Pressure

List of Pressure Measuring Devices| Fluid Mech... http://www.engineeringenotes.com/fluids/meas...
 Business Management Ideas
List of Pressure
Measuring Devices|
Fluid Mechanics
Article shared by :
ADVERTISEMENTS:
List of Pressure Measuring Devices. And

the devices are: 1. The Barometer
2.Piezometer or Pressure Tube 3.
Manometers 4. The Bourdon Gauge 5. The
Diaphragm Pressure Gauge 6. Micro
Manometer (U-Tube with Enlarged Ends) .
1. The Barometer:
The barometer is a device meant for
measuring the local atmospheric pressure.
Fig. 2.18 shows a mercury barometer
which consists of a 1 metre long glass
tube closed at one end and completely
filled with mercury and kept inverted in a
bowl of mercury. A small quantity of
mercury will drop into the bowl and thus a
vacuum forms at the upper end of the
tube.
1 of 18 30/12/19, 8:04 pm
The atmospheric pressure acting on the

surface of mercury in the bowl will support
a mercury column in the tube. Let h be
the height of mercury column in the tube
measured above the surface of mercury in
the bowl.
ADVERTISEMENTS:
Let Pa be the atmospheric pressure

intensity
The height of the mercury column at sea

level, is approximately 760 mm of
mercury.
ADVERTISEMENTS:
2 of 18 30/12/19, 8:04 pm
Atmospheric pressure head at sea level =

760 mm of mercury.
The space above the mercury in the tube

will contain vapours of mercury.
This space is called Torricellian vacuum.
Note:
ADVERTISEMENTS:
Mercury is ideally suited for use in a

barometer due to its high density
(needing therefore only a short tube) and
its very low vapour pressure.
The altitude of a place and weather

conditions influence the reading of the
barometer. A reading of a barometer
recorded at a spot indicates only the local
atmospheric pressure.
The International standard atmospheric

pressure is 101.325 kPa corresponding to
10.325 m of water or 760 mm of mercury.
i. The Aneroid Barometer:
3 of 18 30/12/19, 8:04 pm
ADVERTISEMENTS:
This device consists of a partially

evacuated corrugated box prevented from
collapsing by a strong spring. Pressure
variations cause the front part of the box
to deform inwards or outwards so that the
pull of the spring will just resist the force
due to the pressure of the atmosphere.
These small displacements are amplified

and move a pointer provided over a
calibrated scale.
ii. The Siphon Barometer:
ADVERTISEMENTS:
4 of 18 30/12/19, 8:04 pm
This instrument is conveniently used as a

household barometer. This device consists
of a glass tube bent at the lower part to
form a U-tube. The open end of the U-tube
is enlarged. This enlarged part takes the
place of the bowl or reservoir of the
ordinary barometer. An iron block of small
weight is supported on the mercury
surface partly by up thrust of mercury on
it and partly by a counterweight.
The iron block and the counterweight are

connected by a string taken over a pulley.
Variation of atmospheric pressure brings
about rise and fall of the mercury surface
in the open end of the U-tube which in
turn causes the pulley to rotate by some
angle. A pointer attached to the pulley will
move over a circular scale from which the
atmospheric pressure may be read.
2. Piezometer or Pressure Tube:

The piezometer is used to measure the
static pressure head of a liquid flowing at
any section of a pipe. It consists of a tube
whose open lower end is mounted flush
with the inside wall of the pipe. The other
end of the tube is exposed to the
atmosphere. In the arrangement shown in
Fig. 2.21 and 2.22 the height h to which
5 of 18 30/12/19, 8:04 pm
the liquid rises in the tube represents the

pressure head at the level A where the
tube is connected to the pipe.
The piezometer may also be so shaped

and connected to the pipe so that the
pressure head at the level of the centre of
the pipe may be directly obtained.
Limitations of a Piezometer:
The piezometer has limitations for its

use due to the following reasons:
(i) It is very difficult or impracticable to

measure high pressures. Particularly for
liquids of low specific gravity, the height
of the liquid column in the piezometer will
be inconveniently high requiring a very
long piezometer tube.
(ii) The piezometer cannot work for

negative gauge pressure since air would
flow into the container through the tube.
(iii) Capillary errors are likely to arise

when the tubes are of diameters 10 mm
or less.
(iv) Rapid changes of pressure which may

take place continuously cannot be
effectively measured. This is because
change in the piezometer level will lag
behind corresponding rapid change of
pressure.
6 of 18 30/12/19, 8:04 pm
The piezometer tube may take the form

shown in Fig. 2.23 for measurement of
small negative gauge pressures. In this
arrangement, the free surface of the liquid
in the tube will be at a level lower than
the level A inside the container where the
pressure is to be gauged. If the free liquid
surface in the tube is h units below A,
then the pressure head at A
= ha = – Sh units of length of water,
where, S – Specific gravity of the liquid.
3. Manometers:
i. The U-Tube Manometer (The Double
Column Manometer):
Manometers are pressure gauging devices

using columns of different liquids. The
fluid whose pressure is to be determined
is called the metered fluid while the other
fluid is called the manometer fluid. The
manometer fluid may be of higher density
or lower density than that of the metered
fluid. These devices can be used to gauge
pressures of liquids as well as gases.
Manometers have connecting U-shaped
tubes containing different fluids.
In a manometer when one limb of the

device is open to the atmosphere it
records the pressure of the source
7 of 18 30/12/19, 8:04 pm
connected to the other limb. When both

the limbs are connected to pressure
sources, the manometer records the
difference of pressure between the two
pressure sources. Accordingly, these
manometers are called simple manometer
and differential manometer.
The pressure of a fluid in a pipe may be

measured by using a glass U-tube
containing a heavier liquid which does not
mix with the fluid in the pipe.
Suppose the pipe contains water, and

mercury is used as the measuring liquid.
Let the level EF correspond to the surface
of contact of the two liquids. Let X be the
centre of the pipe.
ii. Inverted U-Tube Manometer:
Sometimes a lighter liquid is used in a

manometer. In such a case an inverted
manometer is used (Fig. 2.39).
Pipes A and B contain liquids of specific
8 of 18 30/12/19, 8:04 pm
gravity Sa and Sb respectively. The

inverted manometer contains a liquid of
specific gravity S. In such an arrangement
even for small differences of pressure
between A and B large deflections of the
manometer liquid will occur. Hence
measurements can be made accurately.
Let w = Specific weight of water.
∴ Specific weight of liquid in A and B are

respectively Saw and Sbw.
Measurement of Negative or Suction

Pressure:
Fig. 2.43 shows a pipe A containing water

at a pressure Pa. The pipe is connected to
a U-tube containing a heavy liquid of
specific gravity S. (Usually mercury is
used as the measuring liquid). Fig. 2.43
shows the levels of the surfaces of the
measuring liquid. Let y be the reading of
the manometer. Let the upper surface of
the measuring liquid be h units below the
centre of the pipe.
9 of 18 30/12/19, 8:04 pm
iii. Sensitive Manometers:
Single Column Manometer:
The single column manometer shown in

Fig. 2.55 is a modified form of the ordinary
U-tube manometer. This manometer also
has two limbs, one of which is made very
large in area compared with the other. The
area of the larger limb (also called the
basin) may be made 100 times the area of
the other limb. The manometer contains a
heavy liquid like mercury. The pipe in
which the pressure is to be determined is
connected to the larger limb.
Any pressure change in the pipe may only

produce a very small change in level of
the manometer liquid surface in the basin.
This change in level may be neglected.
Hence the reading in the narrow tube only
is to be taken. Since there is no need to
take any reading corresponding to the
liquid surface in the basin, it need not be
10 of 18 30/12/19, 8:04 pm
made transparent. Usually it is made of

iron. The other limb i.e., the narrow tube
may be vertical or inclined, to make it
more sensitive.
Let XX be the level of manometer liquid in

the basin and the narrow tube when the
manometer is not connected to the pipe.
Let after connecting the pipe to the
manometer the drop in manometer liquid
level in the basin be ∆h1.
Let h2 = rise of manometer liquid level in

the narrow limb.
h1 = Height of centre of pipe above XX.
A = Cross-sectional area of the basin.
a = Cross-sectional area of the narrow

limb.
S = Specific gravity of the liquid in the

pipe.
Sm = Specific gravity of the liquid in the

manometer.
S’ = Specific gravity of the liquid in the

manometer relative to the liquid in the
pipe.
11 of 18 30/12/19, 8:04 pm
iv. The Inclined Tube Manometer:
This is an improvement over the single

column manometer. In this case the
manometer tube is made inclined in order
to make it more sensitive. Fig. 2.56 shows
this type of manometer. In this case the
displacement of the heavy liquid in the
narrow tube is relatively greater and
hence readings can be taken more
accurately.
4. The Bourdon Gauge:

This device consists of a metallic tube of
elliptical section closed at one end A, the
other end B being fitted to the gauge point
where the pressure is to be measured. As
the fluid enters the tube, the tube tends
to straighten.
By using a pinion-sector arrangement the

small elastic deformation of the tube is
communicated to a pointer in an amplified
manner. The pointer moves over a
graduated dial. The device is calibrated by
subjecting it to various known pressures.
The Bourdon gauge is suitable for

measuring not only high pressures such as
those in a steam boiler or a water main
but also negative or vacuum pressures. A
gauge which is so devised to measure
positive as well as negative pressures is
12 of 18 30/12/19, 8:04 pm
called a compound gauge.
5. The Diaphragm Pressure Gauge:

This device is based on the same principle
as that of the Bourdon gauge. In this case
a corrugated diaphragm is provided
instead of the Bourdon tube. When the
device is fitted to any gauge point, the
diaphragm will undergo an elastic
deformation.
This deformation is communicated to a

pointer which moves on a graduated scale
indicating the pressure. It may be noted
that this device works on the same
principle as that of the aneroid barometer.
This device is found suitable for
measuring relatively low pressures.
6. Micro Manometer (U-Tube with

Enlarged Ends):
13 of 18 30/12/19, 8:04 pm
In order to increase the sensitivity of the

U- tube gauge enlarged ends are provided
as shown in Fig. 2.59. Such an
arrangement is called a micro manometer.
In this device we use two immiscible
manometer liquids. Let s1 and s2 be the
specific gravity of the two manometer
liquids (let s1 > s2); the denser liquid will
fill the bottom of the U-tube.
Let A = area of each enlarged end
a = area of the tube
When the pressures applied to the two

limbs are equal, i.e. when p1 = p2 let the
surface of separation between the two
liquids be XX.
Let in this condition the head of the lighter

manometer liquid be h above XX. Pressure
at XX must be the same in the two limbs.
px = s2wh
14 of 18 30/12/19, 8:04 pm
Home ›› Fluid Mechanics ›› Pressure ››

Measurement ›› Devices Used for
Measurement of Pressure
You May Like Sponsored Links by Taboola
Salary Above 25K INR - Get 99

Lakhs in Just 48 Hours
Paisabazaar.com
Optimal Choice For Any

Organization Seeking For
Rapid Growth
Lark | Collaboration Platform
AIIMS Nurse Quits Job With

Awesome Resignation Notice
Silver State News
Choose from 2019’s Top Term

Insurance Plans only on
Coverfox
Coverfox.com
Mitsubishi Electric is Working

Towards Creating a Better
Tomorrow with Smart and…
Mitsubishi
2 & 3 BHK Intelligent homes

starting from Rs.65.59 lacs*
Airport Road, Bangalore
Puravankara
15 of 18 30/12/19, 8:04 pm
Book a Luxury Hotel in

Singapore online. No
Reservation Costs
Singapore Hotels | Search Ads
[Gallery] These 30 women are

the most beautiful in the world
Easyvoyage
Alligator Smashes Watermelon

In A Single Bite. Watch
Incredible Video
www.ndtv.com
Before uploading
and sharing your
knowledge on
this site, please
read the
following pages:
1. Content
Guidelines 2.
Prohibited
Content 3. Image
Guidelines 4.
Plagiarism
Prevention 5.
Content Filtration
6. Terms of
Service 7.
Disclaimer 8.
Privacy Policy 9.
Copyright 10.
Report a
Violation 11.
Account Disable
16 of 18 30/12/19, 8:04 pm
12. Uploader
Agreement.
[gravityform
id="1"
title="false"
description="fals
e" ajax="true"]
LATEST
Unconventional
Machining
Processes: AJM,
EBM, LBM & PAM |
Manufacturing
Material Properties:
Alloying, Heat
Treatment,
Mechanical Working
and Recrystallization
Design of Gating
System | Casting |
Manufacturing
Science
Forming Process:
Forming Operations
of Materials |
Manufacturing
Science
Generative
Manufacturing
Process and its
Types |
Manufacturing
Science
GUIDELIN
ES
17 of 18 30/12/19, 8:04 pm
Home
Privacy
Policy
Upload &
Share
Contact
Us
SUGGEST
ION
Report
Spelling
and
Grammati
cal Errors
Suggest
Us
18 of 18 30/12/19, 8:04 pm

Pressure

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Pressure

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

List of Pressure Measuring Devices| Fluid Mech... http://www.engineeringenotes.com/ﬂuids/meas...

 Business Management Ideas

List of Pressure Measuring Devices. And

The atmospheric pressure acting on the

Let Pa be the atmospheric pressure

The height of the mercury column at sea

Atmospheric pressure head at sea level =

The space above the mercury in the tube

This space is called Torricellian vacuum.

Mercury is ideally suited for use in a

The altitude of a place and weather

The International standard atmospheric

i. The Aneroid Barometer:

This device consists of a partially

These small displacements are ampliﬁed

ii. The Siphon Barometer:

This instrument is conveniently used as a

The iron block and the counterweight are

2. Piezometer or Pressure Tube:

the liquid rises in the tube represents the

The piezometer may also be so shaped

The piezometer has limitations for its

(i) It is very diﬃcult or impracticable to

(ii) The piezometer cannot work for

(iii) Capillary errors are likely to arise

(iv) Rapid changes of pressure which may

The piezometer tube may take the form

= ha = – Sh units of length of water,

where, S – Speciﬁc gravity of the liquid.

Manometers are pressure gauging devices

In a manometer when one limb of the

connected to the other limb. When both

The pressure of a ﬂuid in a pipe may be

Suppose the pipe contains water, and

ii. Inverted U-Tube Manometer:

Sometimes a lighter liquid is used in a

Pipes A and B contain liquids of speciﬁc

gravity Sa and Sb respectively. The

∴ Speciﬁc weight of liquid in A and B are

Measurement of Negative or Suction

Fig. 2.43 shows a pipe A containing water

iii. Sensitive Manometers:

Single Column Manometer:

The single column manometer shown in

Any pressure change in the pipe may only

made transparent. Usually it is made of

Let XX be the level of manometer liquid in

Let h2 = rise of manometer liquid level in

h1 = Height of centre of pipe above XX.

A = Cross-sectional area of the basin.

a = Cross-sectional area of the narrow

S = Speciﬁc gravity of the liquid in the

Sm = Speciﬁc gravity of the liquid in the

S’ = Speciﬁc gravity of the liquid in the

iv. The Inclined Tube Manometer:

This is an improvement over the single

4. The Bourdon Gauge:

By using a pinion-sector arrangement the

The Bourdon gauge is suitable for

called a compound gauge.

5. The Diaphragm Pressure Gauge:

This deformation is communicated to a

6. Micro Manometer (U-Tube with