SIMULATION LAB M.Tech – E.P.S.

( 1 ) Y-BUS FORMATION

% THE Y-BUS FORMATION

clear;
clc;
basemva=100;
nbus=5;
% lp lq r x ysh tap
linedata =[ 1 2 0.02 0.06 0.03 1
1 3 0.08 0.24 0.025 1
2 3 0.06 0.18 0.02 1
2 4 0.06 0.18 0.02 1
2 5 0.04 0.12 0.015 1
3 4 0.01 0.03 0.01 1
4 5 0.08 0.24 0.025 1 ];
nline=length(linedata(:,1));
j=sqrt(-1);
i=sqrt(-1);
for k=1:nline
lp(k)=linedata(k,1);
lq(k)=linedata(k,2);
r(k)=linedata(k,3);
x(k)=linedata(k,4);
ysh(k)=linedata(k,5);
a(k)=linedata(k,6);
z(k)= r(k)+j*x(k);
y(k)=1/z(k);
end
ybus=zeros(nbus,nbus);
yln =zeros(nbus,nbus);
% PI METHOD FOR OFF-NOMINAL ADMITTANCE OF TRANSFORMER
for k=1:nline
ylp(k)=[1/(a(k)^2)-1/a(k)]*y(k);
ylq(k)=[1-1/a(k)]*y(k);
y(k)=y(k)/a(k);
end
for k=1:nline
ybus(lp(k),lq(k))=ybus(lp(k),lq(k))-y(k);
ybus(lq(k),lp(k))=ybus(lp(k),lq(k));
ybus(lp(k),lp(k))=ybus(lp(k),lp(k))+y(k)+ylp(k)+j*ysh(k);
ybus(lq(k),lq(k))=ybus(lq(k),lq(k))+y(k)+ylq(k)+j*ysh(k);
end
ybus

J.N.T.U. College of Engineering, Anantapur

SIMULATION LAB M.Tech – E.P.S.

OUTPUT :-

Y-BUS =

6.2500 -18.695i -5.000 + 15.000i -1.250 + 3.750i 0 0

-5.0000 +15.000i 10.833-32.415i -1.667 + 5.000i -1.6667 + 5.000i -2.500 + 7.500i

-1.2500 + 3.750i -1.667 + 5.000i 12.9167 -38.695i -10.000 +30.000i 0

0 -1.667+ 5.000i -10.000 +30.000i 12.9167 -38.695i -1.250 + 3.750i

0 -2.500 + 7.500i 0 -1.250 + 3.750i 3.750 -11.210i

J.N.T.U. College of Engineering, Anantapur

 SIMULATION LAB M.Tech – E.P.S.

( 2 ) GAUSS-SEIDEL METHOD

% THE Y-BUS FORMATION

clear;
clc;
basemva=100;
% n code v delta Pg Qg Pd Qd Qmin Qmax Qsh
busdata = [ 1 0 1.04 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 1 1.04 0 100 0 50 0 20 100 0
3 2 1.00 0 0 0 100 -50 0 0 0
4 2 1.00 0 0 0 -30 10 0 0
0];
% lp lq r x ysh tap
linedata =[ 1 2 0.05 0.15 0.0 1
1 3 0.1 0.3 0.0 1
2 3 0.15 0.45 0.0 1
2 4 0.1 0.3 0.0 1
3 4 0.05 0.15 0.0 1];
nline=length(linedata(:,1));
j=sqrt(-1);
i=sqrt(-1);
for k=1:nline
lp(k)=linedata(k,1);
lq(k)=linedata(k,2);
r(k)=linedata(k,3);
x(k)=linedata(k,4);
ysh(k)=linedata(k,5);
a(k)=linedata(k,6);
nbus=length(busdata(:,2));
z(k)= r(k)+j*x(k);
y(k)=1/z(k);
end
ybus=zeros(nbus,nbus);
yln =zeros(nbus,nbus);
% PI METHOD FOR OFF-NOMINAL ADMITTANCE OF TRANSFORMER
for k=1:nline
ylp(k)=[1/(a(k)^2)-1/a(k)]*y(k);
ylq(k)=[1-1/a(k)]*y(k);
y(k)=y(k)/a(k);
end
for k=1:nline
ybus(lp(k),lq(k))=ybus(lp(k),lq(k))-y(k);
ybus(lq(k),lp(k))=ybus(lp(k),lq(k));
ybus(lp(k),lp(k))=ybus(lp(k),lp(k))+y(k)+ylp(k)+j*ysh(k);
ybus(lq(k),lq(k))=ybus(lq(k),lq(k))+y(k)+ylq(k)+j*ysh(k);
end

J.N.T.U. College of Engineering, Anantapur

SIMULATION LAB M.Tech – E.P.S.

% Load flow solution by Gauss-seidel Method

nbus=length(busdata(:,1));
for n=1:nbus
bus(n)=busdata(n,1);
kb(n)=busdata(n,2);
vm(n)=busdata(n,3);
delta(n)=busdata(n,4);
Pg(n)=busdata(n,5);
Qg(n)=busdata(n,6);
Pd(n)=busdata(n,7);
Qd(n)=busdata(n,8);
Qmin(n)=busdata(n,9);
Qmax(n)=busdata(n,10);
Qsh(n)=busdata(n,11);
delta(n)=pi/180*delta(n);
e(n)=vm(n)*cos(delta(n))+j*vm(n)*sin(delta(n));
P(n)=(Pg(n)-Pd(n))/basemva;
Q(n)=(Qg(n)-Qd(n))/basemva;
S(n)=P(n)+j*Q(n);
dv(n)=0;
end
maxerror=0.1;
iter=0;
for n=1:nbus
vc(n)=0+0*j;
vnew(n)=0+0*j;
end
while (maxerror>0.00001 & iter<15)
for m=1:nbus
for n=1:nbus
yv(n)=0+0*j;
end
if kb(m)==0 % Slackbus
vc(m)=vm(m);
e(m)=vc(m) ;
end
if kb(m)==2 %Load bus
for k=1:nbus
if k~=m
yv(m)=yv(m)+ybus(m,k)*e(k);
end
end
vc(m)=(conj(S(m))/conj(e(m))-yv(m))/ybus(m,m);
error(m)=abs(vc(m)-e(m));
e(m)=e(m)+1.4*(vc(m)-e(m));
end

J.N.T.U. College of Engineering, Anantapur

SIMULATION LAB M.Tech – E.P.S.

if kb(m)==1 %Generator bus

for k=1:nbus
if k~=m
yv(m)=yv(m)+ybus(m,k)*e(k);
end
end
cos(m)=real(e(m))/abs(e(m));
sin(m)=imag(e(m))/abs(e(m));
e(m)=vm(m)*cos(m)+j*vm(m)*sin(m);
Qnew(m)=-imag(conj(e(m))*(yv(m) ybus(m,m)*e(m)))*100;
if(Qnew(m))<Qmin(m)
Q(m)=Qmin(m)/basemva;
S(m)=P(m)+j*Q(m);
e(m)=1.0+0*j;
vc(m)=((conj(S(m))/conj(e(m)))-yv(m))/ybus(m,m);
e(m)=e(m)+1.4*(vc(m)-e(m));
elseif Qnew(m) >Qmax(m)
Q(m)=Qmax(m)/basemva;
S(m)=P(m)+j*Q(m);
e(m)=1+0*j;
vc(m)=((conj(S(m))/conj(e(m)))-yv(m))/ybus(m,m);
e(m)=e(m)+1.4*(vc(m)-e(m));
else
Q(m)=Qnew(m)/basemva;
S(m)=P(m)+j*Q(m);
vc(m)=((conj(S(m))/conj(e(m)))-yv(m))/ybus(m,m);
cos(m)=real(vc(m))/(abs(vc(m)));
sin(m)=imag(vc(m))/(abs(vc(m)));
vnew(m)=vm(m)*cos(m)+j*vm(m)*sin(m);
e(m)=vnew(m);
end
end
end
maxerror=max(error);
iter=iter+1;
iter
e
end

J.N.T.U. College of Engineering, Anantapur

 SIMULATION LAB M.Tech – E.P.S.

% CALCULATION OF LINE POWER FLOWS

ysh=zeros(nbus,nbus);
yln=zeros(nbus,nbus);
for k=1:nline
yln(lp(k),lq(k))=yln(lp(k),lq(k))+y(k);
yln(lq(k),lp(k))=yln(lp(k),lq(k));
ysh(lp(k),lq(k))=ysh(lp(k),lq(k))+j*ysh(k);
ysh(lq(k),lp(k))=ysh(lp(k),lq(k));
end
for i=1:nbus
for k=1:nbus
sln(i,k)=0+0*i;
end
end
for m=1:nbus
for n=1:nbus
sln(m,n)=((e(m)*(conj(e(m))-conj(e(n)))*conj(yln,n)))
+(e(m)*conj(e(m))*conj(ysh(m,n))))*basemva;
end
end
sln

J.N.T.U. College of Engineering, Anantapur

 SIMULATION LAB M.Tech – E.P.S.

OUTPUT :-

(a) P.V.BUS WITHOUT VIOLATION OF Q-LIMITS :-

( i ) BUS VOLTAGES :-

ITER. E1 E2 E3 E4

1 1.0400 1.0395 + 0.0335i 1.0444 - 0.1251i 1.0599 - 0.0545i

2 1.0400 1.1067 - 0.0030i 1.0733 - 0.1206i 1.0965 - 0.0483i

3 1.0400 1.1281 + 0.0005i 1.0960 - 0.1134i 1.1126 - 0.0438i

4 1.0400 1.1400 + 0.0040i 1.1033 - 0.1095i 1.1183 - 0.0409i

5 1.0400 1.1440 + 0.0061i 1.1062 - 0.1075i 1.1205 - 0.0395i

6 1.0400 1.1456 + 0.0072i 1.1073 - 0.1066i 1.1214 - 0.0388i

7 1.0400 1.1462 + 0.0077i 1.1078 - 0.1062i 1.1218 - 0.0385i

8 1.0400 1.1465 + 0.0079i 1.1080 - 0.1060i 1.1219 - 0.0383i

9 1.0400 1.1466 + 0.0080i 1.1081 - 0.1060i 1.1220 - 0.0383i

10 1.0400 1.1466 + 0.0080i 1.1081 - 0.1059i 1.1220 - 0.0383i

11 1.0400 1.1466 + 0.0081i 1.1081 - 0.1059i 1.1220 - 0.0383i

12 1.0400 1.1467 + 0.0081i 1.1082 - 0.1059i 1.1220 - 0.0383i

( i i ) LINE POWER FLOWS :-

sln =
0 27.2172 +64.8737i -25.9601 +32.2794i 0

-29.5052 -71.7377i 0 -29.0835 - 0.3204i -18.7376 - 3.3020i

24.3737 -37.0387i 28.1185 - 2.5748i 0 47.5099 -10.3857i

0 18.4622 + 2.4761i -48.4641 + 7.5230i 0

J.N.T.U. College of Engineering, Anantapur

 SIMULATION LAB M.Tech – E.P.S.

(b) P.V.BUS WITH VIOLATION OF Q-LIMITS :-

( i ) BUS VOLTAGES :-

ITER. E1 E2 E3 E4

1 1.0400 1.0783 + 0.0477i 1.0543 - 0.1215i 1.0872 - 0.0444i

2 1.0400 1.1254 - 0.0002i 1.0955 - 0.1125i 1.1145 - 0.0445i

3 1.0400 1.1463 + 0.0021i 1.1066 - 0.1109i 1.1236 - 0.0429i

4 1.0400 1.1526 + 0.0031i 1.1110 - 0.1089i 1.1269 - 0.0416i

5 1.0400 1.1550 + 0.0041i 1.1126 - 0.1079i 1.1282 - 0.0408i

6 1.0400 1.1559 + 0.0047i 1.1132 - 0.1075i 1.1287 - 0.0405i

7 1.0400 1.1562 + 0.0049i 1.1135 - 0.1072i 1.1289 - 0.0403i

8 1.0400 1.1564 + 0.0050i 1.1136 - 0.1072i 1.1289 - 0.0402i

9 1.0400 1.1564 + 0.0051i 1.1137 - 0.1071i 1.1290 - 0.0402i

10 1.0400 1.1564 + 0.0051i 1.1137 - 0.1071i 1.1290 - 0.0402i

11 1.0400 1.1565 + 0.0051i 1.1137 - 0.1071i 1.1290 - 0.0402i

( i i ) LINE POWER FLOWS :-

sln =
0 27.4140 +71.6035i -25.7502 + 34.1245i 0

-30.1315 - 79.7561i 0 -29.2448 - 1.3727i -18.8788 - 4.3724i

24.0605 - 39.1935i 28.2834 - 1.5113i 0 47.6586 - 9.2942i

0 18.5980 + 3.5300i -48.6003 + 6.4688i 0

J.N.T.U. College of Engineering, Anantapur

 SIMULATION LAB M.Tech – E.P.S.

( 3 ) F.D.L.F. METHOD

clear;
clc;
basemva=100;
% n code v del pg qg pd qd qmin qmax qsh
busdata=[1 0 1.06 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 2 1.0 0 40 30 20 10 0 0 0
3 2 1.0 0 0 0 45 15 0 0 0
4 2 1.0 0 0 0 40 5 0 0 0
5 2 1.0 0 0 0 60 10 0 0 0 ];
% lp lq r x ysh tap
linedata=[1 2 0.02 0.06 0.030 1
1 3 0.08 0.24 0.025 1
2 3 0.06 0.18 0.020 1
2 4 0.06 0.18 0.020 1
2 5 0.04 0.12 0.015 1
3 4 0.01 0.03 0.01 1
4 5 0.08 0.24 0.025 1 ];
%Ybus formulation by inspection method
nline=length(linedata(:,1));
for k=1:nline
lp(k)=linedata(k,1);
lq(k)=linedata(k,2);
r(k)=linedata(k,3);
x(k)=linedata(k,4);
ysh(k)=linedata(k,5);
a(k)=linedata(k,6);
nbus=length(busdata(:,2));
z(k)=r(k)+j*x(k);
y(k)=1/z(k);
end
ybus=zeros(nbus,nbus);
% PI METHOD FOR OFF-NOMINAL ADMITTANCE OF TRANSFORMER
for k=1:nline
ylp(k)=(1/a(k)^2-1/a(k))*y(k);
ylq(k)=(1.0-1/a(k))*y(k);
y(k)=y(k)/a(k);
end
for k=1:nline
ybus(lp(k),lq(k))=ybus(lp(k),lq(k))-y(k);
ybus(lq(k),lp(k))=ybus(lp(k),lq(k));
ybus(lp(k),lp(k))=ybus(lp(k),lp(k))+y(k)+ylp(k)+j*ysh(k);
ybus(lq(k),lq(k))=ybus(lq(k),lq(k))+y(k)+ylq(k)+j*ysh(k);
end

J.N.T.U. College of Engineering, Anantapur

 SIMULATION LAB M.Tech – E.P.S.

for n=1:nbus
bus(n)=busdata(n,1);
kb(n)=busdata(n,2);
vm(n)=busdata(n,3);
delta(n)=busdata(n,4);
pg(n)=busdata(n,5);
qg(n)=busdata(n,6);
pd(n)=busdata(n,7);
qd(n)=busdata(n,8);
qmin(n)=busdata(n,9);
qmax(n)=busdata(n,10);
qsh(n)=busdata(n,11);
delta(n)=pi/180*delta(n);
v(n)=vm(n)*cos(delta(n))+j*vm(n)*sin(delta(n));
p(n)=(pg(n)-pd(n))/basemva;
q(n)=(qg(n)-qd(n))/basemva;
s(n)=p(n)+j*q(n);
end
ym=abs(ybus);
t=angle(ybus);
ii=0;
for n=1:nbus
if(kb(n)==1|kb(n)==2)
ii=ii+1;
jj=0;
for m=1:nbus
if(kb(m)==1|kb(m)==2)
jj=jj+1;
B1(ii,jj)=imag(ybus(n,m));
end
end
end
end
ii=0;
for n=1:nbus
if(kb(n)==2)
ii=ii+1;
jj=0;
for m=1:nbus
if(kb(m)==2)
jj=jj+1;
B2(ii,jj)=imag(ybus(n,m));
end
end
end
end

J.N.T.U. College of Engineering, Anantapur

 SIMULATION LAB M.Tech – E.P.S.

B1inv=inv(B1);
B2inv=inv(B2);
maxerror=0.1;
iter=0;
while maxerror>0.00001&iter<15
iter=iter+1;
id=0;
iv=0;
for n=1:nbus
J11=0;
J33=0;
for m=1:nline
if(lp(m)==n|lq(m)==n)
if(lp(m)==n)
l=lq(m);
end
if(lq(m)==n)
l=lp(m);
end

J11=J11+vm(n)*vm(l)*ym(n,l)*sin(t(n,l)-delta(n)
+delta(l));
J33=J33+vm(n)*vm(l)*ym(n,l)*cos(t(n,l)-delta(n)
+delta(l));
end
end
pk=vm(n)^2*ym(n,n)*cos(t(n,n))+J33;
qk=-vm(n)^2*ym(n,n)*sin(t(n,n))-J11;
if(kb(n)==0)
p(n)=pk;
q(n)=qk;
end
if(kb(n)==1)
q(n)=qk;
qgc=q(n)*basemva+qd(n)-qsh(n);
if qmax(n)~=0
if iter<=20
if iter>=10
if(qgc<qmin(n)|qgc>qmax(n))
if(qgc<qmin(n))
vm(n)=vm(n)+0.0005;
else
vm(n)=vm(n)-0.0005;
end
end
end

J.N.T.U. College of Engineering, Anantapur

 SIMULATION LAB M.Tech – E.P.S.

end
end
end
if(kb(n)~=0)
id=id+1;
dp(id)=p(n)-pk;
dpv(id)=(p(n)-pk)/vm(n);
iv=iv+1;
dq(iv)=q(n)-qk;
dqv(iv)=(q(n)-qk)/vm(n);
end
end
f=dpv';
dd=-B1inv*dpv';
dv=-B2inv*dqv';
id=0;
iv=0;
for n=1:nbus
if(kb(n)~=0)
id=id+1;
delta(n)=delta(n)+dd(id);
iv=iv+1;
vm(n)=vm(n)+dv(iv);
end
end
maxerror=max(max(abs(dp)),max(abs(dq)));
iter
E=vm.*cos(delta)+j*vm.*sin(delta)
end

J.N.T.U. College of Engineering, Anantapur

 SIMULATION LAB M.Tech – E.P.S.

OUTPUT :-

ITER E0 E1 E2 E3 E4

1 1.0600 1.0691 - 0.0404i 1.0566 - 0.0920i 1.0575 - 0.0988i 1.0558 - 0.1166i

2 1.0600 1.0493 - 0.0591i 1.0191 - 0.0982i 1.0175 - 0.1043i 1.0089 - 0.1186i

3 1.0600 1.0427 - 0.0519i 1.0162 - 0.0881i 1.0150 - 0.0938i 1.0077 - 0.1072i

4 1.0600 1.0461 - 0.0502i 1.0208 - 0.0883i 1.0197 - 0.0942i 1.0129 - 0.1083i

5 1.0600 1.0466 - 0.0513i 1.0207 - 0.0894i 1.0195 - 0.0953i 1.0124 - 0.1093i

6 1.0600 1.0461 - 0.0514i 1.0202 - 0.0893i 1.0190 - 0.0951i 1.0119 - 0.1091i

7 1.0600 1.0461 - 0.0513i 1.0203 - 0.0892i 1.0191 - 0.0950i 1.0121 - 0.1090i

8 1.0600 1.0462 - 0.0513i 1.0203 - 0.0892i 1.0192 - 0.0951i 1.0121 - 0.1091i

9 1.0600 1.0462 - 0.0513i 1.0203 - 0.0892i 1.0191 - 0.0951i 1.0121 - 0.1091i

10 1.0600 1.0462 - 0.0513i 1.0203 - 0.0892i 1.0191 - 0.0951i 1.0121 - 0.1091i

11 1.0600 1.0462 - 0.0513i 1.0203 - 0.0892i 1.0191 - 0.0951i 1.0121 - 0.1091i

12 1.0600 1.0462 - 0.0513i 1.0203 - 0.0892i 1.0191 - 0.0951i 1.0121 - 0.1091i

13 1.0600 1.0462 - 0.0513i 1.0203 - 0.0892i 1.0191 - 0.0951i 1.0121 - 0.1091i

J.N.T.U. College of Engineering, Anantapur

 SIMULATION LAB M.Tech – E.P.S.

( 4 ) F.D.L.F. METHOD FOR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

clear;
clc;
rxratio=1.5;
% n v delta pd qd ysh
busdata=[ 1 1.05 0 0.000 0.000 0
2 1.00 0 0.278 0.069 0
3 1.00 0 0.442 0.084 0
4 1.00 0 0.195 0.066 0
5 1.00 0 0.149 0.05 0
6 1.00 0 0.26 0.016 0.5 ];
% lp lq z
linedata=[ 1 2 0.052
2 3 0.035
2 4 0.0645
4 5 0.0117
4 6 0.075 ];
nline=length(linedata(:,1));
nbus=length(busdata(:,1));
j=sqrt(-1);
for k=1:nline
lp(k)=linedata(k,1);
lq(k)=linedata(k,2);
z(k)=linedata(k,3);
x(k)=sqrt((z(k)^2)/(((rxratio)^2)+1));
r(k)=rxratio*x(k);
z(k)=r(k)+j*x(k);
y(k)=1/z(k); %branch admittance
end
%initiation of G MATRIX
G=zeros(nbus,nbus);
%finding off diagonal elements of G MATRIX
for k=1:nline
G(lp(k),lq(k))=G(lp(k),lq(k))-real(y(k));
G(lq(k),lp(k))=G(lp(k),lq(k));
end
%finding diagonal elements of G MATRIX
for n=1:nbus
for k=1:nline
if ((lp(k)==n)||(lq(k)==n))
G(n,n)=G(n,n)+real(y(k));
end
end
end

J.N.T.U. College of Engineering, Anantapur

 SIMULATION LAB M.Tech – E.P.S.

invG=inv(G(2:nbus,2:nbus));
%reading the bus data
for k=1:nbus
bus(k)=busdata(k,1);
vm(k)=busdata(k,2);
delta(k)=busdata(k,3);
pd(k)=busdata(k,4);
qd(k)=busdata(k,5);
delta=pi/180*delta;
end
maxerror=1;
iter=0;
while(maxerror>0.0001 & iter<30)
iter=iter+1;
%initialisation of isp,ical
for k=1:nbus-1
isp(k)=0;
ik(k)=0;
end
%calculation of specified e.c.i.
for k=1:nbus-1
isp(k)=[conj(pd(k+1)+j*qd(k+1))/vm(k+1)];
end
%calculation of ik
for n=2:nbus
for k=1:nline
if lp(k)==n||lq(k)==n
if lp(k)==n
ik(n-1)=ik(n-1)+y(k)*(vm(lp(k))-vm(lq(k)));
end
if lq(k)==n
ik(n-1)=ik(n-1)+y(k)*(vm(lq(k))-vm(lp(k)));
end
end
end
end
%calculation of ical including the effect of shunt capacitance
for n=2:nbus
ik(n-1)=ik(n-1)+(j*busdata(n,6)*vm(n));
end
%finding e.c.i.mismatcher
for n=1:nbus-1
id(n)=-isp(n)-ik(n);
end

J.N.T.U. College of Engineering, Anantapur

 SIMULATION LAB M.Tech – E.P.S.

for i=1:nbus-1
delir(i,1)=real(id(i));
delii(i,1)=imag(id(i));
end
dele=invG*delir; %change in bus voltage(real part)
delf=invG*delii; %change in bus voltage(imag part)
%calculation of modified bus voltages
for i=1:nbus-1
e(i)=real(vm(i+1))+dele(i);
f(i)=imag(vm(i+1))+delf(i);
vm(i+1)=e(i)+j*f(i);
end
maxerror=max(max(abs(dele)),max(abs(delf)));
Em=abs(vm);
ang=angle(vm);
iter
Em
ang
end

J.N.T.U. College of Engineering, Anantapur

 SIMULATION LAB M.Tech – E.P.S.

OUTPUT :-

VOLTAGE MAGNITUDES :-

ITER E0 E1 E2 E3 E4 E5
1 1.0500 0.9684 0.9496 0.9235 0.9214 0.9048

2. 1.0500 0.9907 0.9695 0.9597 0.9571 0.9672

3. 1.0500 1.0066 0.9945 0.9954 0.9939 1.0083

4. 1.0500 1.0038 0.9937 0.9925 0.9914 0.9986

5. 1.0500 0.9975 0.9833 0.9783 0.9766 0.9829

6. 1.0500 0.9965 0.9809 0.9755 0.9736 0.9819

7. 1.0500 0.9985 0.9846 0.9801 0.9784 0.9865

8. 1.0500 0.9995 0.9864 0.9824 0.9808 0.9882

9. 1.0500 0.9991 0.9853 0.9811 0.9795 0.9872

10. 1.0500 0.9985 0.9843 0.9800 0.9783 0.9863

11. 1.0500 0.9985 0.9846 0.9802 0.9785 0.9863

12. 1.0500 0.9988 0.9850 0.9807 0.9790 0.9867

13. 1.0500 0.9988 0.9850 0.9807 0.9790 0.9868

14. 1.0500 0.9987 0.9848 0.9805 0.9788 0.9867

15. 1.0500 0.9987 0.9848 0.9805 0.9788 0.9866

16. 1.0500 0.9987 0.9849 0.9806 0.9789 0.9866

J.N.T.U. College of Engineering, Anantapur

SIMULATION LAB M.Tech – E.P.S.

PHASE ANGLES OF BUS VOLTAGES :-

ITER δ0 δ1 δ2 δ3 δ4 δ5

1 0 -0.0483 -0.0455 -0.0816 -0.0810 -0.1318

2 0 -0.0715 -0.0829 -0.1368 -0.1381 -0.1965

3 0 -0.0557 -0.0638 -0.1063 -0.1072 -0.1525

4 0 -0.0519 -0.0590 -0.0991 -0.0999 -0.1421

5 0 -0.0519 -0.0573 -0.0975 -0.0980 -0.1441

6 0 -0.0555 -0.0637 -0.1060 -0.1068 -0.1530

7 0 -0.0567 -0.0659 -0.1088 -0.1099 -0.1548

8 0 -0.0622 -0.0757 -0.1225 -0.1241 -0.1685

9 0 -0.0549 -0.0625 -0.1046 -0.1054 -0.1512

10 0 -0.0551 -0.0630 -0.1052 -0.1060 -0.1515

11 0 -0.0554 -0.0637 -0.1059 -0.1069 -0.1521

12 0 -0.0555 -0.0636 -0.1059 -0.1068 -0.1522

13 0 -0.0553 -0.0633 -0.1056 -0.1064 -0.1520

14 0 -0.0553 -0.0633 -0.1055 -0.1064 -0.1519

15 0 -0.0553 -0.0634 -0.1056 -0.1065 -0.1519

16 0 -0.0554 -0.0634 -0.1057 -0.1066 -0.1520

J.N.T.U. College of Engineering, Anantapur

 SIMULATION LAB M.Tech – E.P.S.

( 5 ) TRANSIENT STABILITY ANALYSIS BY “POINT BY POINT METHOD”

clear;
clc;
t=0;
tf=0;
tfinal=0.5;
tc=0.125; %(FOR FAULT CLEARED AT 2.5 CYCLES:tc=0.05,
6.25CYCLES:tc=0.125, SUSTAINED FAULT:tc=0.5to1.0)
tstep=0.05;
M=2.52/(180*50);
i=2;
delta=21.64*pi/180;
ddelta=0;
time(1)=0;
ang(1)=21.64;
pm=0.9;
pmaxbf=2.44;
pmaxdf=0.88;
pmaxaf=2.00;
while t<tfinal
if t==tf
paminus=0.9-pmaxbf*sin(delta);
paplus=0.9-pmaxdf*sin(delta);
paav=(paminus+paplus)/2;
pa=paav;
end
if(t==tc)
paminus=0.9-pmaxdf*sin(delta);
paplus=0.9-pmaxaf*sin(delta);
paav=(paminus+paplus)/2;
pa=paav;
end
if(t>tf&t<tc)
pa=pm-pmaxdf*sin(delta);
end
if(t>tc)
pa=pm-pmaxaf*sin(delta);
end
t
pa
ddelta=ddelta+(tstep*tstep*pa/M);
delta=(delta*180/pi+ddelta)*pi/180;
deltadeg=delta*180/pi;
t=t+tstep;
pause

J.N.T.U. College of Engineering, Anantapur

 SIMULATION LAB M.Tech – E.P.S.

time(i)=t;
ang(i)=deltadeg
i=i+1;
end
axis ([0 0.6 0 160])
plot(time,ang,'ko-')
grid

J.N.T.U. College of Engineering, Anantapur

 SIMULATION LAB M.Tech – E.P.S.

OUTPUT :-

Fig.1. SWING CURVE FOR FAULT CLEARED AT 2.5 CYCLES (tc=0.05sec)

J.N.T.U. College of Engineering, Anantapur

SIMULATION LAB M.Tech – E.P.S.

Fig.2. SWING CURVE FOR FAULT CLEARED AT 6.25 CYCLES (tc=0.125sec)

J.N.T.U. College of Engineering, Anantapur

SIMULATION LAB M.Tech – E.P.S.

Fig.3. SWING CURVE FOR SUSTAINED FAULT

J.N.T.U. College of Engineering, Anantapur

 SIMULATION LAB M.Tech – E.P.S.

Comparison of Accelerating Powers (Pa) (p.u.) at different Fault clearing times :-

S.No. Time(t) Accelerating Power (Pa) (p.u.) for Fault cleared after-
(sec) 2.5cycles 6.25cycles Sustained fault
(tc=0.05sec) (tc=0.125sec)

1. 0.00 0.2878 0.2878 0.2878

2. 0.05 0.3095 0.2878 0.5391

3. 0.10 -0.0862 0.4390 0.4390

4. 0.15 -0.2215 -0.4614 0.3010

5. 0.20 -0.2951 -0.6339 0.1629

6. 0.25 -0.2937 -0.6675 0.0615

7. 0.30 -0.2177 -0.5667 0.0204

8. 0.35 -0.0806 -0.3223 0.0480

9. 0.40 0.0857 0.0453 0.1465

10. 0.45 0.2338 0.4389 0.3229

11. 0.50 0.3160 0.7160 0.5964

J.N.T.U. College of Engineering, Anantapur

 SIMULATION LAB M.Tech – E.P.S.

Comparison of Torque Angles (δ) (degrees) at different Fault clearing times :-

S.No. Time (t) Torque Angle (δ) (degrees) for Fault cleared after-
(sec) 2.5cycles 6.25cycles Sustained fault
(tc=0.05sec) (tc=0.125sec)

1. 0.00 24.2100 24.2100 24.2100

2. 0.05 29.5432 31.5936 31.5936

3. 0.10 34.1071 42.8966 42.8966

4. 0.15 36.6935 50.0804 56.8872

5. 0.20 36.6454 51.6045 72.3324

6. 0.25 33.9747 47.1688 88.3267

7. 0.30 29.3607 37.6732 104.5030

8. 0.35 24.0270 25.2998 121.1082

9. 0.40 19.4581 13.3307 139.0219

10. 0.45 16.9764 5.2801 159.8188

11. 0.50 17.3166 3.6218 185.9408

J.N.T.U. College of Engineering, Anantapur

SIMULATION LAB M.Tech – E.P.S.

J.N.T.U. College of Engineering, Anantapur

 SIMULATION LAB M.Tech – E.P.S.

OUTPUT WAVE FORM :-

Fig . FREQUENCY DEVIATION IN TWO AREA SYSTEM WITH INTEGRAL CONTROL

J.N.T.U. College of Engineering, Anantapur

SIMULATION LAB M.Tech – E.P.S.

J.N.T.U. College of Engineering, Anantapur

SIMULATION LAB M.Tech – E.P.S.

OUTPUT WAVE FORM :-

Fig . TIE-LINE POWER DEVIATION IN TWO AREA SYSTEM WITH INTEGRAL CONTROL

J.N.T.U. College of Engineering, Anantapur