Notes

1) Pulsars are spherical and compact galactic bodies

whose sizes measure up to that of a city but they
contain more mass than the sun.
2) (Bringing mass closer to the center of a spinning
object increases its rotation speed, which is why
figure skaters can spin faster by pulling their arms in
toward their torso.)
3) Uses of pulsars:
- To study states of matter, measure cosmic distances
4) Pulsars are also thought to give more information
about the gravitational waves.
5) “Pulsars radiate two steady, narrow beams of light in
opposite directions. Although the light from the beam
is steady, pulsars appear to flicker because they also
spin. It's the same reason a lighthouse appears to blink
when seen by a sailor on the ocean: As the pulsar
rotates, the beam of light may sweep across the Earth,
then swing out of view, then swing back around again.
To an astronomer on the ground, the light goes in and
out of view, giving the impression that the pulsar is
blinking on and off. The reason a pulsar's light beam
spins around like a lighthouse beam is that the pulsar's
beam of light is typically not aligned with the pulsar's
 axis of rotation. - https://www.space.com/32661-
pulsars.html
6) These beams of light are notable because they are
extremely bright and narrow, and have properties
similar to those of a laser beam. Laser light is
"coherent," as opposed to non-coherent light radiated
by, for example, a light bulb. In a beam of coherent
light, the particles of light are essentially marching in
step, creating a uniform, focused beam. When
particles of light work together in this way, they can
produce a beam of light that is exponentially brighter
than a diffuse light source using the same amount of
power. - https://www.space.com/32661-pulsars.html
7) Detecting different wavelengths of light from a pulsar
can be difficult. A pulsar's beam of radio waves might
be very powerful, but if it doesn't sweep across the
Earth (and enter a telescope's field of view),
astronomers may not see it. The gamma-ray emission
from a pulsar may fan across a larger area of the sky,
but it also can be dimmer and more difficult to detect.
– same as (5)
Experiment’s initial part
1) A scruff was noticed by bell. It was a slight scruff
amidst the usual background noise
 2) http://personal.ph.surrey.ac.uk/~m01088/talks/outrea
ch/neutronstars.pdf
Talk about difference between a normal star’s observation
frequency with the pulsar compared.

Closer to the Sun where the angular diameter is comparable to the blob size, you look through
several blobs and the scintillation disappears. If the broad idea is correct you can watch an object
through the year and see when it starts scintillating and when it stops and that, in theory, gives
you a measure of the angular diameter. -
https://academic.oup.com/astrogeo/article/45/1/1.7/229920

Interferometer

http://scienzagiovane.unibo.it/English/radio-window/9_Instruments.html

IPS is the apparent fluctuation in intensity of the radio emission

from a compact radio source. It is due to diffraction of the radio
waves as they pass through the turbulent solar wind in
interplanetary space. Compact radio sources, e.g. quasars,
scintillate more than extended radio sources. Professor Tony
Hewish realized this technique would be a useful way of picking
out quasars, and designed a large radio telescope to do this. I
joined him as a Ph.D. student when construction of this
telescope was about to start. -
http://www.bigear.org/CSMO/HTML/CS01/cs01p16.htm
- I tracked this spot of sky for several months with the
telescope, picking up pulses. We established that
the object had to be small because the pulses were
short and sharp, but it had to be big because the
pulses were always at the same rate - they weren't
 getting tired and slowing down. We eventually
found that they were small in width and big in mass,
but it took some time to get our heads around that.
–(
https://librarysearch.kent.ac.uk/client/en_GB/kent/search/edsdeta
ilnonmodal/eds:$002f$002f-
239347381$002f0$002fedb$007c$007c131777251/d1f38e16-
b540-48aa-b1f9-
97713d694e30.MoVdLz8MP3AAkIh8hKq5yWDK$002frcWP
R7Hj3o$002bRyWt24w$003d/ada?qu=1967+Discovery+of+Puls
ars&if=el%09edsSelectFacet%09FT1&ir=Both
as ν−4. Figure 1.4 shows that for survey frequencies below 1 GHz,
scattering
“hides” a large fraction of the population. Additionally, scintillation, the
diffractive
and refractive modulation of apparent flux densities by turbulences in the
interstellar
medium [56] affects pulsar detection. For example, two northern sky
surveys carried
out 20 years apart with comparable sensitivity [17, 59] detected a number
of pulsars
above and below the nominal search thresholds of one experiment but
not the other.
Surveying the sky multiple times minimizes the effects of scintillation and
enhances
the detection of faint pulsars through favourable scintillation. (Neutrons
and Pulsars book)
Notes from Bell’s Interviews

 https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Jocelyn-Bell-Burnell-discovered-pulsars-rapidly-spinning-
neutron-stars-one-of-the_fig12_310428923 link to her picture in front of her telescope.
 https://www.ligo.org/science/Publication-S6VSR24KnownPulsar/ that pulsar gif with peak