Elements of Communication

1. Sender-He is the person who sends his ideas to another person.

2. Message-The idea, feeling, suggestion, guidelines, orders or any content which is intended to be

communicated is message.
3. Encoding-It is the process of converting the idea, thinking or any other component of message into

symbols, words, actions, diagram etc.

4. Channel-The medium or the means

5. Decoding-The process of enterpreting the encoded messafe of the speaker.

6. Receiver-The recipient of the message, or someone who decodes the message.

7. Feedback-The reaction,responses, or information provided by the receiver.

8. Context-The environment where communication takes place.

9. Barrier-The factors that affect the flow of communication.

Sender > Encoding > Message > Channel > Message > Decoding > Receiver
> Feedback > Sender
Barrier can occur anywhere in the process

Models of Communication
1. Shannon-Weaver Model-Mother of all communication models, (1949) one-way process (no feedback)

2. Transaction Model-Two-way process with the inclusion of feedback as one element.

Functions of Communication
1. Control-Communication functions to control behavior

2. Social Interaction-Allows individuals to interact with others

3. Motivation-Motivates of encourages people to live better.

4. Emotional Expression-Faciliitates people’s expression of their feelings and emotions.

5. Information Dissemination-Functions to convey information

Featured of an Effective Communication
1. Completeness-Quality of the communication process in general.

2. Conciseness-Direct or straight to the point.

3. Consideration-To be effective, always consider relevant information.

4. Concreteness-The message is concrete and supported by facs.

5. Courtesy-Respecting the culture,values,and beliefs of his\her receivers.

6. Clearness-Simple and specific words to express ideas.

7. Correctness-Correctness in grammar eliminates negative impact on the audience and increase the

credibility and effectiveness of the message.

Verbal and Non verbal
1. Appropriateness-language you use should be appropriate to the environment or occasion.

2. Brevity-Precise and powerful words are found to be more credible.Avoid fillers

3. Clarity-Clearly state your message and express your ideas and feelings.

4. Ethics-Words whould be carefully chosen in consideration.

5. Vividness-Encouraged to find ways to charm your audience through the use of vivid words
Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity {(Bennett and Bennett (2004)}
1. Denial-The individual does not recognize cultural differences.

2. Defense-Starts to recognize differences and is intimidated by them. Superior view on own culture or an

unjustified high regard for the new one.

3. Minimization-The bank more on the universalities of idea rather than on cultural differences.

4. Acceptance-Begins to appreciate important culture differences.

5. Adaptation-Very open to worlds views when accepting new perspectives.

6. Integration-Starts to go beyond their own cultures and see themselvers and their actions based on

multifarious cultural viewpoints.

Characteristics of Competent Intercultural Communicators
1. Flexibility and the ability to tolerate high levels of uncertainy

2. Reflectiveness or mindfulness

3. Open-mindness

4. Sensitivity

5. Adaptability

6. Ability to engage in divergent thinking

7. Politeness

8. Avoid stereotypes

9. Challenge gender norms

10. Do not talk down on younger people and the elderly

11. Be sensitive to the religious practices of others.

12. Be polite at all times

Types of Speech Contexts
1. Intrapersonal-Centers in one person.

2. Interpersonal-Between and among people

Types of Speech Context
1. Dyad Communication-Two people

2. Small Group- 3 to 10 people

3. Public-Before or in front of a group

4. Mass Communication-Takes place through tv,radio,newspapers,magazines,books,billboards,internet, and

other type of media.

Types of Speech Styles
1. Intimate-Private, occurs between or among close family members or intimate individuals.

2. Casual- Style is common among peers and friends. Jargon, slang, street language, gay language, or vulgar

words are used.

3. Consultative-Professional or mutually acceptable language is a must in this style.

4. Formal- One-way. Used in formal settings

5. Frozen- Remains unchanged.

Three types of Speech Acts
1. Locutionary-actual act of uttering

2. Illocutionary-social function of what is said.

3. Perlocutionary-Resulting of what is said

1. Indirect-Occur when there is no direct connection between the form of utterance and intended meaning.

2. Direct-Utterance literally asks the addressee

3. Perfomatives-Statement which enable the speaker to perform something just by stating it.
Classification of speech acts (John Searle (1976))
1. Assertive-Expresses belief about truth of a proposition

2. Directive-The speaker tries to make the addressee perform an action.

3. Commissive-Commits the speaker to doing something in the future.

4. Expressive-The speaker expresses his/her feelings or emotional reactions

5. Declaration-Brings a change in the external situations.
Communicative Strategies
1. Nomination-Open a topic

2. Restriction- Confine you as a speaker and limit what you can say

3. Turn-taking-Give all communicators a chance to speak

4. Topic Control-Covers how procedural formality or informality affects the development of topic in

conversations.
5. Topic Shifting-Involves moving from one topic to another.

6. Repair-Refers to how speakers address the problem

7. Termination-End a topic in a conversation.