Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Traresre
Traresre
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Chapter 1
Simple Present
Ex: The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
Ex: You go down to the traffic light, and then you turn left.
Ex: In the film, the tea lady falls in love with her boss.
Present Continuous
2. Complaint
Simple Past
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Ex: The burglar came in through the front door, picked up the woman’s hand bag,
Used to or Would
3. We do not use “used to” if we want to talk about how long the situation lasted
Ex: Bill used to work worked for police force for over 17 years.
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Chapter 2
1. To talk about something that happened in the past. We do not state when it
happened.
2. To talk about something that happened at an unstated time in the past but it is
1. We can use either the present perfect simple or present perfect continuous to say
how long a situation or activity has been going on (often with for or since)
Ex: I have felt tired for weeks.
I have been falling tired since I started this course.
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Present Perfect vs. Past Simple
Ex: The prime minister will open the debate in parliament tomorrow.
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Ex: Tell me all about it and I’ll pass on the information to the rest of the team.
To be going to
1. To talk about events in the future we have already thought about and intend to do
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Chapter 3
Past Continuous
1. To provide a background scene to an action. We often use words like when, while
and as.
Ex: It happened at 5 in the afternoon while she was watching the news on TV.
Ex: For a while last year I was working at the cinema and studying my degree.
Past Perfect
1. To talk about something that happened in the past we sometimes want to refer
Ex: Mary rang John’s doorbell at 8:30 yesterday but he had already left the house.
Ex: When he opened the washing machine, she realized she had washed the coat.
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Modal Verbs
1. Ability
1.2. To talk about ability on one specific occasion in the past: could, was/were
able to
Ex: I’ve finally managed to give up smoking after all these years!
1.4. “Be able to” or “manage to” with present perfect or future forms
Ex: People can (sometimes) do funny things when they experienced something
terrible.
2. Possibility
1.1. We use must, may, might, could, couldn’t and can’t when there is some
evidence, information, belief that something is probably or possibly true (or not
true)
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Ex: The phone is engaged, she might be talking on the phone. (Continuous)
Ex: He must have hit his head. (Past) (Strong evidence) (Must have+pp)
Ex: He could have had a child. (Past) (Possible situation) (Could have+pp)
Ex: He can’t have been married. (Past) (Strong evidence) (Can’t have been+pp)
1.2. We can use may (not), might (not), could (n’t), must, can’t + have been + ing
Ex: He might have been trying to run away from his past.
Ex: You need to allow a bit of extra time to get over jet lag
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Chapter 4
Relative Clauses
2. Relative Pronouns:
Ex: Please welcome Mike Bowers, who is going to talk to us about how to look
Ex: These are dangerous if you live in a flat which is in a large high-rise building.
Ex: Find someone that can check on your home while you are away.
Ex: This is your home, the place where you keep your most treasured
possessions.
Ex: Program them to come on at times when you would normally be home.
Ex: There are often very good reasons why one house is burgled and another is
not.
3.1. We can leave out relative pronoun when it refers back to the object of the
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Ex: Maybe there’s a neighbor (that) you can ask. (Neighbor=object)
Ex: In the evening, a house that’s very dark can really stand out. (House=subject)
Ex: I applied to the university, which is located in the center of the city.
**With non-defining relative clauses we do not use the relative pronoun “that”
Ex: The burglars got in through the kitchen window, which that the owners had
forgotten to shut.
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Chapter 5
Conditional Sentences
Type Zero
3. To talk about general truth or fact (If has a similar meaning to every time)
Ex: If you own a car, you also have to pay for insurance and registration every
year.
Ex: If you leave your money in the bank, you won’t enjoy interest and it may lose
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4. We can use might, could or may instead of will to suggest something is less
probable
Ex: If you travel at rush hour, the trains can be very crowded.
Ex: If I’d bought a second-hand car, I wouldn’t have taken out this big bank loan.
4. We can use might or could instead of would to say that something was less certain
Ex: If I’d saved more money, I might have gone on that college trip last week.
Question
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Wishes and regrets
1. We use “wish + Past Verb” to talk about situation that we would like to be
different
Ex: I wish I could help you. (I can’t help you I am sorry about that)
Ex: I wish my father wasn’t always right. (He is always right and I find that
annoying)
3. We use “wish + past perfect” to talk about past situation that we regret
Ex: I wish I’d thought about the other costs before I bought it.
5. We can use if only in palace of wish with the same meaning. It is a little more
formal.
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Used to, to be used to and get used to
1. We use “used to/didn’t use to” to talk about past habits or repeated actions or
situations
Ex: I used to sleep for eight hours every night, but now I only sleep for six hours.
2. We use “to be used to + gerund” to talk about a new situation that is now familiar
or less strange
Ex: I am not used to sleeping with a comforter. I’ve always slept with blankets.
3. We use “get used to + gerund” to talk about a new situation that is becoming
Ex: I can get used to working at night. I feel tired all the time.
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Chapter 6
Gerund
2. After prepositions
3. After some special verbs: like, love, hate, start, continue, suggest, avoid, enjoy
and etc.
Infinitive
2. After adjectives
1. Like, love, hate and prefer are usually used with gerund (when we talk generally)
Ex: I like to swim in the morning when there aren’t many people there.
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Future Continuous
2. To talk about events that are planned or already decided (like Present Continuous)
1. To talk about a future event that will finish before a specified time in the future,
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Chapter 7
1. We use comparative adjectives to compare two to more things, people and etc.
Ex: Older athletes are faster and fitter (than in the past).
2. We use superlative adjectives to compare one thing in a group with all others in
that group
Ex: The Olympic is probably the most exciting sport events in the sports calendar.
4. Comparing adverbs: adverbs that have the same form as adjective (hard, fast,
Ex: Women aged 60 to 68 runs on average four minutes faster each year.
5. Irregular adverbs: well, better, best; badly, worse, worst; far, further, furthest;
Ex: I did worse than I has expected in the exam, so I was disappointed.
Ex: That was probably the least enjoyable meal I’ve ever had.
7. We can add emphasis: even, far, a great deal, a little, a lot, much + comparative
Ex: Older women show much greater enthusiasm for this plan than expected.
Ex: The figure for 2003 were significantly higher than those for the year 2008.
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8. (Not) As + adjective/adverb + as
Ex: Older athletes are as likely to achieve their peak fitness as younger athletes.
9. We can add to the meaning by using: just, almost, nearly, half, twice, three times
10. We can show that a change is happening over time by “repeating the
comparative”
Ex: It seems less and less likely that there will be a general election this year.
11. “the comparative + the comparative” to show two things vary or change at the
same time
Ex: The colder the weather is the more clothes you should wear.
12. For plural or uncountable nouns, we can compare quantities with “more” or
“most”
Ex: Today’s top sportspeople receive a lot more money than in the past.
13. We can add emphasis with “a lot/many + more/fewer + plural countable noun”
Ex: Increased sponsorship has given today’s athletes many more opportunities to
succeed.
Ex: Today’s athletes need to do much more training than in the past.
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15. By repeating more/less/fewer:
Ex: So much in our society is about making more and more money.
16. We can say something is the same or different using “(not) as many/much +
Ex: There aren’t as many people doing sports at school (as there used to be).
Ex: In 2014 China won nearly twice as many silver medals as the US.
We can compare how similar things are using like, the same (as), similar to:
Ex: Older athletes can achieve the same degree of physical improvement as those
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Chapter 8
Passive
Causative
1. “sub + have/get + obj. + p.p.”: someone has done something on behalf of you
1. We use future perfect continuous to show how long an activity or situation has
been in progress before a specified time in the future. We usually mention the
Ex: By the end of the month I’ll have been working here for three years.
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Chapter 9
Adverbial Clauses
1. Sentence connector …, ….
2. … sentence connector …
Connector
When / While / Whilst / Whenever
As soon as / soon after
Time By the time / as long as
Till / Until
Before / After / since
Place Where / Wherever
Because / Due to the fact that / Point to the fact that / On account of the fact that / In virtue of
Reason the fact that / As long as / Because of the fact that / In view of the fact that / Owing to the fact
that / In that / Now that
Though / Even though / Even if /Even / Although / Nevertheless / Nonetheless
In spite of the fact that / Despite of the fact that / Regardless of the fact that + noun/noun clause
Contrast
Irrespective of the fact that / Not with standing of the fact that
While / whereas
Purpose So that / In order that/ In the hope that / For the purpose that + clause
If / As long as / Provided that / Providing that / Unless / On condition that / In case / In case
Condition
that
As / As if (speaking)
Manner
As although / In that (writing)
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Noun Clause
Rarely do I go to stadium.
Ex: Her eyes were so gorgeous that I couldn’t get my eyes off them
So gorgeous were her eyes that I couldn’t get my eyes off them.
Zero Type:
Ex: If you require any further information, please do not hesitate to contact us.
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“Inversion: we should omit if and add should”
Should you require any further information, please do not hesitate to contact us.
Type one:
Ex: If you do not leave now, you will miss the bus.
Ex: Should you not leave now; you will miss the bus.
3. Independent Clause: Must have a subject and a verb and must express a complete
idea
5. Subordinate clause: Also has a subject and a verb but doesn’t express a complete
idea
Subordinating Conjunctions: If, when, while, before, since, until, even though,
whenever, whereas
Ex: The cat meowed at the window but nobody heard him.
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Ex: The cat meowed at the window but nobody heard him so he jumped down.
8. Complex Sentence: At least one independent clause and at least one subordinate
Ex: Since nobody heard him, the cat jumped down from the window.
conjunction and at least one subordinate clause that begins with subordinating
conjunction
Ex: The cat meowed at the window but since nobody heard him, he jumped down
the window.
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