REARCH TITLE: IMPACT OF

MODERNISATION ON ZAMBIAN
CULTURE WITH A CASE STUDY
OF LUSAKA
Contents
CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................................... 4

INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 4

Background ............................................................................................................................................... 4

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................................. 7

GENERAL OBJECTIVE ............................................................................................................................. 7

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES............................................................................................................................. 7

RESEACH QUESTIONS ............................................................................................................................ 7

RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS ............................................................................................................................ 8

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY ................................................................................................................... 8

Chapter 2....................................................................................................................................................... 9

Literature review........................................................................................................................................... 9

CHAPTER THREE .......................................................................................................................................... 13

METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................................................................... 13

Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 13

RESEARCH DESIGN .................................................................................................................................. 13

DATA COLLECTION TOOLS....................................................................................................................... 13

SAMPLING METHOD ............................................................................................................................... 14

 DATA ANALYSIS ....................................................................................................................................... 15

CHAPTER 4 .................................................................................................................................................. 16

PRESENTATION OF FINDINGS ..................................................................................................................... 16

INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 16

BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS ........................................................................................................... 17

DEMOGRAPHIC, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS ....................................... 17

Age Distribution of Participants .......................................................................................................... 17

SEX OF PARTICIPANTS ......................................................................................................................... 18

Marital Status of Participants ............................................................................................................. 18

Religion of Participants ....................................................................................................................... 19

Education Attainment of Respondents ............................................................................................... 19

KNOWLEDGE ABOUT MODERNISATION ................................................................................................. 20

Knowledge of modernization .............................................................................................................. 20

CHAPTER 5 .................................................................................................................................................. 23

DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION............................................................................................ 23

Discussion of Findings ............................................................................................................................. 23

CONCLUSION........................................................................................................................................... 24

RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................................................. 25

APPENDIX .................................................................................................................................................... 25
QUESTIONAIRE ........................................................................................................................................ 25
CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background

The discussion concerning the impact of modernization on culture has been drawing increased
attention from educators and researchers world over. Africa is one of the continents in the world
with the most diverse culture, seen in their way of life, language, music, dress code, cuisine,
religious practices, beliefs and values. It is this cultural diversity and uniqueness that makes the
African man standout wherever he finds himself. Today, many Africans find it hard to identify
with their cultural values and way of life, as a result of the clutches of modernization and
civilization.

Modernization is a process which changes a society from a traditional economic model to an

industrial one. As a result of this economic change and empowerment, the people in the society
are forced to change so as to adapt to new norms and way of life. Before the colonization of the
African continent, Africans had a unique mode of life, religion and believes, cultural and social
values, political, economic and education systems. Today, these cultural values are being
swallowed in the wave of civilization. . Global culture is synonymous to cultural modernization:
the process of exporting cultural identities to other nations. Similar to Global culture through the
mass media international ideas and values are being mixed and imposed on national culture: A
homogeneous worldwide culture is developing in the process, and is sometimes qualified as the
creation of a 'global village. Advances of popular culture means that throughout the world people
are dressing, eating, and singing similarly and those certain cultural attitudes have become global
trends hence, leading to the degradation of local culture in the third world countries (Feldman,
1966).

Today, modernization has, continued to be a catalyst as well as a platform where dominant social
systems exert their domineering cultures on less effective social systems. Through modernization
platforms, developed nations are arguably concealed as concerned patrons while engineering
developing nations’ deprivation traps (Francis, 1991). This is elusively packaged in their financial
and material aid, determined media messages and programming of and about the inevitability of
modernization as an economic messiah for the world economy. According to McQuay some
national governments (both developed and developing nations though the pendulum is more on
the developing nations), and its citizens have for a long time now tenaciously designed
communication strategies in all aspects of human endeavors (cultural and material products,
technology, education, tourism and marketing or media programming) as a way of preserving and
redefining their cultural identity (Francis, 1991).

Cultural change is an individual and a collective process; in contact with other cultures, individuals
will tend to adopt new behaviors or ideas from other cultures if borrowing increases the probability
of survival and if individuals recognize similarities between themselves or their original culture
and the new culture (Boyd and Richerson, 2005) Cultural change and culture extinction are
difficult to measure because they require at least three types of information from the groups that
disappeared “the number of extinctions, the number of years over which the extinctions took place
and the number of groups among which the extinctions took place” (Boyd and Richerson, 2005).

Culture is the influence one gains by belonging to a certain culture or group: the identity of a group
or culture or of an individual. Cultural identity also aids a person in understanding his or her
relationship to the culture they identify themselves with. Modernization is a term often used to
describe the transformation from more traditional organizations of society to industrialized society
as we see in most cultures today. Culture has been defined as shared patterns of behavior and
interactions, cognitive constructing, and affective understanding that are learned through the
process of socialization. Therefore, the process of socialization and interaction distinguishes
human beings from animals which use instincts genetically wired in them to behave in a certain
way. Humans learn to live, and it is this learning, a social process of interaction and socialization,
which is a vehicle of cultural transmission (Manda, 2007).

Due to advents of Modernization, Zambia’s indigenous culture has undergone so many transitions.
In recent decades, a new form of identification has emerged which breaks down the understanding
of the individuals as a coherent whole subject into a collection of various cultural identifiers. In
the current era, cultural identity does not necessarily mean an individual’s interaction within a
certain group but a social network of people imitating and following the social norms presented
by the media. Instead of learning behaviour and knowledge from cultural religious groups,
individuals from the present era are learning these social norms from the media to build on their
cultural identity- cultural globalization or modernization.

The preservation of cultural identity brings with it a multitude of benefits: allowing people to
maintain their cultural heritage and educate people of the adverse culture from different regions of
the world, links between various cultures are created which give people a better understanding of
the world; preservation of certain aspects of cultural identity allows societies to distinguish their
cultures from others; preservation of culture enables societies to keep their traditions, family
values, sociological standards and morals and language and their identity are kept intact, without
a specific heritage to claim as birth right, people are rootless, and consequently drift in life without
knowledge and understanding; and preservation for posterity.

The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of modernization on Zambian culture. It
was an attempts to understand development from the perspectives of people in Zambia, particularly
in Lusaka district where developmental activities are actually taking place. Global culture is
synonymous to cultural modernization.

Statement of the Problem

Due to modernization, several negative changes have penetrated the country’s old traditions,
norms and values of the communities. The rural societies have undergone changes, the family
members break away from family restrictions. The results are weakening family authority, family
ties and the very family itself. Zambia has been blessed with a rich culture, with different ethnic
groups contributing to a diverse culture paradigm, with different subdivisions of norms, values,
attitudes that make up the country’s culture. It is argued that with the emergence of modernization,
the Zambian culture can be perceived to be diminishing or declining, this has diversely impacted
Zambia to gradually and fearfully lose its culture and identity, with changes in gender roles,
attitudes, authority and sexual norms (Ngabwa, 2004). With identification of this problem, the
study investigated the impact of modernization on the Zambian culture, meaning that the study
explored the relationship between Zambian culture and modernization, and how modernization
has propelled changes in values, attitudes, norms and behavioral patterns in Zambia. This research
has not been conducted in Lusaka relating to modernization and culture, hence most researches in
this respect have been conducted in other countries with very few conducted in Africa.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

GENERAL OBJECTIVE

 The overall objective of this study was to determine the impact of modernization on the
Zambian culture.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

 To Identify what Zambian citizens know about modernization in relation to culture in

Zambia

 To identify the effects of modernization on socioeconomic characteristics in Lusaka

 To Investigate people’s views on the impacts of modernization on the young generation

with respect to culture in Zambia

 To Explore how technology has influenced the cultural norms, values, attitudes and
behavior patterns in Zambia

RESEACH QUESTIONS

1. What do Zambian citizens Know about modernization in relation to culture in Zambia?

2. What are the effects of modernization on socioeconomic characteristics’ in Zambia?

2. What are people’s views on the impacts of modernization on the young generation with respect
to culture in Zambia?

3. How has technology influenced the cultural norms, values, attitudes and behavior patterns in
Zambia?
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
A Hypothesis is a shrewd guess formulated and provisionally adopted to explain facts in a study.
It is a specific testable prediction about what is expected to occur in a study. In this Study our
hypothesis are:

Ho. Modernization has no impact on culture (Zambian culture).

Ha. Modernization has an impact on culture (Zambian culture).

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study was aimed at investigating the impact of modernization on Zambian culture. It was
envisaged that the results that have been obtained from this research will contribute to the body of
knowledge in understanding modernization and culture. The other significance of this study is that
it has become apparent that little has been done in evaluating the impact relationship between
modernization and culture. This research will also benefit the Zambian people, stakeholders, policy
makers and government in the sense that the impact of modernization on traditional culture have
been discovered. In the process, the study has led to the acquisition of knowledge that will further
the understanding of the problem. On the other hand, misconceptions surrounding modernization
and culture also stand to be corrected. In addition, it was envisaged that the findings of the research
will be adopted by future researchers who may have a similar research problem locally or globally.
Apart from contributing to the body of knowledge, the study was also an attempt to help the
government in Zambia to understand how citizens perceive modernization in regards to culture.
Chapter 2

Literature review

A number of studies have been carried out to identify the perception and effects of modernization
the impact it has on culture in the world. Culture refers to values, beliefs, behaviour, and material
objects that constitute people’s way of life. It includes what we think, how we act and what we
own. Munali (2015) defines culture as a defining feature of a person’s identity, contributing to how
they see themselves and the groups with which they identify. On the other hand, UNESCO (1996)
argues that their identity is expressed through speaking and singing indigenous traditional songs
which carry with them a different world of meaning. In line with the above argument UNESCO
(1996) states that culture may be broadly defined as the sum total of ways of living built up by
group of human beings, which is transmitted from one generation to another. Every community,
cultural group or ethnic group has its own values, beliefs and ways of living. This entails that what
our culture teaches us affects the way we interact socially.

Modernization theorists from Karl Marx to Daniel Bell have argued that economic development
and modernization brings pervasive cultural changes. But others, from Max Weber to Samuel
Huntington, have claimed that cultural values are an enduring and autonomous influence on
society. We test the thesis that economic development is linked with systematic changes in basic
values. We find evidence of both massive cultural change and the persistence of distinctive cultural
traditions. Economic development and modernization are associated with shifts away from
absolute norms and values toward values that are increasingly rational, tolerant, trusting, and
participatory. Cultural change, however, is path dependent. The broad cultural heritage of a
society-Protestant, Roman Catholic, Orthodox, Confucian, or Communist-leaves an imprint on
values that endures despite modernization. Moreover, the differences between the values held by
members of different religions within given societies are much smaller than are cross-national
differences. Once established, such cross-cultural differences become part of a national culture
transmitted by educational institutions and mass media (Edward, 2009).
The interpretation of globalization mostly is cited in line with features of modernization and media
imperialism theories (Servaes, 2002). Modernization and media imperialism theories both
perceptively focus on the economic and technological forces in change, and consequently suggest
a one way un-linear impact of Western, specifically American media on the audience.
Furthermore, to the communication industry, globalization inevitably brought along with it policy
deregulation. Even as much as many would argue that nation-states still have control over holistic
development, this control is undeniably much less than it used to be (Servaes, 2002).
Modernization is a process of changes in economic as well as cultural aspects of the society
(Havilland, 2002). The traditional societies use the scientific knowledge gained from the modern
societies and apply it on their own societies, this application of scientific knowledge which is
borrowed from the west creates changes in their traditional culture. The family system, cultural
patterns, religious system and their normative structure changes as a result of the foreign rules and
procedures

It is important to take into consideration the relation of tradition and modernization. Very
significant authors in sociology, such as E. Durkheim, M. Weber and G. Simmel, have
comprehended tradition importance and have also been occupied with it, before all, with the
intention to show a more clear difference between traditional and modern societies. While the
classical theory of modernization was opposed to tradition, a very careful examination of the
mentioned relation in contemporary sociological literature does not support their exclusiveness.
Accordingly, tradition is viewed as incompatible with modernization, since, from the aspect of
social development, what is in question here is a very complex relation in which the two intertwine
and mix (Jelena, 2007).

Modernization has changed people’s basic values. This is from evidence of massive body of
society containing 88 percent of the world population. It has brought about coherent cultural
changes, as forces shaping values change. In a study done by Hideo (2003), he found that the
Japanese have adopted western food, clothes and style. He argues that this modification will not
always produce good effects. This is because introducing western elements into nonwestern
countries may sometimes cause serious friction and tension with traditional cultures. He further
argues that economic development which is associated with modernization leads to shifts from
absolute norms and values towards values which are away from what a society is used to.
However, others argue that modernization is needed to adopt “modern” values for development
Allen (1992). He further argues that it leads to rising income levels, broader political participation
and actually strengthens traditional values as in the case of Japans Meiji’s revolution. In a survey
conducted by Bradshaw and Wallace in 1990 on 75 percent of the world population which included
65 societies, it was discovered that economic development was linked with systematic changes in
basic values and cultural consequences from rising education levels to changing gender roles.
Modernization therefore affects most elements of society.

Mizinga (1995), argues that Zambia`s historiography has been dominated by political and
economic themes, ignoring social themes which were equally important in people`s understanding
of traditional ceremonies. This may suggest that there is need for scholars to document Zambia`s
traditional ceremonies so that the scant literature currently obtaining could be enriched. . Social
and cultural changes in societies are due to modern societies, as individuals adopt the principles of
modern world. Their priorities, loyalties, occupations, normative structure and religious
affiliations change due to modernization. Family is the basic and utmost important unit of the
society. The family system is changing gradually.

The study conducted by Ngabwa which was to sought clearly and identify religious, cultural and
moral aspects in Chibwelamushi Harvest Ceremony (CHC) of the Lala-Swaka people of Serenje
and Mkushi districts revealed that the coming of Christianity and other religion, colonialism,
modernity and capitalism have impacted on CHC. Based on the findings above, the study
recommends among others that the Lala-Swaka people should hold an Indaba to strategize and
streamline the best practices and should closely work with the Ministry of chiefs in identifying and
enhancing the preservation of CHC (Ngambwa, 2015).

Therefore from the studies that have been carried out before we noticed some gaps in terms of
studies on the history of African societies and Zambia in particular. There is no much emphasis on
the preservation of culture and also the incorporation of modernization into culture so that these
two can be compatible with each other. We should be proud of this heritage because culture is the
means by which people express themselves through languages, traditional wisdom, religion, art,
music, tools, greetings, symbols, festivals, ethics, values and collective identity. Without culture,
a community losses self-awareness and guidance, and grows weak and vulnerable. Our rich
cultural heritage should also be used to promote national unity.
CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

Introduction
The section outlines and discusses the methodology which was used in this study. It describes the
research design, data collection tools, sampling methods and data analysis.

RESEARCH DESIGN
In this study, the research design that was used is the case study because this study involved
exploring and analyzing the life of a social unit and this research design was also been chosen on
the basis that little was known about the problem, (Singh, 2006). The case consists of the data
relating to some phase of the life history of the unit or relating to the entire life process, whether
the unit is an individual, a family, a social group, an institution, or a community. The method that
was used, in this study was the triangulation method, which involved the use of both qualitative
and quantitative approaches. The researcher used a sample survey of the Zambian population to
determine the impact of modernization on Zambian culture. This study utilized both quantitative
and qualitative data collection tools, which used graphical presentation of observed phenomena in
order to give accurate information on the impact that modernisation has on the Zambian culture.
The process depicted the prevailing situation using random sampling and stratified sampling
methods.

DATA COLLECTION TOOLS

The data collected was both primary as well as secondary data. Primary data was collected using
self-administered questionnaires. Interviewer administered questionnaire where constructed for
data collection. Individuals where given the questionnaire to read and answer, those unable to read,
the questions where read and answers were recorded according to the response. The questionnaire
was translated in local languages for those who don’t read English.
Self- administered questionnaire: A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data
because it gave the respondents liberty to answer questions without interference from the
researcher. The questionnaire consisted of all the study variables. .

The self-administered questionnaire consisted of closed and open-ended questions. According to

Polit and Beck (2008), closed ended-questions offer respondents a number of alternative replies,
from which they must choose the one that most closely matches the appropriate answer
(quantitative data). Open-ended questions were asked to allow participants to respond to questions
in their own words (qualitative data).

Secondary data was collected through review of reports and other related literature to
modernization and culture.

SAMPLING METHOD
The study used probability sampling; because it gave an assurance that the sample was
representative and estimated errors for sampling. In particular the study made use of stratified
sampling since the study ensured that representatives from each subgroup within the population
are represented in the sample. What the study did was to divide the sample in such a way that
elements of all the strata were represented; age group was considered (divided into age groups and
sex (male and female). With this, the study was able to have more precise information inside the
subpopulations about the variables that were studied, and this raised precision of the estimators of
the variables of the whole population. The study ensured that stratified sampling provided better
results by ensuring that the strata were more different and more homogeneous internally. The
sample was calculated using the following formula

n = Z2· (P) · (1-P)

d2

n = expected sample size

Z = normal standard distribution

P = Probability of previous similar studies

d = Degree of errors
DATA ANALYSIS
For the purpose of this paper, data was statistically analyzed using the STATA/SE (version
13.0).The use of the statistical package STATA was preferred, among other statistical
programmes, due to the fact that it was user friendly, relatively large sample size and the amount
of variables that was involved. STATA was used for obtaining percentages for easy and precise
interpretation of information. Moreover, STATA was appropriate for statistical manipulations
among the few which include the cross tabulations. Since the study is about a relationship, chi-
square statistic was used to establish whether a relationship exists among the variables. Statistical
significance was assumed for P – values, < or = 0.05. Basic descriptive analysis was done using
frequency distributions.
CHAPTER 4

PRESENTATION OF FINDINGS

INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents findings of the research starting with demographics of the sample
interviewees, then to the main findings and the chapter ends with conclusions and
recommendations. This chapter discusses the results and analysis for the study. These results are
presented in form of tables and figures short explanations are provided below the tables and figures
for more elaborations about the meanings and interpretations of the findings represented in each
table or figure.
BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS

DEMOGRAPHIC, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS

Age Distribution of Participants

Percentage age distribution of participants

7% 30-40
8%
7% 41-50
2% 50-60
58%
18% 51-60
61-70
Above 71

From the figure above, it shows that of the 60 people interviewed the age ranged from 30-70+. It
shows that age group 30-40 has the highest number of people interviewed at 58 percent followed
by the age group 41-50 and the smallest age group being 50-60 which has 2 percent.
SEX OF PARTICIPANTS

percentage distribution for the sex of

participants

Female
48% 52%
male

The pie chart above further depicts the information that, of the respondents sampled, there were
more females than males. The females represented 52% of the sample while the males represented
48%. There is not such a huge disparity between the sexes, which is good as this implies both sexes
are adequately represented.

Marital Status of Participants

Percentage distribution for marital status

of participants

40
38.33

8.33 5 8.33

DIVORCED MARRIED SEPERATED SINGLE WIDOWED

The categories range from single, married, divorced separated to those who are widowed. Most of
the respondents were single representing 40% of the sample followed by the married representing
38.33% of the sample, with the least being the widowed with 5%. Those who were discovered to
be divorced and widowed represented 8.33% of the sample as shown by the bar chart.

Religion of Participants

percentage Religion distribution of

participants

30% Catholic
48% Others
Protestants
22%

The figure above shows the religious affiliation of the participants. Most of the respondents were
Catholics representing 48% of the sample followed by the Protestants representing 30% of the
sample, with the least being the respondents who belonged to other denominations with 22%.

Education Attainment of Respondents

Percentange distribution for education

attainment

40

26.67
18.33

8.33 6.67

BASIC (8-9) BELOW BASIC FURTHER GENERAL HIGHER

(<GRADE 7) EDUCATION EDUCATION EDUCATION
(COLLEGE OR (SECONDARY (UNIVERSITY)
CERTIFI.. SCHOOL)
The bar chart above shows the highest educational attainment by the respondents. It shows that a
largest percentage of the respondents had completed general secondary education at 40 percent,
followed by those who attained basic education represented by 26.67% and the lowest percentage
of respondents, 26.67percent, had attained higher education (University).

KNOWLEDGE ABOUT MODERNISATION

Participants where asked what they know about Modernization in relation to culture

Knowledge of modernization

Knowledge of Modernisation

40% YES
NO
60%

According to the diagram above it shows that 60% of the people interviewed have got knowledge
about modernization and 40% no nothing about modernization.

What do you know about modernization?

Knowledge about Percent

modernization?

Adopting western culture 33.33

Improvement in 15
infrastructure
 Development in every 51.67
aspects of the society
(social-economic
characteristics)

Total 100

According to the table above, it has been discovered that 52% of the people sampled said that
modernization is development in every aspects of the society including socio-economic
characteristics, 33% said that modernization is adopting western culture and 15% said that
modernization is Improvement in infrastructure.

What has been the impact of modernization on the socioeconomic characteristics of Zambia?

Chart Title

30%
changed
has not changed
70%

According to the diagram above, 70% of the respondents said that modernization has changed the
socio-economic characteristics of Zambia while 30 % of the respondents said that modernization
had not changed the socio-economic characteristics of Zambia

What can you say modernization has done to the Zambian culture?
Impact of Modernization? Percent
 Modernization has changed 68.33
the Zambian culture
completely

Modernization has changed 20

the Zambian culture
moderately

Modernization has 11.67

maintained the Zambian
culture

Total 100

According to the table above, it has been discovered that 68% of the people sampled said that
Modernization has changed the Zambian culture completely, 20% said that modernization has
changed the Zambian culture moderately and 12% said that modernization has maintained the
Zambian culture.

How technology has influenced Zambian culture?

Influence of Technology? Percent

Changed the Zambian 59.9

culture completely

Has changed the Zambian 27.43

culture moderately

Has maintained the 12.67

Zambian culture

Total 100
According to the table above, it has been discovered that 60% of the people sampled said that
technology has changed the Zambian culture completely, 27% said that technology has changed
the Zambian culture moderately and 13% said that technology has maintained the Zambian culture.

CHAPTER 5

DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION

This chapter presents discussion of findings and the conclusion of the study based on the findings
and interpretations

Discussion of Findings
According to the findings majority of the participants where in the age group 30-40 years, this
might be due to the fact that this age group in general has more people as compared to ages going
above 40 and this age group accommodates the most active group of people and these are the
youths. It was observed that females (52%) where more than the males (48%) but there is not such
a big disparity between the sexes which is good as both sexes are adequately represented. It was
further observed that many participants were single followed by the married and the least were the
separated. Many of the respondent’s belong to the catholic (48%) as the catholic is one of the
biggest churches in the world, the Protestants where second with 30%. The findings further
revealed that majority of the participants of this research where Zambians (92%) with only 8% for
other nationals or foreigners. According to the findings majority of the respondents attained
general education (secondary school) and only a few of the respondents had higher education
(university).

Three quarters of the people sampled have got knowledge about modernization in relation to
culture and have many people have got different views about it. Majority of the people said that
modernization has had a big impact on the socio-economic characteristics of the country Zambia
socio-economic characteristics such as Education, Income, Employment status, the Economy,
norms values, beliefs. Majority of the people have heard about modernization and they know how
it has impacted the country. According to the findings majority of the people sampled said that
modernization is development in every aspects of the society including socio-economic
characteristics, followed by people who said that modernization is adopting western culture and
only a few said that modernization is Improvement in infrastructure this is due to the fact that many
people understand and have ready about the impact modernization has on culture. Many people
further believe that modernization has completely changed the socioeconomic characteristics of
the economy and country at large and that technology has changed the Zambian culture completely
meaning modernization has a big negative impact on the Zambian culture in that modernization
has changed the way people live, speak, dress, sing, etc. many people have adopted the western
culture and they have adopted the socio-economic characteristics of the already developed
countries this has however changed people perceive the country.

Therefore the study findings revealed the following views on culture and modernization, the
modern culture or western culture has spoiled the minds of the young people. Most of our young
people are addictive to what modernization has brought such as, internet which is used in the
accessing of pornographic materials by the young ones, this is as a result of most people especially
parents do not have time to teach they children about culture or even talk about

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, it can be said that modernization has a great impact on the Zambian culture in that
many participants have got knowledge and know the consequences it has on the Zambia culture.
It can further be concluded that modification of the culture will not always produce good effects.
This is because introducing western elements into nonwestern countries will sometimes cause
serious friction and tension with traditional cultures. However, economic development which is
associated with modernization leads to shifts from absolute norms and values towards values
which are away from what a society is used to. Many participants confirmed that modern culture
or western culture has spoiled the minds of the young people. Most of our young people are
addictive to what modernization has brought such as, internet which is used in the accessing of
pornographic materials by the young ones, this is as a result of most people especially parents do
not have time to teach their children about culture or even talk about.

Despite many people’s knowledge about modernization in relation to culture, there is still a vast
lack of knowledge on how to preserve culture and lifestyle in Zambia. This Study therefore has
attempted to fill that gap and provide information on the effects/impact of modernization on the
Zambian culture. What has been revealed from this study is that modernization comes about when
people from different cultures fuse to together especially the western and non-western countries.
However unless something is done about modernization and culture, otherwise many people will
continue adopting other cultures instead of preserving our own culture.

RECOMMENDATIONS
 Government and stakeholders should initiate a country wide awareness campaign on
modernization and culture.
 Government should incorporate modernization and culture in schools
 Engage volunteers to sensitize communities on the importance of preserving culture

APPENDIX

QUESTIONAIRE
INSTRUCTION FOR THE RESPONDENT

1. Answer all questions in the questionnaire

2. Do not write your name on the questionnaire
3. Tick in the box for most appropriate response to the question.
SECTION A: DEMOGRAPHIC DATA

1. What is your sex?

A. Male ()
B. Female ( )

2. What is your nationality?

A. Zambian ()
B. Other nationals ( )

3. In which age range is your age?

A. 30 – 40 ()
B. 41- 50 ()
C. 51 – 60 ()
D. 61 – 70 ()
E. Above 71 ( )

4. What is your marital status?

A. Single ()
B. Married ()
 C. Divorced ()
D. Separated ()
E. Widowed ()

5. What is your religion affiliation?

A. Catholic ()
B. Protestants ( )
C. Others ()

6. What is your highest education you attained?

A. Below basic (< Grade 7) ()
B. Basic (Grade 8-9) ()
C. General education (Secondary school) ( )
D. Further education (College or certified skills) ( )
E. Higher education (University) ()
KNOWLEDGE ABOUT MODERNIZATION
Have you ever heard of modernization?

a) Yes
b) No
What do you know about modernization?

a) Adopting western culture

b) Improvement in infrastructure
c) Development in every aspects of the society (social-economic characteristics)
What has been the impact of modernization on the socioeconomic characteristics of Zambia?

a) Changed socio-economic characteristics of Zambia

b) Has not changed the socio-economic characteristics of Zambia
Why do you say that? .................................................................................................................

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

What can you say modernization has done to the Zambian culture?

a) Modernization has improved the Zambian culture completely

b) Modernization has changed the Zambian culture moderately
c) Modernization has maintained the Zambian culture
Why do you say that? ...........................................................................................................

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

How technology has influenced Zambian culture?

a) Changed the Zambian culture completely

b) Has changed the Zambian culture moderately
c) Has maintained the Zambian culture
Why do you say that? ……………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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