BUILDING CONSTRUCTION volume Two METRIC EDMONORIENT LONGMAN LIMITED Ieper oer [NE Hamann tyes 5009 ‘ue os ca Dal Ee, eb Me Anos, aes eat Sa tomy cad 200 Fourth dion @ Longman Group Limited 1970 ‘OLBN 0002120038 it published nda 1985 Reprne 1988 Uonaman Grogp Lud, Londoe Fors in nda Neal, Bhan, The Maldive Island, Bangladenaod'Sn Lanka oy Not for expo Pblahed by Orient Longman Linited,R, Kamast Marg. Ballard Estat, Bombay 40 O38 and Printed inti by Bnd An, 341 Tad Ingest TF BuDTG ms R, Goz00| tibrary. EA PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION I this edition the various unite have ben converted to metric term In the third edition, due to the replacement ofthe model Bye-Laws by the Building Regulation, the chapters dealing with Sreplace constuction and drsinag, in addition to being extended, were rewiten and brought up to date. ‘The corresponding drawings were modified or renewed entirely and a fesh one of & septic tank included, "The opportunity has been taken once more to revit parts ofthe text and Figures, T.-K. McK. 970PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION ‘Vouuwes Il and I1l are devoted to those parte of Building Construction which are regarded a suitable for 1 second-year course. Brickwork, dinage, masonry and mld tel roof teuses ore dealt within Vo. 1 (chs ‘olume), carpentry, joinery and toot coverage in Val. TIL ‘One ofthe ams ofthe author has been to teat the subject scficientty comprehensively inorder to meet, 18 farau possible, the individual requirements of both students and lecturers concerned withthe examinations Of the Royal Institute of British Architects and allied profesional bodies, nd for National Certifcates ‘and Diplomas in Building. A wide syllabus har therefore been adopted to mect a variety of needs, Te is not jotended thatthe whole syllabus should be covered by one class in one session, But rather that most classes shouldbe able to select those parts ofthe syllabus that apply specially to ther. The syllabus adopted hasbeen ‘vided ito eight parts, and these appear as headings of the respective chapters of bath volumes. “Materials have been treated at some length. Much of the description in smaller type is intended for the more advanced students and for reference purposes. Tecate of the relatively large size of many of the drawings it has hoen possible to include associated euaisfor convenient reference. Thus, fr example, Fig. §1ineorporites complete details ofthe sal steel ‘oof truss. Again, the several openings showing the stone dressing in Fig. 42 ate detailed in Fig. 43 0n the ‘opposite page. It is hoped thatthe arrangement of the details inthe Full-page drawings especially wil be fof assistance to students preparing homevork sheets and tstinonis of study. A Homework Programme appears on p. 137. This is suggestive only, to be departed from according to the requirements end capacity fofthe students.” Te purpose i not dhe production of sheets idemieal in deal and compotion ‘The author wishes to express his apprecistion to several collesgucs for their valuable criticisms and. suggestions dori the preparation of this volume, and particularly to Mr V. C. Barnes, ARLB.A. Mr D.A.G. Rei, BSc, A.M.LCE, and Mr A.V, Wilson, M.Se-Tech, M1.Struc.E. His thanks ae also due the Controller, HLM. Stationery Office, fr Kindly along the inclusion of exacts from several British Standard Specifications, many more of which have been consulted, Acknowledgement has been made inthe ‘ext to several firms who have readily supplied information on building material and process of manufacture. acne 1944 W.B. Mek,CONTENTS nt Quine Pir crap, Appel Foon Fe Cn 1, Daansce Vesinton “Peng Ira Sal and Ware Pework HL, Mason bine Dresne- Drones to Dior tod Winlon Opin “Carer Spee IV, Mi Sten. Roor Twos HOMEWORK PROGRAMME ” 47 28LIST OF Duara Line Hydrating Plast Diagram of Come Wess ‘Toting Apart or Cement. Sur anew in Engh rd Peis Bods ‘Aut and Oboe Sune un Eolas Peih Bee Spec Bonde ‘Breck Aces (Semi with Order, Coe) Damp Prong of Basement Stepped Foodntion fr Sein Sites sheen ah Prepay, Foy, Chimney Brn ad Stns ILLUSTRATIONS {Cet ioe Dai Pie sna Tape 5. Sing Out and Comtatnn of Dae 34, Dsinge Scent and Dea of eereping Chamber. 25 Inet Chater 26: Sunny Fin {3E Darr showing Type! Sucre of Boing Stones 39, Arp for Fst hon Tet {Stone Drang Square headed Dot Open 1. Stone Moclings at Door Opoings {0 Stone Dress to Window Opening 1. Window wat Stone Drenng lading Cone (BSc tps, Pals fo. Store Open Wal Sa {Mil Se Ref Tra sus oo Spe 5 Mid Stet Rot Troe esa fr #0 San ors UNLESS INDICATED OTHERWISE ALL DIMENSIONS ON THE FIGURES ARE GIVEN IN MILLIMETRES sate A pur descripe tow be consider Bricks are hand or mchis tre alomina anc the mauliog p fc, tit a8 bined with feta a tender this tendency aped bike: Tikes wate such a2 t ‘alcuen alpha Timestone thos during th Infuences the fre state of there the orb moe Ing ofthe ct ‘reduce mize Tron ridehh 7 CHAPTER ONE BRICKWORK t ‘ils Eaende din of he andar and chance of b,c ad in ‘ein amas cin poed "nd | MATERIALS? Arter dscition of certain building materi given in Vol ow be considered in grester det “These wil Becks are chiefly made fom clay and shale and ste moulded either by and oF machinery. ‘The principal elements of clay stable for rik- making tre alorina and ica. Alumina render the cay pli, and thu fats the moulding proces; if incorrectly proportioned wil cae the Bricks ‘sack, twit and shrink excanvly when being burt The sles may be ‘mbined wit the sla or fanay be fee inthe for of and if embined, Ite tendency to prodace sinking ard warping, but if tree counteracts this tendency and amine oo the production of hed, durable and waiformly ‘aped tricks; bile rick wil feu if the sind content excesive ‘rick clay may so contan varying propertions of imetor, rom magne salts Such a8 magnesiom sulphate, sodium sulpte, potassium sulphate and ‘leu sulphate, in adtion fo organi mater and water. ‘Limerone or chalk haw the fact of reducing svinkage and. acting a8 shox during the burning proces, casing meling and binding of the macs. It inflenees te colour af tricks The tmentons shuld be potent oly in foe state of division (the sizeof the parties not exceeding * incest ‘there the peer of quickime (rsp) wl sake snd expand if he bricks fheorb maitre. Such expansion will ack or shater the brs. Fite grinds ing of the clay will prevent damage fom this cause.” An exces of cha will produce miahaped bricks when Being burnt. Tron ones and magnesia alo ifvence the colour of bricks sep 3). Sa + Comiderin of much ofthe deripton of matric, be dared un he pect ST gente ced ei fa pape ct of Eee ao pet Toile: Ri atey Sia Sd nc sang ero ray cau eflorescnct (ep. 13). Organic matter, if a excessive quaatiey, Tay cota compounds which alclour pier. Caran aks, partelary Imagnesism, may cause the ric to ery. Sutable late fr bck making ede" mar" gals" Toss, ~ owt” and" patio.” ‘Re lay ag fund in my pr of he cay ab ae ete ed for oblate et led arch e solu caneonfed Suod Someta ned oon cyst prevent eres Se ePe ec beet i wae ot Sena i ar ape vor ten of he Fassel hike oy Fase RO Wi eS eh eet es Cede "Gault Clays are henry, tough apd of » bluish colour, but with suicient chalk fey rad te sch iy ve Sten uo epg) or ave «ne Fog Srrbieparnie chyeteez carer ee oo aeencer a SACS pens eet Saar Sy acetate See Sa ee ane ee SS Gay Ec Sap wan nse ih of ora snes ey i eet dtl eaoee Sroka aE ne ks pee peli wescoa Cae pan ce ft ig mein, SGI ied rt "Padi tess San a tain aig lhe aon oe Pde Se Sagi ace ek spe ea Se Se as Sate Pom a suai Spo te emunty Tecate he Popa of ck Saag aca ee at enc ican nese "BES ease hon SEN eye bh mea ol oor so “The various methods of production are determined very targely by she rre-af the hay or shale, nd may be ded ino the (a) semidey == emulate proce, () sul pase procs and the (2) plastic proces (a) Semi o7 Semple Proce ‘The clay ot sale m compartivly dry Tein ground toa foe ponder by heavy rls, parsed through 4 sren, tied to's ifr consistency, presed and rvpressed in moulda by ver foerfal machinery (ee p 3) and burn. ‘Sometimes the vcrecned materia fedampod by sprayed water.” Beeaus ofthe dynes of the materal the bricks “retaken diet from the moulding oachine to the kl, the woul steed ‘rying stage being omitted. ‘The proce i elstvly cheap. ‘The proces ‘opted for the production of Fletons, owing tothe suability of the Kats ey (Gb) Sof plate Procen—Thie proces, which is being adopted t2 an increasing event salar tothe above, ease tha the water content ofthe tater intesed and therefor lee poweral machinery i required to ould the bricks (ee po). A separate dying plant snot always necessary. The procer is usualy api to bard, dy cy, suchas mal, apd eet shales; [esnay alto be applied to weiter cay, provided they have been parily dried before Heng ures (6) Plate Proces~The clay suitable for this proces contains large proportion of mhtre nd sued for making wiecut and Handmade riche Gcepp.gand he Te bricks oat be carefully dred before being burt, “The avout processes of (c) preparation ofthe ely o shale (2) oun, (a) diging and) burning ae bry deserbed in Vol 1 Preparation The top sly oF cetbarder oe calls, ie Bost removed. (cay dog by hand or by mtbaricalexeavstors (oe Chap, Vol IV, hich Consist off 8 hoving » bucker with tel clave stacked The Bucket it BRICKWORK spend sine the bie of the quarry face, and 8 ascends the claw remove “he lay which pases ito the bucket; the jie sung round unt the Bucket is over a wagon which resives the cay dachargd from t_ Shale wualy Ioocned by Wasting and then fled into wagons eter by hand oF By meant cf an excavating machi ieee meena "There are cveral methods of conveying the ley of shale fom the quarry ve pit One form conte af an endlee wite rope 0 which the bogies oF ‘Sajons are attached, the moving rope drage the fll wagons (ich Fun On| ais) up these othe mula he empty wagons deen and Yea he bit Alernatvlys motor actor may ews hal the wagons Cloning Some cays require to be cleaned.” Stoney conse vegetable ‘patie, ete nay be removed ether by hand picking or the cy may Be pase ‘hrough a wash ai : ‘Mending “Chey osha wed for making common bids is utully taken 1 quatied direc w the crushing machinery. That for he more expensive rics expeilymulcooured facings (se 13) often requires the materia from dierent sratato be mixed togethers eguited. Thi umpatan operation, own as Blending. includes the renal of any underible mate The selection of he vara layer shales nade atthe quae tae andthe blending is performed by one or more meshanicl miners, i conjuction withthe grinding or crushing machi. i “Redacton ‘The machinery for redcing the clay o hale to fine condo | depends te tanh rete marl) Than on eg | | ‘mile suitable for bard, dry cae which have been previously erased bys ‘oe breaker, eres eraing alls are eetively employed for plas cae there re thee typeof trimer or grinding mal () Shy reo ee aa aT Sac MR Se at Sinan hese Peat sane Erion ices women eminem ue ney nates etre he mae fone A pl | ‘belated in lieu ofa pan mail, and consists of «ver oy mou ™ che pose othe ney mike un thet