ETHERNET

Mr. Froilan De Guzman

Ethernet Fundamentals
 Robert Metcalfe – Father of
Ethernet
 Alohanet – It is was
developed to allow various
stations on the Hawaiian
Islands to have structured
access to the shared radio
frequency band in the
atmosphere.
 Data Link Sublayers
 Media Access Control – As the name
implies, the MAC sublayer defines how
to transmit frames on the physical
wire. It handles physical addressing
associated with each device, network
topology definition and line discipline.
 Logical Link Control – As the name
implies, LLC sublayer is responsible for
logically identifying different protocol
types and then encapsulating them
Layer 1 versus Layer 2
Layer 1 Limitation Layer 2 Solution
Layer 1 cannot communicate with the Layer 2 communicates with upper layers
upper layers via LLC sublayer
Layer 1 cannot identify computers Layer 2 identifies computers using the
MAC addressing scheme
Layer 1 can only describe streams of bits Layer 2 uses framing to organize or group
the bits
Layer 1 cannot decide which computer will Layer 2 uses the MAC sublayer to
transmit binary data from a group that is accomplish this
all trying to transmit at the same time
Organizational Unique Identifier
Organization Unique Identifier Vendor Assigned
24 Bits 24 Bits
6 Hex Digits 6 Hex Digits
00 60 2F 3A 07 BC
Cisco Particular Device
Ethernet Frame Structure
Preamble 7
Start Frame Delimiter 1
Destination MAC Address 6
Source MAC Address 6
Length/Type 2
Data/Pad 46-to-1500
Frame Check Sequence 4

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Preamble
 This field contains an alternating pattern of 1s
and 0s that was used for timing synchronization.
 This consists of 7 octets in length and represented
by:
 10101010 10101010 10101010 10101010
10101010 10101010 10101010
Start Frame Delimiter (SFD)
 This one-octet field marks the end of the timing
information.
 10101011
Destination/Source Address
 This field contains 6-octet MAC address source and
6-octed MAC address destination
Length/Type
 The type specifies the upper layer protocol to
receive the data after Ethernet processing is
complete.
 The length indicates the number of bytes of data
that follows this field.
Data and Pad
 This field can be of any length that does not cause
the frame to exceed the maximum frame size.
 The maximum transmission unit (MTU) for Ethernet is
1500 octets but not less tan 46 octets.
Frame Check Sequence
 This sequence contains a 4-byte CRC (Cyclic
Redundancy Checking) that is created by sending
the device and is recalculated by the receiving
device to check for damaged frames.
Media Access Control
 It refers to protocols that determine which computer
on shared medium environment is allowed to
transmit data.
 Deterministic MAC Protocol – It uses taking turns. Token
passing is an example of this.
 Non-deterministic MAC Protocol – It uses a first-come,
first serve (FCFS) approach, CSMA/CD is the example
of this.
CSMA/CD
 It is stands for Carrier Sense Multiple
Access/Collision Detection.
 Transmittingand receiving data packets
 Decoding data packets and checking them for valid
addresses before passing them to upper layers of OSI
model
 Detecting errors within data packets or on the network.
CSMA/CD Process
CSMA/CD Algorithm
Types of Data Transmission
 Simplex Transmission – It is also known as
unidirectional because the signal travels in only one
direction.
 Half-Duplex Transmission – It enables signals to
travel in either direction, but not in both directions
simultaneously.
 Full-Duplex Transmission – It operates like a two-
way, two-lane street.
Types of Collision
 Local Collision – It is a type of collision that occurs
when the signal travels down the single cable until it
encounters a signal from other station.
 Remote Collision – It usually result from collision
occur on the far side of the repeated connection.
 Late Collision – It occurs after the first 64 octets.
 Ethernet Errors
 Jabber – It is defined as being transmitted of at least
20,000 to 50,000 bit times in duration.
 Long Frame – It is one that longer than the maximum
legal size of 1518and takes into consideration whether
the frame was tagged.
 Short Frame – It is a frame smaller than minimum legal
size of 64 octets.
 Runt – It is a generally an imprecise term that means
something less than a legal frame size.
Frame Check Sequence and Beyond
 Alignment Error – A message that does not end on
an octet boundary.
 Range Error – A frame that has a legal size value in
Length field but does not match the actual number
of octets.
 Ghost – A frame that has no Start Frame Delimiter.
Autonegotiation
 It is a process of making each Ethernet technology
interoperable, even to the point that 10, 100 and
1000 interfaces could be directly connected.
 10 Mbps Ethernet
 10BASE5
 10BASE2
 10BASET
Four things are common among legacy
Ethernet
 Timing Parameters
 Frame Format
 Transmission Process
 A Basic Design Rule
Parameters for 10-Mbps Ethernet
Operation
Parameter Value
Bit-Time 100 nsec
Slot Time 512 bit-frames
Interframe Spacing 96 bits
Collision Attempt Limit 16
Collision Backoff Limit 10
Collision Jam Size 32 bits
Maximum Untagged Frame Size 1518 octets
Minimum Frame Size 512 bits (64 bytes)
Line Encoding
 It describes how bits actually are signaled on the
wire
 All 10-Mbps forms of Ethernet take octets received
from the MAC sublayer and perform this process.
 The form of line coding used in 10 Mbps systems is
called Manchester Encoding
 10BASE 5 Ethernet
 Designed in 1980, using a
single thick coaxial cable bus.
 Original IEEE 802.3.
 Also known as Thicknet.
 Only one station can transmit
at a time
 It can only run in half-duplex
mode, subject to CSMA/CD
rules.
 Up to 100 stations, including
repeaters, can exist on any
individual 10BASE5 segment.
10BASE 2 Ethernet
 Designed in 1985.
 Also known as
Thinnet. (802.3a)
 It uses BNC connector
for finishing the
coaxial cable bus.
 It uses the same
original Ethernet half-
duplex protocol.
 10BASE T Ethernet
 Designed in 1990.
(802.3i)
 It substituted the cheaper
and easier to install UTP
copper cable for coaxial
cable.
 It is initially a half-duplex
protocol, but full duplex
features were added
later.
10BASE T Cable Pin-outs
Pin Number Signal
1 +TD (Transmit Data, Positive-Going)
2 -TD (Transmit Data, Negative-Going)
3 +RD (Receive Data, Positive-Going)
4 Unused
5 Unused
6 -RD (Receive Data, Negative-Going)
7 Unused
8 Unused
100-Mbps Ethernet
 100BASE-TX
 100BASE-FX
Common Things to 100BASE-TX and
100BASE-FX
 Timing Parameters
 Frame Format
Parts of the Transmission Process
Parameters for 100-Mbps Ethernet
Operation
Parameter Value
Bit-time 10 nsec
Slot time 512 bit-times
Interframe Spacing 96 bits
Collision Attempt Limit 16
Collision Backoff Limit 10
Collision Jam Signal 32 bits
Maximum Untagged Frame Size 1518 octets
Minimum Frame Size 512 bits (64 bytes)
100BASE TX and 100BASE FX Ethernet

 Designed in 1995
 Also known as Fast
Ethernet. (802.3u)
 It uses CAT 5 UTP cables
for 100BASE TX.
 It uses ST and SC
connector for 100BASE
FX.
1000 Mbps Ethernet
 It was designed in 1998. (802.3z)
 It raised the data transmission rate to 1 Gbps full
duplex over optical fiber.
Parameters for Gigabit Ethernet
Operation
Parameter Value
Bit-time 1 nsec
Slot time 4096 bit-times
Interframe Spacing 96 times
Collision Attempt Limit 16
Collision Backoff Limit 10
Collision Jam Size 32 bits
Maximum Untagged Frame Size 1518 octets
Minimum Frame Size 512 bits (64 octets)
Burst Limit 65,536 bits
1000 BASE T Ethernet
 IEEE 802.3ab
 Capability to function over existing CAT 5 copper
cable plants
 Assurance that this cable would work by passing a CAT
5e test, which most cable can pass after a careful
determination
 Interoperability with 10BASET and 100BASE TX
 Applications such as building backbones, interswitch
links, wiring closet applications, server farms, and high-
end desktop workstations.
1000BASE T Pin-outs
Pin Number Signal
1 BI_DA+ (Bi-directional data, positive going)
2 BI_DA- (Bi-directional data, negative going)
3 BI_DB+ (Bi-directional data, positive going)
4 BI_DC+ (Bi-directional data, positive going)
5 BI_DC- (Bi-directional data, negative going)
6 BI_DB- (Bi-directional data, negative going)
7 BI_DD+ (Bi-directional data, positive going)
8 BI_DD- (Bi-directional data, negative going)
1000BASE SX and 1000 BASE LX
 1000-Mbps data transfer, which can aggregate
groupings of widely deployed Fast Ethernet
services
 Noise Immunity
 Lack of any ground potential problems between
floors and buildings
An explosion in 1000BASe X device options
 Excellent distance characteristics
10-Gigabit Ethernet (802.3ae)
 10GBASE-SR – Intended for short distances over
already-installed multimode fiber, supports a range
between 26 m and 82 m
 10GBASE-LX4 – Uses wavelength-division
multiplexing (WDM). Supports 240 m to 300 m
over already-installed multimode fiber, and 10 km
over single-mode fiber.
Parameters for 10Gbps Ethernet
Operation

Parameter Value
Bit time 0.1nsec
Slot time N/A
Interframe Spacing 96 bits
Collision Attempt Limit N/A
Collision Backoff Limit N/A
Collision Jam Size N/A
Maximum Untagged Frame Size 1518 octets
Minimum Frame Size 512 bits (64 bytes)
Burst Limit N/A
Interframe Spacing Stretch Ratio 104 bits
Future of Ethernet
 Copper (up to 1000
Mbps, perhaps more)
 Wireless (approaching
100 Mbps, perhaps
more)
 Optical Fiber (currently
at 10,000 Mbps and
soon to be more)
Layer 2 Bridging
 If data comes along the network medium, a bridge
compares the destination MAC address carried by
the data to MAC addresses contained in its tables.
 If the source MAC address is not already known, the
bridge creates a new entry in the MAC address
table with the source port. This mapping determines
future switching of frames to the new source device.
Layer 2 Bridging
 If the bridge determines that the destination MAC address of
the data is from the same network segment as the source, it
does not forward the to other segment of the network.
 If the bridge determines that the MAC address of the data is
not from the same network segment as the source, it forwards
the data to the appropriate segment.
 If the destination MAC address is unknown to the bridge, the
bridge broadcasts the data to all devices on a network except
the one on which it was received.
Microsegmentation
 The division of network into smaller segments
usually with the intention of increasing aggregate
bandwidth to network devices.
Latency
 Delay between time when a device receives a
frame and the time when that frame is forwarded
out the destination port.
Switch Modes
 Store-and-Forward Switching – A packet-switching
technique in which frames are processed completely
before being forwarded out the appropriate port.
 Cut-Through Switching – A packet-switching approach
that streams data through a switch so that the leading
edge of the packet exits the switch at the output port
before it finishes entering the input port.
 Fragment-Free Switching – Switching that filters
collision fragments, which are the majority of packet
errors, before forwarding begins
Store and Forward Switching
Cut-Through Switching
Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)
 Bridge protocol that uses the spanning tree
algorithm, enabling a learning bridge to
dynamically work around loops in the network
topology by creating a spanning tree.
Bridge Protocol Data Units
 STP hello packet is sent out at the configurable
intervals to exchange information among bridges in
the network.
Five Operating Modes of Switches
 Blocking – A port in blocking state sends and listens
to the BDUs but does not forward frames.
 Listening – A port listens to the BDUs to make sure
there are no loops on the network
 Learning – A port learns MAC addresses and builds
an address table but does not forward frames
 Forwarding – A port forwarding state forwards
frames.
 Disabled – A port in the disabled state does not
participate in the operation of the STP.
Other Terms:
 Contention – Occur when there is competition for
resources, such as when two or more nodes try to
send frames simultaneously.
 Segment – A section of network bounded by
bridges, routers, or switches.
Reference:
 CCNA 1 and 2 by CISCO Press