SHOPPING MALL

A shopping center is a complex of retail stores end related facilities planned as

a unified group to give maximum shopping convenience to the customer and
maximum exposure to the merchandise . It had a two-level enclosed and
ventilated mall lined with open-fronted shops startlingly similar to today's most
upto-date concept .

HISTORY OF SHOPPING MALL

Malls are collections of independent retail stores and services conceived,
constructed and maintained by a management firm. Occupants can
include restaurants, banks, theaters, professional offices and even service
stations. The Southdale Center in Edina, Minnesota became the first
enclosed mall to open in 1956 and several more innovations have come
about since to make shopping easier and more efficient for both store
owners and customers.

Malls are collections of independent retail stores and services

conceived, constructed and maintained by a management firm.
Occupants can include restaurants, banks, theaters, professional offices
and even service stations. The Southdale Center in Edina, Minnesota
became the first enclosed mall to open in 1956 and several more
innovations have come about since to make shopping easier and more
efficient for both store owners and customers.

The First Department Stores

Bloomingdale's was founded in 1872 by two brothers named Lyman and
Joseph Bloomingdale. The store rode the popularity of the hoop skirt to
great success and practically invented the department store concept
at the beginning of the 20th century.

John Wanamaker follwed soon after with the opening of "The Grand
Depot," a six-story round department store in Philadelphia in 1877. While
Wanamaker modestly declined taking credit for "inventing" the
department store, his store was definitely cutting edge. His innovations
included the first white sale, modern price tags and the first in-store
restaurant. He pioneered the use of money-back guarantees and
newspaper ads to advertise his retail goods.

But before Bloomingdale's and The Grand Depot, Mormon leader

Brigham Young founded Zion's Cooperative Mercantile Institution in Salt
Lake City in 1868. Familiarly known as ZMCI, some historians credit
Young's shop with being the first department store, though most give the
credit to John Wanamaker. ZCMI sold clothing, dry goods, drugs,
groceries, produce, shoes, trunks, sewing machines, wagons and
machinery sold and organized in all types of “departments.”

Mail Order Catalogs Arrive

Aaron Montgomery Ward sent out the first mail order catalog in 1872 for
his Montgomery Ward business. Ward first worked for the department
store Marshall Field as both a store clerk and a traveling salesman. As a
traveling salesman, he realized that his rural customers would be better
served by mail order, which turned out to be a revolutionary idea.
Malls are collections of independent retail stores and services
conceived, constructed and maintained by a management firm.
Occupants can include restaurants, banks, theaters, professional offices
and even service stations. The Southdale Center in Edina, Minnesota
became the first enclosed mall to open in 1956 and several more
innovations have come about since to make shopping easier and more
efficient for both store owners and customers.

The First Department Stores

Bloomingdale's was founded in 1872 by two brothers named Lyman and
Joseph Bloomingdale. The store rode the popularity of the hoop skirt to
great success and practically invented the department store concept
at the beginning of the 20th century.

John Wanamaker follwed soon after with the opening of "The Grand
Depot," a six-story round department store in Philadelphia in 1877. While
Wanamaker modestly declined taking credit for "inventing" the
department store, his store was definitely cutting edge. His innovations
included the first white sale, modern price tags and the first in-store
restaurant. He pioneered the use of money-back guarantees and
newspaper ads to advertise his retail goods.

But before Bloomingdale's and The Grand Depot, Mormon leader

Brigham Young founded Zion's Cooperative Mercantile Institution in Salt
Lake City in 1868. Familiarly known as ZMCI, some historians credit
Young's shop with being the first department store, though most give the
credit to John Wanamaker. ZCMI sold clothing, dry goods, drugs,
groceries, produce, shoes, trunks, sewing machines, wagons and
machinery sold and organized in all types of “departments.”

Mail Order Catalogs Arrive

Aaron Montgomery Ward sent out the first mail order catalog in 1872 for
his Montgomery Ward business. Ward first worked for the department
store Marshall Field as both a store clerk and a traveling salesman. As a
traveling salesman, he realized that his rural customers would be better
served by mail order, which turned out to be a revolutionary idea.
He started Montgomery Ward with only $2,400 in capital. The first
"catalog" was a single sheet of paper with a price list that advertised the
merchandise for sale along with ordering instructions. From this humble
beginning, it grew and became more heavily illustrated and chock full
of goods, earning the nickname "dream book." Montgomery Ward was
a mail-order-only business until 1926 when the first retail store opened in
Plymouth, Indiana.

The First Shopping Carts

Sylvan Goldman invented the first shopping cart in 1936. He owned a
chain of Oklahoma City grocery stores called Standard/Piggly-Wiggly.
He created his first cart by adding two wire baskets and wheels to a
folding chair. Together with his mechanic Fred Young, Goldman later
designed a dedicated shopping cart in 1947 and formed the Folding
Carrier Company to manufacture them.
Orla Watson of Kansas City, Missouri is credited with inventing the
telescoping shopping cart in 1946. Using hinged baskets, each shopping
cart was fitted into the shopping cart ahead of it for compact storage.
These telescoping shopping carts were first used at Floyd Day's Super
Market in 1947.

Silicon Valley inventor George Cokely, who also invented the Pet Rock,
came up with a modern solution to one of the supermarket industry's
oldest problems: stolen shopping carts. It's called Stop Z-Cart. The wheel
of the shopping cart holds the device which contains a chip and some
electronics. When a cart is rolled a certain distance away from the store,
the store knows about it.
Malls are collections of independent retail stores and services
conceived, constructed and maintained by a management firm.
Occupants can include restaurants, banks, theaters, professional offices
and even service stations. The Southdale Center in Edina, Minnesota
became the first enclosed mall to open in 1956 and several more
innovations have come about since to make shopping easier and more
efficient for both store owners and customers.

The First Department Stores

Bloomingdale's was founded in 1872 by two brothers named Lyman and
Joseph Bloomingdale. The store rode the popularity of the hoop skirt to
great success and practically invented the department store concept
at the beginning of the 20th century.

John Wanamaker follwed soon after with the opening of "The Grand
Depot," a six-story round department store in Philadelphia in 1877. While
Wanamaker modestly declined taking credit for "inventing" the
department store, his store was definitely cutting edge. His innovations
included the first white sale, modern price tags and the first in-store
restaurant. He pioneered the use of money-back guarantees and
newspaper ads to advertise his retail goods.
But before Bloomingdale's and The Grand Depot, Mormon leader
Brigham Young founded Zion's Cooperative Mercantile Institution in Salt
Lake City in 1868. Familiarly known as ZMCI, some historians credit
Young's shop with being the first department store, though most give the
credit to John Wanamaker. ZCMI sold clothing, dry goods, drugs,
groceries, produce, shoes, trunks, sewing machines, wagons and
machinery sold and organized in all types of “departments.”

Mail Order Catalogs Arrive

Aaron Montgomery Ward sent out the first mail order catalog in 1872 for
his Montgomery Ward business. Ward first worked for the department
store Marshall Field as both a store clerk and a traveling salesman. As a
traveling salesman, he realized that his rural customers would be better
served by mail order, which turned out to be a revolutionary idea.
He started Montgomery Ward with only $2,400 in capital. The first
"catalog" was a single sheet of paper with a price list that advertised the
merchandise for sale along with ordering instructions. From this humble
beginning, it grew and became more heavily illustrated and chock full
of goods, earning the nickname "dream book." Montgomery Ward was
a mail-order-only business until 1926 when the first retail store opened in
Plymouth, Indiana.

The First Shopping Carts

Sylvan Goldman invented the first shopping cart in 1936. He owned a
chain of Oklahoma City grocery stores called Standard/Piggly-Wiggly.
He created his first cart by adding two wire baskets and wheels to a
folding chair. Together with his mechanic Fred Young, Goldman later
designed a dedicated shopping cart in 1947 and formed the Folding
Carrier Company to manufacture them.

Orla Watson of Kansas City, Missouri is credited with inventing the

telescoping shopping cart in 1946. Using hinged baskets, each shopping
cart was fitted into the shopping cart ahead of it for compact storage.
These telescoping shopping carts were first used at Floyd Day's Super
Market in 1947.
Silicon Valley inventor George Cokely, who also invented the Pet Rock,
came up with a modern solution to one of the supermarket industry's
oldest problems: stolen shopping carts. It's called Stop Z-Cart. The wheel
of the shopping cart holds the device which contains a chip and some
electronics. When a cart is rolled a certain distance away from the store,
the store knows about it.

The First Cash Registers

James Ritty invented the "incorruptible cashier" in 1884 after receiving a
patent in 1883. It was the first working, mechanical cash register. His
invention came with that familiar ringing sound referred to in advertising
as "the bell heard round the world.”
The cash register was initially sold by the National Manufacturing
Company. After reading a description of it, John H. Patterson
immediately decided to buy both the company and the patent. He
renamed the company the National Cash Register Company in 1884.
Patterson improved the register by adding a paper roll to record sales
transactions. Charles F. Kettering later designed a cash register with an
electric motor in 1906 while he was working at the National Cash Register
Company.

Shopping Goes High Tech

A Philadelphia pharmacist named Asa Candler invented the coupon in
1895. Candler bought Coca-Cola from original inventor Dr. John
Pemberton, an Atlanta pharmacist. Candler placed coupons in
newspapers for free Cokes from any fountain to help promote the new
soft drink. Several years later, the patent for the bar code – U.S. Patent
#2,612,994 – was issued to inventors Joseph Woodland and Bernard Silver
on October 7, 1952.
All this would be for naught, whoever, if people couldn't get inside to
shop. So credit goes to Horton Automatics' co-founders Dee Horton and
Lew Hewitt for inventing the automatic sliding door in 1954. The
company developed and sold the door in America in 1960. These
automatic doors used mat actuators. AS Horton Automatics explains on
its website:

"The idea came to Lew Hewitt and Dee Horton to build an automatic sliding
door back in the mid-1950's when they saw that existing swing doors had
difficulty operating in Corpus Christi's winds. So the two men went to work
inventing an automatic sliding door that would circumvent the problem of
high winds and their damaging effect. Horton Automatics Inc. was formed
in 1960, placing the first commercial automatic sliding door on the market
and literally establishing a brand new industry."

Their first automatic sliding door in operation was a unit donated to the
City of Corpus Christi for its Shoreline Drive utilities department. The first
one sold was installed at the old Driscoll Hotel for its Torch Restaurant.

IMPORTANCE OF SHOPPING MALLS

The importance of a shopping mall is mainly for people to get out of the house
for a while and do something entertaining. Shopping malls can provide the best
shopping experiences such as social gatherings, entertainment, performances,
product launches, promotions and festivals. The events list at shopping malls
goes on and on for any, particular, person to be entertained for a number of
hours.

Any shopping mall can be a great place to hang out with friends, eat, shop, and
more. You can go to all your favorite stores and personally I believe that parents
enjoy it just as much as kids. Malls provide you with the opportunity to send the
ladies to look at makeup, perfume or clothing. The gentleman can look at
electronics and sports equipment and so on. Malls can be very helpful because
all the needs are in one building.

Shopping malls tend to be a major tourist attraction. The mall can be more
convenient, for a tourist, to have one central location to do all their shopping;
rather than to have to drive many miles just to buy different types of products for
their personal needs.

Shopping at a physical mall compared to shopping online is very different. Going

to a physical mall is always more convenient because if you have coupons you
can use them and sometimes there are better sales. Shopping for clothing can
be a hassle online because you aren’t able to try on the cloths and find something
that fits for sure. Whereas, shopping at a mall allows you to try anything, your
interested in, on to make sure it fits before you invest in it.

TYPES OF CENTERS OR SHOPPING MALL

NEIGHBORHOOD CENTER (SUBURBAN)

This is a row of stores customarily (but not always) in a strip, or line, paralleling
the highway and with parking between the line of storefronts and the
highway ranging from 20,000 to 100,000 sq ft of space. A few of the newer
of these centers have their retail units clustered around an enclosed "mini-
mall .“

INTERMEDIATE OR COMMUNITY-SIZE CENTER

This also is usually a strip of stores but substantially larger than the
neighborhood center and usually containing a so-called "junior“
department store as the major unit. The parking pattern is normally similar
to that of the neighborhood center.

REGIONAL CENTER (SUBURBAN)

This contains one to four departmentstores plus 50 to 100 or more satellite

shops and facilities, all fronting on an internal pedestrian mall, or shopping
walkway. Parking completely surrounds the building group so that all stores
face inward to the mall with their "backs" to the parking.

RENEWAL PROJECTS (DOWNTOWN)

Two or more shopping levels, ofdepartment stores, shops of all

sorts,restaurants, etc. The multilevel malls may connect directly or by
bridges to other shopping facilities, hotels, office buildings, theaters, and
parking garages. Because of high land costs, all parking is normally multi-
decked and can be above, below, or, better, laterally contiguous to the
shopping facilities.

PRINCIPLES OF SCHEMATIC PLANNING

Schematic planning is focus on:

1. Building size and arrangement

2. Gross area for lease
3. Malls and public space
4. Parking layout
5. Access roads
6. Methods of serving

THE PRIMARY PRINCIPLES OF SCHEMATIC

PLANNING are:
 Convenience and comfort for the customer
 Maximum merchandising potential for the tenant stores.
 Customer convenience demands ease of vehicular access to and from the
site ease and adequacy of parking
 Reasonable walking distances
 Simple and direct pedestrian shopping routes with minimum obstructions
and inconveniences.

PLANNING GUIDELINES
STRUCTURAL MODELS WIDTH (M) NOTES
Small shops 5.3 to 6.0 Mostly 5.4 m
Large-space users 7.3 to 9.2 Depending on beam
depth. Single-storey
buildings –larger spans

CLEAR CEILING H HEIGHT(M) TO UNDERSIDE OF

BEAMS
Small shops 3.3 to 3.8 Sales area
3.2 to 3.6 Non-sales area
Large-space users 3.6 min. With floor: floor spacing
4 to 5 m
 GOODS AND SERVICE M NOTES
DOCKS
Typical provision for large 10.7 Allowing 1.5 m each
space user two 15 m side
articulated lorries:
Width:
Minimum clearence height 4.7 Approach road -5.00m

TYPE SALES AREA SALES:ANCILLARY AREA

Small shops Less than 280 m2 sales 45:55
area
Departmental stores 10000 to 20000 m2 45:55
Variety stores 500 to 15000 m2 50:50
Super markets 1000 to 2500 m2 60:40
Superstores 5000 to 1000 m2 of
selling space
Hypermarkets At least 2500 m2 sales 60:40
floor
Shopping centers 25000 &50000 m2 GLA

GENERAL DESIGN AND PLANNING CRITERIA

 Column Spacing - Often used spaces are 20, 25 and 30 ft, with the last
the most flexible.
 Store Depths - one-story stores in America, buildings are usually 120 to
140 ft deep, sometimes more to accommodate larger stores.

If there are basements or mezzanines, the depth dimension usually can

be reduced 20 to 25 percent.
In European centers and others with many very small stores, there is a
problem in how to achieve shallow depth without incurring higher costs
from greater mall lengths in relation to floor area.
One often used and desirable device is to "dog leg," or "ell," a larger
store around a smaller store.
  Clear Heights - These vary from 10 to 14 ft or more, with 12ft a good
average .Above this clear height,there must be adequate space for air-
conditioning ducts, recessed lights, structural system, etc .
 Parking system - The need for parking was one of the primary factors
leading to the development of the shopping center concept.
In suburban areas where almost all the trade comes by automobile, a
ratio of between 5 and 6 car spaces per 1,000 sq ft of leasable store
area is mandatory.
In the central business district, where mass transportation and walk-in
trade can be counted on for a substantial part of the clientele, the ratio
can go down to as low as 2 .5 to 3 cars per 1,000 sq ft .
In the matter of parking layout, car stalls can be set at angles (say, 70'j
to the lanes,which then requires one-way traffic,or stalls can be at 90' to
the lanes, permitting two-way traffic.
o Parking should be within 30 meters of the main entrance the
building.
o To accessible parking lots with dimension 3600mm X 5000mm.
o International symbol of accessibility painted on the ground and
also on a signpost/board. Directional signs guiding people to the
accessible parking.
o Wheel stoppers to be provided

Car parking Car spaces per 100 m2 gross retail

area
Supermarkets, superstores 10-12
Shopping centres 4-5

 Store sizes & layouts - 12 to 15 ft wide by 50 to 60 ft long in large cities ; and

15 to 18 ft. wide by 60 to 80 ft long in smaller cities .

Basements 8 to 9 ft high, in the clear, permit economical stock storage. Ground

floors are preferably approximately 12 ft high if no mezzanine is included;
mezzanines at least 7 ft 6 inch above floor level will accommodate most fixture
heights. Height from mezzanine floor to ceiling may be as low as 6 ft 6 in. if used
for service space only; 7 ft is the preferred minimum for public use.

CIRCULATION AREA
 Corridors should have an unobstructed width of 1800mm.
  Level differences should be beveled.
 Thresholds and gratings should not be more that 10mm.
 Protruding objects (more that 100mm form the wall) to be placed either in
a niche or above 2100mm form the floor.
 Open spaces below ramps, escalator and stairs should be blocked out
completely by protective guard rails, raised curbs or marked with a tactile
surface

Shopping centres may contain restaurants, banks, theatres, professional offices,

service stations, and other establishments.

THE RETAIL SHOP

A successful retail shop or store is one primarily designed to merchandise, in
addition to its nice looking appearance and attractiveness. People by nature,
love to look, window shop, then buy. Therefore, design of storefront or façade
must be attractive and beautiful to catch the shopper’s attention and invite
customers from the street or from the shopping centers. Merchandising
psychology starts from arousing interest then satisfy it.

The store maybe divided into two principal functions:

1. The exterior compromising the storefront, the show window and the displays
that gives identification.
2. The interior where the promised of the storefront displayed – delivers.
In short, the front attract the sale, the interior consummate it.

The Retail Shop Entrance

Planning Considerations:

1. The location of door should be related to the pedestriantraffic flow.

2.The elevation of sidewalk,store floor,and the interior layout of the shop,plus

the show window shouldnot only attract the passers-by,but also induce them
toenter the store.

3.Customers who are on window shopping only,may betempted and forced

to buy onceattracted by any of the merchandise on display.

4.Attracting customers could be accomplished by meansof advertising,show

window display,introducing newstyle,and much more,when the price is right.

Store Space
Planning Considerations:

I.A well-organized store space and its merchandise forsale,help the

customers find the object easily.On theother hand,it is also easy for the
storekeeper to check theitems and determines the profit or loss.
2. Merchandise and space should be well arranged,providing easy
circulation and exposure of the merchandise.

3. Monotony in circulation anddisplay of merchandiseshould be avoided

4. Location of fitting room should be conveniently near theitems being sold

5. Lacation of storage room should not permit the sales person to leave the
counter too long a time.

6. Fixture design should not let the sales person reach an item in the shelf too
high or stoop too low, except in enclosed storage room where stool or ladder
can be used.

Self Service
Planning Considerations:

1. The trend is for the customers to select and handle themerchandise that
attract them.

2. The self-service method,speed up selling because,thestock is easily

accessible to the shoppers.

3. The self-service method however,is not applicable tovaluable small items

like jewelries.

Retail Shop
Retail shop size has no specific standard measurements.

SUPERMARKET
Supermarket is a big scale emporium of merchandised which does not
require shouting and advertisement in order to be norticed.

Normally, supermarket has an average area of 2,000 to 3,000 square meters.

Of this area, 75% to 80% is reserved for stores and the remaining 20-25% was
allotted to services are such as storage, coolers, repacking area, grocery
storage and others.

Planning Considerations:
1. About 50% of the supermarket total equipment and fixtures investment are
refrigeration equipment intended for meat, diary produce, frozen food,
delicatessen and the storage coolers necessary for each department.
2. The remaining 50% is for grocery items. Half of which can be non-food items
such as house ware, soft goods, glass ware, health and beauty aids.
3. Deliveries are made at the back. Preparation and storage are located at
the rear of the building, making the selling space more or less square.
4. Column location should be kept out of the shopping aisles, providing 2.00
meters aisles between 1.20 wide shelving islands.
5. Refrigerated fixtures should be placed near their associated workroom and
storage cooler

Sales are invariably on one floor, planned to allow trolley circulation from car
park through the store. Where required, upper floors are limited to non-food
goods. A simple rectangular plan is preferred with 30 to 60 m frontage.
(Minimum frontage (18 m) may require double-banked checkouts.) The
position and layout of the checkout points govern entrance, exit and
circulation plans. Sales areas have large unobstructed spaces with structural
grids of 9.0 m or more (to suit stand spacing) and 3.66 m clear ceiling heights.
 DISPLAY SHELVES

ISLAND DISPLAY SHELVES

Location
A standard arrangement of parallel shelf racks and cabinets on each side of
circulation aisles is invariably adopted. The main aisles are 2.2 to 2.5 m wide
increasing to 2.8 to 3.2 m in front of delicatessen counters and fresh/frozen meat
cabinets. 3.0 m across aisles are provided at the end of turns and a clear area 2.2
to 3.0 m deep on each side of the checkout line. Displays are grouped into food,
non-food and off-licence sections. Delicatessen, bakery and perishables
prepared on the premises need to be adjacent to the preparation areas, with
easy access to stores (refrigerated). As a rule, refrigerated display cabinets are
grouped together to facilitate service connections and airflow recovery.
Demand goods (vegetables, fruit) are usually placed near the entrance to initiate
buying and promotional items displayed in bins and in racks at the end of rows
and checkout stations.
 TYPICAL CHECK-OUT IN CASH REGISTERS

DEPARTMENT STORES
Department stores are large complex shops, invariably extending over several
floor levels, selling a wide variety of goods, particularly clothes. Sales areas are
grouped into departments corresponding to different categories of shops but
are flexible in size and position. Departments may be operated directly by the
store or let to other traders and franchisees. Main high street stores usually have
more than 20 000 m2 sales areas but ‘Junior’ department stores in new shopping
centres are less than 10 000 m2 over two floors. Sales:gross area ratios are
relatively low, 45:55

Planning
A frontage to more than one street or mall is preferred for extended window
displays, customer entrances and emergency exits. Separate staff entrances and
goods delivery and despatch areas (with customer collection bay) are essential.
Internal areas must be planned for maximum clear space to allow for changes in
seasonal sales and tenancy arrangements. Exceptions are food areas (food halls,
food-preparation kitchens) which require permanently fitted equipment and
special services.

Location
Locations for departments is rationalised by floor levels of related goods but
influenced by turnover values and unit selling times. The ground floor is used for
quick sales or small items to attract customer interest. Restaurants, toilets and
customer services are usually accessed. Through selling areas subsidiary
accommodation is needed to service departments on each floor but main stock
rooms, staff facilities and administration are located in lower-value areas (rear,
basement or upper floor). Escalators and lifts are usually centrally positioned to
create a focus and draw customers through departments.
LANDSCAPING
 It is the most important element of shopping center design.
 There are two components: interior that is the landscaping in the mall,

Exterior that is the landscaping outside the mall and in the parking area.

Urinals
 Individually wall-hung urinal units shall be at least 300mm wide and the
lip of the
 Collection area shall project from the wall by at least 300mm.
 A urinal should not be set closer than 450mm from its centre to any side
wall,
 partition, vanity or other obstruction, or closer than 900mm centre-to-
centre between adjacent fixtures.
 There should be at least a 900mm clearance in front of the urinal to
any wall, fixture or door.
 Urinals should be separated by modesty boards of not less than 300mm
x 1800mm (Height) to act as a visual barrier between urinals.
 The ratio of fittings in male and female toilets shall be 3:5, for example,
1 WC and 2 Urinals for male: 5 WC.s for female which is in accordance
to the NEA’s COPEH.

Wash Basins
Wash basins should be substantial in size. The basins should have a minimum
size of 500mm in length and 400mm in width.

Water Closets (WCs)

 A WC should not be set closer than 450mm from its centre to any side
wall, partition,
 vanity or other obstruction.
 There should be at least a 900mm clearance in front of the WC to any
wall, fixture or
 door.
 Supply a predetermined quantity of not more than 4.5 litres of water
per flush after each use
PLANNING DESIGN CRITERIA
(Fundamental Requirements)

The object of installing ventilation and air conditioning facilities in buildings shall
be to provide conditions under which people can live in comfort, work safely
and efficiently.

Ventilation and air conditioning installation shall aim at controlling and

optimizing following factors in the building:

a) Air purity and filtration,

b) Air movement,

c) Dry - bulb temperature,

d) Relative humidity,

e) Noise and vibration,

f) Energy efficiency, and

g) Fire safety

Door
 Should provide a clear opening of 900mm.
 Be fitted with lever action locks and D shape handles of circular section,
between 800mm and 1000mm form floor level.
 Also be fitted with vision panels at least between 900mm and 1500mm
form floor level.
 Be color contrasted with the surrounding walls and should not be heavier
than 22N to open.
 A distance of 400mm to 600mm should be provided beyond the leading
edge of door to enable a wheelchair user to maneuver and to reach the
handle.
 Kick plates are recommended 300mm form the bottom, to resist wear and
tear

Accessible Toilet
A minimum of one toilet compartment with minimum size of 2000 x 1750mm is
required on each floor having all barrier free provisions.

Accessible Lift
A minimum of one 13 passenger lift is required having all barrier free provision.

SAMPLE MALL PLANS

A. L-shaped plan, Arndale Centre, Luton

B. T-shaped plan, Willowbrook Mall, New Jersey

C. Cruciform plan, La Fuente, California

 D. Pinwheel plan, Randhurst, Illinois

E. Figure-of-eight plan, Sherway Gardens, Toronto

FOOD COURTS AND FOCUSES

Large atria and glazed courtyards provide activity spaces which are often
landscaped and used as revenue-generating open restaurants or food courts.
Features such as water fountains, kiosks, planted containers and children’s play
centres also create focuses for interest and direction

CINEMAS
Designing a cinema includes audio-visual combined with showmanship and
economical cost of the structure. The success of commercial cinema depends
on its ability to present good films, maximum admission, and price that would
realize adequate profit.

Movie patrons on the other hand, except the following:

1. Good vision of the screen image.
2. Undistorted reproduction of the sound effects.
3. Discernible detail of the objects and comfort. Comfort includes the manner
of seating and the vision angle of screen.

Determining the maximum distance from the screen

The maximum viewing distance should not exceed twice the width of the widest
picture to be projected = 2W. The width of the seating pattern should be 1.3W

A good motion picture theater is designed for only one type of projection system
and the width of film to be shown. However, since the width of film being
produced varies from 35 mm and 70 mm, movie theater must be suitable for both
system if designed under the following conditions:

1. The viewer’s angle of sight from the bottom of the screen top should not
exceed 33 degrees.
2. The farthest viewing distance should not be greater than two times the
screen width = 2W.
3. The width of the seating pattern should vary from W to 1.3W at the farthest
row of the screen.
The seats nearest to the screen for good viewing could be attained under the
following condition:

1. For the standard 35 mm films, the projected picture width should not
exceed 11.00 meters.
2. For cinemascope 35 mm films picture width = 14 meters
3. For 70 mm film = 20.00 meters.