An entropy current for dynamical blackholes in

four-derivative theories of gravity

Anirban Dinda
National Institute of Science Education and Research,Bhubaneswar
anirban.dinda@niser.ac.in

Abstract Our final Results

We propose an entropy current for dynamical blackholes in a theory with arbitrary four derivative corrections to
Einstein’s gravity, linearized around a stationary blackhole. The Einstein-Guass-Bonnet theory is a special case of
the class of theories that we consider. Our construction allows us to write down, and hence prove, a completely local
version of the second law of blackhole thermodynamics, in the presence of the higher derivative corrections con-
sidered here. This local version of the second law is simply the statement that our entropy current has semi-positive
definite divergence, which follows from the construction of the current itself. 1 Ricci scalar square theory: HD = −∂ Θ + O[]2
Hvv v

R d √ √ 
2

2 a1
I = d x −g R + a1R Θ=√ ∂v HR
H
Introduction
In two derivative theory of Einstein’s gravity, we have a candidate for entropy that satisfies both the
first and second law of thermodynamics. The entropy, in this case, is given by the area of a ‘time-
slice’ of the event horizon We shall denote the even horizon with H and the time-slice of it with Hv .
The second law, for this entropy, followed from the famous area increase theorem for black holes  
HD = −∂ Θ − ∂ ∇ J A + O[]2
Hvv
which assumes that the matter energy-momentum tensor obeys the null-energy condition. Through- v v A
out our discussion in this paper, we shall assume this condition to be valid for the matter part of the 2 Ricci tensor square theory: h√
Lagrangian Lm.
i
Θ = √a2 ∂v H 2Rrv − K̄K
R d √ H
µν


I = d x −g R + a2Rµν R h i
Wald Entropy JA = a2 2∇B KAB − ∇AK − ∂v ωB

The Wald entropy is given by I

Swald = 2π Q (1)

where the integral is over the bifurcation surface. Q is the Noether charge associated with the killing 
HD = −∂ Θ − ∂ ∇ J A + O[]2

field ξµ which is null on the horizon. Hvv v v A
For any diffeomorphism gravity theory with regular bifurcation surface,the Wald entropy of a sta- 3 Riemann tensor square theory: √  
tionary black hole is given by Θ = 4√a3 ∂v H −Rrvrv + K̄AB K AB
h
√ R d √  
I = d x −g R + a3RµνσλRµνσλ
Z
d−2 ∂L
Swald = −2π P d x H µν ρσ
∂Rµνρσ
h i
v JA = 4a3 ∇B KAB − ∂v ωA
P
where µν = ∇µξν is the binormal to the time slice v and ξµ is the null generator of the killing
horizon. These binormals are normalized such that µν µν = −2 This entropy also satisfies the first
law of black hole mechanics for higher derivative gravity.

HD = −∂ Θ − ∂ ∇ J i + O[]2


4 Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet theory: E vv v v i
Set-up and strategy R d √  
2 a b √  
I = d x −g R + a1R2 + a2Rµν Rµν + a3RµνσλRµνσλ Θ = √ g ∂v h hAB hCD RABCD
h h i
We will take the following choice of gauge where the line element takes the following form JA = 4agb ∇B (KAB − KhAB )

ds = 2dvdr − f (v, r, x)dv 2 + 2kA(v, r, x)dvdxA + hAB dxAdxB

Where µ, ν, ρ ..... Greek indices run from 1 to D(dimension of space-time) and A,B,C .....Latin in-
dices run from 1 to D-2. Table 1: Table showing the higher derivative corrections to Einstein’s equations, for all possible 4-derivative theories of
r = 0 is the horizon H. gravity.
If the space time contains a null hypersurface , such type of coordinate system can be chosen. r = 0
is the the co-dimension 1 hypersurface horizon H.And on the horizon we will have the following Gauss-Bonnet in 4-dimension
relations 
f (v, r, x)|H = kA(v, r, x)H = ∂r f (v, r, x)|H = 0 In 4-dimensional gauss-Bonnet theory the equation of motion does not receive any extra term but we
will see it will contribute to wald entropy. So the equation of motion and wald entropy for this theory
Here the null generator of the horizon is ∂v is
Here we have assumed that event horizon is a killing horizon. The strong Rigidity theorem which
states that event horizon in a stationary space-time is also a killing horizon, is only proven for General Hvv = Rvv (9)
relativity.So for higher curvature gravity still it is an assumption. (GB)
Z √
In terms of entropy density it can be written as Swald = I = d x H(1 + 2a2gbR)
2

Z
d−2
√ After evaluating the induced ricci sclar R and substituting in the above equation we get
Swald = −2π P d x Hstotal stotal = 1 + sHD
2a2gb  
∇AJ A = − √ ∂v δ AB ∂A∂B φ(v, xA)
v
(10)
Let’s take the time derivative of the wald entropy H
Z √ Z √ so the form of the entropy current J A is
d−2 d−2
∂v Swald = P d x∂v ( Hstotal ) = P d x HΘ (2) A
A
J = −2agbe −φ(v,x )δ AB ∂ ∂ φ(v, xA)
v v B v

where Finally
1 √ J A = −2agbhAB ∂B ∂v φ(v, xA) (11)
Θ = √ ∂v ( Hstotal ) (3)
H The entropy current is zero in the equilibrium limit.Though Gauss-Bonnet theory in four dimension
Here we are considering out of equilibrium dynamics which are governed by the amplitude perturba- is topological, it does not contribute to the equation of motion but it contributes to the Wald Entropy
tion. We restrict ourselves to the linear order in amplitude perturbation. We will neglect those terms Which depends totally on the intrinsic data.
which are product of sub-terms each containing one or more ∂v . At linear order we expect that
√ Conclusions
 
1
∂v Θ = ∂v √ ∂v ( Hstotal ) = O[]2 (4)
H
• We have calculated all the Wald entropy for different theories.
Equivalently
• We have calculated Entropy current for different theories like Ricci Scalar square theory,Ricci Ten-
∂v Θ + Hvv = O[]2 (5)
sor Square Theory,Riemann Tensor Square theory,Gauss-Bonnet theory in arbitrary dimension and
We want to show that ∂v Swald > 0 or Θ > 0 One way to prove is showing ∂v Θ < 0 with the justified Gauss-Bonnet theory in 4-dimension.
assumption that Θv→∞ → 0. • We have to understand Why there is no entropy current in Einstein theory and in general f (R)
Our aim is to check for those configurations where naively ∂v Θ + Hvv does not vanish uptoO(2).In theory.
all such cases we expect to construct an entropy current,a (d-1)-vector J a , on the (d-1)-dimensional
• It would be interesting to calculate everything for six derivative theories and if possible to extend
horizon H. The requirement for such a construction of entropy current are following
our work up to non-linear order..
The v-th component of the current should match the entropy current density stotal , i.e.
• We are also interested to understand the relation between holographic entanglement entropy and
J v = stotal = 1 + sHD (6) black hole entropy.

Upto linear order in amplitude we should get

References
∂v (DaJ a) + Hvv = O(2) (7)
• Robert Wald,Black Hole Entropy is Noether Charge,arXiv:gr-qc/9307038v1 29 Jul 1993
More explicitly
• Sayantani Bhattacharyya,Felix M. Haehl,Nilay Kundu,R. Loganayagam,Mukund Ranga-

1 √  1  √  
mani,”Towards a second law for Lovelock theories”arXiv:1612.04024v2 [hep-th] 10 Jan 2017
∂v √ ∂v H(1 + sHD ) + √ ∂A HJ A + Hvv = O(2) (8)
H H • Ted Jacobson, Gungwon Kang, Robert C. Myers,On Black Hole Entropy,arXiv:gr-qc/9312023v2 3
Jan 1994