1

Agenda

Introduction of 3G HO
01 Types
Intra-frequency
02 Handover

03 Soft Handover
04 Hard Handover

05 Inter-frequency HO & Inter-RAT HO

06 Mobility inter-intra site

 Intra-handover 2
Softer Handover : Handover between sectors of the same Node B (handled by
BTS)

Soft Handover : UE simultaneously connected to multiple cells (from different

Node Bs or the same NodeB but different LCGs)

Hard Handover : Arises when inter-RNC SHO is not possible (Iur not supported or
Iur congestion)/ Causes temporary disconnection of the (RT) user
.
Handover types

Handover- types

Intra-handover
Inter-
frequency

Softer Hard
Soft Handover
Handover Handover
Intra-BS/Intra-RNC/Inter-RNC
 3

Intra-frequency
Handover
 4

RNC RNC
Intra-frequency Handover

Soft Handover

Hard Handover

Softer Handover

RNC
 5

Soft Handover
 6
Soft Handover

MAxActiveSetSize: FMCS; 3

WCDMA
 MS connected to two or more cells

 Up to 3 branches can be used

(MaxActiveSetSize parameter)

 Seamless Handover without any

disconnection of UE-RAN connection
MaxActiveSetSize : This parameter determines the
maximum number
of cells which can participate in a soft/softer
handover Indicates the maximum number of cells
allowed in the active set.
 SHO Events and Measurements 7

Soft HO events

 Handover decision performed by

RNC based on measurements and
available resources

 Admission Control can reject the

Soft HO events Soft HO mechanisms branch addition in case the
maximum load is achieved in DL
(threshold + offset), valid both for
 Event 1A: A primary CPICH
enters the reporting range
 Cell individual offsets for RT and NRT bitrates.
(Ncell addition) modifying measurement
reporting behaviour  Hard blocking may prevent branch
 Event 1B: A primary CPICH
leaves the reporting range  Mechanism for forbidding addition
a neighboring cell to
 Event 1C: A non-active affect the reporting range
CPICH becomes better than
an active primary CPICH
(Ncell replacement)
 SHO Events and Measurements 8

Event 1A
Active_set_size < MaxActiveSetSize

Triggering condition:
IF during AdditionTime:
AV_ECN0 (n) > TRR – AdditionWindow
THEN
UE send MR (1A) to RNC

where
TRR= W * SUM_AV_ECN0 (AS)+ (1-W) * AV_ECN0(BestAS)
W=ActiveSetWeightingCoefficient

AS update:
IF
RNC able to update AS
THEN
Add Ncell
ELSE
(*) UE re-send MR (1A) to RNC each AdditionReportingInterval

(*) until AS update or triggering condition becomes false

Default
Parameter Range Description
Group value
FMCS MaxActiveSetSize 2, 3 3 determines the maximum number of cells which can participate in a soft/softer handover.
The monitored cell must continuously stay within the reporting range for a given period of
FMCS AdditionTime 0..5000 ms 100 ms
time before the UE can send a MR to RNC in order to add the cell into the AS (event 1A).
FMCS AdditionWindow 0... 14.5, step 0.5 4 dB is used by the UE to calculate the reporting range of event 1A.
ActiveSetWeightingCoeffici is used to weight either the measurement result of the best active set cell or the sum of
FMCS 0..2, step 0.1 0
ent measurement results of all active set cells when the UE calculates the reporting range.
determines the interval between periodical MR when such reporting is triggered by the
FMCS AdditionReportingInterval 0..16 s 0.5 s
event 1A.
 SHO Events and Measurements 9

Event 1B
Triggering condition:
IF during DropTime:
AV_ECN0 < TRR – DropWindow
THEN
UE send MR (1B) to RNC

where
TRR= W * SUM_AV_ECN0 (AS)+ (1-W) * AV_ECN0(BestAS)
W=ActiveSetWeightingCoefficient

AS update:
Remove Ascell From AS

Group Parameter Range Default value Description

The active set cell must continuously stay outside the reporting range for a
FMCS DropTime 0..5000 ms 640 ms given period of time before the UE can send a MR to RNC in order to remove
the cell from the AS (event 1B).
FMCS DropWindow 0... 14.5, step 0.5 4 dB is used by the UE to calculate the reporting range of event 1B.
is used to weight either the measurement result of the best active set cell or
FMCS ActiveSetWeightingCoefficient 0..2, step 0.1 0 the sum of measurement results of all active set cells when the UE
calculates the reporting range.
 SHO Events and Measurements 10

Active_set_size =
Event 1C
MaxActiveSetSize

Triggering condition:

IF during ReplacementTime:
AV_ECN0 (n) > AV_ECN0 (AScell) + ReplacementWindow
THEN
UE send MR (1C) to RNC

AS update:

IF
RNC able to update AS
THEN
Replace Ascell by Ncell
ELSE
(*) UE re-send MR (1C) to RNC each ReplacementReportingInterval

(*) until AS update or triggering condition becomes false

Group Parameter Range Default value Description

determines the maximum number of cells which can participate in a
FMCS MaxActiveSetSize 2, 3 3
soft/softer handover.
The monitored cell must continuously stay within the reporting range for a
FMCS ReplacementTime 0..5000 ms 100 ms given period of time before the UE can send a MR to RNC in order to replace
an active set cell with the monitored cell (event 1C).
FMCS ReplacementWindow 0... 7.5, step 0.5 2 dB is used by the UE to calculate the reporting range of event 1C.
determines the interval between periodical MR when such reporting is
FMCS ReplacementReportingInterval 0..16 s 0.5 s
triggered by the event 1C.
 SHO Summary 11

Event Reporting cell Triggering Reporting Time to Reporting

status Condition Range/ Trigger Interval
Hysteresis

Event 1A (Add) Active set cells + Monitored set Addition Window Addition Time Addition
2 monitored set cells Reporting
cells Interval
-
Event 1B (Drop) Active set cells Active set cells Drop Window Drop time /
-
Event 1C Active set cells + Replacement Replacement Replacement
(Replace) 2 monitored set Window time Reporting
cells Interval

 CPICH Ec/Io is used as a measurement quantity rather than CPICH RSCP

 1A & 1B reporting range is defined by strongest active set cell
 1C reporting range is defined by weakest active set cell
 RRC Connection Release 12

Why might an AS update not be possible?

Excessive load in the

neighboring cell
Hard blocking in the
target BTS
Unavailability of DL
spreading codes
Iub transport resources
unavailable

If difference between the best AS cell and the NS cell is too high and
SHO is not performed, the RRC connection is released to avoid
excessive interference
 RRC Connection Release 13

1C 1A

Excessive load in Ncell

Hard blocking in target BTS
Unavailability of DL SF
Iub ressources unavailable

SHO not possible

EnableRRCRelease = Yes

Triggering condition:
IF
AV_ECN0 (BestAS) < AV_ECN0 (n) –
ReleaseMarginAverageEcNo
OR
ECN0 (BestAS) < ECN0 (n) – ReleaseMarginPeakEcNo
THEN
RRC Conn Release

Group Parameter Range Default value Description

If the RNC is not able to add the neighbouring cell to the active set, the parameter
HOPS EnableRRCRelease No, Yes No indicates whether a RRC connection release (excluding emergency calls) is
required in order to avoid excessive uplink interference.
determines the maximum allowed difference between the averaged CPICH Ec/No
ReleaseMarginAverage -6..6, step of the neighbouring cell and the averaged CPICH Ec/No of the best active cell in
HOPS 2.5 dB
EcNo 0.1 situations when the RNC is not able to perform a soft handover between these
cells.
determines the maximum allowed difference between the CPICH Ec/No of the
ReleaseMarginPeakEcN -6..6, step
HOPS 3.5 dB neighbour cell and the CPICH Ec/No of the best active cell in situations when the
o 0.5
RNC is not able to perform a soft handover between these cells.
Inter-frequency/Inter
sys Handover
 IFHO/ISHO Process Overview
HO Triggering Thresholds set in RNC
About 25 HO parameters
01
RNC commands selected UE(s) to
start IF/IS measurements
48 Inter-Freq neighbors 32 Inter-System 03
neighbors can be measured
UE reports best UMTS cells (Ec/Io;
RSCP) to RNC 05
max. 32 neighbors could be measured
reporting cells are Active Set cells (max 3) +
max. 6 IFHO, max. 6 ISHO neighbors
07
BSIC verification for GSM cells
Event Triggered HO reasons fulfilled in RNC
Coverage/Capacity HO Reasons + Load, Service & IMSI-
based Handover
02
Measurements are done in Compressed
04 Mode (CM
UE reports best GSM cells (RSSI) to
06 RNC
08 RNC makes HO decision and commands UE
to target cell ,BSIC verification for GSM cells
different decision methods for IF HO only 1
decision method for IS HO
 16
UE Tx Power reason: 6A/6B
6B event

RNC started CM

Triggering condition:

IF during InterFreqUETxPwrTimeHyst/GsmUETxPwrTimeHyst :
UE_Tx_Pwr < THR
THEN
UE transmits 6B event to RNC

where
THR = min (UEtxPowerMaxDPCH, Pmax) – ThrServ
Pmax = max UE RF Tx Pwr
ThrServ deponds on service :
InterFreqUETxPwrThrAMR/CS/NrtPS/RtPS
GsmUETxPwrThrAMR/CS/NrtPS/RtPS

RNC cancels IF/IS measurements

 17
UE Tx Power reason: 6A/6B
Default
Group Parameter Range Description
value

Disabled, indicates whether an inter-frequency handover caused by high UE TX power

FMCI IFHOcauseTxPwrUL Disabled
Enabled level is enabled.

Disabled, indicates whether a handover to GSM caused by high UE TX power level is

FMCG GSMcauseTxPwrUL Disabled
Enabled enabled.

determines the time period during which the UE TX power must stay below
FMCI InterFreqUETxPwrTimeHyst 0..5000 ms 1280 ms (6B)/above(6A) the UE TX power threshold before the RNC calls off the
inter-frequency measurements caused by high UE TX power.

determines the time period during which the UE TX power must stay
FMCG GsmUETxPwrTimeHyst 0..5000 ms 320 ms below(6B)/above (6A) the UE TX power threshold before the RNC calls off
the GSM measurements caused by the high UE TX power.

-50..33, step
WCEL UEtxPowerMaxDPCH 24 dBm defines the maximum transmission power level a UE can use on DPCH.
1

InterFreqUETxPwrThrAMR/C -10..0, step -3/-3/-1/-3

FMCI determines the UE TX power threshold for a specific service.
S/NrtPS/RtPS 1 dB

GsmUETxPwrThrAMR/CS/Nr -60..0, step -3/-3/-1/-3

FMCG determines the UE TX power threshold for a specific service.
tPS/RtPS 1 dB
 18
Compressed Mode: Method
• CM was introduced to WCDMA to allow inter-frequency (system)
Handovers
• CM is used to create idle periods (gaps) in the transmission during which
ncell measurements on another frequency can be made

Compressed
Mode Measurement gap
Power
/ Data
Rate Normal frame Normal frame

• Gaps can be created using single or double frame approach (NSN supports
both)
• Because same data amount is sent in a shorter time more power is needed
during CM (both in UE & BTS)
Compressed Mode:IF/IS measurement 19

IF/IS HO triggered

UE sends MR (Level&quality) to RNC every InterFreqMeasRepInterval/GSMMeasRepInterval

UE sends maximum InterFreqMaxMeasPeriod/GSMMaxMeasPeriod
Max 6 IF Ncell, Max 6 GSM Ncell

RNC applies a sliding averaging window:

InterFreqMeasAveWindow/GsmMeasAveWindow

RNC searches target Ncells after minimum

InterFreqNcellSearchPeriod/GSMNcellSearchPeriod

If no target Ncell found, the procedure may restart (if trigger occurs
again) after InterFreqMinMeasInterval/GSMMinMeasInterval
 20
IF HO decision
IF-HO reason = DL IF-HO reason = UL IF-HO reason = UL
IF-HO reason = Ec/N0 IF-HO reason = RSCP
Power Power Quality

Quality Criterion: Pathloss Criterion:

Av_RSCP (n) > AdjiMinRSCP (n) + max(0, AdjiTxPwrDPCH (n) - Av_EcN0 (n) > AdjiMinEcNo (n)
Pmax) &
& CPICH_Power - Av_RSCP > CPICH_Power (n) - Av_RSCP (n) +
Av_EcN0 (n) > Av_EcN0 + AdjiEcNoMargin (n) AdjiPlossMargin (n)

Make IF-HO

Group Parameter Range Default value Description

determines the minimum required CPICH RSCP level which the averaged measurement
HOPI AdjiMinRSCP -115..-25, step 1 -100 dBm result of the best inter-frequency neighbour cell must exceed before the quality reason
inter-frequency handover is possible.
indicates the maximum transmission power level that a UE may use on the DPCH in the
ADJI AdjiTxPwrDPCH -50..33, step 1 _dBm
neighbouring cell.
determines the margin by which the averaged CPICH Ec/No measurement result of the
best inter-frequency neighbour cell must exceed the averaged CPICH Ec/No measurement
HOPI AdjiEcNoMargin -24..24, step 0.5 1 dB
result of the best active set cell before the quality reason inter-frequency handover is
possible.
determines the minimum required CPICH Ec/No level which the averaged measurement
HOPI AdjiMinEcNo -24..0, step 0.5 -13 dB result of the best inter-frequency neighbour cell must exceed before the coverage reason
inter-frequency handover is possible.
determines the margin by which the averaged propagation loss of the best active set cell
HOPI AdjiPlossMargin -50..100, step 1 2 dB must exceed the averaged propagation loss of the best inter-frequency neighbour cell
before the coverage reason inter-frequency handover is possible.
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Thank You
For Your
Attention