, 164, 176, 177
Lando, Marco, 222 historical writing and sense of the past, 19
landscapes, Orthodox. See Orthodox landscapes songbook of William of Villehardouin and, 57–58, 76,
81, 82, 88–89, 91, 95, 97, 103
Laskaris, Nikolaos, 310–11
Louis X (king of France), 61
Laurent, Vitalien, 373
Louis de Bourgogne, 146
Laws (Plato), 438n140, 440, 447
Louvre Castle, Paris, 138
Le Goff, Jacques, 68
Lug, Robert, 71, 79n120
Le Vot, Gerard, 60n17
Luke (metropolitan of Mystras), 348
Leake, William, 286, 353n75
Lurier, Harold, 58
leases of land, 207–10, 232–33, 251, 271
Lusignan Cyprus, political geography of, 112
leasing of olive oil presses, 241
Lykobouno, Laconia, monastery of St. George at,
legal transactions, private. See private legal transactions
358–59
in Frankish Morea
Lykourgos (Lycurgus; lawgiver in ancient Sparta),
Leo X (pope), 420
435–37, 439–41, 444–47
Leondari, 364
Lyra (Lira), Epidauros Limera, 353, 354–55, 355
Leonessa, Aikaterina de, 203
Aï-Tzouras (Panagia Kyra), 354–55, 355, 362, 366
Leonessa, Egidio de, 201
Leonessa, Niccolò de, 207, 210
Macona, 246, 251
Leonte, Florin, 5, 397, 483
Magi
Lepanto, 431 Procession of the Magi (Benozzo Gozzoli), 418, 423
Leslie, Brian, 327 south portico, Brontocheion Church of the Virgin
Letter to the Emperor on the Isthmus (Plethon, 1407–1418), Hodegetria (Aphendiko), Mystras, 375, 379
422–23, 434, 438, 439, 443, 447 Magoula, 348
Leuke, 348 Mahaut of Brabant, 96
Liber de Podagra (Demetrios Pepagomenos), 254 Mahaut of Hainaut (princess of the Morea), 115, 159,
Liber insularum archipelagi (Buondelmonti, 1420), 461, 166, 167, 175
464 Maina
Libro d’abaco, 261 Byzantine reconquest of Peloponnese and, 2, 101
Libro de varie romanze volgari, 72, 73, 91, 93, 98–99, 100 fortifications at, 84
Life of St. Louis (John of Joinville), 57, 58, 61 rural exploitation and market economy, 220
“Lignages d’Outremer,” 82–83 Maiolica ware, 297
Ligourio Makarios of Ankara, 412
coins found at castle of, 154n12 maledictions, 199–200, 350n66
cotton grown at, 261, 262 Maliscura, Barduccio, 298
Likinnioi, 20 malmsey (Malvasia wine), 253–54, 256–57, 424
Limenites, Nicholas, 437 Malotaras, Nicholas, 342n27, 393
Lira. See Lyra Malvasia. See Monemvasia
literary spolia, 31, 47–48 Malvasia wine (malmsey), 253–54, 256–57, 424
Lithero, 231n136, 268 Mamonas family, 239
Liudprand of Cremona, 330 Manfred (king of Sicily), 72–73, 98–99, 100, 103
Livadi, Kythera, Hagioi Notarioi in church of St. Andrew Manfred Bible, 98, 100
at, 195 Mangani, Giorgio, 457
lives of saints. See saints’ lives in Peloponnese Maniatochori, 252
livestock, 225–26, 268, 270 Manolada
Livistros and Rhodamne, 17, 18, 19 Palaiopanagia at, 146–48, 147
Livre de la conqueste (French version of Chronicle). See Panagia Katholike at, 146
Chronicle of the Morea Mansourah, Battle of (1250), 89
livre des usages, 95 Mantinea, 247
Longaniko, Laconia, 364 Manuel I Komnenos (emperor), 155, 158, 163, 296, 415
Longo, Pascquale, 169, 188

index 497
Manuel II Palaiologos (emperor). See also Funeral Oration fonds fr. 844. See songbook of William of
for Theodore, Despot of the Morea Villehardouin
Address to the Emperor Manuel on the Affairs in the fonds fr. 12615, 93–94
Peloponnese (Plethon, 1407–1418), 209, 422–23, fonds fr. 20050, 61, 71, 75
434, 435, 438, 439, 443, 447 fr. 1610, 17n56
coins of, 159, 173, 174, 434 fr. 12473, 71, 72
Dialogue with His Mother the Empress on Marriage gr. 135, 19n17
(1396), 398, 413 gr. 708, 13n30, 373n13
Foundations of an Imperial Education (1406), 398, 413 gr. 1634, 14n31
Hexamilion Wall, reconstruction of, 288, 435 gr. 1672, 438n137
literary reputation of, 398, 413–15 gr. 1699, 437n132
Plethon and, 209, 421 n. acqu. fr. 10036, 66, 67
political position of, 412–13 Patmos, monastery of St. John
rural exploitation and market economy, 254, 262 Patmiacus 103, 14n30
Seven Ethico-Political Orations (Manuel II Patmiacus 275, 13n30
Palaiologos, 1404–1408), 413 Serres, Monastery of John the Baptist, cod. 74,
on traditional imperial authority, 425 342n27
on Venetian trade freedoms, 432 Vatican Library
Manuel III Palaiologos (emperor), 401n36 gr. 632, 402
Manuel Kantakouzenos (despot), 4, 372, 413 gr. 2236, 438n136
Manuel Komnenos Doukas (ruler of Thessalonica and lat. 36, 98
Thessaly), 10, 158 lat. 3793, 72
manuscripts Ottob. 67, 14n31
Athens, Byzantine and Christian Museum, acc. no. Palat. 256, 437n132
534, 356, 357 Psalter 381, 386
Athens, National Library of Greece Reg. Lat. 1659, 67, 68
MS 70, 189, 190 Venice, Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana
MS 1462, 356, 357 Marc. gr. 379, 436n127
Cambridge, Pembroke College 113, 67 Marc. gr. 517, 436n127
Erfurt, Universitäts- und Forschungsbibliothek, Marc. gr. Z. 406, 426, 436n127, 437
Dep. fol. Erf. CA. (Amplonianus) 80 32, 67 Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Tabula
Florence, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana Peutingeriana (Codex Vindobonensis 324), 459
Laurentianus 691, 437n132 Map, Walter, 52
Plut. 85.9, 420, 422 maps, Renaissance. See Renaissance memory theater,
Leiden, University Library Perizonianus F. 6, 438n135 maps of the Morea as
London, British Library marble in the Peloponnese, 27n15
Add. 5117, 188, 189 Margaret of Flanders, 91
Add. 37006, 363n113 Margaret of Toucy, 81
Harley 1717, 56, 66–67, 67, 69 Margaret of Villehardouin, 99
Harley 3775, 67, 68 Margat, 130n101, 132
Royal 20 D 1, 17n56 Marguerite of Passava, 196
London, Lambeth Palace Library 1681, 61–62, 62
Marie de Champagne, 68
Madrid, Escurial, cod. Ω-II-5, 342n27
Marinou, Georgia, 45
Milan, Biblioteca Ambrosiana
Ambrosianus 1000 (D. 538), 437n132 Marinus of Ragusa, 205
Ambrosianus graecus 348, 437n132 market economy. See rural exploitation and market
Modena, Biblioteca Estense economy
MS 144, 437n134 marriage agreements, 204
MS R. 4.4, 62–63, 64–65, 71, 96 St. Martin of Tours, 84n159
Moscow, Synodal Library, cod. gr. 12, 348 Martinos, Iohannes (John), 207, 210
Mount Athos Martoni, Niccolò de, 2, 257
Koutloumousiou 210, 48n83 Mary of Bourbon, 168, 169, 231, 245
Koutloumousiou 220, 29 Massa, Andrea de, 260
Oxford, Bodleian Library Massacre of the Innocents, south portico, Brontocheion
Ashmole 125, 67 Church of the Virgin Hodegetria (Aphendiko),
Rawlinson G. 22, 67 Mystras, 375, 376, 379–80, 380, 381, 390, 391
Roe 22, 13n30
Massaio, Pietro del, Ptolemaic Table of the Peloponnese
Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France
(ca. 1470–80), 459–60, 460, 465–66

498 index
massarie or zevgilateia, 228, 231–32, 245, 246, 247, 249, 268, in Liber insularum archipelagi (Buondelmonti, 1420),
269, 298n73 461, 464
Matilda of Brabant, 92 messarie, 232
Matilda of Scotland (queen of England), 65 monopolies, absence of, 272
Matteo da Napoli, 265 olives and olive oil, 235–37, 239–45
Matthew I (patriarch), 412 peasant workforce, 216, 217, 219–21, 223–25, 269
private legal transactions in, 188, 204, 205
Matthew Kantakouzenos (despot), 372
spolia, 49
Maure, Erard le, 16
as Venetian port city, 5, 12, 431, 432
Maurice II of Craon, 79n123 William II of Villehardouin and, 85, 102
Maurice III of Craon, 79 wine and vineyards, 251, 252, 254, 255, 256
Maurozoumes, 432 metochia, 337, 346
Mavrion, 247 Metochites, Theodore, 424, 432n102, 441
Mayer, H. E., 60n12 Metrios (peasant), 271n526, 273n537
Mazarin, Cardinal, 105 Metz, episcopal-bourgeoisie rivalry in, 71
Mazaris (Mazares), 20, 21, 195, 372, 442 Michael (metropolitan of Old Patras and Lakedaimon),
Mazze, Filippo dalle, 202–3 393
meat, Greek versus Latin consumption of Michael VIII Palaiologos (emperor), 100–102, 115, 158,
cooking pots, evidence from, 281–83, 282 162n93, 177, 216, 239, 371–72, 392n54
stable isotope analysis, evidence from, 328–32, 333 Michael IX (emperor), 223, 339
medals, commemorative, 463–64, 464 Michael II Angelos Doukas Komnenos (despot of
Medici, Averardo de’, 257 Epiros), 97–98, 99, 100, 101, 108, 114
Medici, Cosimo de’, 420, 422, 423, 427, 448–52 Mila castle, 133, 137, 141
Medici, Lorenzo de’, 420, 452n240 Millard, Andrew, 318, 325
Medici family and bank, 420, 448–49, 450 Miller, William, 58
Medio, Zanino de, 265 Millet, Gabriel, 373, 382
Megalopolis, 467 mills, grain, 246–48, 345–46
Megara, 245, 248 Minio, Bartolomeo, 221–22, 466n47
Mehmet II (sultan), 440n155 mints. See also coins and money
Melachrinos, Nicholas, 437 Athens, coins issued by lords of, 163, 174–75
Melikes, Matheos Rhalles, 247 Brindisi, 177
Melingoi, 5, 11n17 Corfu, 175
Memorie istoriografiche delli regni della Morea e Negroponte Corinth, 155–56, 160, 162n92, 163–64
(An Historical and Geographical Account of the Morea, Glarentza, 3, 115, 119, 120, 126, 159, 162n92, 163, 164–70,
Negropont, and the Maritime Places, Coronelli, 1687), 172, 175, 176
2n5, 455–56, 456, 459n20, 468n52, 471, 474 Karytaina, 159, 167–68, 175
memory and the past, 2–3, 5–6, 457. See also historical Monemvasia, 4, 173
writing and sense of the past; Renaissance memory Mystras, 4, 173, 434
theater, maps of the Morea as; spolia Naupaktos, 166, 175
Menander, 400 Negroponte, 172
Neopatras, 175
Merbaka, church of the Koimesis (Panagia) at, 22, 28–35,
Salona, 175
30, 32, 34, 36–37, 38, 39, 111–12, 150, 151
Thebes, 155, 166, 172, 175
Mercator, Gerardus, 458, 462, 466
Thessalonike, 155, 157, 158
Mesarites, Nikolaos, 253 Tinos, 175
Mesochori, 252 Miracles de Nostre Dame (Gautier de Coincy), 68–69, 100
Mesqui, Jean, 139 Mitatova, 341
Messene, coins found at, 154n8 Mitchell, Piers, 318, 325
Methone (Modon) Mocenigo, Tomaso (doge of Venice), 174, 297
acorn cups and kermes, 265, 266, 267
Mokista, St. Nicholas and the Archangels at, 52
coins and money, 172
Monceaux, Paul, 286
cotton, 261, 262, 263
currants, 257n398 Monemvasia (Malvasia)
export-oriented agriculture and, 270, 272 Byzantine reconquest of Peloponnese and, 2, 101, 216,
Geoffrey I’s landing at, 2 284
grains and milling, 246, 247, 248, 249 Christ Elkomenos, icon of, 363–64
labor service in, 227 chrysobulls, Orthodox landscapes delineated in,
351–58, 354, 356, 357, 363n113, 364

index 499
Monemvasia (Malvasia) (continued)
coins minted in, 4, 173
cults of the Virgin at, 360–62
fortifications at, 84
as metropolitan center, 336
paintings in village and cemetery churches of,
362–68, 363, 365–67
private legal transactions from, 188, 210
in Renaissance cartography, 466–67, 468
rural exploitation and market economy, 220, 221, 226,
228n107, 239, 242, 246, 247, 249, 253–54, 256–57,
264–66, 424
St. Andrew, 364n120
St. Sophia (formerly Virgin Hodegetria), 362,
364n120
settlement analysis in, 362
as Venetian stronghold, 431
Virgin Hodegetria “Monemvasiotissa” and
Crucifixion icons, 264–66, 365
money. See coins and money
Moniot d’Arras (monk and composer), 62–63, 64–65, 73,
96
monopolies, 241, 248, 252, 257, 259, 264, 265, 271, 272
monydria, 337, 346, 358
Morea, 1–6
before 1204, 10–11
agrarian economy of, 4, 213–75. See also rural exploi-
tation and market economy
architecture of Crusader kingdom, 3, 111–51. See also
architecture of Frankish Morea
Byzantine Despotate, 2, 4–5, 12, 101–2. See also
Byzantine Despotate
Byzantine reconquest of Constantinople and, 97–98,
100–103, 284
ethnic communities of, 4, 5, 11–12
etymology of term, 1–2
Florence and, 5
Frankish kingdom in, 2–4, 11–12. See also Frankish
Morea
Funeral Oration by Manuel II Palaiologos and, 5,
397–417. See also Funeral Oration for Theodore,
Despot of the Morea
historical writing from, 2–3, 9–21. See also historical
writing and sense of the past
maps, x, 78
numismatics of, 3–4. See also coins and money
Orthodox landscapes of, 4–5, 335–68. See also
Orthodox landscapes
Ottoman rule in, 5, 12, 20, 108, 127, 210, 216, 221
past, importance of, 2–3, 5–6
Plethon (George Gemistos) and, 5, 419–52. See also
Plethon
private legal transactions in, 4, 187–211. See also pri-
vate legal transactions in Frankish Morea
as Renaissance memory theater, 5–6, 455–75. See also
Renaissance memory theater, maps of the Morea as
settlement analysis in, 4, 277–306. See also settlement
analysis in northeastern Peloponnese
500 index
skeletal remains from, 4, 309–33. See also skeletal
remains
songbook of William of Villehardouin of, 3, 57–109.
See also song collections and songbooks; song-
book of William of Villehardouin
spolia, use of, 3, 23–54. See also spolia
Venetian influence in, 3–4, 5, 11, 12. See also Venice
moriai, 206
Morosini, Antonio, 263, 274
Morosini, Francesco, 462–64, 463, 464
morphological analysis of skeletal remains, 313–14
Mortier, Cornelis, 473–75, 474
Moschopoulos, Nikephoros, 13, 44n68, 46–47, 346–48,
358, 373, 390, 391–93
Mouchli
act of donation from, 188, 198
Brontocheion properties in, 340, 342, 345, 346
Mount Athos, monastery of Iviron on, 222
Mountra
Brontocheion property in, 343
church of St. Anne in, 146, 148
Mourmouris family, 258
Mouskés, Philippe, 76, 89
Mouzalon, Nikolaos, 11
Munista (village), 221, 269, 272
murder of Zacharias, south portico, Brontocheion
Church of the Virgin Hodegetria (Aphendiko),
Mystras, 375, 376, 380, 381, 391, 392
must (young wine), 252
Mycenae, aDNA analysis at, 315
Mystras, 4–5, 371–72. See also Brontocheion monastery,
Church of the Virgin Hodegetria (Aphendiko),
Mystras; St. Demetrios, Mystras
Aï-Giannaki, chapel of (outside walls of Mystras),
389
architectural idiom of, 146
book copying at, 5
Byzantine Despotate and, 2, 4, 13, 101
coins found at, 154n9
coins minted in, 4, 173, 434
cults of the Virgin at, 360–62, 374, 391–93
Frankish fortifications at, 84, 86
in Funeral Oration for Theodore, Despot of the Morea
(Manuel II Palaiologos), 5
historical writing and sense of the past in, 13, 20–21
in latter part of 15th century, 424
as metropolitan center, 336
as new Sparta, 443–46, 448
Ottoman rule of, 5
painted churches and painting style of, 4, 125, 364,
366
palace at, 120n56, 133, 140
Pantanassa church and monastery, 8, 14
private legal transactions and notaries in, 193, 195
in Renaissance cartography, 466
St. Sophia, 350
Mytilene, church of St. John, Gattilusio burials at, 311, 312, Nikolaos (metropolitan of Monemvasia), 358
322, 328, 331, 333 St. Nikon the Metanoeite
Myzithras. See Mystras Life of, 11, 12, 31n34, 48, 233–34, 236, 441
portraits of, 362–63
Nafplioti, Argyro, 318, 326 will of, 53n114
Nanetti, Andrea, 188, 204, 249–50n307 Nilsson, Ingela, 402n42
Naples, Kingdom of Nivelet, 219
architecture of, 141n182 Noise, Parrin, 71
ceramic evidence from Glarentza and Chlemoutsi, Nomia, Mani, 352
126 Nomikos, Basilakes, 373n13
coins of, 159, 168, 176 Nora, Pierre, 458
founding of Glarentza and, 115, 116 notary, office of, 192–95, 194, 196–97
Napoli Vechio, 466 numismatics. See coins and money
Narjot II of Toucy, 80, 81
Narjot III of Toucy (Latin regent-emperor of Oikonomides, Nikolaos, 195
Constantinople), 80–81, 81, 87 olives and olive oil, 233–45
Nativity cycle, south portico, Brontocheion Church of assets, olive trees as, 239–41
the Virgin Hodegetria (Aphendiko), Mystras, 375–79, domestic consumption, 242
376–79, 391 exports, 234–39, 242–45
Naudé, Gabriel, 105–7 importance of, 233, 238–39, 330
Naupaktos, mint at, 166, 175 Lakonia, olive tree in, 212
Nauplion leasing of presses, 241
castle of, 140 price of oil, 241–42
private legal transactions in, 196, 202 production of, 233–34, 235n172, 239–41, 244
in Renaissance cartography, 466–67 prohibition on felling olive trees, 240
rural exploitation and market economy, 216, 226, qualities or grades of oil, 242
235, 236, 245, 246, 248, 255–60, 262, 263, 265, 266, omophoroion of Gregory of Nyssa, St. Nicholas, Klenia,
271, 272 will inscribed on, 186, 191, 203–4
as Venetian stronghold, 431 On the Constitution of the Florentines (Bruni), 426, 426–28
Navari, Leonora, 471 On the Events after the Battle of Mantinea (Plethon),
Navarrese in the Morea, 13, 127, 202, 413, 420 436–37, 437
Neapolites, Nicholas, 192, 195 On How Plato Differs from Aristotle (Plethon, ca. 1439),
Neidinger, Giovanni Francesco, 463, 464 419n4, 440n156
Neilos, metropolitan of Mystras, 348 On Memory and Reminiscence (Aristotle), 35
Nemea Opheomachos, Damianos, 195
coins found at classical sanctuary of, 154, 155, 160, 161, Orsini, John, of Epiros, 19
162, 171 Ortelius, Abraham, 457, 458, 462–63, 463, 470, 472
stable isotope analysis of skeletal remains at, 321, 322, Orthodox landscapes, 4–5, 335–68
323, 324, 331, 333 boundaries, setting and describing, 357–58
Nemea Valley Archaeological Project (NVAP), 304–5, Chamber of the Chrysobulls, Brontocheion monas-
306 tery. See under Brontocheion monastery, Church
Neopatras, mint at, 175 of the Virgin Hodegetria (Aphendiko), Mystras
Neophytos (monk), commemoration of, 46n75 ecclesiastical institutions in, 335, 336–37
Neoplatonism, 419, 420n12, 438, 447, 448, 452 eternality of consecrated structures, belief in, 355–57
Nicaea feudal relationships marking, 335
coins from, 157n34, 162 in Monemvasia chrysobulls, 351–58, 354, 356, 357,
malediction of 318 Fathers of (Council of 325), 47, 363n113, 364
199–200, 350n66 natural environment, 335–36, 336
nicarii, 228 paintings in village and cemetery churches of
Nicholas III of St. Omer, 286 Monemvasia, 362–68, 363, 365–67
Parnon highlands, monasteries and hermitages of,
Nicholas, son of Joannes Allelouia, 205
358–62, 359–61
Nicol, Donald, 98n251
Parori, church of the Virgin column shaft, 348–50,
Nicola II (Cola) of Monforte, coins of, 159 350
Nicolaus son of Iohannes of Neapolis, 193 Pikoulas Tower Museum engraved column shaft,
Nicosia, siege of (1228), 69 350, 352
Nikandri, Mani, 364

index 501
Orthodox landscapes (continued) parataxis, 410
St. Demetrios, Mystras, episcopal acts on columns Pardos, Gregory, 11
of, 346–52, 347, 349, 350, 351, 357 Paris, lack of songbooks for, 63
St. Sophia, Mystras, engraved column shafts, 350 Paris-Acre Master, 95
Trypi, monydrion of St. John the Baptist at, 348, 351, Parnon highlands, monasteries and hermitages of,
357 358–62, 359–61
Osphino, ruins of church at, 49, 50 paroikoi (villeins), 216–17
Otho of Cicon, 86, 87 Parori
Otho of La Roche, 84 burials at, 348–49, 350, 362
Ottens, atlas of, 473 church of the Virgin in, 13, 348–50, 350, 441–
Ottomans 42
alliance of Theodore I Palaiologos (despot) with, 413, Inscription of Parori (1389), 413, 417, 441–42
414, 417, 430 Parthenon, Athens, 30n29, 46n75, 51, 201
coins of, 174, 177 “Parti de mal” (song, London, BL Harley 1717), 56, 66, 67,
fall of Constantinople to (1452), 424 69
rule in the Morea, 5, 12, 20, 108, 127, 210, 216, 221 partitioned villages or casaux de parçon, 218–19, 226, 270
siege of Constantinople by (1394–1402), 413
Passava, 342
threat to existence of Palaiologan polity in the Morea
past, importance of, 2–3, 5–6. See also historical writing
from, 430
and sense of the past; Renaissance memory theater,
Venetian-Ottoman battle for control of the Morea
maps of the Morea as; spolia
(1684–1714), 455–56, 462, 469–71, 475
Vienna, defeat at (1683), 455 Patras
fortifications at, 140
guesthouse of Latin archbishop in, 2
Pachomios (abbot of Brontocheion monastery), 339,
private legal transactions from, 188, 192–93, 195,
342n23, 342n27, 348, 373–74, 391–93
197–200, 203–7, 210
Pachymeres, 371–72 rural exploitation and market economy, 220, 222, 234,
Page, Gill, 15, 48n87, 60n12 240, 242, 245, 247, 248, 250, 255, 260, 262, 267, 273
painting. See also Brontocheion monastery, Church of the St. Nicholas, monastery of, 207, 210
Virgin Hodegetria (Aphendiko), Mystras; icons as Venetian stronghold, 431
Monemvasia chrysobull miniatures, 356, 363n113 Paul the Confessor, 195
Monemvasia School, 362–68, 363, 365–67 Pausanias, 51n99, 438
Mystras School, 4, 125, 364, 366
Pazzi Conspiracy, 452n240
Parnon highlands, monasteries and hermitages of,
peasants
359–60, 360
corvée labor (angareia, servicium personale, or
Procession of the Magi (Benozzo Gozzoli), 418, 423
sputica), 218, 227–30, 231, 245
song collections and songbooks, painted miniatures
paroikoi (villeins), 216–17
in, 59, 71, 72, 73, 74
surplus production, 271–72
songbook of William of Villehardouin, miniatures
workforce demographics, 216–25, 267–69
in, 59, 73, 74, 84, 92, 94, 95, 96, 102, 105
Pegolotti, Francesco Balducci
pakton, 207–9
on coins and money, 161, 172, 177
Palaiochora, coins found at, 161
rural exploitation and market economy, 242, 244,
Palaiologan romances, 17–18, 19n70 248n293, 255, 257, 259n413, 260, 261, 265, 266
Palaiologos, Manuel (kephali of Vassilika), 203 Pelagonia, Battle of (1259), 2, 101, 103, 104, 167
Paliomonastero, monastic church of the, 28n20 Peloponnese, as term, 1–2. See also Morea
Palladio, Andrea, 457, 458 Penna, Vasso, 157
Pallas, Demetrios, 287 Pepagomenos, Demetrios, 254
Palormo, 260 Pericles, 427
Panakton (site), 300, 300–301, 306 Perpignan, Palace of the Kings of Majorca at, 139, 140
Pandopulos, Giovannino, 204 Peruzzi family, 448
Panegyric for John VIII Palaiologos (Isidor of Kiev), 400, Petenello, Stefano, 222
402, 413n101, 414n109, 415
Peter I of Courtenay (Latin emperor of Constantinople),
Papachatzes, Nikos, 51n98 23n2, 80
Papadopoulou, Pagona, 157–60 Peter II of Courtenay (Latin emperor of Constantinople),
Papalexandrou, Amy, 3, 23, 483 23n2
Papamastorakis, Titos, 5, 371, 483 Peter of Argos, 11n16
Parallel Lives (Plutarch), 436, 437, 439 Petoni, 230–31, 239, 247–48, 253, 264

502 index
Petrarch, 15
Peutinger Table (Codex Vindobonensis 324), 459
Philibert de Naillac, 137, 259
Philip II Augustus (king of France), 3, 137, 138–39, 161
Philip III (king of France), 19
Philip of Anjou, 103, 104, 107, 165
Philip of Savoy, 108n316, 164, 166, 286
Philip of Taranto, 166, 167
Philip of Toucy (Latin regent-emperor of
Constantinople), 80, 81, 87
Philippe d’Alsace, 68
Philippe de Thaon, 66
Philippidou-Braat, Anna, 189
Phlious, church of Rachiotissa at, 28n20
Phloka, Epidauros Limera, church of the Virgin
Cheimatissa at, 363, 366
Phota (Phoutia), 353, 355
Piada (village), 240, 261
Piccolomini, Aeneas Sylvius (later Pope Pius II), 449n216
Pierre of Craon, 79
Pierre de Saint-Supéran, 201
Pigkes, Theodore, 192, 193, 195, 198, 205, 206
Pikoulas Tower Museum column shaft, 350, 352
pine resin, 251
piracy, 85n169, 102, 220–21, 248, 267, 268, 284, 403, 468
Pius II (pope; formerly Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini),
449n216
Plato and Platonism, 419–20, 422, 436, 438–40, 447–48,
452, 457
Platsa, church of St. Nicholas in, 389
Plethon (George Gemistos), 5, 419–52. See also laconism,
revival of
Address to the Emperor Manuel on the Affairs in the
Peloponnese (Plethon, 1407–1418), 209, 422–23,
434, 435, 438, 439, 443, 447
Advisory Address to the Despot Theodore on the
Peloponnese (Plethon, 1407–1418), 422–23, 434,
435, 438, 439, 443, 447
Against Plethon’s Doubts about Aristotle (Gennadios),
440n155
Book of Laws (c. 1428), 423, 440–41, 447
Byzantium and Morea, ties to, 420–23
contemporary conditions in the Peloponnese,
response to, 430–35
Cosimo de’ Medici and, 420, 422, 423, 427, 448–52
death of, 423–24
Description of the Entire Peloponnese, Coastal and
Interior, 436
On the Events after the Battle of Mantinea (Plethon),
436–37, 437
Funeral Oration for Theodore and, 399–400, 402, 444
in Gozzoli’s Procession of the Magi, 418, 423
grave at Tempio Malatestiano, Rimini, 419, 421
historical writing and sense of the past, 14, 20–21
On How Plato Differs from Aristotle (c. 1439), 419n4,
440n156
ideological framework, political philosophy as means
of recreating, 447–48
Italian governmental reform influencing, 425–28,
447
in Italy, 419–20, 423, 448–52
Letter to the Emperor on the Isthmus (Plethon, 1407–
1418), 422–23, 434, 438, 439, 443, 447
local hostility to Palaeologian despots and, 441–43,
444n181
Mystras proposed as new Sparta by, 443–44
Plato and Neoplatonism, 419–20, 422, 436, 438–40,
447–48, 452
practicality of ideas of, 446–47
private legal transactions and, 209
reform proposals of, 423–29, 434–35
Regarding Scholarios’s Beliefs In Favor of Aristotle
(Plethon), 440n155
rural exploitation and market economy and, 262, 273
school of philosophy of, 371
writings of, 422–23
Pliny the Elder, 461n18
Plotinus, 420, 438
plowshares, iron, 223–24, 246, 270
Plutarch, 5, 436–40, 437
Poe, Elizabeth, 72n78
Polemianitos, Sebastos Ioannes, 342
Polemitas, church of the Archangel Michael, inscriptions
from, 191, 207, 239
Polichne, church of the Archangel Michael at, 341n22
Politics (Aristotle), 436n126, 438n141
Polyphengi, 305
polyphonic motets, 72, 75
Pons de Capduelh, 73n88
Porcacchi, Thomaso, 461, 462, 466
Porcari, Stefano, 448n205
Porphyrios, Andreas, 204
Porphyry, 438
Port-de-Jonc castle, 140
Porto delle Botte, 251
Potamos, Kythera, Hagios Notarios in church of St. John
at, 194, 195
pottery. See ceramic evidence
Praise of the City of Florence (Laudatio Florentinae Urbis;
Bruno), 427
preferential right (protimesis), 200
Prény, Helois de, 71
The Present State of the Morea (Randolph, 1689), 467,
467–68, 469
price edict of Diocletian (301), 43, 346n50
Prinet, Max, 79n123
Prinikos, St. George at, 353, 355
private legal transactions in Frankish Morea, 4, 187–211
Assizes of Romania and, 192, 202–3, 207, 209
church walls, inscriptions on, 186, 191, 203–4, 346. See
also Orthodox landscapes
index 503
private legal transactions in Frankish Morea (continued) contemporary enterprises, the Morea as stage for,
donations to churches and monasteries, 188, 191, 192, 459, 470–75, 471–74
196, 199, 200, 205–7 isolarii (island books), 458, 461, 461–62, 470
feudal system and, 187, 192, 193, 196, 200, 201, 207, 209, L’isole piu famose del mondo (Porcacchi, 1575), 461,
210, 211 462, 466
form of the acts, 196–200 Liber insularum archipelagi (Buondelmonti, 1420),
Gospel books, written in, 188–91, 189, 190, 196, 345 Korone and Methone in, 461, 464
leases of land, 207–10, 232–33, 251, 271 locus memoriae, the Morea as, 458, 459–64, 460, 461,
maledictions, 199–200, 350n66 463, 464
marriage agreements, 204 Mercator/Hondius atlases, 458, 462, 466, 473
notarial registries and acts, 187, 188 palimpsest or container of loci, the Morea as, 458,
notary, office of, 192–95, 194, 196–97 459, 464–70, 465, 467, 469, 470
olive oil trade and, 235 power, maps as instruments of, 472–73, 473, 474, 475
range of social classes and professions involved in, The Present State of the Morea (Randolph, 1689), 467,
205 467–68, 469
sales and business contracts, 205 Ptolemaic Table of the Peloponnese (Pietro del
significance of, 187, 210–11 Massaio, ca. 1470–80), 459–60, 460, 465–66
subject matter and purpose of, 187 selective nature of maps, 458–59
surviving acts, number, publication, and study of, Theatrum Orbis Terrarum (Ortelius, 1570), 457, 458,
187–92 462–63, 463, 470, 472
titles of ownership, 195–96 Totius Graeciae Descriptio (Sophianos, 1550), 465, 466
trees, ownership of, 206–7 Tutte l’isole del mondo (Bordone, 1528), 462, 464–65
warranty, formulas of, 198 “Venetian Morea,” new myth of, 455–56, 459, 462–
wills, 200–204 64, 463, 464, 466–67, 469–75, 471–74
Procession of the Magi (Benozzo Gozzoli), 418, 423 Renart the fox, in song collections, 69–70
Prodromos, Manganeios, 10n5 Renaut of Magny, 79n120
Prokopios, 287 Rendi, Dimitri, 195, 202
pronoia, granting of estates in, 430 Republic (Plato), 420n9, 438n141
property titles, 195–96 Rhetoric (Aristotle), 401n40
Propp, Vladimir, 416n119 Rhodian penny, 175–76
Protevangelium of James, 375, 376, 377n25, 379, 380, 391–92 Richard I Lionheart (king of England), 67, 68
protimesis (preferential right), 200 Ritratti di celebri personaggi (Coronelli), 462
Proto-Maiolica ware, 281, 284, 289, 297, 305 Ritsos, Yiannis, 9, 14, 19, 20, 21
Psalidas, Nicholas, 206 Robert (emperor), 164
Psimares, Iohannes, 204 Robert of Anjou (king of Sicily), 159, 166, 167
Ptolemaic Table of the Peloponnese (Pietro del Massaio, ca. Robert of Artois, 81, 82, 89, 91, 92, 96
1470–80), 459–60, 460, 465–66 Robert VI of Béthune, 79
Ptolemy, 436, 437, 459–60, 462, 465–66, 470 Robert VII of Béthune, 79
Puy of Arras, 73, 89, 96 Robert of Taranto, 159, 164, 167, 169, 170, 220, 223, 297
Pyla, 219, 232, 250, 253 Roger II (king of Sicily), 235n168
Pylos (Navarino), 358 Roger of Hovedon, 236
Roger of Lluria, 220
Quartier, Lise du, 224, 225, 270 Roman de Troie (Benoît de Sainte-Maure), 17, 18, 19, 20,
Queen Melisande’s Psalter, 95 70n66
Roman empire, historical sense of continuity with, 2,
Randolph, Bernard, 467, 467–68, 469 9–10, 425
Raoul of Soissons, 87, 89, 90 Rosenberg, Samuel N., 78
Raynaldus de Odonibus de Vedano, 193 Rubenichi, 222, 268
Regarding Scholarios’s Beliefs In Favor of Aristotle Rudel, Jaufre, 61, 71, 72
(Plethon), 440n155 Runciman, Steven, 69, 80, 87, 103, 106
Renaissance memory theater, maps of the Morea as, 5–6, rural exploitation and market economy, 4, 213–75. See also
455–75. See also Coronelli, Vincenzo olives and olive oil; peasants
ancient and medieval maps of the Morea, 459–60 acorn cups and kermes, 226, 230, 263–67
antiquarian versus scientific nature of mapping advances in, 270–71
Greece, 465–66 beasts of burden, 227–28
concept of memory theater, 457–58, 458 Bessarion’s proposals regarding, 445–46

504 index
 Black Death, effects of, 218, 222, 223, 224, 244, 249, saints’ lives in Peloponnese, 11, 31
267–70 salamander motif, 23n2, 24
cheese production and sale, 225–26, 234, 237 Salic Law, 166
commutation of labor service, 228–29 Salona, mint at, 175
Constantinople, importation of foodstuffs by, 234, San Basilio (Ayios Vasileios)
237, 270 castle, 140, 276, 294, 295, 297, 299
coopers, casks, and barrels, 251, 258 ceramic evidence, 297
cotton, 260–63 coins found at, 296–97
currants, 257–60 rural exploitation and market economy, 258, 265
demesne and estate lands, 227, 230–31, 252 settlement analysis of, 276, 292–301, 293–96, 306
documentary sources, 214–15, 274–75
Sancto Arcangelo, castle of, 222, 226, 228, 245n256, 251,
feudal system and, 216, 232, 271–72
253, 341n22
in fifteenth century, 424, 433–34
Sanders, Guy, 29, 289, 305
figs and fig trees, 204, 225, 257, 258, 259
grains, 225, 231–32, 245–49, 270 Santomeri castle, 140, 141
hired labor, 232, 271 Santorini, cotton from, 263
interplay of three political entities in Peloponnese, Sanudo, Fiorenza (Florence), 204, 263
213–15, 214 Sanudo, Giovanni I, 204
iron plowshares, 223–24, 246, 270 Sanudo, Marco II, 88
labor service/corvée labor (angareia, servicium Sanudo Torsello, Marino, 58, 76, 88, 97, 99, 102, 164,
personale, or sputica), 218, 227–30, 231, 245 263n450
land as backbone of, 217, 225 Saphlaouro castle, 127, 133, 137, 141
landowners, commercial exploitation of production Sapikos, 348
by, 272–73 Saradi, Helen G., 4, 31, 187, 483
lease contracts, 232–33, 251, 271
“Saronic Gulf Group” coins, 158, 160
livestock, 225–26, 268, 270
Sathas, Constantine, 208
massarie or zevgilateia, 228, 231–32, 245, 246, 247, 249,
268, 269, 298n73 Sauvage of Béthune, 73n87, 79
mills, grain, 246–48 Savracu family, 218
monetization of economy, 272–73 Schenk, atlas of, 473
monopolies, 241, 248, 252, 257, 259, 264, 265, 271, 272 Schilbach, Erich, 259n413
Plethon’s proposals regarding, 429, 435, 438–39, 447 Schlumberger, Gustave, 169
political and territorial history, 215–16, 269–70, 273–74 Schmitt, Oliver Jens, 402
polyculture and polyactivity, 225–27 Scholarios, George (later Patriarch Gennadios), 5,
silk industry, 237, 239, 261, 263, 264–67, 270, 271, 272 423n21, 440, 445n187, 447n203
stasis or stasia (household unit), 218 Schwan, Eduard, 63
taxes and taxation, 216–20, 223, 225–27, 229, 230, scribes, notaries operating as, 192–93
231n133, 238, 240, 242, 243n241, 244–46, 252,
Second Crusade, 10n5, 67, 71
255–58, 261, 262, 267, 269, 271–75
secondary burial, 311
warfare and political upheaval, effects of, 218–22,
268, 269 Serbia, Nemanid rulers of, 346n49
water resources and irrigation, 230–31, 270 Serragli, Niccolò d’Agnolo, 449
wine and vineyards, 231, 232, 233, 249–57 settlement analysis in northeastern Peloponnese, 4,
woodland and scrubland products, 226–27 277–306. See also ceramic evidence
Rutebeuf (poet), 101 coins, 289–90, 290, 296–97
Corinth, 278–85, 279, 280, 282
Eastern Korinthia Archaeological Survey (EKAS),
Sabatini, Francesco, 70
301–4, 302–3
Saccocci, Andrea, 167
Isthmia, 285–92, 286, 287, 290–92
St. Demetrios, Mystras maps of sites, 293, 302, 303
construction of, 372–73 Nemea Valley Archaeological Project (NVAP),
episcopal acts on columns of, 346–52, 347, 349, 350, 304–5, 306
351, 357 Panakton, 300, 300–301, 306
interior, nave, 347 San Basilio (Ayios Vasileios), 276, 292–301, 293–96,
nave and narthex paintings, 390, 390–91, 391 306
spolia, 13, 44–47, 45, 53
settlement analysis in southern Peloponnese, 362
town, relationship to, 374
Seven Ethico-Political Orations (Manuel II Palaiologos,
St. Martin of Tours, coins issued by Abbey of, 161
1404–1408), 413
saints, cults of, 194, 195, 360–62, 363, 374

index 505
Seventh Crusade, 57–58, 60, 68, 77, 88–90, 91, 93, 95, 103,
104
Sgouroi, 11
Shawcross, Teresa, 5, 6, 14, 15, 18, 419, 483
Short, Ian, 65
Short Chronicles, 372
Sichna, 247
Sicilian School of poetry, 72–73, 75, 91, 93, 98–99, 100
The Sicilian Vespers (Runciman), 103
sigillion, Brontocheion monastery, 343, 374, 389
Sigismund (Holy Roman Emperor), 427
Sigoli, Simone, 265
silk industry
Plethon’s reform proposals and, 422, 429, 433, 443,
452n239
rural exploitation and market economy, 237, 239, 261,
263, 264–67, 270, 271, 272
Simona of Villehardouin, 99n259
Siripando, Giovanni, 229
skeletal remains, 4, 309–33. See also stable isotope
analysis
ancient DNA (aDNA) analysis, 314–15
Athenian Agora, 311, 312, 321–22, 324, 331–32, 333
Corinth. See under Corinth
dietary insights, 328–32, 333
Gattilusio burials, Mytilene, church of St. John, 311,
312, 322, 328, 331, 332, 333
morphological analysis, 313–14
Nemea, 321, 322, 323, 324, 331, 333
osteological approaches, 309, 313
Parori, 348–49, 350, 362
stylistic approaches to establishing Greek versus
Frankish identity, 310–12
Stymphalos, 307, 321, 322, 323, 324, 327, 331, 333
thalassemia lesions, 285, 314
Zaraka, Cistercian monastery at, 312, 321, 322, 323,
324, 327, 331, 333
Sklavochori, 250
slaves and slavery, 205, 220, 235n166, 430
Socha, 358
soldino (coin), 152, 159, 167, 169, 170–71, 172–73, 175
Solon, 13, 445n184
Sonetti, Bartolommeo da li, 458
song collections and songbooks, 60–75
attribution issues, 62–63, 64–65
crusades as favored theme in, 68
earliest extant songbook, 61, 71, 75
international nature of songbook production and
trade, 58, 60–61, 63, 66, 73
Italian and Sicilian songs, 72–73, 75, 91, 93
Levant, written-out song in Old French koine from,
68–70
nonbook song collections, 61–62, 62
organization and structure of, 62–63, 71, 72, 73
origins of vernacular written-out songs in Anglo-
Norman England, 63–68, 67
painted miniatures in, 59, 71, 72, 73, 74
506 index
place of William of Villehardouin’s songbook in his-
tory of, 73–75
polyphonic motets, 72
tables of contents, 62, 71, 72
transition from castle to city, 70–71
from Venice, 71–72, 73, 75, 88
songbook of William of Villehardouin (Paris, BN fonds
fr. 844), 3, 57–109. See also William II of Villehardouin
alternative commissioners of, 99–100
Arras or Arrageois scribes, production by, 58, 73–75,
91, 93–97
attribution of songs in, 63, 64–65
“Au novel tans quant je voi la muance,” 109
Charles of Anjou, as commissioner of, 15n37, 58, 59,
60, 89–93, 99–100, 102, 104n301
Charles of Anjou, in possession of, 104–5
in context of songbook history, 73–75
crusades as favored theme in, 68, 73, 78–79
dating of compilation, 93, 94, 95, 100
feudal system and, 82–83
history of possession of, 104–7, 108
later additions to, 105, 106
Levant, evidence of written-out song in Old French
koine from, 70
literary activity in princely entourage and, 14–15
“Loiaus amours qui m’alume,” 78, 109
organization and structure of, 73, 75, 90–91, 93, 100
painted miniatures in, 59, 73, 74, 84, 92, 94, 95, 96,
102, 105
polyphonic motets in, 72, 75
li prince de le Mourée, songs of, 14, 75, 90–91, 102n280,
108, 109
reordering, rebinding, and later restoration, 59
research and study of, 58–60
table of contents, 73, 78, 82–83, 95, 100, 109n320
transition of songbooks from castle to city and, 70, 73
unfinished nature of, 102
unique features of, 72, 75
vandalization of, 105
Venetian and Sicilian elements, 75, 88, 90, 91, 99, 100
Virgin Mary, opening songs to, 75, 83n151, 84, 90, 95,
105, 106
Sophianos, Ioannes, 432
Sophianos, Michael or Paul, 432
Sophianos, Nikolaos, 465, 466
Sophianos family, 239
Sophiko, 303
Sorakas, 355
Sorba, Balthazar de, 267
Soteras, church at, 150
Souliardos, Michael, 438
Spanke, Hans, 90, 105
Sparta
coins found at, 154, 155, 157, 162, 167, 171, 173, 175, 177
rural exploitation and market economy, 233–39, 241,
247
San Nicolò, Venetian church of, 235
settlement analysis in, 362
Sparta, ancient. See laconism, revival of
Sparta, Mystras mockingly referred to as, 372
Sperone, 253
Spetia, Lucilla, 96n238
Sphrantzes, George, 195, 372n2, 425n39
spolia, 3, 23–54
Agnes panel, 23–25, 24, 25
Blachernai, monastery church of, 28–29, 35–39, 36–38
Chronicle of the Morea and, 28, 48–52
columns, commemorative meaning of, 46–47
cultural perspectives on the past and, 28, 43–44,
48–53
exterior walls of churches, focus on, 26–28
in Frankish Morea, 23–25, 28–39
Geraki
church of St. George at, 39–43, 40, 41, 53
church of St. John Chrysostom at, 42, 43–44, 44,
47, 53
in Glarentza fortifications, 119, 122
Greek versus Latin use of, 47, 51–52, 53
in Lakonian churches, 39–47, 40–42, 44, 45
Leuke, church of the Zoodochos Pege in, 348n58
literary, 31, 47–48
Merbaka, Church of the Koimesis at, 22, 28–35, 30, 32,
34, 36–37, 38, 39
Mystras, church of St. Demetrios at, 44–47, 45, 53
“new spolia,” 33
outside the Peloponnese, 52–53
overtly pagan images, meaning of use of, 31
patron’s interests and use of, 33–35, 39, 52, 53
planned use of, 30–31, 38
in post-antique construction generally, 27
stable isotope analysis, 310, 315–33
Athenian Agora, 321–22, 324, 331–32, 333
Caesarea, 318, 325, 326
children, weaning and feeding, 332
Corinth, 320–21, 322–27, 323–26, 330–33
Gattilusio burials, Mytilene, church of St. John, 322,
328, 331, 332, 333
Knossos, 318
map of site locations, 320
Nemea, 321, 322, 323, 324, 331, 333
nonlocal origins, evidence of, 322–28, 323, 328
Stymphalos, 307, 321, 322, 323, 324, 327, 331, 333
summary of key site information, 320
theory and applications, 315–19
Zaraka, Cistercian monastery at, 312, 321, 322, 323,
324, 327, 331, 333
stage. See theater
Stahl, Alan M., 3, 153, 483–84
Staïs, Valerios, 289n50
Staniario, Dobramiro, 234–35
Staniaro, Pietro, 235n166
Stasino family, 218n19
stasis or stasia (household unit), 218
Steiermark, Ottokar von der, 255
sterling penny, English, 158, 160–61, 168n158, 172–73
Strabo, 461n18
Strategopoulos, Caesar Alexios, 392n54
Strovoiati, Dimitrius, 241
Strozzi, Palla di Palli, 427, 449
Strozzi, Salamone di Carlo, 449
Stymphalos, stable isotope analysis of skeletal remains at,
307, 321, 322, 323, 324, 327, 331, 333
Succhyna, 220
Summa Theologiae (Thomas Aquinas), 426
surnames, kinship patterns, and population stability,
217–18, 219
Symeon of Ragusa, 205
Symeon of Thessalonike, 412, 415
Symes, Carol, 73
Synaxarium of Constantinople, 375, 376, 381, 385, 391, 392
Synkrisis (Demetrios Chrysoloras), 415
Synopsis Minor, 197
Tabula Peutingeriana (Codex Vindobonensis 324), 459
Tagliacozzo, Battle of (1268), 103, 104
Taillebourg, Battle of (1242), 96
Talbot, Alice-Mary, 311
tanning and dyeing agents from acorn cups and kermes,
226, 230, 263–67
Taranto, Nicola, 233n152
taverns, 252
taxes and taxation
coins and money, 178
French taxes on travelers, 68
land taxation in 15th century Morea, 430–31
Orthodox landscapes and, 336, 345, 357
Plethon and, 428–29, 430–32, 435, 438, 442n169
private legal transactions and, 200, 207, 209
rural exploitation and market economy, 216–20, 223,
225–27, 229, 230, 231n133, 238, 240, 242, 243n241,
244–46, 252, 255–58, 261, 262, 267, 269, 271–75
settlement analysis and, 297–99
Venetian, 472
Venetian trade freedoms in the Morea, 431–32
Taxiarches of Kontostephanos, monastery of, 210
Teatro della guerra (Coronelli, 1708?), 454, 456–57, 463,
470, 472
Teatro Olimpico, Vicenza, 457, 458
Tempio Malatestiano, Rimini, grave of Plethon at, 419,
421
Teria, 353, 363
Terkova, 343
Ternaria document (1285), 172
tetarteron (coin), 155–56, 157–60, 158, 174
Teutonic Knights, 140
textiles. See also silk industry
cotton production and export, 260–63
fifteenth-century trade patterns and, 433–34
thalassemia, 285, 314
index 507
theater. See also Renaissance memory theater, maps of the Torre, Giovanni della, 258
Morea as Toscano, Bernardo, 232
as metaphor in Renaissance culture, 458 Totius Graeciae Descriptio (Sophianos, 1550), 465, 466
Morea narrative in Funeral Oration for Theodore as Toucy family, 80–81, 81, 83, 85, 87, 91
drama, 410–11 tournament at Isthmia, 286
Theatrum Orbis Terrarum (Ortelius, 1570), 457, 458, tournois coins
462–63, 463, 470, 472 denier tournois, 153, 158, 159, 161–62, 164, 166–68, 171,
Thebes 173–78
coins found at, 173 gros tournois, 168, 176
grain trade, 248 Traversari, Ambrogio, 397
mint at, 155, 166, 172, 175
trees, ownership of, 206–7
palace at, 133
Tripolitza (Tripolis), 466, 467
textile production at, 237, 239, 266
wine measure of, 255 Tritsaroli, Paraskevi, 331–32
Theodericus dictus Sroter de Louffenberg, 193 Trivoles, Demetrios, 438
Theodora (wife of Despot Demetrios Palaiologos), troubadour and trouvère songs. See song collections and
440n155 songbooks; songbook of William of Villehardouin
Theodore Angelos of Epiros, 346n48 Troy, origin myths associated with, 2–3, 10, 16–21, 52
Theodore I Palaiologos (despot), 13–14, 202, 349n62, 372, Trypi, 343, 348, 351, 357
396, 399, 417, 425, 430, 434n110. See also Funeral Oration Turchio, Marata, 233n152
for Theodore, Despot of the Morea Turks. See Ottomans
Theodore II Palaiologos (despot), 14, 413, 421 Tutte l’isole del mondo (Bordone, 1528), 462, 464–65, 468
Theologos Tyrtaeus, 438
Brontocheion properties in, 343 Tzakonians, 11n17
hermitage of St. John the Baptist, 360 Tzavara, Angeliki, 261n431
Old Monastery of Holy Forty Martyrs, 358–59, 359, Tzetzes, John, 2, 19
360 Tzitzina (Polydroso), 358
St. Nicholas Achragias, 364 Tzykandyles, Manuel, 14, 19
St. Theophanios of Monemvasia, 363 tzykanion, 424
Theotokos Krivitzon, private legal transactions of monas-
tery of, 188, 207 Umur I Beg (ruler of Aydin), 220
Theotokos Podarea, or Podariotissa, private legal transac- Urban IV (pope), 103
tions of monastery of, 189, 191, 199, 204, 206–7, 210
Thessalonike
Val de Calamy, 216, 229
cotton production in, 261
Valentin, Frédérique, 332
Holy Apostles Church, 386
mint at, 155, 157, 158 Van der Vin, J. P. A., 52n108
Thibaut II of Bar, 73n87, 80–81, 81, 89, 91–92, 92 Vanni, Franca M., 167
Thibaut IV of Champagne (king of Navarre), 62, 68, 78, Vasilikata, 221, 231, 239, 245, 251, 259, 261–62
82, 89, 93, 96 Vasilitsi, church at, 312
Third Crusade, 68, 80 Venerio, Antonio, 297
Thomas Aquinas, 426 Veneto ware, 289
Thomas Becket, 67 Venice
Thomas Palaiologos (despot), 4, 127, 207, 210 Arras and, 96
coins and money, 152, 158, 159, 162, 168–71, 173, 175,
Thomas of Verona, 258n409
176, 434
Thompson, Margaret, 157
“Fondamenta dei Mori,” 432, 433
Thucydides, 12, 427, 436, 437, 439 in Fourth Crusade, 75
Tinos, mint at, 175 influence in the Morea, 3–4, 5, 11, 12
titles of ownership, 195–96 new “Venetian Morea,” myth of, 455–56, 459, 462–
Tocco, Carlo, 21, 201, 202 64, 463, 464, 466–67, 469–75, 471–74
Tocco, Leonardo I, 127, 253 Ottoman-Venetian battle for control of the Morea
Tocco Chronicle, 116, 119, 120, 372 (1684–1714), 455–56, 462, 469–71, 475
Topping, Peter, 209, 269n506 silk industry, 266
tornese (coin), 159, 172, 173, 177, 178 songbooks from, 71–72, 73, 75, 88, 91
tornesello (coin), 159, 164, 167, 170–71, 173–78, 434

508 index
 territories in Peloponnese, 216. See also rural exploi- Glarentza, establishment of, 115, 141
tation and market economy imperial ambitions of, 86–88, 99
trade freedoms in the Morea, 431–32 literary activity in princely entourage of, 14–15
William of Villehardouin and. See under songbook of Marguerite of Passava, grant of land to, 196
William of Villehardouin Monemvasiot families and, 239
Venier, Dolfin, 262–63, 274 in princely role, 81–82, 83, 88, 90
Veroli, Leonardo de, 15, 19, 70, 73, 81, 90, 101, 107, 202 Seventh Crusade and, 57–58, 60, 68, 77, 88–90, 91,
Vervena, 270 93, 95
Viadro, Marino, 264, 265 Toucy, first marriage to Lady of, 80–81, 81, 82, 85, 87
Venice, rivalry with, 73, 75, 83, 84–87, 95, 96, 97
Vidal, Pierre, 61, 71
will of, 201
Vilain of Arras, 94
in wills of Geoffrey I and Geoffrey II, 201
Villehardouin coat of arms, architectural elements dis-
William of Barre, 153
playing, 114, 120, 122
William of Champlitte, 12, 14, 112, 215
vineyards and wine, 231, 232, 233, 249–57
William of Dampierre, 88
Virgil, 10
William of Ferrières, Vidame of Chartres, 79, 93
Virgin Mary. See also specific churches dedicated to the
William de la Roche of Athens, 168, 175n225
Virgin, under place name
cults of, 360–62, 374, 391–93 William of Malmsbury, 65n36
Filippo di Novara’s songs in honor of, 69 William of Moerbeke, 29, 33–35, 53, 111–12
Hodegetria icons Williams, Charles, 279–85, 289, 292, 305
Mega Spelaion icon, dispute over ownership of, wills, 200–204, 222, 252, 260, 262
393 wine and vineyards, 231, 232, 233, 249–57
“Monemvasiotissa,” 264–65 wine cellars, 251–52
maledictions of, 199–200 woodland and scrubland products, 226–27
songbook of William of Villehardouin and, 75,
83n151, 84, 90, 95, 105, 106 Xenocrates, 420
Zoodochos Pege, cult of, 361, 374, 375, 389, 392
Xenophon, 5, 12, 436, 437, 438, 439
Viterbo, Treaty of (1267), 19n70, 103, 104, 105, 115, 116, 126,
164, 165
Yakub Pasha, 430
Vitruvius, De architectura, 457
Yolanda of Brienne, 72
Vituri, 231
Yolanda of Flanders, 23n2
Vostitsa (Aigion), 221, 466
Yolanda of Montferrat, 18
Vourkano, 240, 247
Vouvali, chapel of St. John the Theologian at, 339–40n17
Zaccaria, Centurione II, 267
Vranoussi, Era, 188, 199, 207
Zaccaria, Martin, 168n145
Vrontomas, Old Monastery at, 358–59, 359
Zacharias, murder of, south portico, Brontocheion
Vrysika, Church of the Holy Apostles, 352n71
Church of the Virgin Hodegetria (Aphendiko),
Mystras, 375, 376, 380, 381, 391, 392
Walcheren, Battle of (1253), 91, 93n87 Zakythinos, Dionysios A., 14, 20
War of Troy, 3, 16–21 Zane de Visnadelis, Bartholomaeus, of Triviso, 193, 203
warranty, formulas of, 198 Zaraka, Cistercian monastery at
water resources and irrigation, 230–31, 270 burials at, 312, 321, 322, 323, 324, 327, 331, 333
William I the Conqueror (king of England), 65 coins found at, 154, 161
William II of Villehardouin. See also songbook of Zaraphon, monastery of, 265
William of Villehardouin Zaravos, 342
Anna Komnena Doukaina (Agnes) of Epiros, third Zariphona (Kallithea), 353
marriage to, 58, 97–100, 107, 107–8, 114, 137n133
Zeno, Reniero (doge of Venice), coins of, 158
Byzantine Greeks, war with, 97–98, 100–103, 115,
Zervos, Orestes H., 160
215–16, 220, 284, 372
Carintana dalle Carcere, second marriage to, 85–88, Zesiou, Constantine, 339, 373
87, 90, 95, 97, 99 Zeuxippos and Zeuxippos-derivative wares, 281
church and castle building by, 83–85, 86, 151 zevgilateia or massarie, 228n101, 231–32, 245, 246, 247, 249,
coins of, 84, 85, 152, 158, 159, 163, 164–65, 177 268, 269, 298n73
death of, 107, 165 Ziani, Sebastiano (doge of Venice), 254
family background, birth, and upbringing, 75–79, 77 Zibaldone da Canal, 261

index 509
Zigabenos, 13
Zink, Michel, 71n74
Zoodochos Pege, cult of, 361, 374, 375, 389, 392
Zorzi, Bertolome, 68
Zorzi, Ermolao, 266
Zoupena, cave church of Aï-Giannaki at, 359–60, 360,
362n101
Zourtza (Kato Phigaleia), 343
zovaticum, 246
Zufferey, F., 71n75
Zygouries, 293, 299

510 index