LET REVIEW NOTES IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

Prepared by: Ms. Jerlyn Mae S. Quiliope

Mountain Ranges
 Sierra Madre — the longest continuous mountain range in the country
 Carballo del Sur & Caraballos Occidentales
 Mindoro Range
 Tagaytay Ranges
Volcanoes & earthquake
 402 total volcanoes in the Philippines
 22 volcanoes are active
 27 volcanoes are potentially active
 353 volcanoes are inactive
 Mayon Volcano in Albay — is almost the perfect cone and the most active volcano
 Taal Volcano in Batangas — World’s smallest volcano
 Mt.Pinatubo in Zambales — is the world’s destructive volcano, erupted in 1991 that affects over 1.5 million Filipinos,
killed over 900 people and rendered 300 homeless and over 20,000 acres of rice lands were covered by millions of
tons of lava
 100 seismic faults from Luzon to Mindanao
River and Fluvial System
 Rio Grande de Cagayan — is the longest river in the Philippines
 Rio Grande de Mindanao — is the largest river system in the Philippines
 Rio Grande de Pampanga — is the second largest river in the Philippines
 Agno Grande River — is the third longest river in the Phlippines
 Denip and Aqbaca River is the headquarter of this river
 Agusan River — o f the largest river system in Mindanao
Notable Lakes in the country
 Laguna de Bay — the largest lake in the Philippnes
 Lake Lanao — is the 2nd largest in the country and in the Philippines
 Lake Taal — is the 3rd largest lake in the Philippines
 Lake Mainit (Caldera Lake) — 4th largest lake in the country
 Maujan Lake — is the 5th largest lake in the country
Flat Areas
 Central plain of Luzon — largest plain in the country and the rice granary of the Philippines

Pre-Colonial Institution: Criteria of Civilization

1. Government, laws and Warfare
 Barangay — it is social organization in ancient Filipino communities with broader political, economic and religious
features than the family. Generally, this indigenous socio-political set-up was based on the leadership of a Datu/Rajah
in a barangay.
 Social Classes in the barangay
Nobles or Maharlika — members of the datu’s household, council of elders or datu’s adviser & wealthy
Freeman or Timawa —majority of the members of the barangay
Dependent or slave or alipin — debts peons (alipingsagigilid o namamahay)

 Social stratification (Spanish period/ Social Classes)

Peninsulares — Spaniards who are born in Spain, a pure blooded Spaniards, wealthiest and most politically
powerful among the social class.
Insulares — Spaniards who are born in the Philippines who took important position in the Spanish government
in the Philippines, and enjoy various governments and church position.
Illustrado — middle class Filipino who were educated in Spanish Liberal and European Nationalist Ideals.
Principalia — nobility class was the social and educated class in the towns of colonial Philippines composed of
the Gobernadorcillio or the Cabeza de Barangay who governed the district and the awardee of the medal of civil
merit.
Meztizos — Filipino mixes indigenous Filipino or Chinese ancestry.
Types of Meztizos
1. Meztizos de —mixed of Chinese and Filipino ancestry
2. Meztzos de —mixed of Spanish and Filipino
3. Tornatras —mixed Spanish, Filipino and Chinese ancestry
4. Indios —pure Astronesian ancestry
 Two kind of Law
Oral — consisted of customs transmitted orally from generation to generate
Written — promulgated by the datu’s in coordination with the council of elders announce to the people of the
barangay by the umalahokan or town-crier. Ex. Code of maragtas and Code of kalantiyaw
 Trial by Ordeal
River ordeal
Boiling water ordeal
Candle ordeal
Chewing of Uncooked Rice ordeal
  Islam and the Sultunates
1. Sulu Sultanate — is the first recorded sultanate in 1450 AD with Abu Baki or Sharif al Hasim as the first sultan
of Sulu. This Sultanate, claimed the jurisdiction over territorial areas represented TODAY BY Tawo-Tawi, Sulu,
Palawan,Basilan, and Zamboanga.
2. Maguindanao Sultanate — established when Sharief Mohammad Kabungsuan arrived in Mindanao.
3. Lanao Sultanate — the least documented sultanate. This idea attest to the fact the Lanao was the last to be
Alawi. He established himself as the first Sultan and his domain runs from lake to Tologoan.
Tuan Mashaika — was the first muslim to arrived in Mindanao during the 13th century
Makhdum Kharim — Knows as Sharif Auliyah
2. Trade: Foreign and Domestic
 Domestic Trade — Pre-hispanic Philippines has already developed and lucrative external trade with neighboring
states, as well as a well-defined system of landholding; vibrant internal exchange of goods between low land and
upland communities; a working system of Agriculture, Fishing and Livestock raising.
 Tabu — is a periodic market and was not substantially affected when Islam came. IT represents as the most effective
means of distributing goods.
 Tiangue — is another economic institution that seemed to have been confined strictly to Jolo and resemble
functionally and structurally the Christian Palengke.
 Foreign Trade — Hindu, Chinese and Arab contacts.
3. System of Writing, Art and Literature
 System of Writing: Baybayin — is an indigenous script, one of about a dozen of indigenous alphabets from
SouthEast Asian Island.
 Art: Sarimanok and Ukkil and Okir : Ukkil is a design found in Sulu archipelago, it incorporates the Arabic script amidst
fern-like designs . The same is true of the Lanao and CotabatoOkir except that the Okir has a wide variety of
indigenous design, from ferns to rope woven into the Arabic script motif. Sarimanok is believed to be of maranao origin
portrays the rooster and fish motifs in geometric framework.
 Folk Epics — was the highest form of Ancient Filipino literary heritage.
Biagni Lam-ang — (Ilocano) Father literary heritage.
Ibalon — ( Bicol Region) recorded in Spanish by Father Jose Castano
Indarapatra and Sulayman ( Maguindanao ) ParangSabil ( Tausog ) Bantugan ( Maranao ) and
Darangen of the Maranaos — Mindanao epics

The Earliest People

 Many theorists had been written on the origin of humans in the Philippines but no definite evidence can show how and when
the first people arrived these parts.
 Biblical theory states that humankind descended from Adam and Eve while scientists stick to the evolutionary theory.
 Filipino myth and folklore state that the first Filipino male was Malakas and Maganda was his mate.

Migration Theory
 Dr. H. O. Beyer’s migration theory arranged the peopling of the Philippines with the coming of the Dawn Man, the pre-
historic cousin of the Java man and Peking man of 250,000 yrs.ago.
 During the middle Pleistocene period (ice age), roughly about 250,000 B.C., man first appeared in the Philippines via land
bridges, which concerned mainland Asia and the Philippines.
 The first known Filipino is the Tabon Cave Man who lived in Palawan about 22,000 B.C(the skull cap of the Stone Age
human was discovered by Dr. Robert Fox inside the Tabon Cave in 1962).

Pre-colonial
 Prof. F. Landa Jocano in his paper “The Vision of Our Future Must be Rooted On our Image of the Past” strongly argues
otherwise: “The Filipinos possessed an elaborate civilization in the past. The achievement did not become part of the
Filipino consciousness, even today, because of the advent of colonization during which a systematic distortion of our
perspective about ourselves was carried out”.

House
 Bahay Kubo (nipa hut)- was suited o climate. Bamboo or wood stakes (haligi) held the hut above the ground.
 Batalan—where washing and bathing were done.
 Badjaos (sea gypsies)-sea gypsies of Sulu lived in boat—houses. This was so, because theses people mainly derived their
living from the resources of the sea.

Mode of Dressing
 Kanggan—the Male Filipinos wore a collarless short-sleeved jacket as the upper of their clothing.
 Bahag--the lower part of their clothing, a strip of cloth wrapped around the waist and in between the legs.
 Putong—the men’s headgear
 Baro or camisa—the woman wore a wide sleeved—jacket, the upper part of their clothing.
 Saya(Tagalog) and Patadyong (visayans)—the women’s skirt or lower part.
 Tapis—an additional cover was a piece of white or red cloth wrapped around the waist.

Ornaments
 Kalumbiga—armlets, gold rings, gold necklaces, gold bracelets
 Pintados—the early Filipinos adorned their bodies and faces with tattoos.
The Visayan were the most tattooed people among the ancient Filipinos and for this reason the Spanish missionaries called
them pintados.
Social Classes
The Pre-Spanish society was divided into three social classes.
 The nobles
 Freemen
 Dependents
The chiefs, their families and relatives composed the upper class or nobility. They carried title GAT or LAKAN.
The middle class of freemen who were usually free—born persons or freed slaves constituted the majority of the social classes.
The dependents or the ALIPIN belonged to the lowest class. There were two kinds of dependents:
 Aliping namamahay—owned houses and properties
 Aliping sagigilid--- had NO right. Could be sold anytime by his master(s)

GOVERNMENT
Barangay—The pre-colonial political unit. Composed of 30 to 100 families.It was monarchy ruled by a chieftain called Datu, Hari
or Raja (Muslim community).

Burial Mourning and Practices

 Laraw/Larao- mourning for a dead chieftain
 Maglahe-for a dead man
 Morotal-for a dead woman

Languages and Dialects

More than a hundred languages and dialects were spoken by ancient Filipinos. The 8 major languages and dialects
 Tagalog
 Iloko
 Pangasinan
 Kapangpangan
 Sugbuhanon
 Hiigaynon
 Samarnon
 Maguindanao
 Malayo-Polynesian—almost all of these languages and dialects originated from one linguistic family.

Literature
The pre-colonial Filipinos had both written and oral literature. Their oral literature consisted of the following:
 Awit (songs), Salawikain (proverbs), Hele (cradle songs), Bugtong (riddles), Ihiman(wedding songs), Kumintang (war songs)
Examples of their written literature were myths and epics like:
 Hudhud and the Alim (Ifugao), Biag ni Lam-ang (Ilocanos), Handiong(Bicolanos), Bantungan, Indirapatra, Sulayman,
Parang Sabil (Muslims)

Music and Dances

 Musical Instruments: Kudyapi (Tagaog guitar), Tultogan (Visayan Bamboo drum), Silbay (Ilocano red flute), Kutibeng
(Ilocano-five-stringed guitar)
 Dances: Balitaw and Dandansoy(Visayans), Kumintang (love dance, Tagalog), Mahinhin (courtship dance, Tagalog),
Kinnotan (Ilocanos ants dance)

ASIAN CUTURAL HERITAGE

Indian
 Sri Vidjaya- an indianized Malayo-Buddhist empire
 Madjapahit- Hindu Malayan empire
 Orang Dampuan- Men of Champa who were vassals o Sri Vidjaya Empire
 B’hattara-Great Lord, Indra Battara-most prominent deity, Indra-sky God, Agni- god of fire, Surya—god of sun,
Mahabharata—Indian epic, Putong- headgear, Sarong—Indian sari

Chinese
 Ma-i –Old Chinese name for the Philippines
 Parian (now Binondo)—chinese colony in Manila
 Bagtai-bantay, Bi-koe-biko

Arabic
 Mudum- the first who introduced Islam in Malay Peninsula
 Rajah Baginda-one of te rulers of Sumatra who went to SULU and continued preaching the doctrines of Muhammad
 Abu Bakar-Muslim missionary who arrived in the Philippines and continued propagating the Islamic faith
 Paramisuli-Baginda’s daughter
 Vinta-warboat, Luwaran-code of laws, Darangan-epic poetry

DATES TO BE REMEMBERED

The Age of Discoveries and Exploration

 Ferdinand sighted the island of Samar—March 16, 1521
 Magellan landed on Homonhon and named the islands “Archipelago of St. Lazarus”—March 17, 1521
 The first blood compact was held between Magellan and Rajah Kulambo of Limasawa—March 29, 1521
 The first Christian mass officiated by Father Pedro de Valderama was celebrated in the Island of Limasawa, Southern
Leyte—March 31, 1521
 Magellan was killed in the Battle of Mactan—April 27, 1521

Spanish Period
 Papal Bull Inter Caetera- an agreement issued 1493 by Pope Alexander VI that put a demarcation line that the world will be
divided into two where West would fall under Spain’s jurisdiction while East would fall under Portugal’s jurisdiction
 Treaty of Tordesillas-shifting of the demarcation line to 370 leagues West of Cape Verde Islands, with all the lands west of
the line belonging to Spain and East of it to Portugal.
 Treaty of Zaragosa—is the treaty for the formal ownership over Moluccas Island to Portugal in exchange for 350,000 gold
ducats.
 Ruy Lope de Villalobos named Samar and Leyte “Filipinas” in honor of Prince Philip II of Spain, the son King Carlos, who
later became King Felipe II—Feb. 2, 1543
 General Miguel Lopez de Legazpi another Spanish explorer reached Cebu and
 Claimed the island for Spain—Feb. 13, 1565.
 Blood compact was contracted between Legazpi and Rajah-Sikatuna of Bohol—March 16, 1565
 Cebu- the first Spanish settlement established by Legazpi was named La Villa de San Miguel—April 27, 1565
 La Villa de San Miguel was renamed Cuidad del Santissismo Nombre de Jesus in honor of Sto Niňo. It became the first
Spanish permanent settlement in the Philippines—January 1, 1571
 Manila was conquered by Martin de Goiti in the Battle of Bankusay—June 3, 1571
 Manila was named “Distinguised and Ever Loyal City” by Legazpi, and made himself the first Governor—General in the
Philippines—June 24, 1571
 Martin de Goiti was killed by Limahong, a chineses pirate—Nov.30, 1574
 The Royal Audencia referred to as Supreme Court during Spanish period was established to provide a check and balance
of power among Spanish government officials--May 16, 1584.
 Defeat of the 6 Dutch fleet by the Spanish Navy led by Juan Ronquillo in the Battle of Playa Honda, Zambales—April 13-14,
1617
 Defeat of the 6 Dutch fleet by the Spanish Navy in the Battle of Manila, hence the day was declared as the feast of La Naval
de Manila —Oct. 3-14, 1643
 Manila was conquered by the British forces under General William Draper and Admiral Samuel Cornish—October 5, 1762
 Britain surrendered the Philippines to Spain after losing of the seven year war—April 7, 1764
 The truce was signed between France and England ended the seven-year war and the recovery of Manila by Spain—May
31, 1764
 Dagohoy rebellion, the longest revolt in the Philippines which was lasted for 85 years-October 31, 1829
 Manila was opened to the world trade which led to an era of Commercial Revolution in the Philippines—Sept.6,1834.
 Apolinario dela Cruz known as “Hermano Pule” was executed for fighting against the Spanish government—November 4,
1841

The Rise of Nationalism

 The birth of Dr. Jose P. Rizal in Calamba Laguna—June 19, 1861
 A meeting in Cavite led by a Filipino Sergent Lamadrid took over the arsenal of Fort San Felipe and killed their Spanish
officers—January 20, 1872
 The execution of GOMBURZA—February 17, 1872
 La Association Hispano Filipino founded by Miguel Morayta aims to introduce changes in the Philippines and to campaign
for Filipino Representative in the Spanish Cortes, the law making body of Spain—January 12, 1889.
 The newspaper, La Solidaridad (SOL for short), founded by Graciano Lopez Jaena of Iloilo served as the official organ of
the Reform Movement—February 15, 1889
 Rizal’s second novel, El Filibusterismo was published with the able financial assistance of Valentin Ventura—February 18,
1891
 La Liga Filipina was founded by Rizal as a civic movement to unite the Filipinos in expressing reforms and freedom against
Spanish colonial policies—July 3, 1892
 Rizal was exiled in Dapitan, Zamboanga del Norte, Mindanao for four years—July 7, 1892
 The Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK) was secretly organized by Bonifacio,
Arellano,Diwa, Plata and Diaz in Azcarraga Street (now C.M. Recto) in Tondo—July 7, 1892
 The Katipunan was discovered by Father Mariano Gil through Through Teodoro Patino, resulting in the mass arrest and
execution—August 19, 1896
 Philippine Revolution –Cry of Balintawak—August 23, 1896
 The Battle of Pasong Tamo—August 25, 1896
 The Battle of Pinaglabanan—August 30,1896
 General Emilio Aguinaldo led the uprising in Kawit, Cavite—August 31, 1896
 The 13 men from Cavite known as “Los Trece Martirez de Cavite” were executed—September 12, 1896
 The Martyrdom of Dr. Jose Rizal in Luneta de Bagumbayan,--December 30, 1896
 The Tejeros Convention resolved the conflict between Magdalo and the Magdiwang factions of the Katipunan—March 22,
1897
 The execution of Bonifacio brothers (Andres and Procopio) in Maragondon, Cavite—May 10, 1897
 The Biak-na-Bato, a revolutionary government was established –July 7, 1897
 The truce of Biak-na-Bato signed between Pedro Paterno and Governor Primo de Rivera—December 15, 1897

American Period
 Spooner Bill of 1901- a civil government was established from the municipal level that was pacified up to central
government
 Tydings-McDuffie Law-a ten year transition period for independence
 Jones Law of 1916-independence was promised as soon as stable government can be established
 Philippine Bill of 1902 or Cooper Act—the next step in the institutionalization of the civil government in the Philippines under
American rule
 Sedition Law—declared treasonable the advocacy of independence during the entire duration of the Filipino-American War
 Flag Law—is the law prohibited the public display of Filipino flag
 Bates treaty—treaty to ensure the peaceful coexistence between Muslims and Americans in Mindanao
 The Spaniards blew up the American warship in Maine in Havana, Cuba—February 15, 1898
 The United States of America declared war against Spain—April 25, 1898
 American Navy under Commodore George Dewey defeated the Spanish Armada led Patricio Montojo in the famous Battle
of Manila Bay –May 1, 1898
 General Emilio Aguinaldo (in Barrio Alapan) waved the Philippine flag for the rest time to celebrate its victory—May 28,
1898
 Proclamation of Philippine Independence by Emilio Aguinaldo in Cawit, Cavite—June 12, 1898
 The Mock Battle of Manila Bay between Spain and America—August 13, 1898
 Military government was established by the American colonizers under General Wesley Meritt—August 14, 1898
 Treaty of Paris was signed between Spain and America ending the Spanish—American War. Spain surrendered the
Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam to the American government for the sum of $20 million—December 10, 1898

Period of Suppressed Nationalism

 The Philippines was considered America’s Benevolent Assimilation –December 21, 1898
 Inauguration of the First Philippine Republic or Malolos Republic with Emilio Aguinaldo as president—January 23, 1899
 The outbreak of Filipino—American War (Sta. Mesa, Manila)—February 4, 1899
 General Aguinaldo transferred the capital of the Republic from Malolos to San Fernando, Pampanga—March 31, 1899
 Antonio Luna was assassinated by General Aguinaldo’s guards in Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija—June 5, 1899
 General Gregorio del Pilar, the boy general was killed by the Americans in the Battle of Tirad Pass—December 2, 1899
 General Emilio Aguinaldo was captured in Palanan,, Isabela by General Frederick Funston and his men—March 23, 1901
 General Antonio Lucban and his brave men attacked the American garrison in Balanggiga, Samar—September 28, 1901
 The first Philippine Assembly was inaugurated at Manila Grand Opera with Manuel Luiz Quezon as the majority floor leader
and Sergio Osmeňa as a speaker—October 16, 1907
 The University of the Philippines was established as the first public university Murray Barlett became its first president and
Ignacio Villamor as its first Filipino president—June 18, 1908
 The signing of Underwood-Simons Tariff Law, allowing an open trade between the Philippines and United States—October
13, 1913
 Francis Burton Harrison was the first American Governor—General of the Philippine—October 6, 1913
 The creation of bicameral legislatures, the House of Senate and the House of Representatives as granted by the Jones
Law—August 29, 1916
 The founding of the Communist Party in the Philippines (CPP) by Crisanto Evangelista—August 26, 1930
 The Right of Suffrage was granted to Filipino by Governor Frank Murphy—December 7, 1933
 The creation of Commonwealth Government as provided by Tydings-McDuffie Law approved by the US President Franklin
D. Roosevelt – March 24, 1935
 The signing of the American-sponsored Constitution of the Philippines by FDR. The 1934 Constitutional Convention
(ConCon) was headed by Claro M. Recto—March 23, 1935
 The creation of SAKDALISTA Party by Benigno Ramos, a peasant organization against the commonwealth government ---
May 12, 1935
 The inauguration of Commonwealth Government with Manuel L. Quezon as President and Sergio Osmeňa as Vice
President—November 15, 1935
 Commonwealth Act No. 211—established the 8 hour labor and the minimum wage for both private and public sector
 Commonwealth Act No. 213—created the Court of Industrial relations which was tasked to settle labor disputes between
labourers and employers
 Legislative Act No. 4197—known as Quirino-Recto Colinization Act, this law encouraged the colonization and resettlement
of Mindanao by Christian Filipinos from Luzon and Visayas and gov’t support. This law certainly contributed to the
minoritization of Moros in Miindanao
 Commonwealth Act No.141—law declared all Moro ancestral and land holdings as public lands
 Commonwealth Act No. 441—an act creating the National Land Settlement Administration

The Japanese Occupation

 The Bombing of Pearl Harbor, the US Naval Station in Asia –Pacific—December 8, 1941
 The declaration of Manila as an Open City by General Douglas McArthur to prevent the city from further damage brought by
Japanese Bombing—December 26, 1941
 The creation of HUKBALAHAP (Hukbong Bayan Laban sa Hapon) under the leadership of Luiz Taruc—March 29, 1942
 The Fall of Bataan Major General Edward P. King, the commander of US forces in Bataan surrendered the fortress to the
Japanese forces. The Japanese led their captives on cruel “Death March” from Bataan to San Fernando Pampanga—April
9, 1942
 The Fall of Corregidor Island. The last fortress of defence of the Filipino—American forces led by USAFFE Commander-in-
Chief General Jonathan Wainwright surrendered to General Homma, Commander-in-Chief of the Japanese imperial
forces—May 6, 1942
 The inauguration of Japanese-sponsored puppet Republic was with Jose P. Laurel as president—October 14 1943
 The Leyte landing General Douglas MacArthur landed at Red Beach, Polo Leyte together with President Sergio Osmeňa
and General Carlos P. Romulo—October 20, 1944
 The Battle of Leyte Gulf—October 24-26, 1944
 The first atomic bomb was dropped in Hiroshima, Japan—August 6, 1945
 Three days after, the second atomic bomb was dropped in Nagasaki Japan---August 9, 1945
 The Japanese Imperial forces surrendered to the Allied forces in Tokyo Bay aboard by SS Missouri. It ended war in Asia
Pacific—September 2, 1945

The Third Republic

 The approval of Philippine Rehabilitation Act by the US Congress, allowing the United States to dispose of,, develop and
utilize(exploit) the Philippine Natural resources—April 30, 1946
 The inauguration of the Third Republic and the signing of the Treaty of General Relations which legalized the retention of
US bases in the Philippines—July 4, 1946
 The signing of the formal agreement between US and the Philippines allowing America to lease on 22 sites as US military
base for 99 years, in return, the Philippines Army accepted US $100 million worth of army equipment and supplies from the
US army—March 14, 1947
 President Manual Roxas died of cardiac arrest at Clark Air Base in Pampanga—April 4, 1947
 Vice President Elpidio Quirino became the president—April 4, 1947
 Ramon Magsaysay and Carlos P. Garcia were elected president and Vice-president respectively—November 10, 1953
 Luiz Taruc, he commander of HUK guerrilla surrendered to Benigno Ninoy Aquino, the emissary of President Magsaysay.
 The SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization) was organized by the 9 countries to prevent spread communism in
Asia—September 8-10, 1954 (hosted by Pres.Magsaysay)
 The Laure—Langley Agreement was signed replacing the Bell Trade Act—September 8, 1955
 President Ramon Magsaysay died in a plane crash in Mt. Manuggal, Cebu—March 17, 1957 (He was the first president who
wear barong tagalog)
 Vice president Carlos P. Garcia became the president, succeeding President Magsaysay—March 17, 1957 (He made the
Filipino First Policy)
 Pres. Diosdado Macapagal changed the date of Philippine Independence Day from July 4, 1946 to June 12, 1898—May 12,
1962
 President Diosdado Macapagal approved the Agriculture Land Reform code which abolished tenancy—August 8, 1963

Contemporary
 Congressman Ferdinand Marcos was elected president—November 9, 1965
 ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) was created in a summit held in Manila—August 8, 1967
 Gloria Diaz won the Miss Universe Title in Miami Beach Florida, USA—July 20, 1968
 The creation of CPP( Communist Party of the Philippines) by Jose Maria Sison—December 26, 1968
 President Ferdinand Marcos was re-elected president—Nov. 11, 1969
 1971 Constitutional Convention—June 1, 1971
 Plaza Miranda Bombing—August 21, 1971
 Signing of Proclamation 1081, placing the entire Philippines under military rule (martial law)—September 21, 1972
 Three days after the signing, Marcos officially announced the Martial Law—September 23, 1972
 The creation of Batasang Pambansa –September 23, 1972
 Marcos lifted the Martial Law—January 16, 1981
 Marcos won by another six-year term. The opposition boycotted the election—June 16, 1981
 Senator Ninoy Aquino was assassinated at the Tarmac Manila International Airport—August 21, 1983
 Funeral processions for the burial of Ninoy was joined by millions of people—August 31, 1983
 Snap Election—Febuary 7, 1986
 Marcos was proclaimed by Batasang Pambansa as president inspite of widespread protest on election fraud—February 16,
1986
 Military mutiny headed by Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile and Vice Chief of Staff Fidel Ramos—February 22, 1986
 Archbishop Cardinal Jaime Sin appealed over radio Veritas to protect military camps where the “rebels” were holed up—
February 23, 1986
 President Marcos fled into exile in Hawaii with the aid of US Air Force and Cory Aquino sworn in as the first woman
president of the Philippines by Senior Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, Claudio Teehankee at Club Filipino in San
Juan—February 25, 1986
 The Mendiola Massacre –The Kilusang Magbubukid ng Pilipinas (KMP), a peasant movement, led a march to Malacaňang
Palace to present their sentiments and demands for genuine land reforms. As the demonstrators marched across Mendiola
Bridge (now Chino Roces Bridges) violence erupted between the peasants and the WPD policemen—January 22, 1987
 Ratification of the new constitution through referendum replacing the National Assembly with a bicameral (2 houses)
legislature—February 2, 1987
 Unsuccessful Coup d’etat led by Lt. Col. Gregorio “Gringo” Honasan against Aquino Administration—August 28, 1987
 Another unsuccessful Coup d’etat against Pres.Aquino, this time by the combined forces of the Reform the Armed Forces
Movement(and the Nationalist Army of the Philippines) –December 1, 1987
 MV Doňa Paz hit a tanker and sank, the worst sea tragedy in the history leaving more 5, 000 casualties—Dec.20, 1987
 The US Military bases were extended for two more years—October 17, 1988
 7.6 intensity earthquake occurred in Central Luzon especially Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija,Baguio and Dapitan—July 16 1990
 Eruption of Mt. Pinatubo—June 15, 1991
 Philippine Senate rejected the possible extension of US Military Bases in the Philippines. The “Magnificent 12” senators who
voted against the extension of US Military Bases were senators Salonga, Pimentel, Taňada, Saguisag, Estrada, Ziga,
Aquino, Laurel, Mercado, Maceda, Guingona and Enrile—Sept. 16, 1991
 Secretary of Defense Fidel Ramos and Senator Joseph “ERAP” Estrada were elected President and vice president
respectively.
 The remains of former president Marcos was brought back to is hometown in Batac, Ilocos Norte—Sept. 11, 1993
 Philippine hosted the 4th Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)-November 24-25, 1996
 Vice President Joseph Ejercito Estrada and Senator Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo were elected President and Vice President
respectively –May 11, 1998
 Centennial Celebration of Philippine Independence –June 12, 1998
 President Estrada was impeached by the House of Representatives, headed by speaker Manuel “Manny” Villar. Pres.
Estrada was charged of plunder, graft and corruption, bribery, betrayal of public trust and culpable violation of the
constitution—Nov. 13, 2000
 EDSA( People Power) II resulted when 11 out of 21 senator- Judge voted against the opening of the second envelop
believed to contain important documents against President Estrada—January 16, 2001
 Philippine and US governments officially launched the “Balikatan” 02-1, code named KALAYAAN-AGUILA 2002—February
1, 2002
 The signing of Mutual Logistic Support Agreement (MLSA) which facilitates the exchange of logistic support, supplies and
service between the US Pacific Air Command and the Armed Forces of the Philippines for 5 years—November 21, 2002
 Manila hosted the 4th World Meeting of Families—January 22-26, 2003
 President Arroyo signed the Overseas Absentee Voting Act of 2003 (RA 9189)—February 13, 2003
 Strengthening the Anti-Money Laundering Law (RA 9160) through RA 9194—March 7, 2003
 Oakwood Mutiny, enlisted military personnel known as Magdalo Group—July 27, 2003
 The signing of RA 9225(Citizenship Retention and Reacquisition Act) an act making citizenship of the Philippines who
acquire Foreign Citizenship permanent—August 29, 2003
 Former Vice President Salvador H. Laurel died—January 28, 2004
 Signing of 9256, declaring August 21 as Ninoy Aquino Day—Febuary 25, 2004
 President Arroyo and Senator Noli de Castro were elected president and Vice president respectively—May 11, 2004
 Fernando Poe Jr., one of the most influential and popular candidate for presidency in May 11 election died—Dec. 14, 2004
 2006- The Philippines was hit by two super typhoons in November and December (Typhoons Milenyo and Reming);
 2008—the centennial year of the University of the Philippines
 2009—Earth’s Summit on climate change (Copenhagen, Denmark)
 2010—National Elections on May 10, 2010
 May 10, 2010—First automated national elections in the Philippines
 June 30, 2010—Inauguration of President Benigno Simeon Cojuangco Aquino III
 July 26, 2-010—First State of the Nation Address (SONA) (PNOY)
 July 25, 2011—Second SONA of PNOY
 Jan. 16, 2012—Impeachment of Chief Justice Corona
 May 29, 2012—CJ Corona was convicted on Article II of the Articles of Impeachment (Guilty: 20 votes; Not guilty 3 votes)

2013 EVENTS
 January 6 – Thirteen people were killed in a mass murder in Atimonan, Quezon
 January 17 – USS Guardian (MCM-5), an American mine countermeasures ship, ran ground at Tubbataha Reef, testing
relations between the Philippines and the United States.
 February 12 – Philippine gunmen claiming to be part of the "royal army" of the Sulu Sultanate landed on Lahad Datu,
Sabah causing a standoff which tested bilateral relations between the Philippines and Malaysia.
 March 4 – The Gramercy Residences, the tallest residential building in the Philippines at 250m was opened.
 March 25 - President Benigno Aquino III, Signs the New Law of "Anti Drugged and Drunk Driving Law of 2013" or RA.
10586, the Influential of Used Drugs and Driving Accident of the Vehicles.
 April 26 - Sen. Tito Sotto and Sec. Ronald Llamas was Said No Longer a Mandatory Drug Testing for Renewal of all Driver's
License Approved by LTO of R.A. 10586 Anti Drugged and Drunk Driving Law.
 May 7 – Mayon Volcano produced a surprise phreatic eruption lasting 73 seconds. Ash and rock were produced during this
eruption. Ash clouds reached 500 meters above the volcano's summit, which drifted west southwest The event killed five
climbers, of whom three were Germans, one was a Spaniard living in Germany and one was a Filipino tour guide while
Seven others were reported injured
 May 13 – 2013 Mid-term Elections.
 July 26 – At least 8 people dead, and 48 people injured in a bomb blast at the Limketkai Center in Cagayan De Oro
City, Philippines.
 August 5 – At least 8 people were killed and 40 others injured after a car bomb exploded in Cotabato
City, Cotabato province in the Philippines. It is the worst such attack ever in Cotabato City.
 August 9–10 – Typhoon Labuyo
 August 12 – MNLF leader Nur Misuari unilaterally declared the independence of the Bangsamoro Republik. The Philippine
government refuses to recognize the republic and no other foreign government has officially recognized the republic.
 August 16 – MV St. Thomas Aquinas collided with MV Sulpicio Express Siete resulting in 55 deaths. 65 people remain
missing.
 August 18 – Typhoon Maring hit northern Luzon, but affected the whole areas of Luzon through the "Southwest Monsoon"
or "Habagat".
 August 20 – Eight people were reported dead, with over 200,000 homeless
 August 26 – Widespread protests against the Priority Development Assistance Fund scam was organized nationwide. Some
Filipino communities worldwide also held solidarity protest. The biggest demonstration that was held on this day was
the Million People March held in Luneta Park in Manila.
 August 28 – Just hours after Malacanang set a P10-million bounty for any information leading to her arrest, Janet
Napoles surrendered to President Benigno "Noynoy" Aquino III.
 September 9–28 – The Moro National Liberation Front and government forces clash in Zamboanga City, paralyzing
economic activity in the city.
 September 26 – The Comelec disqualified Laguna governor E. R. Ejercito for poll overspending.
 October 15 – A magnitude 7.2 earthquake struck the island of Bohol with a depth of 20.0 km (12.4 mi). It was centered
about 20 miles below the town of Sagbayan. As of October 15, it was reported that the death toll was at least 93, including
people in Cebu. The following day, the death toll had risen to 144, with 291 people injured
 The elections for the barangay officials were held.
 Davao Occidental became the 81st province of the Philippines by the virtue of Republic Act No. 10360
 November 7 – Janet Lim-Napoles, the alleged mastermind in the P10 billion pork barrel scam faced the Senate for the first
time to answer the allegations against her
 November 8 – Typhoon Haiyan (known in the Philippines as Typhoon Yolanda), the deadliest Philippine typhoon on record,
caused catastrophic destruction in the Visayas, particularly on the islands of Samar and Leyte, killing 6,300 people. About
11 million people have been affected by the typhoon with many left homeless. CBCP declares 8 days of mourning for
'Yolanda' victims in November 11
 November 15 – a group of Abu Sayyaf militant raid a resort on a Malaysian island of Pom Pom in Semporna, Sabah. During
the ambush, a couples from Taiwan was on the resort when one of them been shot dead by the militant while the second
victim was kidnapped and taken to the Sulu Archipelago in the southern Philippines. The victim was later freed in Sulu
Province with the help of the Philippines security forces.
 November 20 – The Supreme Court of the Philippines abolishes the Priority Development Assistance Fund otherwise
known as the 'pork barrel'.
 November 25 – The special barangay elections were held in Zamboanga City and Bohol.
 November 29 - The Manila City government passed a resolution urging President Benigno Aquino III and the Congress of
the Philippines to recognize Andres Bonifacio as the first president of the Philippines.[35]
 December 6 – Former Batangas governor Antonio Leviste was released after four years after his parole was granted
 December 9 – The Philippines and the Bangsamoro sign a power-sharing agreement, paving the way for the peace
process.
 December 11 – The highest number of journalists is killed in a single year since 2009 in the country reaching a total of
twelve
 December 28 – San Pedro became the sixth city in Laguna.

2014 EVENTS
 January 25 – The government and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) have finally signed the fourth and last annex of
the Framework Agreement on the Bangsamoro, an agreement between the two parties that calls for the creation of the
autonomous political entity named Bangsamoro replacing the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao.
 The Supreme Court of the Philippines (SC) declared the major provisions of the Cybercrime Prevention Act of
2012(Republic Act 10175) including the online libel provision as constitutional. On the online libel, the court further clarified
that only the original authors of libelous material are covered by the law, and not those who received or reacted to it (e.g.,
liking, sharing, and commenting on an online post). The court also ruled the unconstitutionality of some provisions of the law
including unsolicited commercial communications, on collection or recording of traffic data in real-time by means of a
computer system, and take-down clause or restricting access to computer data.
 March 3 – President Aquino III abolished 6 government-owned and controlled corporations as part of crackdown of
dissolving non-performing, and unnecessary firms in the government.
 March 4 – The Senate concurred the ratification the country's separate extradition treaties with the United Kingdom,India,
and Spain in a vote of 17 with no objections and abstentions. All the extradition treaties will have a retroactive effect, which
means, according to Senator Miriam Defensor Santiago, "The treaties are applicable to offenses committed prior to the
entry into force of the treaties. This means that we can extradite the plunder criminals if they flee to the UK, Spain, or India,
even though the plunder was committed before the effectivity of the extradition treaties." The treaties to the said three
countries were ratified by President Aquino III on December 6, 2013.
 March 8--The country sent naval assets and a search-and-rescue plane in the West Philippine Sea after a Beijing-
bound Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 carrying 227 passengers and 12 crew members went missing. The last contact made
with the aircraft was when it was over the Gulf of Thailand.
 March 10--The Senate, on third and final reading, passed Senate Bill no. 1733 or People's Freedom of Information (FOI) Act
of 2013 authored by Senator Grace Poe. All 21 senators present voted for the approval of the said bill.Prior to the approval
of the bill on the final reading, the bill has been filed 44 times in 7 Congresses
 A total of 11 people, including 7 soldiers and 2 policemen, were killed in separate clashes with New People's Army (NPA)
rebels in Matanao, Davao del Sur.
 March 30 - The Philippines submitted its 10 volume memorial or written pleading on the territorial feud against China in the
West Philippines Sea to the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS).
 April 8 uphold the constitutionality of Republic Act No. 10354, also known as the Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive
Health Act of 2012, except for eight provisions (including Section 7, Section 17 and Section 23) which were partially or fully
declared as unconstitutional.
 April 10-13 – The first Filipinas International Hot Air Balloon Festival was held at Brgy. Prado Siongco, Lubao, Pampanga.
More than 30 locally and internationally-made hot air balloons joined the event.
 April 28-29 – United States President Barack Obama visited the country as part of his "four-nation Asian tour." He visited
President Aquino III and discussed with him several bilateral and defense issues involving the two countries. Hours ahead
of the arrival of President Obama, the Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement (EDCA) was signed by the U.S. and the
Philippines. The agreement grants the temporary use of the local military bases for the US forces.
 May 8 – The Ombudsman cleared former president and current Pampanga congresswoman Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo on
her involvement on the P728 million fertilizer fund scam.
 May 14 – The Philippines protested to China's alleged construction activities in Johnson Reef (known locally as Mabini
Reef) of the disputed Spratlys Group of Islands
 May 19 – President Aquino III lead the opening day of the 2014 United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) –
ASEAN Conference on Tourism and Climate Change in Legaspi City, Albay. Aquino III said he keeps focus on the tourist
arrivals target of estimated 10 million tourist before his term ends in 2016.
 May 23 – A first maritime boundary treaty for the Philippines, the Philippines and Indonesia signed a maritime treaty that
draws the boundary of the two countries' overlapping Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) in Mindanao and Celebes seas. It
took 20 years for both countries to set the maritime boundary
 June 18-President Aquino III signed Republic Act No. 10638, the 50-year expansion of the corporate life of the Philippine
National Railways (PNR)
 July 18--Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 was attacked and crashed near Hrabove in Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine. 3 of its 283
passengers were Filipinos. No survivors were recorded in the incident
July 28
 President Aquino III delivered his 5th State of the Nation Address (SONA) in Batasan Pambansa.
 September 14--At least 70 people are still missing after the ferry MV Maharlika II sinks off the Philippines island of Leyte.
 September 19 – 18 dead, 16 injured and 104,000 families were affected after heavy rains and floods due to Tropical Storm
Mario and the intensified southwest monsoon shuts down Metro Manila.
 President Benigno Aquino III signed Republic Act 10648, also known as the “Iskolar ng Bayan” Act
 December 7 – Vigan in Ilocos Sur has been chosen as one of the New 7 Wonders Cities, organizers announced in Dubai.

2015 EVENTS
 July 21 – President Benigno Aquino III signed into law two of his priority economic bills: the Philippine Competition Act
(Republic Act 10667), as well as amendments to the 50-year-old Cabotage Law (Republic Act 10668), during a ceremony in
Malacañang attended by members of Congress
 July 27 – President Aquino III delivered his 6th and final State of the Nation Address at Batasang Pambansa
 August 21 – The Supreme Court has affirmed the conviction of two Alpha Phi Omega (APO) members for the hazing
of University of the Philippines-Los Bañosstudent Marlon Vilanueva in 2006, the first conviction under Republic Act 8049 or
the Anti-Hazing Law
 October 18 – 46 dead, 82 injured and 268,877 families were affected after heavy rains and floods due to Typhoon
Landoshuts down Luzon
 August 20--President Aquino has signed Republic Act 10669 into law that declaring August 18 of every year as Jesse
Robredo Day in honoring the late interior and local government secretary Jesse Robredo who died in a plane crash in the
waters off Masbate City on August 18, 2012
 June 5 – President Benigno Aquino III signed Executive Order 183 that created the Negros Island Region to improve the
delivery of public services in Negros Occidental and Negros Oriental, which forms part of the new region
 April 21--President Aquino has approved Republic Act No. 10660 into law that strengthening the Sandiganbayan, which is
currently handling high-profile cases including those related to the alleged pork barrel scam by expands the number of
divisions from the current five to seven
 March 26 – President Aquino III has signed Republic Act No. 10656 into law that postpones the Sangguniang
Kabataan (SK) elections to October 2016.This postponement was the fourth time. On March 25, the Commission on
Elections had deferred the SK elections to April 25.Previously, the election was supposedly to be held on October 28, 2013;
it was again postponed to February 21, 2015.

2016 EVENTS
 January 14 – President Aquino vetoes House Bill No. 5842, which intends to increase the pension of the members of Social
Security System
 January 19-- President Aquino approves Republic Act 10742 or the SK Reforms Act of 2016 that will enable reforms in
strengthening the Sangguniang Kabataan (SK) political system.
 January 27 – The Bangsamoro Basic Law supposed to be passed on its final reading in the House of
Representatives before January. But due to no proper quorum in the Congress, the bill had no chances to pass in the
House of Representatives in the 16th Congress. Aside from the BBL, Aquino administration's priority bills, the Anti-Dynasty,
Anti-Discrimination and the Freedom of Information bills, "killed" in the 16th congress as the Session will temporarily
adjourned in preparation for the 2016 elections
 February 10 – The National Mapping and Resource Information Authority announces that it has documented more than 400
additional islands, mostly in the Mindanao group, using the Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar. The islands were
previously thought to be part of a bigger island. The previous official count was 7,107 by the Gazetteer of the Philippine
Islands in 1945.
 February 19--President Aquino signs Executive Order 201 (under the proposed Salary Standardization Law of 2015) that
increases the salaries of government agency workers and adding additional benefits to civilian and military uniformed
personnel
 March 29-- President Aquino has signed Republic Act No. 10754 into law a bill authored by Leyte Rep. Martin
Romualdez granting persons with disabilities (PWDs) exemption from the 12-percent value-added tax (VAT) on certain
goods and services.
 April 9 – 18 soldiers and 5 Abu Sayyaf bandits including a suspected foreign terrorist, Moroccan national Mohammad
Khattab, and Ubaida Hapilon, the son of senior leader Isnilon Hapilon are killed during a clash in Tipo-Tipo, Basilan

References:

Main Textbooks:
Zaide, G. et.al. 2014. Philippine History and Government, Revised Edition. Quezon City: All-Nations Publishing Co.,
Inc.

Other References:
Agoncillo, Teodoro. History of the Filipino People, 8 th ed.Quezon City; Garotech Publishing, 2010.
Constantino, Renato. The Philippines: A Past Revisited, Vol. 1, Manila, 2000
Ulindang, Faina et al.,Sourcebook in Philippine History and Institutions. Nogrub Book Sales and Publishing, 2006.
Garcia, Arlito D. et al.,Philippine History For College. Books Atbp.Publishing Corp., amndaluyong City, 2009.

Electronic Source:
www.philippinehistory.html