HDL Manual

AMC Engineering College
18th K.M., Bannerghatta Road

Bangalore-560083
(Affiliated to VTU, Belgaum and recognized by AICTE, New Delhi)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING
HDL LAB MANUAL

V SEMISTER
Subject Code: 15ECL58
Academic Year: 2017
NAME OF STUDENT:
UNIVERSITY SEAT NO:

HDL LAB
CONTENTS Page No.
1. INTRODUCTION TO HDL 2
2. HARDWARE DETAILS AND SPECIFICATIONS 3
3. STEPS TO FOLLOW IN XILINX ISE 6
4. LIST OF EXPERIMENTS 8
5. VIVA QUESTION 42
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AMC Engg College,Dept Of ECE
HDL LAB
INTRODUCTION TO HDL
HDL is a Hardware Description Language (HDL). A Hardware Description

Language is a language used to describe a digital system, for example, a computer or a
component of a computer. One may describe a digital system at several levels. For example,
an HDL might describe the layout of the wires, resistors and transistors on an Integrated
Circuit (IC) chip, i. e., the switch level. Or, it might describe the logical gates and flip flops
in a digital system, i. e., the gate level. An even higher level describes the registers and the
transfers of vectors of information between registers. This is called the Register Transfer
Level (RTL).
The designer uses HDL to describe the system in a computer language that is similar
to several commonly used Software languages, such as C.Debugging the design is easy,
HDL packages implement simulators and test benches. The two widely used hardware
description languages are VHDL and Verilog.
VHDL, which stands for Very High-Speed Integrated Circuit (VHSIC) Hardware
Description Language, was developed in early 1980s under U.S Deportment of Define
(DOD) by IBM, Texas Instruments and Intermetrics. But it was updated standardized in
1993 from IEEE. Result of this update was IEEE Slandered 1076-1987.
Verilog HDL was developed by Gateway Design Automation in 1983, then it was
improved by Cadence in 1990. Final IEEE slandered, IEEE Standard 1364-1995 was
developed in 1995 from IEEE.
Both VHDL and Verilog having different fetures, syntaxs, operator and data types.
Compared to VHDL, Verilog is easy for the, because of its les number of data type and less
number of operator availability.
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HDL LAB
HARDWARE DETAILS AND SPECIFICATIONS
VLSI Trainer Kit:
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HDL LAB
Block Diagram of VLSI Trainer Kit:
TKBase Specifications:
• JTAG Parallel PC Programming interface with cables.

• Xilinx Spartan 3 FPGA with JTAG accessible FLASH configuration EPROM.
• Xilinx JTAG programmable CPLD
• FPGA/CPLD support up to 208 IO pins.
• Every IO pin can be easily shorted to Ground or VCC.
• Quad 52 pin FPGA/CPLD daughter board connector.
• Multi-Vendor devices support for FPGA and CPLD.
• Multiple power sources of 5V, 3.3V, 2.5V and 1.8V for daughter boards.
• Fixed 10 MHz reference clock with clock divider circuit.
• 4x4 array Hex keypad with 2x5 pin berg header.
• LED array with eight (8) indicator LED’s.
• Interface for Four multiplexed 7-SEG displays.
• Serial Port interface on male DB9 connector.
• VGA port interface on female DB15 connector.
• Printer Port interface with Centronics 36-pin female connector.
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HDL LAB
• LCD display interface connector.

• IBM compatible PS2 keyboard and mouse interface.
• Dual Low Pass Filter.
• 12 bit on board Serial ADC with variable potentiometer.
• 26-pin general-purpose interface for ADC, DAC, Stepper motor, etc.
• 10-pin general-purpose connector for interface.
• 10K ohms 10 turns trim pot for LCD and ADC inputs.
• Compatible to work with Logic Analyzer and Pattern Generator.
Interfacing XC3Sxxx to TKBase Hardware Resources:
1. The Clock Circuit: Connect Pin 77 to onboard 100 KHz clock oscillator.
2. Headers: There are Seven (7) 10 pin Header on TKB3S daughter board intended for use
as a GPIO. These connect to various interface header blocks on the TKBase interface card.
3. The KeyBoard Circuit: Connect Header1 on TKB2S to the keyboard matrix header
CNKey. This enables TKB2SXX to scan & read the keyboard.
4. The 8 LED’s: These 8 LED’s are used for Program status display and can be programmed
by the user. Connect any TKB3SXX Header Pins 1 through 8 to the 8 LED block Header
Marked CNLED.
5. The 4 Multiplexed 7Seg displays: the 4x7 Segment displays are multiplexed and selected
by the TKB3SXX - IO port pins Header2 marked HP2. To drive the segment’s the
TKB3SXX Header HP3 is connected to 7Segment data Header Pins CNSEG marked ‘a
thru g’.
6. The LCD interface: TKB4SXX Header4-HP4 output port pins drives the LCD data and
control line at Header marked CNLCD. Also short Control and Data header on the interface
board as we use LCD in 4 bit mode. For 8 bit mode use HP4 (Control) and HP5
(Segments).
7. The 16 bit Real Time counter: Connect XC4Sxx port pins HP5 and HP6 representing
counter pins.A0 thru A15.
8. Pattern Generator: Connect LG320 pattern generator pins 1 thru 4 to XC4Sxx port pins
44, 45, 46 and 47. The selection of input device being either LG320 or TKBase Keyboard is
done by selection bit SelPG P43.
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HDL LAB
STEPS TO FOLLOW IN XILINX ISE
Steps to fallow in XILINX ISE 9.1i and VLSI trainer Kit to Execute
program and verify the result:
 Click on Xilinx ISEi

 Click File  New Project in File Menu.
Enter following details
Project Name: gateimp
Top Level Module: HDL  Next
 New Project Dialog enter/select
Device family: Spartan3
Device: xc3s400
Package: pq208
Top-Level Module: HDL
Synthesis Tool: XST (VHDL/Verilog)
Simulator: ISE Simulator (VHDL/Verilog)
Select Enable Enhanced design summary:  next
 Click New Source, select VHDL Module or Verilog Module(add to project
should be selected)
Enter file Name: example andgate  next enter the
portsnextnextFinish
This will create andgate.vhd or andgate.v source file.
Open sources and process window from the view toolbar
 Double click on andgate.vhd in Sources window
Edit and Enter the VHDL (Verilog) source code of your project  save
 Click on .vhd file in Sources window right click on Synthesis XST in the
processes window run correct the errors if exit, save rerun synthesis
XST
 Projectnew sourceTest bench waveform, enter file name(any name), (add to
project should be selected) nextselect combinational(internal clock in the
Initialize timing windowFinish
 Set the inputs values in the .tbw filesave
 Change synthesis/Implementation to behavioral simulation in the sources
window.
 Click on the .tbw file in the sources windowRun behavioral simulation module
under the Xilinx ISE simulator in the processes window
 Verify the output waveform in the simulation result
 Make the VSLI trainer kit connection properly,swich on the power supply
 Click on the .vhd(or .v) file Change behavioral simulation
Synthesis/Implementation in the sources window,Run the implement design in
the process window.
 Rerun place and routepad reportlist out the unused pin numbers
 Run place and routeback annotate pin locationyes, this will create .ucf file in
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HDL LAB
our project.
 Select the .ucf file in the sources window, run edit constraints under the user
constraints in the process window, assign unused pin numbers to the input/output
variablessave.
 Click on .vhd file, run implement design.
 Run generate PROm,ACE or JTAG file, select Prepare a PROM file in the
IMPACT window  Next, select .MCS and Xiliinx, enter the file name to PROM
file next.
 Select xcfo2s PROMaddnext, xcfo2 file will open, it asks for one more device to
addOK,in the add device window, select .bit fileopen
 Again it asks for do you want to add one more device NOYES
 Click any where on the window where you are added the device, Double click on the
generate file in the IMPACT processes window.
 We will get the message PROM file Generation is succeeded, if you get the error
message, repeat the steps for PROM file generation
 Next Run the Configure device in the processes window, select configure device
using boundary scan and automatically connect to a cable and identify boundary scan
chain option in the IMPACT window Finish
 Select the .MCS file in the assign new configuration file windowopen. select .bit
file open,
 It asks for do you want to add one more device NO then YES
 Right Click on the .mcs Xilinx DeviceProgram, Select Verify and Erase before
programming OK.
 Right Click on the .bit DeviceProgram, don’t Select any option OK
 In the VLSI trainer Kit, for output, make the respective pin connections using the
connecting wires, other end of the wires connect to the LEDs pins by seeing the pad
report or .ucf file.
 for input, make the respective pin connections using the connecting wires, other end
of the wires connect to the, other end of the wire connect to +5V or GND pin for your
Logic ‘1’ or logic ‘0’ inputs.
 Give different value to the input ,check the outputs in the LEDs
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HDL LAB
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
Page No
Part–A (Using Xilinx Tool)
1. Write Verilog code to Realize of all the logic gates. 10

2. Write a Verilog program for the following combinational designs 11
a. 2 to 4 decoder
b. 8 to 3 (encoder without priority and with priority)
c. 8 to 1 multiplexer
d. 1 to 8 Demultiplexer
e. 4 bit binary to gray converter
f. Comparator
3. Write a VHDL and Verilog code to describe the functions of a Full Adder using
three modeling styles. 16
a. Dataflow model
b. Behavioral model
c. Sructural model
4. Write a Verilog code to model 32 bit ALU using the schematic diagram shown below
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OPCODE ALU OPARATION

saqz1 A+B
Opcode(3,0)
2 A–B
3 A Complement
4 A*B
5 A AND B Enable
6 A OR B
7 A NAND B
8 A XOR B
 ALU should use combinational logic to calculate an output based on the four
bit op-code input.
 ALU should pass the result to the out bus when enable line in high, and tri-
state the out bus when the enable line is low.
 ALU should decode the 4 bit op-code according to the example given below.
5. Develop the Verilog code for the following flip-flops 23

a. SR FLIP-FLOP
b. D FLIP-FLOP
c JK FLIP-FLOP
d. T FLIP-FLOP
6. Design a 4-bit binary up counter
a. Asynchronous reset 26
b. Synchronous reset
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HDL LAB
7. Design a 4-bit BCD up counter

c. Asynchronous reset 27
d. Synchronous reset
8. Realization of a Sequence Generator for any sequence 28
Part – B INTERFACING (at least four of the following must be covered using
VHDL/Verilog
1. Control the speed and direction of stepper motor 29
2 Simulate the elevator operations 31
3. Generate different waveforms (sine, square, triangular, ramp etc.) 33
4. Up and down counter using 7 segment display 38
5 Control the speed and direction of DC motor 40
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HDL LAB
Part–A (Using Xilinx Tool)
1. Write a Verilog code to realize all the logic gates.
module gatesimp (a,b,x,y,z,p,q,r,s);

input a,b;
output x,y,z,p,q,r,s;
assign x = a & b; //AND gate oparation

assign y = a | b; //OR gate operation
assign z = ~ a; //NOT gate operation
assign p = a ^ b; //XOR gate operation
assign q = ~(a ^ b); //XNOR gate operation
assign r = ~(a & b); //NAND gate operation
assign s = ~(a | b); //NOR operation
endmodule
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HDL LAB
2. Write a Verilog program for the following combinational designs
a. 2 to 4 decoder
b. 8 to 3 (encoder without priority & with priority)
c. 8 to 1 multiplexer
d. 4 bit binary to gray converter
e. de-multiplexer, comparator.
a. 2:4 DECODER
module decoder2_4(reset,din,dout);
input reset;
input [1:0] din;
output [3:0] dout;
reg [3:0] dout;
always @(reset,din)
begin
if (reset==1'b1)
begin
dout=4'b0000;
end
else
begin
case(din)
2'b00 : dout=4'b0001;
2'b01 : dout=4'b0010;
2'b10 : dout=4'b0100;
2'b11 : dout=4'b1000;
endcase
end
end
endmodule
b. 8:3 ENCODER (WITHOUT PRIORITY)
module encoder8_3(din,reset,dout);
input [7:0] din;
input reset;
output [2:0] dout;
reg [2:0] dout;
always @(din,reset)
begin
if (reset == 1'b1)
dout = 3'b000;
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HDL LAB
else
begin
case (din)
8'b00000001 : dout=3'b000;
8'b00000010 : dout=3'b001;
8'b00000100 : dout=3'b010;
8'b00001000 : dout=3'b011;
8'b00010000 : dout=3'b100;
8'b00100000 : dout=3'b101;
8'b01000000 : dout=3'b110;
8'b10000000 : dout=3'b111;
default : dout=3'b000;
endcase
end
end
endmodule
8:3 PRIORITY ENCODER
module prienc123(IR,RA,reset);
input [7:0] IR;
output [2:0] RA;
input reset;
reg [2:0] RA;
always @(IR,reset)
begin
if(reset==1'b1)
RA=3'b000;
else
begin
casex (IR)
8'bxxxxxxx1 : RA= 3'b000;
8'bxxxxxx10 : RA= 3'b001;
8'bxxxxx100 : RA= 3'b010;
8'bxxxx1000 : RA= 3'b011;
8'bxxx10000 : RA= 3'b100;
8'bxx100000 : RA= 3'b101;
8'bx1000000 : RA= 3'b110;
8'b10000000 : RA= 3'b111;
default : RA=3'b000;
endcase
end
end
endmodule
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HDL LAB
b. 8:1 MULTIPLEXER
module mux8_1v(d,reset,sel,y);
input [7:0] d;
input reset;
input [2:0] sel;
output y;
reg y;
always@(reset,sel,d)
begin
if(reset==1)
y = 1'b0;
else
begin
case(sel)
3'd0 : y = d[0];
3'd1 : y = d[1];
3'd2 : y = d[2];
3'd3 : y = d[3];
3'd4 : y = d[4];
3'd5 : y = d[5];
3'd6 : y = d[6];
3'd7 : y = d[7];
endcase
end
end
endmodule
c. BINARY TO GRAY
module bintogray(b,g);
input [3:0] b;
output [3:0] g;
g[3]=b[3];
g[2]=b[3] ^ b[2];
g[1]=b[2] ^ b[1];
g[0]=b[1] ^ b[0];
endmodule
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HDL LAB
d. GRAY TO BINARY
module gratobin(g,b);
input [3:0] g;
output [3:0] b;
b[3]=g[3];
b[2]=g[3] ^ g[2];
b[1]=g[3] ^ g[2] ^ g[1];
b[0]=g[3] ^ g[2] ^ g[1] ^ g[0];
endmodule
e. 1:8 DEMULTIPLEXER
module demux1_8(reset,y,sel,d);
input y;
input reset;
input [2:0] sel;
output [7:0] d;
reg [7:0] d;
always@(sel,y,reset)
begin
if(reset==1’b1)
d=8’b00000000;
else
begin
case (sel)
3'b000 : d[0] = y ;
3'b001 : d[1] = y ;
3'b010 : d[2] = y ;
3'b011 : d[3] = y ;
3'b100 : d[4] = y ;
3'b101 : d[5] = y ;
3'b110 : d[6] = y ;
3'b111 : d[7] = y ;
default :begin end
endcase
end
end
endmodule
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HDL LAB
f. COMPARATOR
module comp(x, y, xgty, xlty, xeqy);

input [1:0] x;
input [1:0] y;
output xgty;
output xlty;
output xeqy;
assign xgty = (x[1]&(~(y[1])))|(x[0]&(~y[1])&(~y[0]))|(x[0]&x[1]

&(~y[0]));
assign xlty = (y[1]&(~x[1]))|((~x[0])&y[0]&y[1])|((~x[0])&(~x[1])
&y[0]);
assign xeqy = (~(xgty|xlty));
endmodule
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HDL LAB
3. Write a HDL code to describe the functions of a Full Adder Using three modeling
styles.
DATA FLOW DESCRIPTION
VHDL
library IEEE;
use IEEE.STD_LOGIC_1164.ALL;
use IEEE.STD_LOGIC_ARITH.ALL;
use IEEE.STD_LOGIC_UNSIGNED.ALL;
entity FullAdder is
Port (a,b,cin : in std_logic; sum,cout : out std_logic);
end FullAdder;
architecture dtfl of FullAdder is

begin
sum <= a xor b xor cin;
cout <= (a and b) or (b and cin) or (cin and a);
end dtfl;
VERILOG
module FullAdder(a,b,cin,sum,cout);
input a,b,cin;
output sum,cout;
assign sum = a ^ b ^ cin ;

assign cout = (a & b) | (b & cin) | (cin & a);
endmodule
BEHAVIORAL DESCRIPTION
VHDL
library IEEE;
entity Seq_Full is
Port ( A,B,Cin : in std_logic;
Sum ,cout: out std_logic);
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HDL LAB
end Seq_Full;
architecture Behavioral of Seq_Full is

begin
process(A,B,Cin)
begin
if(A='0' and B='0' and Cin='0')then
Sum<='0';
Cout<='0';
elsif(A='0' and B='0' and Cin='1')then
Sum<='1';
Cout<='0';
Sum<='1';
Cout<='0';
Sum<='0';
Cout<='1';
Sum<='1';
Cout<='0';
Sum<='0';
Cout<='1';
Sum<='0';
Cout<='1';
Sum<='1';
Cout<='1';
end if;
end process;
end Behavioral;
VERILOG
module fulladd(a,b,cin,sum,cout);
input a,b,cin;
output sum,cout;
reg sum,cout;
always@(a,b,cin)
begin
if(a==1'b0 & b==1'b0 & cin==1'b0)
begin
sum=1'b0;
cout=1'b0;
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HDL LAB
end
else if(a==1'b0 & b==1'b0 & cin==1'b1)
begin
sum=1'b1;
cout=1'b0;
end
else if(a==1'b0 & b==1'b1 & cin==1'b0)
begin
sum=1'b1;
cout=1'b0;
end
else if(a==1'b0 & b==1'b1 & cin==1'b1)
begin
sum=1'b0;
cout=1'b1;
end
else if(a==1'b1 & b==1'b0 & cin==1'b0)
begin
sum=1'b1;
cout=1'b0;
end
else if(a==1'b1 & b==1'b0 & cin==1'b1)
begin
sum=1'b0;
cout=1'b1;
end
else if(a==1'b1 & b==1'b1 & cin==1'b0)
begin
sum=1'b0;
cout=1'b1;
end
else if(a==1'b1 & b==1'b1 & cin==1'b1)
begin
sum=1'b1;
cout=1'b1;
end
end
endmodule
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HDL LAB
STRUCTURAL DESCRIPTION
VHDL
library IEEE;
entity HA is
Port ( I1 : in std_logic;
I2 : in std_logic;
O1 : out std_logic;
O2 : out std_logic);
end HA;
architecture Behavioral of HA is
begin
O1 <= I1 xor I2;
O2 <= I1 and I2;
end Behavioral;
------------------------------------------------------------------
library IEEE;
entity orgate is
port ( I1: in std_logic;
I2: in std_logic;
O1: out std_logic);
end orgate;
architecture Behavioral of orgate is
begin
O1 <= I1 or I2;
end Behavioral;
------------------------------------------------------------------
library IEEE;
entity FA is
Port ( a,b,cin : in std_logic;
sum,cout : out std_logic);
end FA;
architecture Behavioral of FA is
component HA
port (I1, I2 : in std_logic; O1, O2 : out std_logic);
end component;
component orgate
port (I1, I2 : in std_logic; O1 : out std_logic);
end component;
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HDL LAB
signal s0,c0,c1:std_logic;
begin
HA1 : HA port map (a,b,s0,c0);
HA2 : HA port map (cin,s0,sum,c1);
O1 : orgate port map (c0,c1,cout);
end Behavioral;
VERILOG
module FA(a,b,cin,sum,cout);
input a;
input b;
input cin;
output sum;
output cout;
HA H1 (a,b,s0,c0);
HA H2 (cin,s0,sum,c1);
or O1 (cout,c0,c1);
endmodule
----------------------------------------------------------------
module HA(a,b,s,c);
input a,b;
output s,c;
xor (s,a,b);
and (c,a,b);
endmodule
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4. Write a Verilog code for bit ALU
1. ALU should use combinational logic to calculate an output based on the

four bit op-code input
2. ALU should pass the result to the out bus when enable line in high, and
tri-state the out bus when the enable line is low
3. ALU should pass the result to the out bus when enable line in high, and
tri-state the out bus when the enable line is low.
4. ALU should decode the 4 bit op-code according to the given in example
below.
Truth Table Of ALU
OPCODE ALU OPARATION

saqz1 A+B
Opcode(3,0)
2 A–B
3 A Complement
4 A*B
5 A AND B Enable
6 A OR B
7 A NAND B
8 A XOR B
module ALU_MIXED(a,b,opcode,enable,y);
input [31:0] a,b;
input [3:0] opcode;
input enable;
output [31:0] y;
reg [31:0] y;
always@(a,b,enable,opcode)
begin
if(enable==1'b1)
begin
case (opcode)
4'b0001 : y = a + b;
4'b0010 : y = a - b;
4'b0011 : y = ~ a;
4'b0100 : y = a * b;
4'b0101 : y = a & b;
4'b0110 : y = a | b;
4'b0111 : y = ~(a & b);
4'b1000 : y = a ^ b;
default: y=32'd0;
endcase
end
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HDL LAB
else
begin
y=32'd0;
end
end
endmodule
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HDL LAB
5. Develop the Verilog code for the flip-flops: SR, D, JK, T.
SR FLIP FLOP
module SR_f_f(SR,clk,reset,q,qb);
input [1:0] SR ;
input clk,reset;
output q,qb;
reg q,qb;
always@(posedge clk)
begin
if(reset==1'b1)
q = 1'b0;
else
begin
case (SR)
2'b00 : q = q ;
2'b01 : q = 1'd0 ;
2'b10 : q = 1'd1 ;
2'b11 : q = 1'dZ ;
endcase
end
qb = ~ q;
end
endmodule
D FLIP FLOP
module D_f_f(d,clk,reset,q,qb);
input d;
input clk;
input reset;
output q;
output qb;
reg q,qb;
always@(posedge clk or posedge reset)
begin
if(reset==1'b1)
begin
q<=1'b0;
qb<=1'b1;
end
else
begin
q<=d;
qb<=~d;
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HDL LAB
end
end
endmodule
T FLIP FLOP
module T_f_f(clk,reset,t,q,qb);
input clk;
input reset;
input t;
output q;
output qb;
reg q,qb;
begin
if (reset==1'b1)
begin
q=1'b0;
qb=1'b1;
end
else
begin
if(t==1'b1)
q = ~q;
else
q = q;
end
qb=~q;
end
endmodule
JK FLIP FLOP
module JK_f_f(JK,clk,reset,q,qb);
input [1:0] JK;
input clk;
input reset;
output q,qb;
reg q,qb;
begin
if (reset==1’b1)
q = 1'd0 ;
else
begin
case(JK)
2'b00 : q = q ;
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HDL LAB
2'b01 : q = 1'd0 ;
2'b10 : q = 1'd1 ;
2'b11 : q = ~ q ;
endcase
end
qb = ~q;
end
endmodule
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HDL LAB
6. Design 4 bit binary (Synchronous reset and Asynchronous reset) up counters.
SYNCHRONOUS BINARY UP COUNTER
module SYNC_RESET_BINARY(clk,reset,qout);
input clk;
input reset;
output [3:0] qout;
reg [3:0] qout;
begin
if(reset==1'b1)
qout=4'b0000;
else
begin
qout=qout+1;
end
end
endmodule
ASYNCHRNOUS BINARY COUNTER.
module async_reset_binary(clk,reset,qout);
input clk;
input reset;
output [3:0] qout;
reg [3:0] qout;
begin
if(reset)
begin
qout=4'b0000;
end
else
begin
qout=qout+1;
end
end
endmodule
26
HDL LAB
7. Design 4 bit BCD (Synchronous reset and Asynchronous reset) up counters.
SYNCHRONOUS BCD COUNTER.
module sync_reset_bcd(reset,clk,qout);
input reset;
input clk;
output [3:0] qout;
reg [3:0] temp;
assign qout=temp;
begin
if(reset==1'b1)
temp=4'b0000;
else
begin
temp=temp+1;
if(temp==4'b1001)
temp=4'b0000;
end
end
end
endmodule
ASYNCHRONOUS BCD COUNTER
module ASYNC_RESET_BCD(clk,reset,qout);
input clk;
input reset;
output [3:0] qout;
reg [3:0] temp;
assign qout=temp;
begin
if(reset==1'b1)
temp=4'b0000;
else
begin
temp=temp+1'b1;
if(temp==4'b1001)
temp="0000";
end
end
end
endmodule
27
HDL LAB
8. ANY SEQUENCE GENERATOR
module tff(q,t,c);
output q;
input t,c;
reg q;
initial
begin
q=1'b1;
end
always @ (posedge c)
begin
if (t==1'b0) begin q=q; end
else begin q=~q; end
end
endmodule
module tff1(q,t,c);
output q;
input t,c;
reg q;
initial
begin
q=1'b0;
end
always @ (posedge c)
begin
if (t==1'b0) begin q=q; end
else begin q=~q; end
end
endmodule
module random(o,clk);
output [3:0]o; input clk;
xor (t0,o[3],o[2]);
assign t1=o[0];
assign t2=o[1];
assign t3=o[2];
tff u1(o[0],t0,clk);
tff1 u2(o[1],t1,clk);
endmodule
28
HDL LAB
PART-B: INTERFACING PROGRAMS
1. VHDL code to control speed, direction of stepper motor

library IEEE;
---- Uncomment the following library declaration if instantiating

---- any Xilinx primitives in this code.
--library UNISIM;
--use UNISIM.VComponents.all;
entity motor is
Port ( clk : in STD_LOGIC;
rst : in STD_LOGIC;
dir : in STD_LOGIC;
dout : out STD_LOGIC_VECTOR (3 downto 0);
row : in STD_LOGIC_VECTOR (1 downto 0));
end motor;
architecture Behavioral of motor is
signal clk1:STD_LOGIC_VECTOR (25 downto 0);

signal clk2:STD_LOGIC;
signal shift_reg:STD_LOGIC_VECTOR (3 downto 0):="0001";
begin
process(clk)
begin
if (clk'event and clk='1') then
clk1<=clk1+1;
end if;
end process;
clk2<=clk1(21)when row ="00" else --lowest speed

clk1(19)when row ="01" else
clk1(17)when row ="10" else
clk1(15);-- highest speed;
process(clk2, dir, rst)

begin
if (rst='1')then --stop rotation
shift_reg<=shift_reg;
elsif(clk2'event and clk2='1')then
if (dir='0')then shift_reg<=shift_reg(0)& shift_reg(3 downto 1);--clockwise rotation
else shift_reg<=shift_reg(2 downto 0)& shift_reg(3);--anticlockwise rotation
29
HDL LAB
end if;
end if;
end process;
dout<= shift_reg;
end Behavioral;
30
HDL LAB
2. VHDL code to control elevator
library IEEE;

--library UNISIM;
entity elev is
Port ( kreturn : in STD_LOGIC_VECTOR (03 downto 0);
kscan : inout STD_LOGIC_VECTOR (03 downto 0):="1110";
segmatrix : out STD_LOGIC_VECTOR (03 downto 0);
clock : in STD_LOGIC;
seg : out STD_LOGIC_VECTOR (07 downto 0));
end elev;
architecture Behavioral of elev is

signal a, temp: integer range 0 to 15 :=0;
signal b: integer range 0 to 2000000;
begin
process(clock, kscan, kreturn)
begin
if(clock'event and clock='1')then kscan<= kscan(0)& kscan(3 downto 1);
if kscan="0111" and kreturn="0111" then a<=0;
elsif kscan="0111" and kreturn="1011" then a<=1;
end if;
end if;
end process;
process(clock, a, temp)
31
HDL LAB
begin
if(clock'event and clock='1')then
b<=b+1;
if(b=2000000)then
if(temp<a)then temp<=temp+1;
b<=0;
elsif(temp/=a)then
temp<=temp-1;
b<=0;
end if;
end if;
end if;
end process;
process(temp)
type sevseg is array(0 to 15) of std_logic_vector(7 downto 0);
constant segdis: sevseg:=("11111100","01100000","11011010","11110010","01100110",
"10110110","10111110",
"11100000","11111110","11100110","11101110",
"00111110","10011100",
"01111010","10011110","10001110");
begin
seg<=segdis(temp);
segmatrix<="1110";
end process;
end Behavioral;
32
HDL LAB
3. VHDL code to generate different waveforms (sine, square, triangular, ramp etc.)
using DAC change the frequency and amplitude.
NEGATIVE RAMP WAVE.
library IEEE;
entity negramp_wave is
Port ( reset : in std_logic;
clk : in std_logic;
d0 : inout std_logic_vector(11 downto 0));
end negramp_wave;
architecture Behavioral of negramp_wave is
signal clk_div:std_logic_vector(50 downto 0);
signal clkdiv:std_logic;
begin
process(reset,clk)
begin
if reset='1' then
clk_div<=(others=>'0');
elsif(clk'event and clk='1')then
clk_div<=clk_div+1;
end if;
end process;
clkdiv<=clk_div(1);
process(reset,clkdiv)
begin
if(reset='1')then
d0<=(others=>'0');
elsif(clkdiv'event and clkdiv='1')then
d0<=d0-1;
end if;
end process;
end Behavioral;
POSITIVE RAMP WAVE

library IEEE;
entity posramp_wave is
clk : in std_logic;
end posramp_wave;
33
HDL LAB
architecture Behavioral of posramp_wave is

begin
process(reset,clk)
begin
if reset='1' then
clk_div<=clk_div+1;
end if;
end process;
clkdiv<=clk_div(1);
begin
if(reset='1')then
d0<=(others=>'0');
d0<=d0+1;
end if;
end process;
end Behavioral;
SQUARE WAVE.
library IEEE;
entity square_wave is
clk : in std_logic;
sq : inout std_logic_vector(11 downto 0));
end square_wave;
architecture Behavioral of square_wave is
begin
process(reset,clk)
begin
if reset='1' then
clk_div<=clk_div+1;
end if;
end process;
clkdiv<=clk_div(12);
34
HDL LAB
begin
if(reset='1')then
sq<=(others=>'0');
sq<=not sq;
end if;
end process;
end Behavioral;
STAIRCASE WAVE.
library IEEE;
entity staircase_wave is
clk : in std_logic;
end staircase_wave;
architecture Behavioral of staircase_wave is
begin
process(reset,clk)
begin
if reset='1' then
clk_div<=clk_div+1;
end if;
end process;
clkdiv<=clk_div(1);
begin
if(reset='1')then
d0<=(others=>'0');
d0<=d0+333;
end if;
end process;
end Behavioral;
35
HDL LAB
TRIANGULAR WAVE.
library IEEE;
entity triangular_wave is
clk : in std_logic;
end triangular_wave;
architecture Behavioral of triangular_wave is
signal s1:std_logic_vector(25 downto 1);
signal s2:std_logic;
signal dir:std_logic:='1';
begin
process(reset,clk)
begin
if(reset='1')then
s1<=(others=>'0');
s1<=s1+1;
end if;
end process;
s2<=s1(1);
process(s2,reset)
begin
if(reset='1')then
d0<=(others=>'0');
elsif(s2'event and s2='1')then
if(dir='1')then
d0<=d0+1;
else
d0<=d0-1;
end if;
end if;
if(d0>"111111111101")then
dir<='0';
elsif(d0<"000000000000")then
dir<='1';
end if;
end process;
end Behavioral;
36
HDL LAB
SINE WAVE.
library ieee;
use ieee.std_logic_1164.all;
use ieee.std_logic_arith.all;
use ieee.std_logic_unsigned.all;
entity sine is
port ( clk : in std_logic;
rst : in std_logic;
dac_out : out std_logic_vector(0 to 7));
end sine;
architecture behavioral of sine is
signal c1:std_logic_vector(7 downto 0);
signal i :integer range 0 to 179;
type sine is array (0 to 179) of integer range 0 to 255;
constant value:sine:=
(128,132,136,141,145,150,154,158,163,167,171,175,180,184,188,
192,195,199,203,206,210,213,216,220,223,226,228,231,234,236,
238,241,243,244,246,247,248,249,250,251,252,253,254,255,255,
255,255,254,253,252,251,250,249,248,247,246,244,243,241,238,236,
234,231,228,226,223,220,216,213,210,206,203,199,195,192,188,
184,180,175,171,167,163,158,154,150,145,141,136,132,128,
123,119,114,110,105,101,97,92,88,84,80,75,71,67,64,60,56,52,
49,45,42,39,35,32,29,27,24,21,19,17,14,12,11,9,7,6,4,3,2,1,1,
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,2,3,4,6,7,9,11,12,14,17,19,21,24,27,29,32,
35,39,42,45,49,52,56,60,64,67,71,75,80,84,88,92,97,101,105,110,114,
119,123,128);
begin
process(clk,rst)
begin
if(rst='1') then
c1<=(others=>'0');
elsif(clk'event and clk='1') then
c1<=c1+1;
end if;
end process;
process(c1(3))
begin
if(c1(3)'event and c1(3)='1')then
dac_out<=conv_std_logic_vector(value(i),8);
i<=i+1;
if(i=179) then
i<=0;
end if;
end if;
end process;
37
HDL LAB
end behavioral;
4.VHDL code for up and down counter using 7 segment display
library IEEE;

--library UNISIM;
entity seg1 is
Port ( kret : in STD_LOGIC_VECTOR (03 downto 0);
kscan : inout STD_LOGIC_VECTOR (03 downto 0):="0111";
segmatrix : out STD_LOGIC_VECTOR (03 downto 0);
clk : in STD_LOGIC;
seg : out STD_LOGIC_VECTOR (07 downto 0));
end seg1;
architecture Behavioral of seg1 is

--signal scan: std_logic_vector(3 doento 0):= "0111";
begin
segmatrix<="1011"; --selection of one segment
process(clk,kscan, kret)
begin
if(clk'event and clk='1') then
kscan<=kscan(0)& kscan(3 downto 1);
--kscan<=scan;
case kscan is
when "0111"=>
case kret is
when "0111"=> seg<="11111110"; --0
when "1011"=> seg<="01100000"; --1
when "1101"=> seg<="11011010"; --2
when "1110"=> seg<="11110010"; --3
when others=> null;
end case;
when "1011"=>
case kret is
when "0111"=> seg<="01100110"; --4
when "1011"=> seg<="10110110"; --5
when "1101"=> seg<="10111110"; --6
when "1110"=> seg<="11100000"; --7
38
HDL LAB
when others=> null;

end case;
when "1101"=>
case kret is
when "0111"=> seg<="11111110"; --8
when "1011"=> seg<="11100110"; --9
when "1101"=> seg<="11101110"; --a
when "1110"=> seg<="11111101"; --b
when others=> null;
end case;
when "1110"=>
case kret is
when "0111"=> seg<="10011100"; --c
when "1011"=> seg<="01111010"; --d
when "1101"=> seg<="10011110"; --e
when "1110"=> seg<="10001110"; --f
when others=> null;
end case;
when others=> seg<="00000000";

end case;
end if;
end process;
end Behavioral;
39
HDL LAB
5. Write a VHDL code to control speed, direction of DC motor.
library IEEE;

--library UNISIM;
entity dc is
Port ( enable,mtr1,mtr2 : out STD_LOGIC;
clk,rst : in STD_LOGIC;
dir: in std_logic;
row:in std_logic_vector(3 downto 0));
end dc;
architecture Behavioral of dc is
signal div:std_logic_vector(25 downto 0);
signal clkd,tick:std_logic;
signal counter:std_logic_vector(7 downto 0):="11111110";
signal duty_cycle:integer range 0 to 255;
begin
process(clk)
begin
if rising_edge(clk) then
div<=div+1;
end if;
end process;
clkd<=div(8);
enable<='1';
tick<=row(0) and row(1) and row(2) and row(3);
process(clkd)
begin
if rising_edge(clkd) then
counter<=counter+1;
end if;
end process;
process(tick)
40
HDL LAB
begin
if falling_edge(tick) then
case row is
when "1110" => duty_cycle<=225;
when others => duty_cycle<=150;
end case;
end if;
end process;
process(rst,dir)
begin
if rst='0' then
mtr1<='0';
mtr2<='0';
else
if dir='0' then
mtr2<='0';
if counter>=duty_cycle then
mtr1<='1';
else
mtr1<='0';
end if;
else
mtr1<='0';
if counter>=duty_cycle then
mtr2<='1';
else
mtr2<='0';
end if;
end if;
end if;
end process;
end Behavioral;
41
HDL LAB
VIVA QUATIONS
1) Expand CPLD,FPGA,ISE,PLA,ASIC,HDL,VHDL etc

2) What are difference b/w CPLD and FPGA
3) What are difference b/w VHDL and VERILOG
4) Explain the block diagram of CPLD and FPGA
5) What are the Important features of CPLD and FPGA
6) What is Synthesis and Simulation
7) What are the data types available in VHDL and Verilog
8) Difference b/w register and net data type
9) What are the operators available in VHDL and Verilog
10) What are the different types of descriptions available in HDL
11) Difference b/w bit_vector and std_logic_vector
12) Difference b/w combination and sequential circuits
13) Difference b/w latch and the flip-flop
14) Difference b/w serial and parallel adder
15) Difference b/w carry-look ahead and ripple-carry adder
16) What are the common programming errors occurs in HDL language
17) Difference b/w signal and variable.
18) What is main use of constant variables
19) What is the difference b/w truth table and excitation table
20) Difference b/w each of the flip-flops
21) Questions on different statements (ex: if, loop, wait etc) available in HDL
22) What is fan-in and fan-out
23) What is propagation delay
24) What are universal gate. why they called so
25) What are the ports available in VHDL and Varilog.Differences among them
26) What is synthesis and simulation.what is RTL
27) What is decoder.expain with truth table
28) What is encoder, Give the difference B/W encoder with and without priority
29) What is Multiplexers and demultiplexer? Differences b/w them. What is the use of
select line or control line, how many select lines are needed for 16X1 mux
30) What is gray code? What is excess-3 code and what is reflection code
31) What is the gray equivalent of binary 1101
32) What is comparator? How it works
33) What is main difference b/w half adder and full adder
34) What is FRC
35) What does Opcodes act as in ALU program
36) What is +ve and –ve logic
37) Give the difference b/w synchronous and asynchronous clock
38) What is Race-around condition? How to eliminate this
39) Explian different types of triggering
40) What are the applications of DFF and TFF
41) Difference b/w synchronous and asynchronous counters
42
HDL LAB
42) Difference b/w casex and casez statements

43) What are the loop statements available in HDL.explain with an example
44) What are the attributes used in counters. Give the syntax.
45) Write the circuit diagram of synchronous and asynchronous counter using FFs
46) What is stepper motor
47) What are the applications of stepper motor
48) Explain the stepper motor oparation. How do you change its direction
49) How do you control the speed in stepper motor
50) What is relay in external lights
51) Draw 4x4 keypad and 7-segment display
52) What is scan and read in LCD displays program
53) What is UCF
54) What happens when you configure a device
55) What is difference b/w ADC and DAC
56) Show the sine wave form by changing the step size
57) What is the formula for DAC frequency sine wave
43

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AMC Engineering College

18th K.M., Bannerghatta Road

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

HDL LAB MANUAL

Subject Code: 15ECL58

Academic Year: 2017

UNIVERSITY SEAT NO:

CONTENTS Page No.

2. HARDWARE DETAILS AND SPECIFICATIONS 3

3. STEPS TO FOLLOW IN XILINX ISE 6

HDL is a Hardware Description Language (HDL). A Hardware Description

HARDWARE DETAILS AND SPECIFICATIONS

VLSI Trainer Kit:

Block Diagram of VLSI Trainer Kit:

• JTAG Parallel PC Programming interface with cables.

• LCD display interface connector.

Interfacing XC3Sxxx to TKBase Hardware Resources:

STEPS TO FOLLOW IN XILINX ISE

 Click on Xilinx ISEi

Part–A (Using Xilinx Tool)

1. Write Verilog code to Realize of all the logic gates. 10

OPCODE ALU OPARATION

5. Develop the Verilog code for the following flip-flops 23

7. Design a 4-bit BCD up counter

Part–A (Using Xilinx Tool)

1. Write a Verilog code to realize all the logic gates.

module gatesimp (a,b,x,y,z,p,q,r,s);

assign x = a & b; //AND gate oparation

2. Write a Verilog program for the following combinational designs

b. 8:3 ENCODER (WITHOUT PRIORITY)

8:3 PRIORITY ENCODER

module comp(x, y, xgty, xlty, xeqy);

assign xgty = (x[1]&(~(y[1])))|(x[0]&(~y[1])&(~y[0]))|(x[0]&x[1]

DATA FLOW DESCRIPTION

architecture dtfl of FullAdder is

assign sum = a ^ b ^ cin ;

architecture Behavioral of Seq_Full is

4. Write a Verilog code for bit ALU

1. ALU should use combinational logic to calculate an output based on the

Truth Table Of ALU

OPCODE ALU OPARATION

5. Develop the Verilog code for the flip-flops: SR, D, JK, T.

6. Design 4 bit binary (Synchronous reset and Asynchronous reset) up counters.

SYNCHRONOUS BINARY UP COUNTER

ASYNCHRNOUS BINARY COUNTER.

7. Design 4 bit BCD (Synchronous reset and Asynchronous reset) up counters.

SYNCHRONOUS BCD COUNTER.

ASYNCHRONOUS BCD COUNTER

8. ANY SEQUENCE GENERATOR

PART-B: INTERFACING PROGRAMS

1. VHDL code to control speed, direction of stepper motor

---- Uncomment the following library declaration if instantiating

architecture Behavioral of motor is

signal clk1:STD_LOGIC_VECTOR (25 downto 0);

clk2<=clk1(21)when row ="00" else --lowest speed

process(clk2, dir, rst)

2. VHDL code to control elevator

---- Uncomment the following library declaration if instantiating

architecture Behavioral of elev is

NEGATIVE RAMP WAVE.

POSITIVE RAMP WAVE

architecture Behavioral of posramp_wave is