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 3037

NONDISSIPATIVE DC TO Dc

IIEGULATOR-CONVERTEt STUDY

F I R S T QUARTERLY REPCBlT

15 JUNE 1964 t o 15 SE-m 1964

CONTRACT NO.: NAS $3921

GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER

GREENBELT, KARPLAND

Prepared by: z & # u w b w

R , Donner, D e s i g n Engineer

A p p r o v e d by:

UNITED AIR CRAFT CORPORATION

HAMILTON STANDARD DIVISCON
BROAD BROOK, CONNECTICUT
 TABLE QF CONTENTS

Section Page

I. ABSTRACT ii
I1
I11
.. PURPOGE
INTRODUCTION
1
2
Iv. TECHNICAL DISCUSSION 3
A‘. L i t e r a t u r e Search 3
R. C l a s s i f i c a t i o n of Power Stages 12
C. C r i t e r i a f o r S e l e c t i o n of C i r c u i t r y 14
D. Comparison of Power Stages 15
E. Duty R a t i o Requiremnts 18
F. Power Stage Drive Considerations 21
G. M a t e r i a l s I n v e s t i g a t i o n 23
a . Available Power Sem5cmduct o r s 23
3. Usable Frequency Range of Semiconductors 23
c . Available Magnetic Materials 32
H. Ppder Source and Load Considerations 34
V. CONCLUSIONS A N D EiFCO&ENDATIONS 38
VI
VI1
.. PROGRAK FOR NMT INTERVAL
BIBLIOGRAPHY
39
40
VI11 . C0”CES 43
nr. NEW TECHNOUXY 43
LIST OF‘ ILLUSTRATIONS

Table Pa R e

1. C l a s s i f i c a t i o n of Power Stages i n t o Basic Types 13

2. Presently-Available High-Frequency Power Transistors 2h
3. Presently-Available High-speed R e c t i f i e r s 25
4. 2 ~ 2 8 8 0Parameters 26
5. 2~190FiX (Assumed) Parameters 27
6. 2 ~ 2 8 8 0D i s s i p a t i o n vs. Frequency 27
7. 2N1908X D i s s i p a t i o n vs. Frequency 28
8. R e l a t i v e Gharacteris t i c s of Core M a t e r i a l s f o r
S p e c i f i c Frequency Ranges 311

Figure Page

1. Bedford Step-up 3
2. S e l f - S t a b 5 l i z i n g Chopper 4
3. Pulse-width Nodulated Power Supply 4
4. S i m p l i f i e d Two-St a t e Plodula t o r 5
5. Blocking O s c i l l a t o r Regulator 6
6. Low F r e qucncy Pulse Generat o r 6
7. Monost a b l e Regulator 7
8. Capa c i t i v e Doubler 8
9. Capa c l t ive Divi der 8
0 10. Hybrid Booster-Converter 9
(Continmd)
 HSER 3037

Figure Page

11. Booster C onver t er 9

12. Sliding Square-wave Converter 10
13 One-step Converter 11
14 Representative B a s i c Power Stages 16
15 Power Stage Comparison Chart 19
16. Drive Waveshaping Networks 22
17 Switching Model 26
18. .
Trm s i s t o r E f f i c i e n c y vs Frequency 29
19 Operation o f Typical Battery-Solar Array System 35
20. Chopper Block Diagram 37

b
e\
L
1.
ABSTRACT

This r e p o r t encompasses t h e study e f f o r t o f t h e f i r s t q u a r t e r l y

period. This e f f o r t includes:

1. A l l t e r a t u r e search f o r a l l known t r a n s i s t o r i z e d concepts of

DC t o DC conversion.

2. A c l a s s i f i c a t i o n of a l l known concepts i n t o f i v e b a s i c types

of converters.

3. A s e l e c t i o n of t h e b a s i c concept t o b e used f o r f u r t h e r study.

.!t An examination of duty r a t i o and power s t a g e drive considerations.

5. A preliminary i n v e s t i g a t i o n of power source and l o a d consid-

erations.

6. A search of vendor l i t e r a t u r e f o r a p p l i c a b l e high-speed t r a n s -

i s t o r s and r e c t i f i e r s .

7. A preliminary i n v e s t i g a t i o n of a p p l i c a b l e magnetic m a t e r i a l s .

The b a s i c c i r c u i t s chosen f o r f e t h e r study a r e t h e push-pull

chopper and t h e push-pull i n v e r t e r - r e c t i f i e r . The most promising
mechanization appears t o be a combination of pulse and frequency
modulation, where p d s e width i s automatically s e t by t h e input
v o l t a g e , and frequency i s v a r i e d a s a f u n c t i o n of load.

A broad s e l e c t i o n of power t r m s i s t o r s i s a v a i l a b l e , and t h e

s e l e c t i o n of high-speed r e c t i f i e r s seems adequate. From a t r a n s -
i s t o r e f f i c i e n c y viewpoint, t h e upper frequency of operation f o r
t h e s t u d y i s l i m i t e d t o Z0-B KCPS became of duty cycle r e s t i c t i o n s .

T o r o i d a l and tape-wound bobbin cores a r e a v a i l a b l e t o cover t h e

freauency range o f 0.5-200 KCPS, but s u f f i c i e n t d a t a h a s not y e t
been compiled t o e v a l u a t e t h e magnetic m a t e r i a l s i n a q u a n t i t a t i v e
manner.

Power source and l o a d c o n s i d e r a t i o n s were examined b r i e f l y . The

v a r i a t i o n of p u l s e width a s an i n v e r s e f u n c t i o n o f i n p u t v o l t a g e
allows t h e power s t a g e and outpucU f i l t e r t o suppress t h e s p e c i f i e d
i n p u t v a r i a t i o n s . The s t a b i l i t y of the system a g a i n s t s t e p l o a d
changes i s y e t t o be determined.

ii
 HSER 3037

11. PURPOSE

The purpose of t h i s progran i s t o provide concepts, techniques, and

developed modular c i r c u i t r y f o r non-dissipatlve DC t o DC c o n v e r t e r s
i n the power range of 0 t o 100 watts.

I% j c r program g o a l s a r e t h e maximization of e f f i c i e n c y , s i m p l i c i t y ,
and r e l i a b i l i t y , along with minimization of s i z e , weight, and
response times of t h e converters,

The c i r c u i t s a r e t o be modular i n concept, s o t h a t a m i n i m of

development i s r e q u i r e d t o t a i l o r a c i r c u i t t o a s p e c i f i c a p p l i -
c a t i o n requirement. The concepts should a l s o allow, inasmuch
a s p r a c t i c a l , f o r t h e use of state-of-the-art manufacturing
technique s .
The program i s a two-phase program, including a study, a n a l y s i s ,
and design phase, and a breadboard phase during which t h e concepts
a r e t o be v e r i f i e d by construction and t e s t of eight breadboards.

0 1
 ~ ~~

RSER 3037

a 111. INTRODUCTION

During t h e f i r s t q u a r t e r l y period the major p o r t i o n of t h e e f f o r t

c e n t e r e d on l i t e r a t u r e searches, m a t e r i a l s i n v e s t i g a t i o n s , and
g e n e r a l formulation of concepts.

Although s e v e r a l b a s i c items, such a s s t a b i l i t y a n a l y s i s and

magnetic component d e t a i l e d comparisons, a r e yet unfinished, it
i s f e l t t h a t t h e program has progressed t o the p o i n t where
s p e c i f i c c i r c u i t concepts can soon b e generated and examined.
This work w i l l b e i n i t i a t e d during the second q u a r t e r l y period.

2
N. TECHNICAL DISCUSSION
During tk f i r s t q u a r t e r l y period, t h e a r e a s o f e f f o r t included:

A. L i t e r a t u r e Search

B. C l a s s i f i c a t i o n of Power Stages

C. C r i t e r i a f o r S e l e c t i o n o f C-hcuitry

D. Comparison of Power Stages

E. Duty R a t i o Requireroents

F. Power Stage Drive Considerations

G. Materials I n v e s t i g a t i o n

a. Available Power Semiconductors

b. Usable Freqzency R a q e of Semiconductors
c. Available Magnetic Materials

H. Power Source Considerations

A. L i t e r a t u r e Search

A n e x t e n s i v e l i t e r a t u r e search was p e r f o r m d , which d i s c l o s e d

the c i r c u i t s discussed below. S e v e r a l of t h e s e c i r c u i t s a r e not
a p p l i c a b l e t o t h i s study, being e i t h e r non-regulated o r l i m i t e d t o
the use of SCR's, but a r e included f o r t h e sake of completeness.
There a r e other composite c i r c u i t s which c o n s i s t of s e v e r a l b a s i c
c i r c u i t s connected i n cascade, f o r example. However, the f u n c t i o n
of t h e s e composite c i r c u i t s can be accomplished by t h e b a s i c c i r c u i t s
given.
(192)
Bedford Step-up

Figure 1. Bedford Step-up

3
 3037
Developed by SeEer5l Eleztr-ic Conpany f o r use i n DC b o o s t
a p p l i c a t i o n s , t'nis c i r c E i t is commonly r e f e r r e d t o a s t h e
ITlyback .
If t h e trmsistor i s t u r n e d o f f , DC c u r r e n t flows d i r e c t l y
t o the l o a d . If the t r a n s i s t o r i s a l t e r n a t e l y t u r n e d on and
o f f , t h e choke s t o l e s eriergy dilring t h e Iron1' time and dis-
cnarges i n t o t h e l o a d d w i n g rroff'r t i m e . The choke's discharge
v o l t a g e i s added t o the source v o l t a g e s o t h a t a boosting a c t i o n
occurs.
(18)
S e l f - s t a b i l i z i n g Chopper

r,,

T
I L-

Figure 2.
1 I

S e l f - s t a b i l i z i n g Chopper
I
w 0

Suggested by Powell cf HSED, the drive transformer i s d e s i g n e d

s o t h a t Eir? Tin X t = IC;. If 9j 'is t u n e d on, 91 i s driven on by
trznsformer a c t i o n . l h e n the i r a n s f o r m r s a t u r a t e s , 211s drive
ceases and Q tunl s c f f . Ncthfng f u r t h e r happens u n t i l Q3 i s
t u r n e d on, which resets t h e transformer and s u p p l i e s drive f o r
2. The t r a n s f c m e r thus proauces a p u l s e width i n v e r s e l y propor-
t i o n a l t o t h e i n p u t v o y t a g e , and t h e v a r i a b l e drive frequency
s c p p l i e s a ccjntroiled dwell t i m e .

The c i r c u l t i s i n h e r e n t l y short c i r c u i t proof s i n c e Ql and &2 are

supplied witin f i x e = 6rit.e a n d r e g e n e r a t i o n cannot occur under s h o r t
c i r c u i t x n d i t i ons.
(3)
Pulse Width Modulated F o m r Supply

I N I- ' I
(Reprinted w5th I ; e m i s s i o n f r o m ELECTRONICS, Feb. 23,1962
Copyri&t MsGraw-Hill, Inc. 1962)
Xgwe 3. Pulse-Width Modulated Power Supply
%
4
 This u n i t , designed by Lockheed I"lissi1es and Space Co., u s e s
e s s e n t i a l l y t h e same mechanism a s the S e l f - S t a b i l i z i n g Chopper,
except t h a t an output transformer and r e c t i f i e r s convert i t t o an
t n v e r t e r - r e c t i f i e r c i r c u l t . The constant v o l t -second t r a n s f ormr
i s used as a d r i v e transformer, and a "turnoff winding" i s added.
This winding s e r v e s t o s h u n t the d r i v e t r a n s i s t o r ' s base s i g n a l s .
t o ground when the t r a n s f o m r s a t u r a t e s , t h u s preventing the
drive t r a n s i s t c r s f r o m d e l i v e r i n g c u r r e n t i n t o a s h o r t c i r c u i t .
The c i r c u i t a l s o u s e s l o a d current feedback i n t h e power s t a g e .
(498 1
Two-State Modulation System

Figure 4. S i m p l i f i e d Two-State Madulakor

(4) (8)
This concept, described by Bose o f MIT. and Rosenthal of
the U n i v e r s i t y o f C a l i f c m i a , i s a s e l f - o s c i l l a t i n g system which
i s q u i t e i n t e r e s t i n g because of i t s s i m p l i c i t y . A simple mech-
a n i z a t i o n uses a r e l a y with m e c o n t a c t grounded and t h e o t h e r
c o n t a c t connected t o B+. The swinger i s connected t o an RC network
such t h a t t h e c a p a c l t o r v o i t a g e i s an e x p o n e n t i a l charge-discharge
waveform w i t h r e s p e c t t o ground. This waveform i s AC coupled t o
t h e base of a t r a n s i s t o r , the c o l l e c t o r l o a d of which i s t h e relay
c o i le

If t h e swinger c o n t a c t s t h e E+ contact, t h e c a p a c i t o r charges and

t d r i v e s the t r a n s i s t o r on. %hen t h e t r a n s i s t o r ' s c o l l e c t o r c u r r e n t
exceeds t h e c o i l ' s p u l l - i n c u r r e n t , the r e l a y e n e r g i z e s and moves
t h e swinger t o t h e groundad contact. The c a p a c i t o r then discharges,
t u r n i n g the t r a n s i s t o r o f f . hihen c o l l e c t o r c u r r e n t decreases below
t h e r e l a y coil's drop-out value, t h e r e l a y de-energizes and the
swinger jumps t o t h e B+ c o n t a c t , r e p e a t i n g t h e cycle. The output
waveform t a k e n from t h e swinger t o ground, i s a modulated square wave.

?he modulation i s pulse-width f o r duty c y c l e s . n e a r loo%, and

approached pulse-frequency with f i x e d ON time f o r decreasing duty
cycle.
(41
Bose d e s c r i b e s a 15'watt r e g u l a t o r , using t h r e e t r a n s i s t o r s ,
which e x h i b i t s 60db a t t e n u a t i o n of i n p u t v a r i a t i o n s and O , a $ regula-
t i o n f o r a 50% l o a d change.
5
 (61
Uni j unc t ion Tran s i st o r Mult i v i b r at o r HSER 3037

This c i r c u i t , by General E l e c t r i c Co., uses a u n i j u n c t i o n t r a n s i s t o r ,

a c a p a c i t o r , three r e s i s t o r s , and a diode t o generate a r e c t a n g u l a r
waveform, the r e l a t i v e ON and OFF times of which may be v a r i e d by
choice of resistors.
(5)
Pulse R a t i o Modulator

This modulator, described by Schaefer, i n i t s most b a s i c form uses t h e

u n i j u n c t i o n m u l t i v i b r a t o r c i r c u i t with two r e s i s t o r s replaced by a
d i f f e r e n t i a l amplifier. The ON and OFF times may be l i n e a r l y c o n t r o l l e d
by s i g n a l s applied t o the d i f f e r e n t i a l amplifier.
(7,101
Blocking O s c i l l a t o r Remlat o r

"Reprinted by permission o f t h e copy-

rigfit owner, American Telephone and
Telegraph Company, and t h e authors,
D.C. Bomberger, D. Feldman, D.E. Trucksess
S.J. a r o l i n and P.K. Ussery. This a r t i c l e
o r i g i n a l l y appeared i n t h e B e l l System
Technical Journal, vol. 42, J u l y 1963,

Figure 5. Blocking O s c i l l a t o r Regulator

This r e g u l a t o r , designed f o r the Te'istar power system i s b a s i c a l l y a
chopper r e g u l a t o r with blocking o s c i l l a t o r d r i v e for t h e switching t r a n s -
i s t o r . Regulation i s accomplished by c o n t r o l l i n g t h e reset time of the
drive transformer .
(9)
FM-SS Modulator
This concept, developed f o r AC t o Dc conversion, uses " a c t i v e f i l t e r i n g "
t o minimize t h e s i z e and weight of t h e input AC f i l t e r . It i s an SCR
design with p e c u l i a r i t i e s which preclude t h e use of t r a n s i s t o r s . Basically,
i t i s a s e r f e s i n v e r t e r incorporating a series c a p a c i t o r which i s charged
by one SCR and discharged by another i n such a fashion t h a t t h e output
transformer sees S f d i r e c t i o n a l c u r r e n t flow.
(11)
Low Frequency Pulse Generator

(Reprint from EEE, June 1963

with permission of Mactier
Publishing Gorp. )

E IN

Figure 6. Low Frequency Pulse Generator

This c i r c u i t i s a p p l i c a b l e t o a sjngle-ended chopper r e g u l a t o r . H S 3037
~
It u s e s t v o t r a n s i s t o r s , f o u r r e s i s t o r s and a c a p a c i t o r , and is
basically a wijGnctlcn relaxatio s c i l l a t o r s i m i l a r t o those
descirbed by General E l e c t r i c Co. ?67 and Schaefer(S), i n an
unregulated configuration.
(12)
Monostable Regclatcr
-
( % p r i n t e d from FLEZTRICAI,
DESIGN h l , June 1964
with permission of Rogers
4b Publishing Co., Inc.)

31
--
e\
4b 0

€04 7
-
A -
e
Figure 7. Monostable Regulator
T h i s c i r c u i t u s e s t w o t r a n s i s t o r s connected i n a monostable
c i r c u i t . One i s a chopper t r a n s i s t o r . A t h i r d t r a n s i s t o r i s
used as a v a r i a b l e irpedznce t o c o n t r o l t h e chopper t r a n s i s t o r ' s
OFF time by modulating tne charging of the commutating c a p a c i t o r .
(14)
Unregulated Low Voltage Converter
(a)
T h i s c i r c u i t , described by Driebach i s an unregulated b o o s t e r
c i r c u i t . Regeneration i s provided by a s a t u r a t i n g transformer,
and the unique f e a t u r e i s t h a t t h e output c u r r e n t i s t h e base
c u r r e n t 3f t h e switching t r a n s i s t o r s . The output v o l t a g e i s
approximately e q u a l t o the inpcit v o l t a g e p l u s half of t h e emitter-
base reverse voltage.
(15)
U n s p i i e t r i c a l Low Voltage Converter

This c i r c u i t , developed by t h e ir'S Amy E l e c t r o n i c s R gi D

Laboratory f o r l o w v o l t a g e thermionic diode sources, i s an
unregulated blocking o s c i l l a t o r wherein t h e output i s transformer
coupled t o a c a p a c i t i v e f i l t e r .
(16
LOWVoltage Converter

This u n i t , developed by iYIinneapolis-Honeyvell i s an unregulated

push-pull i n v e r t e r w i t h c m r e n t feedback. The output i s r e c t i f i e d
by SCR's i n a phase-controlled f a s h i o n .
(22)
Chopper Regulator

This c i r c u i t , a l s o develclped by Minneapolis-Honeywell, is a

p o r t i o n of a low v o l t a g e converter. The r e g u l a t o r i s a f a i r l y
s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d s i n le-ended chopper, with t h e unique f e a t u r e ,
d e s c r i b e d by Loucks f23) o f an a d d i t i o n a l i n d u c t o r connected
between t h e switching t r a n s i s t o r and t h e free-wheeling diode.
The i n d u c t o r serves t o decrease switching d i s s i p a t i o n i n t h e
t r a n s i s t o r by absorbing energy a t t h e t i m e of turn-on. A t turn-
o f f , t h e energy i s r e t u r n e d t o t h e source via a spillaveri,winding
and diode. 7
 (2L)
Capacitive Doubler

Thi s c i r c u i t developed by Aerospace Re search , Inc .

charges
two c a p a c i t o r s i n p a r a l l e l arid discharges them i n s e r i e s , thus
e f f e c t i v e i y doubling t h e input; voltage.

Figure 8. Capacitive Doubler

If 31 i s turned on, C2 charges to Ein through Q1 and CR2. If

Q2 i s turned on, C1 charges t o Ein through Q2 and CR1. The
output v o l t a g e i s thus equal t o 2 Ein.
(24)
Capacitive Divider

T h i s c i r c u i t , a l s o designed by Aercspace Research, Inc. , charges

two c a p a c i t o r s i n ser:es and dis.zharges them i n p a r a l l e l .

9
1 Qz.

Figure 9 6 Capacitive Divider

If Qii i s on, Q2 i s o f f and C 1 and C2 charge t o Ein/2 through

Q1 and CR2. hihen Ql is turned o f f and Q2 on, C2 discharges
d i r e c t l y i n t o tine l o a d I n p a r a l l e l with t h e s t r i n g c o n s i s t i n g
of C 1 , CRI, and Q2.

8
 HSER 3037

Figure 10. Hybrid Booster-Converter

This approach, developed by Xngfneered Magnetlcs, i s a

composite c i r c u i t which f u n c t i o n s as a booster and provides
DC i s o l a t i o n .
Q1 and Q2, and T1, CR1 and CR2 comprise an unregulated i n v e r t e r -
r e c t i f i e r which handles t h e mir, power. &3 and &, and T2, CR3
and C€& comprise an i n v e r t e r - r e c t i f i e r which handles only t h e
makeup p m e r . The supply v o l t a g e f o r t h e makeup i s f u r n i s h e d by
a, a DC r e g u l a t o r operating i n t h e switched mode. Closed l o o p
r e g u l a t i o n a l l o w s v a r i a t k n c i the r;stp-& v a l t a g e of t h e DC regu-
l a t o r , which ir! twr, varEes t h e peak v o l t a g e of T 2 ' s secondaries
and thus, t h e average DC c;l"p-x I;f t h e system. The output of t h e
r e c t i f i e r s i s t h u s a strsigh: DC Giltput with an amplitude-modulated
X v o l t a g e szperimposed.
(20)
Booster-Comsrter

Figure 11. Boos ter-Comerter

9
 3037

I n t h i s c i r c u i t , a continuous path f o r DC current i s provided

f r o m t h e source through the output t r a n s f o r m e r and r e c t i f i e r s . No
free-wheeling diode i s reqaired, because of t h e continuous c h a r a c t e r
of t h e choke's i n p u t .

The i n v e r t e r p o r t i o n i s required t o handle only t h e make-up power,

t h a t i s , (Ecat-Ein) x I o u t . The oiltput v o l t a g e of t h e r e c t i f i e r s
i s a DC v o l t a g e with duty-ratio-modcfated p o s i t i v e p u l s e s super-
imposed.
(21)
S l i d i n g Square-Wave Comer t er

ftf

6. ZERO CLr9MP

Figure 12. S l i d i n g Square-Wave Converter

This concept u s e s t w o unregulated square wave i n v e r t e r s with

t h e i r output t r m s f ormer secondary windings connected i n series.
Regulation i s accomplished by delaying t h e phase of one i n v e r t e r
r e l a t i v e t o the o t h e r . If the i n v e r t e r s a r e e x a c t l y i n phase,
t h e output v o l t a g e i s a square wave. If t h e phases a r e 180" a p a r t ,
t h e output i s z e r o o I n between, t h e waveshape i s t h a t of a pulse-
width modulated square wave where h a l f t h e dwell angle i s equal t o
t h e phase displacenent between t h e i n v e r t e r s .
10
 3037

The upper diagram shows a connection wherein a l l t h e power i s

transformed and r e c t i f i e d . The lower sketch shows t h e output
transformers adding t o t h e input voltage, s o t h a t , i n t h i s
connection, t h e system i s operated a s a booster-converter and
the i n v e r t e r s handle o n l y t h e makeup power.
(3L)
One-Step Converter

ffl

(Reprinted from ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS, September 1964

with permission of Tech Publ%hers, Inc.)

Figure 13. h e - S t e p Converter

Developed by General E l e c t r i c Ccmpany, t h e operation of t h i s

c i r c u i t i s somewhat s i m i l a r t o t h a t of a t r i g g e r e d Jensen c i r c u i t .

T r a n s i s t o r Q1 i s turned on by t h e square wave o s c i l l a t o r , v i a

T1, and a turn-on pulse i s coupled t.hrough C1 t o Q2, thus t r i g g e r i n g
Q2. A s Q2 comes on, T2 supports v o l t a g e and Q2 i s h e l d on by a
r e l a t i v e l y l o w feedback voltage f r o m T2A, while C1 charges and
t h e r e f o r e removes the turn-or, pulse. After some t i m e , dependent
upon t h e amplitude of t h e applied v o l t a g e , satul-able r e a c t o r SRlA
will s a t u r a t e and Q3 will switch on, discharging C1 and hence
d r i v i n g Q2 i n t o cutoff wtth a negative spike. When t h e o s c i l l a t o r ' s
p o l a r i t y reverses, the other half of the push-pull arrangement
operates i n t h e same manner.

Thus SR1, with i t s f i x e d volt-time product, fixes t h e ON t i m e a s

a function of input voltage. The frequency o f t h e o s c i l l a t o r i s
v a r i e d a s a function of output voltage. The r e s u l t a n t T 2 waveshape
i s quasi-square, and the type o f modulation i s a mixture o f pulse
width and pulse-f reauency.
11
B. C l a s s i f i c a t i o n of Power Stages

The l i t e r a t u r e search has revealed only f i v e b a s i c , non-

d i s s i p a t i v e , swit ching-type regulator-converters. They are:

a) Chopper Regulator
b) Capacitive Divider
c) Bedford Step-up
d) Capacitive Doubler
e1 I n v e r t e r -rectifier

The f i r s t two a r e "buck" systems, the second t w o a r e l%oost"

systems, and t h e l a s t may be e i t h e r .

Of t h e s e f i v e b a s i c types, a number of v a r i a t i o n s e x i s t .
The most obvious v a r i a t i o n i s t h e push-pull connection. I n
general, t h e other v a r i a t i o n s d i f f e r only i n drive c i r c u i t r y
and t h e means o f c o n t r o l l i n g t h e output duty cycle. The only
known exception t o t h i s statement i s t h e use of t h e " p o s i t i v e
clamp" which changes the i n v e r t e r - r e c t i f i e r t o t h e b o o s t e r and
hence modifies t h e c i r c u i t s function.

There a r e a l s o many o t h e r v a r i a t i o n s hhich use a combin-

a t i o n of b a s i c c i r c u i t s . An example i s the use o f a chopper
r e g u l a t o r t o supply an unregulated i n v e r t e r - r e c t i f i e r and i n
t h i s manner maintain a r e g u l a t e d output voltage. I n g e n e r a l ,
t h e s e v a r i a t i o n s a r e more complex and i n h e r e n t l y l e s s e f f i c i e n t
than the b a s i c types and s o are n o t considered here.

All of t h e applicable t r a n s i s t o r i z e d , r e g u l a t e d , power

s t a t e c i r c u i t s discussed i n t h e l 5 t e r a t u r e search may be c l a s s i f i e d
according t o t h e f i v e b a s i c t j p s a s f o l l o w s :

12
 HSER 3037

TABLE 1

CLASSIFICATION OF POLER STAGES I N T O j3ASIC TYPES

BASIC TYPE SINGLE-ENmD PUSH-PULL

Capacitive Divider
Capacitive Doubler
Redford Step-up
I n v e r t e r -re ct ifi er
1)
(4Y8)
Two-State Modulator S e l f - S t a b i l i z i n g Chopper
T e l s t a r Blocking
Oscillator (7,101
Low Frequency Pulse
Generat o r (11)
Monostable Regulator ( 1 2 )
Chopper Regulator (22)
Capacitive Divider (24) None
Capacitive Doubler ( 24) None
Bedford Step-up (1,2) None
Unsymmetrical Low
Voltage Converter (15) Pulse-width Modulated
P m e r Supply ( 3 )
Improved Booster-Converter ( 20
Sliding Square -Vave
Converter (21)
One-step Converter (34)

13
 HSER 3037
2. C r i t e r i a f o r S e l e c t i o n of C i r c u i t r y
1. Degree of commonability o f c i r c u i t r y f o r Ifbuck" or lrboost"
a p p l i c a t i o n . This i s a r a t h e r s u b j e c t i v e i t e m t o e v a l u a t e ,
however, t h e following d e f i n i t i o n s w i l l be used:

Commonability e x i s t s o n l y i f t h e same c i r c u i t arrangment

can be used f o r e i t h e r operation. The i n v e r t e r - r e c t i f i e r ,
f o r exanple, can b e made t o buck o r boost merely by chang-
ing a transformer r a t i o . The chopper and t h e Bedford Step-
up have no commonability, even though t h e components used
i n each may be i d e n t i c a l , because they r e q u i r e a change of
arrangement t o go from one f u n c t i o n t o t h e other.

The weighting f a c t o r for t h i s item i s 5 , and t h e r a t i n g

may vary from zero t o 5, %&ere5 i s t h e minimum degree of
c ommonabi1i t y .
2. Number of magnetic components. The weighting f a c t o r i s 3,
and each magnetic component i s r a t e d a s 2.5.

3. N d e r of components. Zach component i s r a t e d a t 0.5, and

the weighting f a c t o r i s 5.

be E f f i c i e n c y . This r a t i n g i s based upon t h e maximum e f f i c i e n c i e s

which have been r e p o r t e d f o r t h e v a r i o u s approaches. E f f i c i e n c y
r a t i n g s are:

The weighttng f a c t o r i s 4.
5;. Input r i p p l e c u r r e n t . This i s r a t e d on t h e r e l a t i v e
degree of f i l t e r i n g r e q u i r e d t o smooth t h e i n p u t . The
maximum i s 5 , minimum i s 0 . The weighting f a c t o r i s 2.

6. Output r i p p l e voltage. C i r c u i t s w i t h LC f i l t e r s a r e
r a t e d 2.5, and c a p a c i t i v e f i l t e r s a t 5. The weighting
f a c t o r i s 5.

7. Overload/short c i r c u i t p r o t e c t i o n . Ratings are:

a ) c i r c u i t s which do not have a series element capable

of being "opened" s o a s t o i s o l a t e t h e source from t h e
l o a d f a u l t a r e r a t e d a t 5.
b ) c i r c u i t s which have elerwnt s capable of being "opened",
but where c u r r e n t must be sensed on a DC b a s i s ( r e s i s t o r
sensing) a r e r a t e d a t 2.5.
e ) c i r c u i t s of category b ) where sensing canbe done on an
AC b a s i s (current transformer) a r e r a t e d a t 0.

The weighting f a c t o r is 5.
Ilr
 8. Ienimurr! s i z e and weight. Each magnetic component i s
r a t e d a t 1: and each r e s i s t o r , c a p a c i t o r , o r semiconductor
a t G.5. The weighfirg f a c t o r i s 3.

9. I s o l a t i o n of input-output grounds. Transformer-coupled

c i r c u i t s a r e r a t e d a t 0, and t h o s e without i s o l a t i o n a t 5.
The weighting f a c t o r i s 2.

Two a d d i t i o n a l c r i t e r i a , t h a t o f output v o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n and

dynamic r e g u l a t i o n recovery t i m e , i n i t i a l l y appeared i n the above
l i s t but ha7e been d e l e t e d on t h e b a s i s t h a t t h e s e i t e m s are d e t e r -
mined by t h e c o n t r o l c i r c u i t r y r a t h e r than t h e b a s i c power stage.

The s e l e c t i o n c r i t e r i a and weighting f a c t o r s t h u s serve t o

p e n a l i z e t'nose c i r u i t s *ich have t h e h i g h e s t valued summation of
r a t i n p a;id weighting f a c t o r products.

D. com~arison Jf Power Stzges

Figure 14 shows eight Fo:-er s t a g z s , & i c h r e p r e s e n t the simplest
c o r 5 i p r a t i o n zapable of performing t h e necessary f u n c t i o n s .

I n comparing these c i r c u i t s , t h e assemptions were made t h a t t h e

power s t a g e s TLere independent of drive and c o n t r o l c i r c u i t r y , a n d
t h a t a l l c i r c u i t s a r e operated a t t h e same r e p e t i t i o n r a t e . T h i s
means t h a t the ripple components of t h e push-pull s t a g e s w i l l be a t
twice t h e frequency of t h o s e of the s i n g l e ended s t a g e s and conse-
quently e a s i e r t o f i l t e r .

A. Single-ended Chopper

1. Commonality - one. Zating = 5

2. Pagnetic components - one. Rating = 2.5
3. Zompor?ents - f o u r . Eiating = 2
4. E f f i c i e n c y - n e a r 92%, b u t i3C c u r r e n t sensing will
r e d w e t h i s t o about 90%. Rating = 2
5. Icput r i p p l e c u r r e n t - high. Rating = 5
6. Output r i p p l e v o l t a g e - LC f i l t e r . Rating = 2.5
7. P r o t e c t i o n - s e r i e s element hlith DC sensing. Rating = 2.5
8. S i z e and welght - one magnetic and t h r e e o t h e r components.
Rating = 2.5
9. I s o l a t i o n -mne. Rating = 5

B . Pllsh - p u l l Ch o p p r

1. Comionalit,y - none. Rating = 5

2. Magnetic components - one. Rating = 2.5
30 Components - f i v e . Rating = 2.5
I
4. E f f i c i e n c j - near 92%. Rating = 2
5. Input r i p p l e c u r r e n t - twice t h e frequency of t h e s i n g l e -
ended u n i t . Rating = 2.5
6. Output r i p p l e v o l t a g e - LC f i l t e r . Rating = 2.5
7. P r o t e c t i o n - series element with AC sensing. Rating = 0
8. S i z e and weight - one magnetic and f o u r other components.
Rating = 3
9. Isolation - none. Rating = 5
15
 HSER 3037
1

Single -Ended Chopper . Push-pull Chopper

7 -

Bedford Step-up
AJrn
Single

Inverter
- Ended
- Rectifier

- +
Capacitive Doubler Push- Pull Inve r te r Rectifier

3
--
C I

- a

Capacitive Divider

FIGURE 14

REPRESENTATIVE BASIC POWER STAGES

16
 HSER 3037
C. Redford SteD-uD

1. Commonality - none. Rating = 5

2. H a m e t i c components - one. Rating = 2.5;
3. Components - four. Rating = 2
4. E f f i c i e n c y - 95%. Rating = 1
-
5. Input r i p p l e current high. Rating = 5
6. Output r i p p l e voltage - c a p a c i t i v e f i l t e r .
Rating = 5
7. P r o t e c t i o n - c i r c u i t cannot be p r o t e c t e d without a d d i t i o n a l
s e r i e s element. Rating = 5
8. S i z e and weight - one magnetic and t h r e e o t h e r components.
Rating = 5
-
9. I s o l a t i o n none. Rating = 5
D. Single-ended I n v e r t e r - r e c t i f i e r

1. Commonality - yes. Rating = 0

2. Magnetic components - two. Rating = 5
3. Components - two magnetic and f o u r o t h e r components.
Rating = 3
4. E f f i c i e n c y - 80 t o 855, but Dc c u r r e n t sensing will limit
i t t o about 80%. Rating = 4
5. Input r i p p l e current - high. Rating = 5
6. Output r i z p l e voltage - Lc f i l t e r . Rating = 2.5
7. P r o t e c t i o n - s e r i e s element with DC sensing. Rating = 2.5
R. S i z e and weight - two magnetics and f o u r o t h e r components.
Rating = 4
9. I s o l a t i o n - yes. Rating = 0

E. Push-pull I n v e r t e r - r e c t i f i e r

1. Commonality - yes. Batlng = 0

2. Magnetic corrpcnents - t w ~ .Rating = 5;
3. Components - e i g h t . Rating = 4
4. E f f i c i e n c y - 85%. Rating = 3
5. Input r i p p l e current - twice t h e frequency of t h a t of
slngle-ended u n i t . Rating = 2.5
6. Ootput r i p p l e voltage - LC f i l t e r . Rating = 2.5
7. P r o t e c t i o n - s e r i e s element and AC sensing. Rating = 0
8. S i z e and w e i g h t - two magnetic and six o t h e r components.
Rating = 5
9. I s o l a t i o n - yes. Rating = 0

F. Push-pull Booster

1. Commonality - d e l e t i o n o f t h e output p o t e n t i a l clamp and

change of t r a n s f o r m r r a t i o w i l l a l l o w t h i s u n i t t o "buck".
Rating = 2.5
2. Magnetic components - two. Rating = 5
3. Components - seven. Rating = 3.5
4. E f f i c i e n c y - v a r i e s according t o t h e degree of boost.
Average about 90%. Rating = 2
5. Input r i p p l e c u r r e n t - v a r i e s depending on t h e degree of
boost, but i s b e t t e r t h a n conventional push-pull because of
continuous DC content. Rating = 1
6. Output r i p p l e voltage - LC f i l t e r . Rating = 2.5
17
 7. P r o t e c t i o n - c i r c u i t cannot be p r o t e c t e d without
a d d i t i o n a l series element. Rating = 5
8. S i z e and weight - t w o magnetics and f i v e other components.
Rating = 4.5’
9. I s o l a t i o n - none. Rating = 5

G. Capacitive Doubler

1. Commonality - none. Rating = 5

2. Magnetic components - none. Rating = 0
3. Components - six. Rating = 3
4. Efficiency - n e a r 90% unregulated, probably w i l l decrease
t o 80-85P with regulation. Rating = 3
5. -
Input r i p p l e c u r r e n t high. Rating = 5
6. Output r i p p l e voltage - c a p a c i t i v e f i l t e r . Rating = 5
7. P r o t e c t i o n - series element with E sensing. Rating = 2.5
8. S i z e and weight - six non-magnetic components, however,
t h e c a p a c i t o r s are quite l a r g e and w i l l b e r a t e d a s i f t h e y
were magnetic components. Rating = 4
9. I s o l a t i o n - none. Rating = 5

H. Capacitive Divider

1. Commonality - none. Rating = 5

2. Magnetic components - none. Rating = 0
3. Components - six. Rating = 3
4. E f f i c i e n c y - no experimental d a t a a v a i l a b l e , however, it
would appear t o be about e q u a l t o t h a t of t h e Capacitive
Doubler. Rating = 5
5. Input r i p p l e c u r r e n t - high. Rating = 5
6. Output r i p p l e voltage - c a p a c i t i v e f i l t e r . Rating = 5
7. P r o t e c t i o n - series element w i t h DC sensing. Rating = 2.5
8. S i z e and weight - six non-magnetic components. However,
excessive capacitance i s required, s o t h e c a p a c i t o r s w i l l
be r a t e d a s m a e e t i c s . Rating = 4
9. I s o l a t i o n - none. Rating = 5

F i g u r e 1s i s a comparison chart which shows t h e s e l e c t o r c r i t e r i a ,

the r a t i n g s , weighting f a c t o r s , and s u b - t o t a l s f o r each power
stage. The bottom l i n e i s the summation f o r each c i r c u i t , which
i n d i c a t e s t h e r e l a t i v e c a p a b i l i t y of each c i r c u i t t o meet the
o v e r a l l s p e c i f i c a t i o n requirements and goals. On t h i s b a s i s , t h e
c i r c u i t s which were s e l e c t e d f o r f u r t h e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n are t h e
push-pull chopper, and t h e single -ended and push-pull I n v e r t e r -
rectifisrs

E. Duty R a t i o Requirements
(.1 -3 .)
Sorenson p r e s e n t s a very d e s c r i p t i v e d i s c u s s i o n of the
v a r i o u s m a n s of modxlation, using switching techniques, i n which
he discusses the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of Pulse-width, Pulse R a t i o , and
t w o t y p e s of Pulse-frequency modulation.

18
 HSER 3037
- .
2-

r,
p:
P
3

19
 HSER 3037
S e v e r a l important points can be taken f r o m h i s discussion:

a > Some c o n t r o l l e r s i n h e r e n t l y have minimum ON o r OFF times.

b) I n mochlation systems i n which the frequency v a r i e s , the

cutput low-pass f i l t e r must be designed f o r t h e l o w e s t
f reauency .
c) If e i t h e r t h e ON o r OFF t i m e approaches zero, t h e b a n M d t h
of t h e c o n t r o l l e r must approach i n f i n i t y .

Tne f i r s t point may b e seen i n , f o r example, t h e monostable

m u l t i v i b r a t o r , h i c h h a s a m i n i m recovery, o r OFF, time. The
second p o i n t , obviously, implies t h a t t h e f i l t e r f o r a given
r e g u l a t w w i l l be smallest f o r a pulse-width modulated system,
sir,ce i t s f r e q u e m y i s fixed. The t h i r d p o i n t h a s s e v e r a l i m p l i -
c a t i o n s . F i r s t , t h e desigr, of t h e c o n t r o l l e r i s more severe.
Second, s i n c e %he gain-bandwidth product o f any p h y s i c a l l y - r e l a i z a b l e
c o n t r o l l e r i s l i m i t e d , t h i s means t h a t t h e r e g u l a t i o n of t h e device
s u f f e r s because of decreasing gain, and t h e c o n t r o l l e r may t e n d t o
be unstable.

Assuming no transforrner s c a l i n g , liegulator B must produce 9

v o l t s f r o m a 10-20 v o l t source. Allowing f o r a 1 v o l t series drop,
t h e duty r a t i o m u s t vary f r o m 100% down t o about 45%. Likewise,
Regulator G must produce 35 v o l t s from a 22-33 v o l t source, with
a duty r a t i o varying from about 40% t o 5%. If transformer s c a l i n g
is used, t h e turns r a t i o nay be a d j u s t e d f o r , say, a step-up of
1.15, whicn s h i f t s t h e duty r a t i o of Regulator B t o a range of
87% t o 39$, t h u s decreasing t h e s e v e r i t y of t h e bandwidth r e a u i r e -
ment .
Another means o f bypassing p o i n t s a ) and c ) above i s t h e use
of two m d u l a 5 l n g f u n c t i o n s s i m u l t ously, a s i n either the
P d s e Iru'idth Nodulated Power S u p p l ~ j " ~o r t h e S e l f - S t a b i l i z i n g
Chopper(i8). Here a constant volt-second transformer e s t a b l i s h e s
t h e ON time and v x i e s t h e duty r a t i o a s a f u n c t i o n of i n p u t
voltage, v h i l e a s e p r a t e b i s t a b l e m u l t i b r a t o r , o p e r a t i n g over
a r e l a t i v e i y narrcwrange of frequencies, f u r n i s h e s t h e necessary
O F F t i m e t o compensate f o r l o a d changes. I n the l i m i t i n g c a s e of
near 100% duty cycle, t h e transformer i s operating c l o s e t o i t s
normal 1800 s a t w a t e d switching mode, and t h e m u l t i b r a t o r i s oper-
a t i n g c i o s e t o i t s design frequency.

It should b e noted t h a t , s i n c e t h e lowpass output f i l t e r s

a r e LC with free-wheeliEg diodes, i t i s advantageous, f r o m an
e f f i c i e n c y viewpoint, t o limit t h e OFF t i m e a s much a s p o s s i b l e
and hence decrease t h e amount of conduction time of t h a diode.

Reviewing t h e Sin@-ended I n v e r t e r - r e c t i f i e r i n t h i s l i g h t ,
there are ssveral limitations t o t h i s circuit. F i r s t , since
the %ettf and "reset" volt-second products must be e q u a l , i t
i s obvious t h a t ; a ) i f t h e attempt i s made t o operate n e a r 100%
ON time, t h e ftresetE1 voltage must be q u i t e h i g h and t h e r e f o r e
s c b j e c t compor,ents t c severe usage, b ) transformer losses i n c r e a s e
r a p i d l y with decreasing "reset" t i m e , and c ) s c a l i n g the trans-
20
former s o a s t o s h i f t t h e duty c y c l e range means t h a t the f r e e -
wheeling diode w i l l conduct for a l o n g e r time, hence lowering
e f f i c i e n c y , a d t h e output choke must be s i z e d t o supply contin-
uous current for a longer period. Therefore the push-pull
systems, which have no limitations, offer a distinct
advantage over the single-ended design, and the study will be
l i m i t e d t o the push-pull chopper a n d t h e push-pull I n v e r t e r -
.
re c t if i e r

F. Power Stage Drive Considerations

I n order t o switch t h e power s t a g e a s r a p i d l y and a s e f f i -

c i e n t l y a s p o s s i b l e , there a r e s e v e r a l d r i v e requirements t o b e
considered:

Fixed drive vs. variable. I n a f i x e d d r i v e system t h e

t r a n s i s t o r s a r e always driven a s i f f u l l load was applied,
A t l i g h t load, t h i s type of drive i s wasteful of base
power, but parer s t a g e delay, rise, a n d f a l l times are
somewhat reduced by overdriving t h e t r a n s i s t o r . The use
of transformer d r i v e with l o a d c u r r e n t feedback allows
driving t h e t r a n s i s t o r s p r o p o r t i o n a l l y with load, s o t h a t
t h e d r i v e i s always adequate t o maintain t h e t r a n s i s t o r s
w e l l i n s a t u r a t i o n but never overdriven. I n addition,
the use of load current feedback reduces t h e d r i v e r s t a g e ' s
power output t o o n l y that necessary t o i n i t i a t e t r i g g e r i n g
of the power s t a g e and t o supply transformer mangetizing
current,

Rise and f a l l times. F o r f a s t rise and f a l l times, t h e

amplitude o f t h e driving waveform should be high a t the
turn-on and turn-off edges, and then decrease t o t h e
minimum riecessary l e v e l t h e r e a f t e r .

l'Ol?Ftf time. During r r o f f f ftime, the t r a n s i s t o r s should

be reverse-biased s o as t o minimize leakage c u r r e n t losses,
I n a conventional square wave a p p l i c a t i o n t h i s i s r e a d i l y
achieved by t h e I r i e d i a t e r e v e r s a l of t h e driving wave-
form. I n a v a r i a b l e pulse width system, however, appreciable
dwell t i m e x i s t s during which no d r i v e v o l t a g e i s applied.
Energy which i s s t o r e d during t i m e may be u t i l i z e d ,
by various schemes, t o provide r e v e r s e b i a s f o r Some time
duration, but t h e 45%conduction time (55% dwell time)
imposes a r a t h e r long discharge requirement.

Figure 16 shows t h r e e applicable waveshaping schemes. I n t h e BASE

RC scheme, t h e d r i v i n g p u l s e i s i n i t i a l l y high because of t h e cap-
a c i t o r coupling. A s t h e capacitor charges, t h e base v o l t a g e i s
reduced t o (Vin-VRi). A t the end o f t h e ON time, Vin drops t o zero,
with t h e e n t i r e Vin a n p l i t u d e being coupled through C1, s o t h a t Ql's
V B ~goes negative by an amount equal t o t h e c a p a c i t o r ' s previous
charge voltage. The c a p a c i t o r then d i s c h a r g e s exponSntia2ly through
R1, s o t h a t Q l ' s BE r i s e s toward z e r o , A t t h e end of the dwell
period, Vin goes negative. Assuming no base-emitter leakage, C1 and
R 1 merely t r a n s f e r the (-Vin) p o t e n t i a l t o t h e base of Q L This
21
 HSER 3037

-f
.._

41 V6E
0

I
!
- J'
.- .- __
. &

r; Vk€
I

22
 schme does supply high amplitude turn-& and turn-off edges
but does not supply r e v e r s e b i a s during t h e majority of t h e
dwell time.

I n t h e EMITTER RC scheme ( a diode m a y be used i n place of t h e

r e s i s t o r ) , t h e r i s i n g edge is c a p a c i t o r coupled so t h a t Vm=Jb.
The c a p a c i t o r then charges t o t h e CR1 forward voltage, reducing
81's Vm. A t t h e e n d of the ON t i m e , t h e negative-going p u l s e
of amplitude Vin i s again capacitor coupled, so VBE goes n e g a t i v e
by an amount equal t o t h e p r i o r c a p c i t o r voltage. The c a p a c i t o r
then discharges through t h e diode and 8 1 ' s Vm rises toward zero.
A t t h e end of t h e dwell period, Vin goes negative. Now Q2 conducts,
and C 1 charges again. a ' s VB, then becoms (-Vin) + (-Vc1). Thus
t h i s scheme supplied a higher negative p o t e n t i a l and longer r e v e r s e
b i a s time than t h e BASE RC, h a s high amplitude turn-on and turn-off
edges, and uses fewer components.

I n t h e EMITTER RC WITH CLAMP scheme, t h e operation i s e s s e n t i a l l y

t h e same a s t h e EMITTER RC, except t h a t , during dwell t i m e , C 1
discharges through both CR1 and CR2, each of which clamps i t s
r e s p e c t i v e t r a n s i s t o r reverse b a s e - e m i t t e r v o l t a g e t o about one
v o l t . The clamp m a y b e necessary f o r power t r a n s i s t o r s such a s
t h e 2N32l2, & i c h has a B V ~ Er a t i n g of only 2 v o l t s .

I n summary, t h e optimum d r i v e r s t a g e appears t o be transformer-

coupled, with l o a d c u r r e n t feedback. The EMITTEX RC waveshaping
c i r c u i t o f f e r s the l o n g e s t reverse-bias time with t h e minimum
number o f components,

G. Materials I n v e s t i g a t i o n

a. Available Power Semiconduet o r s

Vendor l i t e r a t u r e was searched f o r t r a n s i s t o r s with fast

switching times and l o w s a t u r a t i o n v o l t a g e s . Table 2
shows r e p r e s e n t a t i v e , p r e s e n t l y - a v a i l a b l e t r a n s i s t o r s
within t h e applicable power, voltage, and c u r r e n t range.
It i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o note t h a t , of t h e f o u r germanium
devices with frequency c a p a b i l i t i e s f r o m 6OOKC t o 1sM=,
t h e switching speeds a r e not n e a r l y a s high a s most of
t h e devices.

Table 3 shows the available high-speed power r e c t i f i e r s

i n t h e range of 1 t o 20 amps.

I n t h e lower power range t h e r e a r e numerous t r a n s i s t o r s

and diodes a v a i l a b l e with h i & frequency c a p a b i l i t i e s .

b. Usable Frequency Range of Semiconductors

a I n order t o determine t h e usable frequency range a s a

f u n c t i o n o f t h e semiconductor c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , a model
was e s t a b l i s h e d , c o n s i s t i n g of a s i n g l e t r a n s i s t o r switch-
23
HSER 3037

e
!x
33

24
 HSER 3037

r
0
A -
% )
\ R

25
 HSER 3037

i n g t h r u an i d e a l choke input f i l t e r i n t o a r e s i s t i v e l o a d Fiith

v o l t a g e s , c u r r e n t s , and duty cycle e q u i v a l e n t t o %hose o f the
1OW r e g u l a t o r , as follows:
xc

b 10 1w
e

1ov 10.'LTi

-
7
Figure 1 7 . Switching Model

I n t h e s e c a l c u l a t i o n s , d e l a y and s t o r a g e t i r e s k7;ere not, ccnzidered.

T r a n s i s t o r "OFF" l o s s e s were a l s o ignored a s being only a sma?,l
percentage of t o t a l l o s s e s . C a l c u l a t i c n s were made a t f r e q u e n c i e s
of 1, 10, 100, 250, and SOOKC with t h e following t r a n s i s t w s :

Table 4. a 2 8 8 0 Parameters

B
Zond. Time Freq.
-~

45.2% 1KC
45.4% lOKC
117.0% 1GOKC
49.6% 2SOKC
54.1% SOOKC
91.1% 1KC
91.2% lOKC
92.9% iOOKC
95.5% 252KC
99 9$ SOOKC

1 .

D e t a i l e d curves f o r t h e 2N2880 were a v a i l a b l e , s o ty-plcal v a l u e s

were s e l e c t e d f o r t h e above parameters. V a r i a t i o n o f & with
frequency was not a v a i l a b l e , s o it was h e l d c o n s t a n t , somewhat,
a r b i t r a r i l y , a t a l l frequencies.

26
 ~
~

HSER 3037

1
Table 5. 2N1908X (assumed) Parameters
Cond. T i m e

45.2%
540
46.01
67.6
90.5
91.4
99.5
1 !iz i!z
tr+tf
1 . 8 ~ ~
1
.112
IB

,112
,113
.n6
,
IC
1.12

1.12
1.13
1.16
'CS
.08v
'BS Freq.

13OKC
lOKC
2 COKC

lOKC
iOOKC
XC

lKC

as

D e t a i l e d curves were n o t a v a i l a b l e f o r t h e 2N1908, -so ( t r + t f ) ,

1 vcs, and '3s were e s t a b l i s h e d s o a s t o i l l u s t r a t e t h e e f f e c t
o!?'low s a t u r a t i o n v o l t a g e and medium switching speed 3s a c o n t r a s t
t o t h e medium s a t u r a t i o n v o l t a g e and high speed of t h e 2N2380.

Tables were prepared, using the formulas below:

Table 6. 2N2880 D i s s i p a t i o n Vs. Frequency

Zond. Time PSW PO;
pD Freq. Vm

45.2% .0013: .0609 Oh57 .io8 98 -92 lKC 20

45 4% 0133 .CY312 0459 .120 98 83 lOKC 20
9

47 -0% .135 0595 . .0446 239 97.68

.
lOOKC 20
49.6% 342 .OS7 1 0428 .442 95 83 . 250KC 20
54.1% .708 ,0526 .0394 .800 92.65 SOOKC
.
91 1%
91.2%
.000669 0122
.00669 122 .. .0918
.0916 .220
2111 97.96
97.87
1KC
lOKC
20
10
10
92.9% .Ob75 1 2 1 .0909 .279 97 * 30 lOOKC 10
95.5% .
170 e119 ,0890 378 95.37 259K 7_ --

99.9% .346 114 . -.a56

Y

.546
7
94 84 SOOKC 10

27
 HSER 3037

Table 7. 2N1908X Dissipation Vs. Frequency

Cond. Time I Psw I

45.2% .00675 .0252 99.21 u(C 20
46,0% .068 1 .0249 98.63 lOKC 20
54.1% ,724 .0217 32.75 100KC 20
67.6% 2.04 ,0153 82.92 250KC 20
90.5% 00339 0506
i 95 *54 lKC 10
91.4% 0342 0506 98 25 lOKC 10
99.5% .351 .Oh73 95.46 lOOKC 10

T r a n s i s t o r e f f i c i e n c y versus frequency i s p l o t t e d i n Figure 18

f o r each t r a n s i s t o r a t each condition of input voltage and con-
duction t i m e .

I n the very l o w frequencies, switching time ( t r + t f ) i s i n s i g n i f i -

cant, and t h e 2N1908X i s superior because of i t s lower s a t u r a t i o n
(VCS) voltage. The condition of 45% duty cycle i s more e f f i c i e n t
t h a n t h e 90% condition merely because t h e CN l o s s e s (Pon + P3ase)
occur f o r a smaller portion of t h e period.

I n t h e h i g h e r frequencies, where switching t i m e i s a s i g n i f i c a n t

p o r t i o n of t h e period, t h e 2142880 i s c l e a r l y superior by v i r t u e
o f i t s switching speed. The 2N1908X cannot be operated much above
lOOKC, because of the assumed switching speed, s i n c e above tinis
frequency t h e switching time soon becomes g r e a t e r than t h e ON
t i m e . I n the higher frequency region, the 90% duty c y c l e condition
i s t h e m o s t e f f i c i e n t because the r a t i o of switching time/ON t i m e
i s less than t h a t f o r t h e 45% condition,

Although t h e curves of Figure 18 a r e approximate, s i n c e r e l a t i v e l y

f e w p o i n t s a r e p l o t t e d for each curve, t w o p o i n t s of i n t e r e s t can be
noted.

F i r s t , each curve i s r e l a t i v e l y f l a t cut t o some frequency, a t which

t i m e t h e curve begins t o r o l l o f f r a p i d l y . This seems t o occur,
judging from t h e d i s s i p a t i o n t a b l e s above, a t t h e frequency where
Pswitching becomes equal t o Pon + PBase. Equating Pshcttching t o
Pon + PBase;
0

2'

0
OD
29
 wk-ich agrees -FPsx:cbly well with the c u r v e
l a b e l l e d B2 of F l ? u r e I?,.

Secmaly, -k:e f r e q u x c p e t --** pi- i A the curves (31 and B2) cross
n.7

each other m y be drtcrrninea by e a u a t i n g t o t a l losses f o r each

c o n d i t i o n and solviriq f w T;
31
 HSER 3037

Using t h e 2 ~ 2 8 8 0w i t h s u b s c r i p t s 1 and 2 f o r conditions B1 and B2

respectively ;

The curves (B1 and B2) of Figure 18 i n d i c a t e t h a t crossover occurs a t

about 1 6 0 &
~ i ~c h agrees w e l l with t h e above r e s u l t .

summary
T r a n s i s t o r s with v e r y low s a t u r a t i o n v o l t a g e s a r e more e f f i c i e n t a t low
frequencies. Most high frequency t r a n s i s t o r s possess higher s a t u r a t i o n
v o l t a g e s , but a t higher frequencies t h e i r i n c r e a s e d switching speeds render
them more e f f i c i e n t .
If "OFF" l o s s e s and delay and storage times a r e neglected, equations 8
a n d 9 allow t h e p x d i c t i o n of the e f f i c i e n c y r o l l - o f f frequency of any
t r a n s i s t o r a s a f u n c t i o n of known c i r c u i t requirements and t r a n s i s t o r
parameters. Operation above the r o l l - o f f frequency will r e s u l t i n a r a p i d
d e c l i n e of t r a n s i s t o r e f f i c i e n c y . Calculations i n d i c a t e t h a t operation
a t any'frequency below r o l l - o f f will not i n c r e a s e e f f i c i e n c y by more than
1 o r 2%.
If "OFF" losses and delay and s t o r a g e times a r e neglected, equations / O
and / I allow t h e p r e d i c t i o n of t h e crossover frequency. The crossover
frequency i s a composite r o l l - o f f frequency which s e t s the upper frequency
l i m i t f o r a t r a n s i s t o r which must operate over an i n p u t v o l t a g e range w i t h
duty cycle c o n t r o l . Operation above crossover frequency r e s u l t s i n r a p i d
d e c l i n e of e f f i c i e n c y f o r t h e high i n p u t , low duty cycle condition. Oper-
a t i o n below crossover w i l l r e s u l t i n an e f f i c i e n c y i n c r e a s e ranging f r o m
almost 0 upward t o about 1 o r 2%, depending upon i n p u t v o l t a g e and duty
cycle.

c . Available Magnetic Materials

One of t h e considerations o f t h i s program i s t o minimize

the c o n t r i b u t i o n of the magnetic components t o stray
magnetic f-ields. Several f a c t o r s which c o n t r i b u t e t o
s t r a y f i e l d s a r e air-gaps, non-uniform winding d i s t r i -
butions, and l o o s e coupling between windings and core.

32
I n surveying t h e a v a i l a b l e nagne t i c m a t e r i a l s , both
stamped l a n i n a t i m s and c-cores were eliminated
im9ediately became t h e y have b u i l t - i n air-gaps and
because t h e i r windings cannot be uniformly d i s t r i b u t e d
o r tightly-coupled t o t h e core. The hermetically-sealed, o i l -
f i l l e d , tape-wound v a r i e t y of t o r o i d s was considered, b u t
t h e s e cores a r e available with a minimum tape t h i c k n e s s o f
1m i l , which ailows f o r operation up t o about lOKCPS, beyond
which t h e core l o s s e s become p r o h i b i t i v e .

The configurations & i c h o f f e r the m o s t promise are the

t o r o i d a l and t h e tape-wound bobbin cores. The t o r o i d s
o f f e r high permeability, uniform winding d i s t r i b u t i o n ,
tight coupling , an d inductive t o l e r a n c e s of about 520%
m a x i m . Their p r i m use i s n o n - c r i t i c a l i n d u c t o r s and
t r a n s f o r m r s where small s i z e i s a requirement. Their
frequency range i s a f u n c t i o n of t h e core m a t e r i a l , and
m a t e r i a l s a v a i l a b l e include molybdenum-permalloy, i r o n
powder, and f e r r i t e s .

The tape-wound bobbin cores cover t h e frequency range of

2 t o SOOKCPS. Use of s t a i n l e s s s t e e l r a t h e r than ceramic
bobbins i s recommended, because t h e i r smaller w a l l thick-
ness gives smaller winding periphery, hence 2mer o v e r a l l
winding r e s i s t a n c e , and better r a t i o of core c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l
area t o o v e r a l l bobbin c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l a r e a , *thus reducing
f l u x leakage somewhat. These cores are a v a i l a b l e i n e i t h e r
Orthonol o r Permalloy 80 m a t e r i a l s , and i n t a p e t h i c k n e s s e s
of 1/8, 1/4, 1 / 2 and 1 m i l . A t t h e present time no pub-
l i s h e d core l o s s curves, and almost no laboratory-type
curves are a v a i l a b l e f o r t h e s e m a t e r i a l s , s o t h a t i n general
the vendors can only recommend what t o use f o r a p a r t i c u l a r
application.

I n t h e power-frequency range, say up t o SOOCPS, t h e prime

r e q u i s i t e f o r core material i s h i g h permeability, and core
l o s s e s and switching time are secondary considerations.
I n t h e audio range, from 500 t o l5KCPS, both h y s t e r e s i s
and eddy current l o s s e s become important, and only moderate
permeability i s required. I n t h e high frequency range,
from 1 S C P S upward, e d a c u r r e n t losses predominate,
switching time becomes important, and permeability can b e
q u i t e low.

Generally speaking, m a t e r i a l s , such as Orthonol, which

have v e r y square h y s t e r e s i s loops have slower switching
times than t h o s e m a t e r i a l s which have more rounded loops,
such a s 4-79 Molybdenum-Permalloy, a t a given drive l e v e l
i n Oersteds. For a s p e c i f i c transformer, switching time
i s approximately an inverse l i n e a r f u n c t i o n o f d r i v e level,
so t h a t t h e core should be d r i v e n i n t o , o r a s close a s
possible t o , s a t u r a t i o n i n order t o achieve t h e f a s t e s t
possible switching t b .
33
 HSER 3037
A t this time, l i t t l e s p e c i f i c information regarding t h e magnitude
of losses 7s. freqaency has been asseir&led. -However, t h e ?allow-
i n g t a b l e shows, f o r eacn frequency range, t h e r e l a t i v e c h a r a c t e r -
i s t i c s of t h e applicable c o r e m a t e r i a l s :

Freq.,
CPS
Core
Material
Hyst e r e s i s
Ll ;s I
Ed$. C u r .
Loss
I
I Permeability
I I
0 ,S-lSX Moly- Perm. Powder Low LOW H i g h , Decreasing
Iron Powder Moderate LOW High, Decreasing
Ferrite High LOW Low, Constant
15-4OK Moly-Perm. Powder LOW High Moderate, Decreasing
I r o n Powder Lmr Moderate Moderate, Decreasing
Ferrite Mode r a t e Low Moderate, Constant

40-200K Moly-Perm. Pwdei- LOW Excessive Low

I r o n Powder Low High Low
Ferrite LOW Low High

(Tape-wound bobbin cores not included because

loss clirves a r e n o t available.)

H. Power Source and Load Considerations

a, Power Source Considerations

Since t h i s study i s d i r e c t e d toward s a t e l l i t e power

s y s t e m , and since !post of the p r e s e n t s a t e l l i t e power
systems use eitlner b a + , t e r i e s , solar c e l l s , or a combin-
a t i o n o f both, i t seems reascjnable t o examine such sources.

A simple system i s s h o m i n Figure 19 a ) . Depending upon

l i g h t c o n d i t i o n s and power r e q u i r e d , e i t h e r the b a t t e r y o r
the s o l a r a r r a y may f u r n i s h t h e l o a d power a t any given time.

Figure 19 b) i n d i c a t e s t h e possible mode of o p e r a t i o n of such a

source. Suppose t h e s o l a r array i s f u r n i s h i n g load power e q u i v a l e n t
t o t h a t a t p o i n t A on t h e s o l a r a r r a y curve. If t h e l o a d i s i n c r e a s e d ,
t h e operating point moves along t h e solar a r r a y curve toward B. P o i n t
B r e p r e s e n t s the solar a r r a y ' s maximum PO- p o i n t , and t h e a r r a y w i l l
supply t h e l o a d u n t i l t h e operating point moves p a s t B. A t t h i s t i m e ,
s i n c e t h e l o a d demand exceeds t h e source c a p a b i l i t y , t h e o p e r a t i n g
point will jump t o t h e b a t t e r y curve a t p o i n t C y and continue along
t h a t curve u n t i l .the l o a d demand i s s a t i s f i e d , say a t D. A decreasing
l o a d w i l l cause t h e operating point t o r e t r a c e a s i m i l a r s o r t o f
locus back t o t h e s o l a r a r r a y curve.

Under t h e s e conditions, t h e r e g u l a t o r i s f a c e d with v e r y r a p i d

changes of i n p u t v o l t a g e f o r , perhaps, only minute changes of
load, and t h e probable r e s u l t will be outpilt t r a n s i e n t s and/or
r e g u l a t o r i n s t a b i l i t y . Unfortunately, the r e g u l a t o r h a s v e r y
l i t t l e perogative i n the matter, and t h e only t h i n g t o be done
HSER 3037

35
 HSER 3037

i s t o incorporate mer storage i n the r e g u l a t o r ' s i n p u t

c i r c u i t r y i n an a t t e m p v t o reduce t h e i n p u t t r a n s i e n t s a s
m c h as possible.

Energy s t o r a g e a t the r e g u l a t o r ' s i n p u t i s a l s o d e s i r a b l e

f r o m the standpoint of maxinun u t i l i z a t i o n of t h e source.
I n a v a r i a b l e duty cycle, switching r e g u l a t o r the peak input
demand may be about twice the average power demand. If no
s t o r a g e i s u t i l i z e d , t h e source m u s t b e s i z e d f o r t h e peak
demand r a t h e r than the average, r e s u l t i n g i n i n c r e a s e d source
s i z e , weight, and c o s t .

The study s p e c i f i c a t i o n includes changes o f s o w c e v o l t a g e

between t h e minimum and maximum extrems, with 10 millisecond
r i s e and f a l l times. I n the l i m i t i n g case, where a r i s e may
immediately f o l l o w a f a i l , t h i s w m l d correspond t o a p e r i o d
of about 20 mllliseconds, Since t h e frequency of operation
of t h e s e r e g u l a t o r s i s assimed t o be a t l e a s t SKCPS, t h e 10
rnillisecond v a r i a t i o n is v i r t u a l l y s t e a d y s t a t e s o f a r a s t h e
i n p u t f i l t e r i s conzerned. Therefore, t h e a n o u n t of suppres-
s i o n o f t h e c y c l i c input v a r i a t i o n s w i l l be p r i m a r i l y a
f u n c t i o n of t h e r e g u l a t o r ' s modulating c i r c u i t r y .

b , Load Considerat i o m

So f a r a s l o a d i s concerned, t h e r e a r e twc items

of i n t e r e s t :

F i r s t , t h e specification requires operation f r o m

no l o a d t o f u l l load, 21% v o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n f o r
l i n e , l o a d and environment , a d very h i g h e f f i c i e n c y
from 25% t o f u l l l o a a .

With an LC l o w p a s s outpat f i l t e r and no l o a d whatso-

ever, the c a p a c i t o r wj.11 peak-charge, s o t h a t 21%
r e g u l a t i o n cannot be h e l d u n l e s s a b l e e d e r i s used.
The b l e e d e r must nr;t degrade e f f l c i e n c y xhen 25% o r
g r e a t e r l o a d i s applled, hoxever.

Second, f o r i n p u t v a r i a t i o n s between m i r , i m u m and

m a x i m m i l e v e l s with 1 0 millisecofid r-ise and f a l l
t i n e s occurring simultaneously with s t e p changes
of l o a d f r o m 7 5 t o l@O% o r 100 t o 75$, t h e output
v o l t a g e must not deviate more than 22% of nominal
and must recover t o 51% w i t h i n 50 milliseconds.

A s d i s c u s s e d abose, t h e s u p p r e s s i o n o f t h e c y c l i c
input v a r i a t i o n w i l l be a f u n c t i o n o f t.he response
of t h e moduiatlng c i r c u i t r y . There will be an
excursion of output v o l t a g e due t o t h e s t e p l o a d
changes, since t h e change occurs i n t h e o r e t i c a l l y
z e r o t i m e and the c o n t r o l l e r cannot be i n f i n i t e l y
fast.
36
 HSER 3037

I f , a s discussed i n Section IV E above, t h e c i r c u i t

concept uses a constant volt-second f m c t i o n t o v a r y
p u l s e width i n v e r s e l y with i n p u t v o l t a g e , t h e follow-
i n g block diagram may be e s t a b l i s h e d f o r t h e push-
p u l l chopper :

I I

Figure 20. Chopper Block Diagram

I n t h i s approach, the power s t a g e ON t i m e i s equal
t o k/ein, s o t h a t t h e output of t h e power s t a g e , a t
f i x e d load, will be a t r a i n o f p u l s e s o f v a r y i n g
width, with amplitude equal t o the i n s t a n t a n e o u s
value o f e i n . The output f i l t e r i n t e g r a t e s t h i s
p u l s e t r a i n t o i t s average Dc value. If t h e l o a d
changes, t h e comparison c i r c u i t g e n e r a t e s an e r r o r
v o l t a g e , t h i c h i n turn i s converted t o a change of
freouency o f t h e power s t a g e ' s switching s o a s t o
maintain EDC constant.

Froma p r e l i m i n a r y viewpoint , i t appears t h a t i f ,

t h e frequency of operation i s h i g h compared t o the
frequency o f t h e input v a r i a t i o n s , t h e power s t a g e
and output f i l t e r w i l l s u p p r e s s t h e c y c l i c v a r i a t i o n s .
The s t a b i l i t y problem r e s o l v e s p r i m a r i l y t o the
output f i l t e r , t h e frequency a t which the l o a d i s
switched, and t h e response of t h e c o n t r o l c i r c u i t .

37
 HSER 3037

V. CONCLUSIONS AND RE C O I ~ ~ N D A T I O N S

The t y p e of c i r c u i t r y s e l e c t e d f o r f u r t h e r study i s t h e
push-pull chopper and t h e push-pull i n v e r t e r - r e c t i f i e r .
The m o s t promising mode of operation i s a combination of
p u l s e and frequency modulation.

C i r c u i t s which automatically a d j u s t pulse width a s a

f u n c t i o n of input voltage promise f a s t response and
inherent suppression of input v a r i a t i o n s . Several such
c i r c u i t s are a v a i l a b l e , one of which uses c u r r e n t feed-
back drive, the o t h e r using voltage drive. The current
feedback c i r c u i t appears t o be simpler and p o s s i b l y more
efficient.

A reasonably l a r g e s e l e c t i o n o f t r a n s i s t o r s i s a v a i l a b l e ,
with frequency c a p a b i l i t i e s a p p l i c a b l e t o t h i s study. The
s e l e c t i o n of high-speed r e c t i f i e r s i s much m o r e l i m i t e d
but should prove adequate. The a v a i l a b l e magnetic m a t e r i a l s
appear t o be l i m i t e d t o t o r o i d s using molybdenum-permalloy
powder, i r o n powder, o r f e r r i t e s , and tape-wound bobbin cores.
I n a pulse-width modulated system w i t h i n p u t v o l t a g e and duty
cycle v a r i a t i o n s equivalent t o t h o s e of t h e l c r W chopper, t h e
maximum operating frequency appears t o be about 20 t o 30KCPS,
based only on semiconductor e f f i c i e n c y considerations.
 HSER 3037

8 VI. PROCRAM FOR NEXT INTERVAL

During t h e next Quarterly period, e f f o r t w i l l be d i r e c t e d

t o the following *areas:

A. Magnetic i n v e s t i g a t i o n . Designs will be generated f o r

a model transformer using v a r i o u s combinations of core
m a t e r i a l , flux density, and frequency. Efficiency,
s i z e and weight e s t i m a t e s f o r each combination will b e
compared and a frequency range determined f o r m a x i m u m
e f f i c i e n c y , minimum s i z e and weight. This w i l l b e
combined with t h e semiconductor d a t a t o s e l e c t the maxi-
mum operating freauency f o r t h e r e g u l a t o r s .

B. S t a b i l i t y a g a i n s t source and l o a d v a r i a t i o n s . The b l o c k

diagram, Figure 20, w i l l be examined f o r t h e p o s s i b i l i t y
of p r e d i c t i n g i t s closed l o o p response.

C. Overall c i r c u i t concept. A d e t a i l e d c i r c u i t concept

w i l l be generated f o r one regulator.-

D. Preliminary breadboard work. Control c i r c u i t s , power

s t a g e , and output f i l t e r s w i l l be breadboarded i n a
preliminary manner t o check out t h e c i r c u i t concept
.
and i n v e s t i gat e s h o r t c i r c u i t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

E. D e t a i l e d design. Detailed design of t h e e i g h t r e g u l a t o r s

will be i n i t i a t e d .

39
. VII. BIBLIOGRAPHY

1.

2.
I1A Report on Contract Programs a t General E l e c t r i c Co."
C. Christianson, S Nielsen
Proceedings -
.
BuFieps Symposium on Power Transformation
and Voltage Regulation, J u l y 18, 1963.

"Optimization Study o f High Power S t a t i c I n v e r t e r s and

Converters"
A. Larsen, J. Murray
Quarterly Report No. 1
NASA Contract NAS 3-2785

3. " S a t e l l i t e Power Supply h a s Variable Pulse Width"

E. Josephson
E l e c t r o n i c s , V.35, n8, February 23, 1962
McGraw-Hill, I n c .

4. "A Two-State Modulation System"

A. Bose, MIT Researck Laborat ory
Quarterly Progress Report No. 66, J u l y 15, 1962
Quarterly Progress Report No. 67, October 15, 1962
Quarterly Progress Report No. 70, July 15, 1963

5. "A Mew Pulse Modulator f o r Accurate E Amplification with

Linear or Non-Linear Devices"
R. Schaefer
IRE Transactions on I n s t m n t a t i o n , V I - 1 1 , N 2 , September 1962
6. "Uni junc t i on Trans i s t o r N u l t i v i b r a t or1' General E l e c t r i c
T r a n s i s t o r Manual, Fourth E d i t i o n , 1959

7. "The Spacecraft Power Supply System"

D. Bomberger, D. Feldman, D. Trucksess, S. Brolirl, P. Ussery
B e l l System Technlcal J o u r n a l , VXLII, n4 p a r t 1, July 1963
American Telephone & Telegraph Co.

8. "A Pulse Modulator T h a t Can Be Used A s An Amplifier, A

M u l t i p l i e r , o r a Divider"
J. Rosenthal
IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement,
V IM-12, n3, Deceniber 1963

9. "Switch Modulation Techniques"

F. Schwarz
F i r s t Quarterly Progress Report, July-October 1961
S i g n a l Corps Contract No. DA 36-039-SC-87353

10. " T e l s t a r S a t e l l i t e Power System"

R. Anderson, E Hake
Power Systems f o r Space F l i g h t - Progress i n A s t r o n a u t i c s
and Aeronautics - Volume I1 Academic Press, 1963
 HSER 3037
11. Frequency Pulse Generator"
r l L ~
G. Kahoney
EEF, V12, n6, June 1964
Mactier Publishing Corp.

12. ffTransistor Fre-Regulator Fteduces i l i s s i p a t i o n i n S e r i e s -

Pass T r a n s i s t o r s "
E. Weisner, E d i t o r
E l e c t r i c a l Design News, V9, n6 June 1964
Rogers Publishing Co., Inc.

13 "Linear Control using ON-OFF Controllers"

A. Sorenson
Electro-Technology, V 7 1 , n4, April 1963
Conover-Most Publications, Inc.

a. B.llLcmDriesbach
Voltage DC t o DC Conversion"

Proceedings, 16th Annual Power Sources Conference,

22-24 Kay, 1962

15. "Unsymmetrical Low Voltage Converter"

W. Dudley
Proceedings, 17t h Annual Power Sources Conference
21-23 May 1963

16. ffLow Input Voltage Conversion, Report No. I V "

J. Lingle, S. Heanor, T. Sundvar
Fourth Cjuarterly Progress Report, April-June, 1963
Signal Corps Contract No. DA-36-039-SC-90808

17 " S t a t i c Power Conversion f o r Spacecraft"

T. Kserner
Astronautics and Aerospace Engineering, May 1963
American I n s t i t u t e of Aeronautics and Astronautics

18. P r i v a t e Conversation w i t h A . Powell o f HSED, November, 1963

19 "Research and Development Study on DC t o TIC Converter"

L. Hemphill
F i r s t Quarterly Report , July-October 1963
NASA Contract NAS 5-3470

20. "DC t o 1x: Converter"

B. Hart
Hamilton Standard I n t e r n a l Memorandum, 1 2 August 1960

21. " S t a t i c I n v e r t e r Study Program, I n v e r t e r Building Block

Survey"
M. Merriam
Hamilton Standard I n t e r n a l Report, 31 January 1961

22. IfLm Input Voltage Dc t o DC Converter, Report No. 11"

J. Lingle
Second T e r t i a r y Progress Report, September-December 1963
NASA Contract NAS 5-3441
23. 'C-nsideraClons I n The &sign of % i t c h i n g Type Regulators"
9. ic;ccks
Sel'id S t a t e Dss'ign, A p r i l 1963
H o r i z o n Hwse, Ice.

'25. "Medim Power. S i l i c o n T r a n s i s t o r Dc t o DC Convertersf1

F. Mllis
,
F a i r c h i i d Semic m d u c t w Corp. Application Bulk t i n
,
APP-88 December 1962
26. fyT3eSwitching Mode I n DC Voltage Regulation'!
A. Lambert
Electro-Teci-iclogy, TT,, 116~June 1963
,
C 3r; 3 7 e r -Ea st P u b l i cat 'Icri s Inc .
27. ?'Pmer Supply kas S-ktchirg ?re-Regul&ion"
J. Riordan
E l e c t r o n i c s , V?S, nlC, March 9? 1962
McGraw-Hill, Inc.

28, :'Lm--cost Fniversal Regu1ai;or Takes Plug-ins f o r Varied

Needs"
A. Gassy F. F e r r a i o i o
Electronic Eouipment Engineering, V10, n7, July 1962
Haztier Publishing Corp.

30. V r l I i g e Ct;s>pe Iii;-erte-r- f o r 4QO cps Sine h'ave Power"

H. Morgw,
IEEE Transactions on Aergspacc, V2, n2, April 1964

31. 19Pm-e~ Loss vs. Frequency----in Dc t o Dc Converters"

R . Greenha-g
Mct,o=.ola Application Note AN 131, May 1961

32, FFTheS s l a r Pgwe.1- Supply System f o r t h e Arbiting

A s tra7oirL c 3 1 Ob servat o r Fe s
S. We::z-ixge~., H. C a r l e t m
AIAA S i m e r - Meeting, June 17-20, 1963

33. llMe'lhod f o r Calculating t h e number o f Silicon S o l a r Cells

Reqi-L'ed f o r P m e r Supply of S a t e l l i t e s and Space Vehicles"
w e Luf't
I n t e r n a t i o n a l Rectifieer Corp., Application Note

34. "One-step Cormerter f e r M: t o AC"

J. McLeod
E l e c t r o n i c P r G d u C t S , '57, n4, September 196h
Tech Publishers, Inc.
1.9 .
VI11 . CONFERENCES
On J u l y 5 , 1964, a conference was h e l d with Messrs. Yagerhofer
and P a s c u i t t i o f NASA Goddard. Discussion concerned program
progress, philosophy of the study, and a review of t h e l i t e r -
a t u r e search. The c r i t e r i a f o r s e l e c t i o n of c i r c u i t r y was
reviewed, and weighting f a c t o r s e s t a b l i s h e d .

On September 25, 1961r, a second conference w a s h e l d with

Mr. P a s c u i t t i . Program progress was discussed, and a rough
d r a f t of t h e f i r s t q u a r t e r l y r e p o r t was reviewed. It was
decided t h a t t h e o r i g i n a l program plan & o u l d ' b e modified
somewhat, with t h e aim of performing most of t h e a n a l y t i c a l
and f e a s i b i l i t y i n v e s t i g a t i o n s before any f o r m a l breadboard
work was i n i t i a t e d .

Not applicable' during this report period.

43