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5256 1
5256 1
Abstract
An interesting development in the ®eld of machining is to improve the cutting tool performance by providing continuous indexing to the
cutting edge actuated either by cutting velocity vector or by an external power. This paper presents an analysis of cutting process performed
using a speci®cally designed and fabricated self-propelled rotary inserts face milling cutter. Statistically designed experiments were
performed using Taguchi method with surface roughness and chip cross-sectional area as response variables. Analysis of experimental results
using analysis of means and analysis of variance is discussed in detail. It is observed that inclination angle is the most signi®cant factor
in¯uencing both surface roughness and chip cross-sectional area and can give better results in the range of 30±458.
Keywords: Face milling cutter; Rotary tools; Surface roughness; Chip cross-sectional area; Taguchi methods
Table 1
Cutter specifications
Cutter body
1 Cutter diameter 110 mm
2 Cutter material Carbon steel C20
3 Number of insert 5
mounting slots
4 Cutter body bore f 27 mm
diameter
Insert holding arrangement
5 Diameter of insert 8 mm
mounting shaft
6 Insert diameter 20 mm
7 Insert material Carbide (grade: THM
equivalent to K-10±K-20)
8 Rotary tool 208, 308, 458
inclination angle
Cutter holding arrangement
9 Milling adapter 21 mm height f 27 mm
diameter, with morse taper shank
Fig. 1. Experimental set-up.
milling cutter. A vertical milling machine was used for this analysis of means (AOM), and analysis of variance
purpose. Machining experiments were carried out on rolled (ANOVA) using STATGRAPHICS-PLUS software [9].
aluminum plates of 150 mm 75 mm 12 mm dimension.
In all, 54 experiments (including one replication) were 4.1. Statistical results and discussions
performed. Measurement of surface roughness was carried (surface roughness)
out using a Taylor Hobson SURTRONIC-3 surface rough-
ness measurement instrument. It is understood from the Mean tables are used to estimate variation in the response
geometry of face milling operation using rotary tools that variable as the independent variables change from levels 1 to
the radius of round inserts (10 mm) is the tool nose radius. 3. The same results can also be presented in the form of
Since it is considerably large as compared to the usual tool means plots. In the present analysis, response tables for
nose radius (0.8 mm), the cut-off length for surface rough- surface roughness and chip cross-sectional area are pre-
ness measurement was chosen to be 2.5 mm. At least 4±5 sented elsewhere [10], and the means plots are shown in
measurements of surface roughness were taken per experi- Figs. 4 and 5.
mental run and the average value of measurements is used as ANOVA helps in formally testing the signi®cance of all
response variable. main factors and their interactions by comparing the mean
For the second response variable i.e. chip cross-sectional square against an estimate of the experimental errors at
area, height and thickness of chip was measured using Tool speci®c con®dence levels. In the analysis, F-ratio is a ratio of
Makers Microscope (Nikon make). Assuming the chip mean square error to residual, and is traditionally used to
cross-section to be approximately triangular in shape, area determine signi®cance of a factor. However, F-ratio does not
of chip cross-section was calculated. indicate the extent of deviation in the results therefore P-
value called as level of signi®cance, given in the last column
of the ANOVA table is estimated [11]. If P-value for a factor
4. Results and discussion is less than 0.05, then the factor is considered as statistically
signi®cant at 95% con®dence level. Accordingly, it is evi-
Statistical analysis of experimental result was done by dent from Table 3 that only inclination angle signi®cantly
preparing means tables and mean effect plots based on in¯uences the surface roughness along feed direction at 95%
Fig. 4. Mean effect plot for surface roughness Ra (mm) along feed direction.
Fig. 5. Mean effect plot for surface roughness Ra (mm) across feed direction.
con®dence level. Similar conclusions were arrived from the improvement is not observed when the inclination angle
ANOVA of surface roughness across feed direction, the changes from level 2 (308) to level 3 (458), see Fig. 4.
results of which is present elsewhere [10]. In the following Similarly, variation in surface roughness measured across
sections, these effects are discussed in detail. feed direction also shows similar trend however, there is a
small increment in the surface roughness as the inclination
4.1.1. Effect of inclination angle angle changes from 308 to 458, see Fig. 5.
As the inclination angle changes from level 1 (208) to As seen from the conceptual model of effect of inclination
level 2 (308), there is a signi®cant improvement in surface angle (see Fig. 6), with an increase in the inclination angle,
roughness measured along the feed direction. Whereas, this the length of contact between the round inserts and work-
Table 3
ANOVA for surface roughness along feed direction
Source Sum of squares DOF Mean square F-ratio P-value (significance level)
piece increases for the equal magnitude of feed. Thus, Fig. 6 con®rms with the results mentioned in the relevant literature
shows variation of contact lengths `oa', `ob' and `oc' for [6].
three inclination angles 208, 308 and 458, respectively. The in¯uence of feed rate on the surface roughness
Referring to Fig. 6, in triangle `aod' although deviates from the traditional relationship between
feed feed rate and surface roughness, it could be due to the
cos
i (1) relatively closer levels of feed rate employed during the
length of contact
present experiment.
where, i is the inclination angle. However, with an increase The in¯uence of depth of cut can be explained with the
in the length of contact, the effective nose radius of the round help of a model for surface irregularities, see Fig. 7. As
insert also increases. We know that surface roughness is evident from the model, a change in depth of cut does not
inversely proportional to the tool nose radius and in a contribute directly to the change in height of surface irre-
conventional milling operation it is given by [12] gularities and hence the surface roughness. It was earlier
thought that an increase in the depth of cut might lead to
f2
surface toughness
Ra (2) vibrations during machining consequently in¯uencing the
32re
surface roughness. Therefore, it may be concluded here that
where, f is the feed rate, re the nose radius. Therefore, an the milling cutter designed for this experimentation can be
increase in the inclination angle increases the effective nose safely used in the chosen range of depth of cut.
radius and hence improves the surface roughness in self-
propelled round inserts milling operation. 4.2. Statistical results and discussions (chip cross-
sectional area)
4.1.2. Effect of cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut
As can be observed from the mean effect plots in Figs. 4 Results of AOM and ANOVA on the chip cross-sectional
and 5, and ANOVA analysis presented in Table 3, the cutting area are presented in the form of mean effect plots in Fig. 8
speed, feed rate and depth of cut does not in¯uence surface and Table 4, respectively. It is evident that the inclination
roughness signi®cantly when measured in both the direc- angle, feed rate and depth of cut in¯uence the chip cross-
tions. As far as the effect of cutting speed is concerned, it sectional area signi®cantly at 95% con®dence level.
Table 4
ANOVA for chip cross-sectional area
Source Sum of squares DOF Mean square F-ratio P-value (significance level)
4.2.1. Effect of inclination angle 4.2.2. Effect of feed rate, depth of cut and cutting speed
As the inclination angle changes from levels 1 to 2 i.e., Feed rate in¯uences the chip cross-sectional area signi®-
from 208 to 308, there is a signi®cant decrease in chip cross- cantly since it contributes directly to a change in the height of
sectional area. Similar decrement is not observed as the chip cross-section. Therefore, chip cross-sectional area
inclination angle changes from level 2 (308) to level 3 increases with an increase in the feed rate. Similarly, depth
(458). If the chip cross-sectional area is considered to be of cut also contributes to the evaluation of chip cross-sectional
triangular in shape [2], then with an increase in the inclina- area and is also found to be statistically signi®cant, see Fig. 8.
tion angle, the height of triangular chip cross-section The fourth factorÐcutting speed does not in¯uence the chip
decreases as shown in Fig. 9. At the same time the length
of the chip increases so as to maintain the constancy of
volume as can be seen from the photograph of actual chips
in Fig. 10.
cross-sectional area signi®cantly since a change in cutting It can be seen from Fig. 11 that the multiple regression
speed changes the rate of material removal. model for the surface roughness agrees fairly well the
experiment data. The R-squared statistics indicates that the
model as ®tted has 18.65% of the variability in surface
5. Multiple regression models roughness. Similarly, the model for chip cross-sectional
area agrees with the experimental data with 57.62% of
Using multiple regression analysis, statistical models variability. A relatively large error in the prediction of chip
were developed for the surface roughness (SR) (measured cross-sectional area could be attributed to the assumption
along the feed direction) and the chip cross-sectional area of triangular shape of chip cross-section and to some
(Ac). The models giving relationships between response extent to the errors in the manual measurement of chip
variables and corresponding independent variables are as height and thickness while estimating chip cross-sectional
given below area.
SR
Ra ; mm 19:5943 0:20142i 0:004693v
3:4025f 0:3589d (3) 6. Conclusions
2
Ac
mm 1:93167 0:0507862i 0:000553v
1. A face milling cutter with five self-propelled round
1:72419f 0:747969d (4) inserts was designed and fabricated which is capable of
where, i is the inclination angle, v the cutting speed, f the machining up to a maximum depth of cut 2 mm.
feed rate, and d the depth of cut. 2. Statistically designed experiments based on Taguchi
A comparison of experimental results with the predicted methods were performed using L-27 orthogonal array to
once using regression models for surface roughness and chip analyze surface roughness and chip cross-sectional area
cross-sectional area is shown in Figs. 11 and 12, respec- as response variables.
tively. 3. Statistical results indicate that surface roughness is
significantly influenced (at 95% confidence level) by
inclination angle. An increase in the inclination angle
reduces the surface roughness. This could be due to an
increase in the contact length between the workpiece
and cutting edge on round inserts.
4. Similarly, statistical results for chip cross-sectional area
indicate that it is significantly influenced (at 95%
confidence level) by inclination angle, feed rate and
depth of cut. The chip cross-sectional area increases
with the decrease in the inclination angle. It could be
due to an increase in the height of chip cross-section at
lower inclination angles. Whereas, an increase in feed
rate and depth of cut, increases the height and width of
chip cross-section hence these two-factors also signifi-
cantly influence the chip cross-sectional area.
5. Thus, a face milling cutter with rotary inserts at an
Fig. 11. Comparison of experimental vs. predicted surface roughness (in
mm Ra) along feed direction. inclination angle between 308 and 458 could give better
surface finish and form a feasible alternative for face
milling at lower depths of cut.
Acknowledgements
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