nana cecxlaZe

mzia xaxutaiSvili

stilistika
(saxelmZRvanelo)
II gadamuSavebuli gamocema

Tbilisi
2014

1
nana cecxlaZe, mzia xaxutaiSvili: stilistika sarCevi

Sesavali----------------------------------------------------------- 7
Tavi I. zogadi stilistika
§1. stilistikis istoriidan---------------------------------9
§2. stilistika, rogorc enaTmecnierebis dargi.
stilistikis sagani, wyaroebi da amocanebi ----- 13
wigni gankuTvnilia umaRlesi saswavleblis student- 2.1. stilis raoba ------------------------------------------- 16
TaTvis, maswavlebelTaTvis, filologebisaTvis, Jurnal- § 3. stilistikis dargebi ----------------------------------- 19
istebisa da sakiTxiT dainteresebul pirTaTvis. naSromis § 4. stilistikis kavSiri momijnave dargebTan ---- 20
TiToeul Tavs erTvis codnis Sesamowmebeli kiTxvebi, sa- §5. stilistikis Seswavlis Teoriuli da
varjiSoebi da testebi. praqtikuli mniSvneloba ------------------------------- 24
§ 6. stilistikuri da enobrivi norma ------------------ 24
§ 7. enobrivi stilis gageba. subieqturi
da obieqturi stili ------------------------------------- 28
7.1. stilis cneba ------------------------------------------- 28
redaqtori: mamia faRava 7.2. subieqturi da obieqturi stili --------------- 31
recenzentebi: meri cincaZe § 8. stilistikuri minimumi da maqsimumi -------------- 32
naTia fartenaZe codnis Sesamowmebeli kiTxvebi ------------------------- 34

Tavi II. funqciuri stilistika

§ 1. funqciuri stilis gagebisaTvis -------------------- 35
§ 2. funqciuri stili - enisa Tu metyvelebis
saxesxvaoba ------------------------------------------------- 38
§ 3. metyvelebis forma da stili ------------------------- 39
§4. funqciuri stilis saxeebi ----------------------------- 39
§ 5. stilis saxeobaTa saerTo da
ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi-------------------------------- 44
codnis Sesamowmebeli kiTxvebi ------------------------- 45
gamomcemloba `iverioni~. Tbilisi. 2014. II.1. samecniero stili ----------------------------------- 46
codnis Sesamowmebeli kiTxvebi ------------------------- 54
ISBN - 978-9941-9297-4-8 II.2. oficialur-saqmiani stili ---------------------- 58

2 3
codnis Sesamowmebeli kiTxvebi ------------------------- 68
II. 3. publicisturi stili -------------------------------- 70
codnis Sesamowmebeli kiTxvebi ------------------------- 78
II. 4. mxatvruli literaturis stili ----------------- 78
codnis Sesamowmebeli kiTxvebi ------------------------- 81
II. 5. sasaubro stili---------------------------------------- 82
codnis Sesamowmebeli kiTxvebi ------------------------ 86
Tavi III. leqsikuri stilistika
§1. sinonimi da misi stilistikuri funqcia ---------- 95
§2. antonimi da misi stilistikuri funqcia -------- 106
§3. omonimi da misi stilistikuri funqcia --------- 112
§4. arqaizmi da misi stilistikuri funqcia -------- 113
§5. neologizmi da misi stilistikuri funqcia ---- 115
§6. dialeqtizmi da misi stilistikuri funqcia -- 117
§7. barbarizmi da misi stilistikuri funqcia ----- 120
§8. nasesxebi sityvebi da maTi
stilistikuri funqciebi ----------------------------- 121
§9. frazeologizmi da misi
stilistikuri funqcia -------------------------------- 123
§10. andaza da misi stilistikuri funqciebi ------- 132
§11. aforizmi da misi stilistikuri funqciebi --- 134
§12. evfemizmi da tabu;
maTi stilistikuri funqciebi --------------------- 135
§13. Jargoni da argo; maTi stilistikuri funqciebi-- 139
§14. vulgarizmebi da maTi stilistikuri funqciebi -- 140
codnis Sesamowmebeli kiTxvebi ------------------------ 145
Tavi IV. gramatikuli stilistika
§1. morfologiuri stilistika -------------------------- 146
§2. sintaqsuri stilistika -------------------------------- 162
codnis Sesamowmebeli kiTxvebi ------------------------ 181
4 5
Tavi V. mxatvruli stilistika
V.I. stilistikuri kategoriebi ---------------------- 182
§1. Sedareba----------------------------------------------------- 183
§2. epiTeti ------------------------------------------------------ 189
§3. metafora ---------------------------------------------------- 191
§4. gapirovneba (gasuliereba, personifikacia) --- 193
§5. simbolo ----------------------------------------------------- 195
§6. alegoria --------------------------------------------------- 198
§7. perifrazi -------------------------------------------------- 198
§8. metonimia --------------------------------------------------- 200
§9. sinekdoqe --------------------------------------------------- 202
§10. hiperbola ------------------------------------------------- 203
§11. litotesi -------------------------------------------------- 205
V.II. stilistikuri figurebi-------------------------- 206
§1. elifsisi ---------------------------------------------------- 206
§2. gradacia ---------------------------------------------------- 207
§3. antiTeza ---------------------------------------------------- 208
§4. paralelizmi----------------------------------------------- 210
§5. inversia ----------------------------------------------------- 211
§6. gameoreba --------------------------------------------------- 212
§7. paronomazia ----------------------------------------------- 214
codnis Sesamowmebeli kiTxvebi ------------------------ 223
Tavi VI. tipobrivi Secdomebi
sityvaTxmarebisas
VI.1. sityvis gamoyeneba arazusti mniSvnelobiT -- 224
VI.2. sityvis (problema, dueti, avtori, starti,
finiSi) mniSvnelobis gafarToeba --------------- 233
VI.3. paronimia ------------------------------------------------- 240
VI.4. frazeologizmTa paronimia ----------------------- 249
VI.5. darRvevebi frazeologizmTa xmarebisas ----- 249
VI.6. darRvevebi sinonimTa xmarebisas ---------------- 252
VI.7. `yurebadi~ tipis formebi --------------------------- 254
VI.8. darRvevebi Serwymulsa da
rTul winadadebebSi ---------------------------------- 259
Semajamebeli testi ----------------------------------------- 260
VI.9. pleonazmi ------------------------------------------------- 264
VI.10. tavtologia -------------------------------------------- 267
VI.11. Stampi ----------------------------------------------------- 273
VI.12. kalki ------------------------------------------------------ 275
VI.13. atrofia -------------------------------------------------- 281
VI.14. paraziti sityvebi ------------------------------------ 284
codnis Sesamowmebeli kiTxvebi ------------------------ 296
gamoyenebuli literatura da wyaroebi ------------- 297
SemoklebaTa ganmartebani ------------------------------- 308
SUMMARY--------------------------------------------------------- 310
6 7
Sesavali
stilistika metad aqtualuri filologiuri discip-
linaa, dargia enaTmecnierebisa, romelsac dRemde ar
daukargavs Rirebuleba. piriqiT, rac dro gadis, metad
gvWirdeba igi, gacilebiT didi mniSvneloba eniWeba „uk-
eTesad Tqmis xelovnebas“, radgan stilistikur xarve-
zebs vxvdebiT sxvadasxva asakis Tu profesiis adamianTa
metyvelebaSi. gansakuTrebiT TvalSi sacemi da dasanania
JurnalistTa metyvelebis gaumarTaoba. dasanania imde-
nad, ramdenadac amas antikuri epoqidanve eqceoda sagan-
gebo yuradReba, dRes ki meorexarisxovania. aseTi paTo-
siTaa gamsWvaluli winamdebare wigni, romelic erTgul
samsaxurs gauwevs yvelas, vinc darwmundeba, rom stilis-
tikis codna metad aucilebelia metyvelebis kulturis
asamaRleblad, komunikaciis gasaioleblad da miznis ad-
vilad misaRwevadac. igi daexmareba abiturientsac, stu-
dentsac da maswavlebelsac.
`stilistika“ mravalmxrivi daniSnulebis wignia. pir-
vel TavSi ganxilulia zogadi stilistikis sakiTxebi: sti-
listikis mokle istoria, misi ganviTarebis etapebi, sagani
da wyaroebi, mimarTeba sxva disciplinebTan. aqve garkve-
ulia stilis raoba, misi Tavdapirveli da Tanamedrove
mniSvnelobani; mocemulia enobrivi stilis bunebis garkve-
vis cda; gansazRvrulia enobrivi da stilistikuri norma,
stilistikuri minimumi da maqsimumi.
II Tavi eTmoba funqciuri stilis diferenciaciis auc-
ileblobas da stilTa aRrevas; stilis saxeobaTa daxasi-
aTebas stiluri niSnebiTa da xarvezebiT.
III TavSi ganxilulia leqsikur saSualebaTa (sinonimis,
antonimis, dialeqtizmis, arqaizmis Tu sxvaTa) gamomsaxve-
lobiTi funqciebi, stilistikuri daniSnuleba qarTulSi.
IV TavSi mocemulia gramatikuli stilistikis sakiTxebi:
paralelur morfologiur da sintaqsur saSualebaTa ga-
moyeneba meti gamomsaxvelobis misaRwevad.
V TavSi ganxilulia mxatvruli stilistikis sakiTxebi:
tropis saxeebis stilistikuri funqciebi; stilistikuri
figurebi da maTi gamoyeneba.
VI Tavi eTmoba tipobrivi Secdomebis analizs. calkeuli
sakiTxi ganxilulia sinqroniul da diaqroniul WrilSi,
axsnilia maTi gamomwvevi mizezebi da dasaxelebulia Ta-
vidan acilebis gzebi; mocemulia Tanamedrove qarTuli
saliteraturo enis aqtualuri sakiTxebi, romlebSic gan-
vixilavT arsebul mdgomareobasac da vaviTarebT Cveneul
Tvalsazrissac.
naSromis TiToeul Tavs erTvis mravalferovani savar-
jiSoebi, codnis Sesamowmebeli kiTxvebi, testebi da dasa-
muSavebeli literaturis CamonaTvali.
sailustracio masala aRebulia qarTvel klasikosTa
Semoqmedebidan, JurnalistTa metyvelebidan, telegada-
cemebidan, qarTuli presidan. rac Seexeba qarTvel klasi-
kosTa nawerebs, am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT gasaTvaliswine-
belia ramdenime garemoeba: jer erTi, gaumarTlebelia Ta-
namedrove qarTuli saliteraturo enis normebis mixedviT
gasuli saukunis nawerebis Sefaseba; meorec, amgvari for-
mebi teqstSi SeiZleba sagangebo daniSnulebisa iyos.
vsargeblobT SemTxveviT da madlobas vuxdiT profeso-
rebs: m. cincaZes, m. faRavas da n. fartenaZes naSromis gul-
dasmiT wakiTxvisa da sagulisxmo SeniSvnebisTvis.
wigni, bunebrivia, dazRveuli ver iqneba Secdomebisgan,
amitom nebismier saqmian SeniSvnas madlierebiT miviRebT.
avtorebi.
8 9
Tavi I. zogadi stilistika
§1. stilistikis istoriidan
stilistika, rogorc enaTmecnierebis dargi, XIX saukun-
is II naxevarSi Camoyalibda, Tumca stilze jer kidev Cvens
welTaRricxvamdec msjelobdnen.
antikur epoqaSi stili zemoqmedebis, darwmunebis um-
Tavresi saSualeba iyo. Zvel saberZneTsa da romSi yvela
sazogadoebrivi sakiTxi wydeboda saxalxo krebebze, sadac
wamyvani roli orators ekisreboda. misi saubris damaje-
reblobaze iyo damokidebuli sakiTxis gadaWra. mTavari
iyo ara imdenad Sinaarsi, ramdenadac moxdeniloba. orat-
oris mizani iyo saTqmelis sainteresod da mimzidvelad
gadmocema.
mokled, adamianze fsiqologiuri zemoqmedebisTvis sa-
Wiro iyo saTanado enobrivi saSualebebis Zieba. arsebobda
specialuri oratoruli kursebi, ritorikuli skolebi,
sadac mWevrmetyvelebas aswavlidnen. ritorikis mamamTa-
vari iyo demosTene (384-322), Teoretikosebi ki _ aristo-
tele (384-322) da misi mowafe Teofraste (372-287).
azris kargad gamoTqmis codna gansakuTrebiT cudad
mowyobil saxelmwifoSia saWiro, sadac imarjveben ara is-
ini, vis mxarezec simarTlea, aramed isini, vinc kargi lapa-
raki ician, - wers aristotele `ritorikaSi“. igi did mniS-
vnelobas aniWebs saTqmelis naTlad da moxdenilad gadmo-
cemas:`saTqmelis Rirsebaa, iyos naTeli, magram ara tlan-
qi“ (aristotele 1979:194). `Tu saTqmeli Sedgeba metafore-
bisagan, gamocanaa, Tu ucxo sityvebisgan _ barbarizmia“, _
azustebs is (iqve:196). stilis umTavres Tvisebad aristo-
tele miiCnevs grZnobebis gamoxatvisas zomierebis dacvas,
naklad ki _ maRalfardovan frazebs, azris bundovnebas.
„Sesabamisoba da zomiereba- ai, ori arsebiTi mniSvnelobis
moTxovna, rasac is uyenebs metyvelebis stils“, _ wers gr.
kiknaZe (kiknaZe 1957: 1-9).
Teofrastes Sromam „stilis Sesaxeb“ mxolod sxvaTa
naSromebSi Semonaxuli citatebis saxiT moaRwia. avtors
yvelanairi stilisTvis aucilebel moTxovnad miaCnia
sicxade, saTqmelTan Sesabamisoba da moxdeniloba.
Zvel romSi ritorika umaRles safexurze aiyvana cice-
ronma (106-43). is mWevrmetyvelad imas miiCnevda, vinc fo-
rumebsa da samoqalaqo procesebze ise ilaparakebda, rom
asiamovnebda, daarwmunebda da daatyvevebda kidec msme-
nels. amnairi stilis daufleba SesaZlebeli iyo.
Sua saukuneebSi mWevrmetyveleba RvTismetyvelebam
Secvala. eklesias xalxis darwmuneba ki ar sWirdeboda, ar-
amed igi morCilebas moiTxovda. ritorikas is warmarTebi-
sa da mwvaleblebis winaaRmdegac iyenebda. amrigad, orat-
orulma xelovnebam saeklesio wreebSi sqolastikur-for-
maluri da dogmatikuri xasiaTi miiRo.
TandaTanobiT ritorikam literaturazec moaxdina
gavlena. jer kidev antikur ritorikaSi gamoikveTa mimar-
Tulebani, romlebic Semdeg safuZvlad daedo stilisti-
kis damoukidebel disciplinad Camoyalibebas.
oratorul xelovnebas saqarTveloSic didi xnis isto-
ria aqvs. romael istorikoss, tacituss (55-120), Semounax-
avs iberTa mefis _ farsman I-is sityva, warmoTqmuli brZo-
lis dawyebis win (I s.).
IV saukuneSi moRvaweobda qarTveli filosofosi da or-
atori, bakuri. IV saukuneSive kolxeTSi, foTis maxlob-
lad, yofila filosofiur-ritorikuli skola, sadac
ucxoelebic swavlobdnen Turme. IV saukunis ritori da
filosofosi, Temistiosi provinciel axalgazrdas swers
(am ukanasknels misTvis swavlis misaRebad sataxto qalaqSi
dasasaxleblad daxmareba uTxovia): „mec, Cemo kargo, rito-
10
rikis nayofni movwyvite gacilebiT uCinar adgilas, vidre
es Cveni adgilia, ara wynarsa da elinur adgilas, aramed
pontos boloSi, fazisis maxloblad, sadac argom, Tesali-
idan wamosulma, daisadgura - rasac poetebi gakvirvebiT
mogviTxroben - da cam igi aRitaca. da ai, barbarosuli da
pirquSi adgili erTi kacis sibrZnem da saTnoebam gaxada
elinuri da aqcia muzebis taZrad; im erTi kacis, romelic
damkvidrda kolxebisa da armenielebis qveyanaSi da aswav-
lida ara isarT tyorcnas da horolT srolas an jiriTs
mezobel barbarosTa wesebis mixedviT, aramed imas, Tu ro-
gor gaiwvrTna ritorikul xelovnebaSi da rogor brwyi-
navda elinTa dReobebze“ (xidaSeli 1988 : 33).
S. xidaSelis azriT, zemoxsenebuli saswavlebeli sa-
qarTveloSi qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxa-
debamde daarsebula: `SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom aRniSnuli
skola bevrad ufro adre unda yofiliyo daarsebuli da
Tu III saukunis miwurulSi ara, yovel SemTxvevaSi, IV saukun-
is pirvel aTeul wlebSi misi arseboba ueWvel faqtad unda
miviCnioT“ (xidaSeli 1988:34).
ritorikis ganviTarebas didad Seuwyves xeli qarTuli
kulturis iseTma kerebma, rogorebicaa: ierusalimis (IV s.),
aTonis iverTa (X s.), sinas mTis (X s.), petriwonis (XI s.) mo-
nastrebi.
ritorika iswavleboda daviT aRmaSeneblis mier daar-
sebul gelaTis akademiaSi. ritorikis Teoriis sakiTxebi
ganxilulia ioane petriwis SromaSi - „ganmartebaჲ prok-
lesaTvis diadoxosisa da platonisa filosofiisaT-
vis“, anton I-is „wyobilsityvaobasa“ da ioane batoniSvi-
lis „kalmasobaSic“. 1828 wels ki solomon dodaSvilma
gamosca ritorikis saxelmZRvanelo. metad mniSvnelovania
ucnobi avtoris `mokle retorika gina mWevrmetyveleba“.
igi `xelad saxmari“, praqtikuli daniSnulebis wignia, ro-
melic konstantinepolSi petre xarisWiraSvilis mier da-
arsebul monasterSi daubeWdavT 1879 wels.
11
 winasityvaobaSi weria: „dRemdin ar yofila rigiani xe-
lad saxmari mWevrmetyvelebis wigni dedaenazeda da rom
aravis miuqcevia yuradReba imisTvis, raTa sazogadoebas
miscemoda raime saSvali swavlis gaadvilebisa“.
aqve dasmulia erTi metad mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, romel-
sac dResac ar daukargavs aqtualoba, piriqiT, is mTeli
simwvaviT swored axla dgas, magram igi XIX saukunis bolo-
sac awuxebdaT qarTuli enis gulSematkivrebs. dResdRe-
obiT Zlieria ucxo eniT gataceba maSin, roca qarTvelma
qarTuli rigianad ar icis. qarTveli kacis damabrkole-
beli dawinaurebaSi gaxlavT is, rom man ar icis Tavisi enis
gramatikuli kanonebi, ritorika da logika.
amrigad, ritorikam, rogorc gamomsaxvelobiTi metyve-
lebis, oratoruli xelovnebis Teoriam ganviTarebis di
di gza ganvlo, magram `am periodSi stili umTavresad es-
modaT, rogorc mxolod lamazi metyveleba, e. i. rogorc
mxolod garegnuli mxare“ (basilaia 1991: 8-9). ritorikaSi
enis kulturis yvela niSans ganixilavdnen, maT Soris, gan-
sakuTrebul enobriv SesaZleblobebsac.
Sua saukuneebSi ritorika agrZelebda antikur tradi-
ciebs. XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi igi literaturis, poetika
ki antikuri ritorikis gavlenis qveS moeqca. poeturi xe-
lovnebis daufleba TiTqmis SeuZlebeli iyo, amitom rito-
rikas darCa mxolod zepiri metyveleba.
mokled, Sua saukuneebSi da Semdegac stilistika metwi-
lad sityvieri xelovnebis nimuSebs Seiswavlida, amitomac
miiCnevdnen mas mxatvruli nawarmoebebis enis Semswavlel
mecnierebad. „poeturi ena“, metyvelebis gansakuTrebuli Se-
saZleblobebi ki TandaTanobiT poetikis kvlevis sagnad iqca.
`poetikam STanTqa stilistika, rogorc enis gamomsaxve-
lobiT saSualebaTa Semswavleli dargi“, - wers al. gvenca-
Ze (gvencaZe 1971:16). mkvlevris azriT, „e. w. „poeturi enis“
yvela sakiTxi unda ganixilebodes stilistikaSi; enis sa-
12
kiTxebma adgili unda daikavos enaTmecnierebaSi. es TviT
poetikisTvisac sasargebloa (iqve).
XIX saukunis I naxevarSi ritorikisgan poeturi stilis
calke gamoyofis Sesaxeb msjelobdnen m. belinski (1811-
1848) da misi Tanamoazreebi. XIX saukunis II naxevarSi poet-
uri stilistika ukve gamoeyo ritorikas.
poeturi stilistikis sagani mxatvruli, gamomsaxve-
lobiTi xerxebi iyo, xolo enaTmecnieruli stilistika am
periodSi jer kidev yalibdeboda (a. potebnia, ovsianikov-
kulikovski). misi Rrma Seswavla daiwyo XX saukuneSi b. to-
maSevskis, v. vinogradovis, n. bulaxovskis, a. gvozdevis, d.
rozentalis, m. mixailovisa da sxvaTa SromebiT.
rogorc aRvniSneT, antikur saberZneTSi stilistika
(igive `poetika“), arsebiTad mxolod mxatvruli enis speci-
fikas Seiswavlida, xolo saliteraturo (saerTo-saxalxo)
enis gamoyenebis praqtikul sferos - ritorika. droTa gan-
mavlobaSi ufro da ufro gafarTovda saliteraturo enis
funqcionirebis areebi. `calkeulma mecnierebebma Tavis-
Tavadi saxe miiRo, rac pirvel rigSi am sferoebis enobriv
TviTmyofadobas gulisxmobs. Sesabamisad, ufro xelSesa-
xebi gaxda is sazRvrebi, romlebic erTi mxriv, mxatvruli
enisa da stilis problematikas asaxavda, xolo meore mxriv,
saliteraturo enis gamoyenebis calkeuli sferoebis,
calkeul funqciur areTa specifikas gansazRvravda“ (ar-
abuli 2005:188-189).
§2. stilistika, rogorc enaTmecnierebis dargi.
stilistikis sagani, wyaroebi da amocanebi
stilistika aris enaTmecnierebis dargi, romelic swav-
lobs enis gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebis stilistikur
funqciebs.
13
 imdenad, ramdenadac stilistika enis imave mxareebs mo-
icavs, romlebSic sxva lingvisturi disciplinebi, zogi
mecnieri Tvlis, rom mas sagani ar aqvs. sinamdvileSi igi
kompleqsuri disciplinaa, romelic Seiswavlis leqsikuri,
gramatikuli, fonetikuri da saerTod enobrivi saSualeb-
ebis SerCevis principebs sxvadasxva situaciaSi azrebis da
emociebis gadmosacemad.
specialur literaturaSi stilistikis sxvadasxvagvari
gageba arsebobs. kirion arqimandritisa da grigol yifSi-
Zis „sityvierebis TeoriaSi“ (1898) vkiTxulobT: „is nawili
sityvierebis Teoriisa, romelic gvaswavlis, ras unda mi-
vaqcioT yuradReba, rom Cveni ena da wera-laparaki, Cve-
ni sityva-pasuxi, stili iyos kanonieri da lazaTiani, aris
stilistika“.
arn. Ciqobavas ganmartebiT, `gadmosacemi Sinaarsisa
(saTqmelisa) da gadmomcemi enobrivi saSualebebis (Tqmu-
lis) urTierToba - esaa stilistikis ZiriTadi problema.
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, stilistika Seiswavlis enobriv sa-
Sualebebs maTs mimarTebaSi gadmosacem SinaarsTan“ (Ciqo-
bava 1952:312).
akad. a. SaniZis mixedviT, enaTmecniereba Sedgeba sami
dargisagan: leqsikologia, gramatika da stilistika. es uk-
anaskneli `swavlobs leqsikuri maragidan da gramatikul
formaTagan ama Tu im saWiroebisaTvis ufro Sesaferisi ma-
salis SerCevisa da gamoyenebis xerxebs“ (SaniZe 1980: 5).
enobrivi erTeulebi ganixileba gramatikis sxvadasxva
dargSi _ morfologiaSi, sintaqsSi, leqsikologiaSi, sema-
siologiaSi da a. S., magram maT stilistikur Tvisebebs mar-
to enaTmecnierebis is dargi ganixilavs, stilistika rom
ewodeba. maSasadame, enas fonetikur, leqsikur da sxva do-
neebTan erTad aqvs stilistikuri „done“, gacilebiT maRa-
li, vidre danarCenia. stilistika enas Seiswavlis struq-
turis yvela WrilSi.
14
g. vinokuris azriT: `stilistikaze gadavdivarT ara fo-
netikidan, gramatikidan, semasiologiidan, aramed am sami-
ve disciplinidan, romlebic moiazreba, rogorc erTiani
mrTeli“ (vinokuri 1959:224). es iZleva imis safuZvels, rom
stilistikas lingvistur disciplinebs Soris gansakuTre-
buli adgili mivuCinoT.
g. vinokurisave azriT, stilistikas ainteresebs ara sa-
kuTriv enis bgeriTi Semadgenloba (an sityva, an winadade-
bebi), aramed maTi stilistikuri gamomsaxveloba, `stilis-
tikuri elferi“.
stilistikis amocanaa ara marto Tavidan aicilos en-
obrivi Secdomebi, daicvas enis siwminde, aramed miaRwios
formisa da Sinaarsis erTianobas, naTqvams mianiWos emoci-
uri elferi.
stilistika erTmaneTs upirispirebs enis paralelur Se-
saZleblobebs, ikvlevs maT Soris gansxvavebebs emociuri
elferis mixedviT, mas amitomac uwodeben metyvelebis da-
matebiTi Seferilobebis, eqspresiul-gamomsaxvelobi-
Ti saSualebebis Semswavlel mecnierebas. enaSi msgavs Se-
saZleblobaTa arseboba wamoWris problemas, sinonimTa da
variantTagan romeli Seesatyviseba konkretul sametyve-
lo situaciasa da miznebs.
a. gvozdevis mixedviT, `stilistika ganixilavs enobriv
movlenebs mniSvnelobisa da eqspresiis mxriv, Tu rogor
SeiZleba enaSi mocemul saSualebaTa ukeTesad gamoyeneba;
afasebs, ramdenad gamosadegia isini azris zustad, cxadad
da naTlad gamosaxatavad“ (gvozdevi 1955:11).
S. balis mosazrebiT, „stilistika swavlobs enobri-
vi sistemis eqspresiul faqtebs maTi emociuri Sinaarsis
TvalsazrisiT. e.i. metyvelebaSi grZnobaTa sferos movle-
nebis gamoxatulebas da enobrivi faqtebis grZnobebze moq-
medebas“ (bali 1961: 33).
amrigad, stilistika aris enaTmecnierebis dargi, ro-
15
melic Seiswavlis stilis raobas, saxeebs; enis gamomsax-
velobiTi saSualebebis gansakuTrebul SesaZleblo-
bebs da konkretul situaciaSi maT sworad SerCeva - ga-
moyenebas azris zustad, lakoniurad da eqspresiulad
gadmosacemad.
2.1. stilis raoba
termini stilistika ukavSirdeba stils (berZn. stylos,
laT. Stylus). `stili“ Zvel saberZneTSi erqva rkinis patara
joxs, romliTac qaRaldis gamogonebamde berZnebi da ro-
maelebi werdnen gasanTlul dafaze. wvetiani TaviT wer-
dnen, blagviT ki Slidnen, raTa palimfsesti xelmeored
gamoeyenebinaT.
`ganviTarebis momdevno safexurze stili lamaz xels,
nawarmoebis kaligrafiul xasiaTs aRniSnavda, riTac cnob-
dnen, asxvavebdnen ama Tu im piris xelnawers“ (SamelaSvili
1975). SemdgomSi igi aRniSnavda weris xerxebs da mxolod
weriTi metyvelebiT Semoifargleboda.
horaciusi avtorebs urCevda, „xSirad etrialebinaT
stili“, anu waeSalaT dawerili, ar dakmayofilebuliyvnen
pirvelad gamoxatuli azriT, daexvewaT gamoxatvis xer-
xebi, e. i. stilze emuSavaT. laTinur enaSi gaCnda stilis
metonimiuri mniSvnelobac _ „weris manera, gadmocemis sa-
Sualeba“ (gadmocemis unari). SemdegSi es sityva adamian-
is nebismieri saqmianobis Sesrulebis xerxs gamoxatavda.
„yvelgan, sadac aris saqmianoba da am saqmianobis Sedegad
iqmneba forma, miRebulia stilis gagebac“, _ wers v. kaiz-
eri (kaizeri 1958:7).
XVIII saukunidan `stilis“ mniSvneloba gafarTovda. igi
miemarTeboda literaturas, xelovnebas, musikas da amit-
omac gaCnda gamoTqmebi: tansacmlis stili, cekvis sti-
16
li, saxviTi xelovnebis stili, msaxiobis TamaSis stili,
metyvelebis (enis) stili... musikaSi ganarCeven saeklesio
da saopero stils, ferweraSi - istoriulsa da Janruli
ferwerisas.
rokoko aris arqiteqturuli da dekoratiuli stili,
romelic warmoiSva XVIII saukunis safrangeTSi. mas axasiaT-
ebs rTuli da natifi formebi. baroko XVI- XVIII ss. evropuli
xelovnebis (gansakuTrebiT arqiteqturis) mxatvruli sti-
lia, romelic gamoirCeva dekoratiuli wvrilmanebis siWar-
biT. yvelanair stilSi igulisxmeba Taviseburebani, romle-
biTac sagani gansxvavdeba imave rigis sxva sagnebisagan.
XIX saukunis bolos aqtualuri gaxda termini moderni,
arqiteqturisa da gamoyenebiTi xelovnebis dekadenturi
mxatvruli stili, romelsac maneruloba da ekleqtizmi
axasiaTebs. am tipis ramdenime nageboba baTumSicaa (Toji-
nebis Teatri, aWaris televiziis nageboba, yofili erovnu-
li bankis Senoba).
rusul enaSi omonimuri mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneboda
„stili“ da „Stili“ (am ukanasknels lomonosovi iyenebda).
pirvelad sityva „stili“ gamoiyena cnobilma mRvdelTmsa-
xurma _ ioniki galiatovskim 1659 wels kievSi gamocemul
homiletikur traqtatSi. sityva „Stili“ (germ.) petres ep-
oqaSi gaCnda.
mokled, `stili warmoadgens erTi rigis saganTa da
movlenaTa mkveTrad ganmasxvavebel niSanTa erTobli-
obas“ (gvencaZe 1974: 4). rom ara mkveTri gansxvaveba, maSin
stilze arc SeiZleboda gvesaubra. roca amboben, vimuSaoT
axali stiliTo, es imas niSnavs, rom gadavideT axal reJim-
ze, raRac gansakuTrebuli SevitanoT muSaobaSi.
amrigad, erTi rigis sagnebis an movlenebis dapirispire-
bisas Tu gamovlinda raime gansakuTrebuli niSani, SegviZ-
lia visaubroT stilur niSnebze da davadasturoT stilis
arseboba.
17
 J. l. bufonis azriT, „stili TviT adamiania“ [Le style c/
est l/ home meme]. am gamoTqmis mixedviT, stili ewodeba saer-
Tod subieqtis Taviseburebas, romelic vlindeba misi ga-
moTqmis wesSi, mis metyvelebaSi, qcevaSi da a. S.
fon rumori (italiuri gamokvlevebi I) piriqiT, cdi-
lobs stili axsnas, rogorc `masalis Cveulebad qceuli
damorCileba Sinagani moTxovnebisadmi, masalisa, romel-
Sic moqandake Tavis figurebs namdvilad aqandakebs, xolo
fermweri mas gamoavlens“ (vimowmebT hegelis mixedviT) (he-
geli 1973: 340).
qegl-Si mocemulia stilis ramdenime mniSvneloba. is
aRniSnavs: 1. xelovnebaSi ama Tu im epoqis, eris, mimarTu-
lebis an calkeul SemoqmedTa damaxasiaTebel gamomsaxve-
lobiT xerxTa, mxatvrul TaviseburebaTa erTobliobas,
rac Sepirobebulia ideuri sazogadoebriv-istoriuli Si-
naarsis erTianobiT;
2. enobriv Taviseburebebs, romlebic axasiaTebs ama Tu
im mwerals, literaturul mimdinareobas, Janrs;
3. gadataniT: qcevis an moqmedebis Taviseburebebs, ma-
neras (muSaobis stili; TamaSis stili);
4. welTaRricxvis sistemas (Zveli stili iuliusis ka-
lendars mihyveboda, axali ki grigorianulia) (qegl).
dRes stilis mniSvneloba gafarTovda, `magram am
sityvasTan raRac gansakuTrebulis gamoxatva mainc aris
dakavSirebuli“ (gvencaZe 1974: 3). misi aseTi farTo gamo-
yeneba aZnelebs metyvelebis stilis gansazRvras. sityva
`stili“ TandaTan metyvelebis sferos sakuTreba xdeba.
amas isic adasturebs, rom stilistikis cnebaSi ZiriTadad
saenaTmecniero disciplinis Sinaarsia Caqsovili. swored
aman gansazRvra stilistikis, rogorc enaTmecnierebis da-
moukidebeli disciplinis Camoyalibeba. XX saukunis II na-
xevridan gaCnda termini lingvisturi stilistikac (lin-
gvostilistika).
18
ucnobi avtoris `mokle retorikaSi“ stili asea ganmar-
tebuli: `Sesaxedaoba sityvisa, azrisaebr Seferebuli da
mowyobili, aris stili“.
`stili nawarmoebis sisxlicaa, kalapotic da Semoqme-
dis, ase vTqvaT, TiTis anabeWdic“, - wers j. qarCxaZe (qar-
CxaZe 2005: 96).
n. basilaias mixedviT, `stili“ aris Tavisebur enobriv
saSualebaTa erTianoba, romelic erTmaneTisagan ganasxva-
vebs adamianTa metyvelebas sxvadasxva situaciasTan, sagan-
Tan, movlenasTan, mecnierebisa da xelovnebis dargebTan
dakavSirebiT. sxvaobas qmnis gansakuTrebuli leqsika, swo-
rad SerCeuli gramatikuli formebi, saTanado gamomsaxve-
lobiTi enobrivi elementebi da am saSualebaTa gamoyene-
bis Taviseburi xerxebi.zepiri metyvelebis dros aRniSnul
enobriv saSualebebs emateba intonacia (zogjer mimika da
Jestic)“ ( basilaia 1991: 27).
§ 3. stilistikis dargebi
stilistikis dargebad gamoyofen:
1. funqciur stilistikas, romelic ganixilavs calke-
uli stilis (samecniero, publicisturi, oficialur-saq-
miani, mxatvruli literaturis, sasaubro) specifikur niS-
nebs.
2. leqsikur stilistikas, romelic Seiswavlis sityve-
bis SerCevas mniSvnelobis mixedviT. aq ganixileba sinoni-
mis, omonimis, antonimis, barbarizmis, dialeqtizmis, Jar-
gonizmis da sxvaTa stilistikuri funqciebi.
3. gramatikul (morfologiursa da sintaqsurs) sti-
listikas.
morfologiuri stilistika swavlobs enis morfologi-
ur saSualebaTa, metyvelebis nawilTa sinonimuri gramati-
19
kuli formebis (brunvebis, afiqsis, Txzvis, uRlebis, dro-
is, kilos, mwkrivis da a. S.) SerCeva-gamoyenebas. sintaqsur
stilistikaSi ganixileba sityvaTa SekavSireba, wyoba, wina-
dadebaTa saxeebi, bunebrivi Tqmebi, sxvaTa naTqvamisa da si-
nonimuri sintaqsuri konstruqciebis SerCevis sakiTxebi.
4. mxatvruli enis stilistikas, romelic Seiswavlis
tropis saxeebsa da ritorikul figurebs (epiTeti, Sedare-
ba, metafora, metonimia, alegoria, hiperbola, litotesi).
S. bali gamoyofs zogad (ganixilavs saerTo enobriv sa-
Sualebebs, stilis raobas) da kerZo stilistikas (swavlobs
konkretuli enis stilur sakiTxebs da calkeuli pirovne-
bis metyvelebis eqspresiul Taviseburebebs) (bali 1961:17).
v. deriagini gamoyofs gramatikul, funqciur da teq-
stis stilistikas.
v. vinogradovis mixedviT, stilistika sami saxisaa:1.
struqturuli (funqciuri stili); 2. metyvelebis, rom-
lis sagania sxvadasxva Janris semantikuri da eqspresiul-
stilistikuri metyvelebis saxeebi; 3. mxatvruli lite-
raturis. am ukanasknelSi Seiswavleba literaturuli na-
warmoebis, mwerlis stilis, literaturuli mimarTulebis
Taviseburebani (vinogradovi 1963:5-93).
arn. Ciqobava gamoyofs poetikur da enaTmecnierul
(arapoeturi ena) stilistikas (Ciqobava 1952: 313).
§ 4. stilistikis kavSiri momijnave dargebTan
stilistika araa ganyenebuli mecniereba, igi mWidrod
ukavSirdeba enis struqturis Semswavlel dargebsac da
humanitaruli ciklis bevr sxva disciplinasac: pedagogi-
kas, fsiqologias, logikas, esTetikas, gansakuTrebiT ki
poetikas (literaturis Teorias) da ritorikas.
stilistika Seiswavlis enis struqturis imave elementebs,
20
romlebsac gramatika, Tumca is swavlobs metyvelebaSi maTi
gamoyenebisa da funqcionirebis Taviseburebebs, Sesabamiso-
bas ama Tu im situaciasTan, emociurobasa da eqspresiulobas.
a) fonetikasTan kavSiri. fonetikidan stilistikas um-
Tavresad ainteresebs metyvelebis evfoniis sakiTxebi. po-
eziaSi logikuri maxvili, keTilxmovneba, harmoniuloba,
riTma, ritmi, da saerTod, musikaloba emociis gasaZliereb-
eli saSualebebia. isini stilistikis sferos ganekuTvneba.
b) morfologiasTan kavSiri. morfologiur sinonimika-
Si ganixileba morfologiuri inventari, saxelur da zmnur
kategoriaTa paraleluri formantebi (brunvis, ricxvis,
zmnis piris, kontaqtis, gvaris, abstraqtul, mqoneblobis,
uqonlobis saxelTa Tu mimReobaTa mawarmoeblebi), rom-
lebic xSirad sxvadasxva stilistikur elfers atarebs.
g) sintaqsTan kavSiri. stilistika ukavSirdeba sintaq-
ssac. stilistika gansazRvravs konkretul enobriv situ-
aciaSi saTqmelis gadmosacemad martivi winadadeba um-
jobesia Tu rTuli, parataqsi Tu hipotaqsi, aqtiuri kon-
struqcia Tu pasiuri da sxva. stilistikuri daniSnulebiT
SeiZleba sityvaTa rigic Seicvalos da sasveni niSnebis xma-
rebis wesebic.
d) metyvelebis kulturasTan kavSiri. stilistika
mWidrod ukavSirdeba metyvelebis kulturas. orive maTga-
ni afasebs metyvelebaSi sityvebisa da gramatikuli forme-
bis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebs, magram pirvels aintere-
sebs maTi mizanmimarTuli gamoyeneba da gamomsaxvelobis
xarisxi, meores ki - maTi enobrivi gamarTuloba.
stilistika uaRresad aqtualuri mecnierebaa. enis gan-
sakuTrebul SesaZleblobaTa codna da maTi marjve, mox-
denili gamoyeneba amdidrebs adamianis metyvelebas, aad-
vilebs komunikacias da miznis miRwevasac ki. metyvelebis
kultura saerTo kulturis Semadgeneli nawili da adami-
anis sulieri samyaros srulyofis aucilebeli pirobaa.
21
 e) saliteraturo enis istoriasTan kavSiri. stilis-
tika ukavSirdeba saliteraturo enis istoriasac. is gvi-
advilebs stilistikis Camoyalibebasa da ganviTarebis sa-
fexurebis garkvevas, ama Tu im periodis enobrivi stilis
Seswavlas.
saliteraturo enis istoria gviqmnis warmodgenas mSob-
liuri enis ganviTarebis istoriuli xazis, misi normali-
zaciis, Tanamedrove enobrivi tendenciebis Sesaxeb, rac
aRvivebs misi Seswavlis interess; ayalibebs da zrdis sti-
listikaSi miRebuli codnis realizebis pasuxismgeblobas.
v) teqstis lingvistikasTan kavSiri. stilistika uk-
avSirdeba teqstis lingvistikasac. `Tu es ukanaskneli ik-
vlevs teqstis arss, funqcias, struqturas, parametrebs,
sazRvrebs, teqstis stilistika, rogorc damoukidebeli
disciplina, arkvevs, Tu sad da rogor funqcionireb-
en teqstis kategoriebi da parametrebi, rogor Seasrula
teqstma Tavisi funqcia sxvadasxva Janrsa da stilSi“ (ser-
gia 1989:28).
z) leqsikologiasTan kavSiri. stilistika axlos dgas
leqsikologiasTan. orive dargis amosavalia leqsikuri
erTeulebi, magram Tu leqsikologias ainteresebs maTi
pirdapiri mniSvnelobani, stilistikis sagani eqspresiul-
obis misaRwevad sityvaTa gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT gamoye-
nebaa; Tu leqsikologiaSi Seiswavleba sinonimis, omonimis,
antonimis raoba, maTi stilistikuri funqciebi leqsikur
stilistikaSi ganixileba.
stilistika kvleva-ZiebisaTvis iyenebs enaTmecnierebis
sxva dargebis monacemebsac, magram igi damxmare dargicaa
iseTi disciplinebisaTvis, rogorebicaa: kritika, litera-
turis Teoria (poetika), esTetika, ritorika da a.S.
T) literaturis TeoriasTan da poetikasTan kavSiri.
antikuri epoqis saberZneTsa da romSi, rogorc ukve aRin-
iSna, didi yuradReba eqceoda `ukeTesad Tqmis xelovnebas“,
22
amitomac ganixileboda enis gansakuTrebuli SesaZleblo-
bani ritorikasa da poetikaSi, is gvian gaxda enaTmecnier-
ebis Seswavlis sagani. stilistikuri kategoriebi Seiswav-
leba litTeoriis kursSic, ramac warmoSva dava, Tu rome-
li maTganis kvlevis obieqtia igi. stils swavlobs litera-
TuraTmcodneobac (poetika). `Tu is aRniSnavs mxatvruli
saxis raobas, stilistika arkvevs, romeli stilistikuri
kategoriaa aq gamoyenebuli gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebad“
(gvencaZe 1974: 9).
i) stilistikis, ritorikisa da pragmatikis urTier-
TmimarTeba
`kargad Tqmis xelovnebas da kargad Tqmis mecnierebas“
praqtikuli daniSnuleba aqvs. Sesabamisad, stilistiki-
sa da ritorikis problemebi pragmatikis sferoSic Sedis.
pragmatika (berZ. Pragmatos _ saqme, moqmedeba) Seiswavlis
enobrivi niSnebis funqcionirebas metyvelebaSi. is aris
„mecniereba enis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb“.
ritorika, stilistika da pragmatika erTmaneTSi garda-
mavali mecnierebebia. ritorikuli amocana stilSi real-
izdeba, pragmatikas orive ainteresebs (amis Sesaxeb dawvri-
lebiT ixileT barbaqaZe 2003).
`mokle ritorikaSi“ dasmulia erTi metad mniSvnelo-
vani sakiTxic - jer gramatika unda viswavloT da Semdeg ki
ritorika da filosofia, rom SegveZlos `mSvenieri da gam-
kveTi laparaki“, rom gavarCioT sicrue WeSmaritebisgan da
simarTle davamtkicoT. aqve ikveTeba gramatikis mimarTeba
ritorikasa da filosofiasTan. mokled, verc mWevrmetyve-
li da verc filosofosi gramatikis ucodinrad ver miaR-
weven mizans.
k) esTetikasTan kavSiri. sityvieri xelovnebis nimuSe-
bis esTetikuri daxasiaTeba SeuZlebelia misi enis stilis-
tikuri mxaris gauTvaliswineblad. amaSi literaturis es-
Tetikoss exmareba zogadi stilistikis codna. `aq stilis-
tika mxarSi udgas poetikas“ (gvencaZe 1974 :20).
23
 §5. stilistikis Seswavlis Teoriuli da
praqtikuli mniSvneloba
stilistikis codnas aqvs rogorc Teoriuli, ise praq-
tikuli mniSvneloba. jer erTi, vecnobiT Teoriul sa-
kiTxebs: stilis raobas, stilis calkeuli saxeobis msgav-
seba-gansxvavebas; saTqmelis zustad, konkretulad gadmo-
cemis, mSobliuri enis bunebis dacvis mniSvnelobas.
stilistikis praqtikuli daniSnulebaa enisadmi Segne-
buli damokidebulebis Camoyalibeba, sinonimur formebSi
gansxvavebis danaxva da konkretuli situaciisTvis morge-
ba. stilis saxeebisa da maTi specifikuri niSnebis safuZ-
vliani codna gvexmareba konkretul situaciaSi maT mizan-
Sewonil gamoyenebaSi.
`stilistika gvaswavlis enobriv ostatobas, gvimuSavebs
Segnebul damokidebulebas enisadmi, umTavresad aanaliz-
ebs mniSvnelobis sxvadasxva elfers maTi gamoyenebis Tval-
sazrisiT, gvexmareba msgavsi mniSvnelobis enobrivi xer-
xebis SerCevaSi, romlebic erTnairi ki ar aris, aramed gan-
sxvavebulia ama Tu im elferiT da zogjer Znelad misaxved-
ria. aseTi SerCeva umTavresad ostatobis saqmea“ (gvozdevi
1955:11). praqtikuli stilistikis codniT gamogvimuSavdeba
azrisa da grZnobis zustad da naTlad gadmocemis Cveva, sa-
xovani metyveleba da enis siwmindis aucileblobis Segneba.
§ 6. stilistikuri da enobrivi norma
stilistikisTvis amosavalia normatiuli gramatika, igi
eyrdnoba gramatikul normebs.
saliteraturo ena mowesrigebuli, normirebuli, reg-
lamentirebulia. a. arabuli wers, rom `TviT pirveli mwig-
nobruli Zeglic ki normatiulia, radgan misi Semqmneli
24
mihyveboda raRac wesebs, irCevda enobrivi variantebidan
ZiriTads, socialurad upiratess. aseTnairad arCeuli
varianti ki ukve norma xdeboda; yoveli momdevno avtori
ki iTvaliswinebda arsebul enobriv gamocdilebas da ner-
gavda mas. adrindeli epigrafikuli da xanmeti mwignobru-
li Zeglebi im saliteraturo eniT aris Seqmnili, romelic
arsebiTad mTeli eqvsi saukunis ganmavlobaSi inarCunebs
stabilurobas“ (arabuli 2005:10).
aTonis da petriwis saliteraturo skolebSi ukve arse-
bobda enisadmi Segnebuli midgoma. `sityvis konas“ sulxan-
sabam waumZRvara `anderZnamagi“: `rameTu qarTulTa enaTa
leqsikoni arRara ipoeboda, rameTu JamTa viTarebiTa uC-
ino qmnil iyo... vinaTgan patiosani ese wigni dahkargodaT,
ena qarTuli TvisTa nebazed gaeryvnaT“.
Zveli qarTuli gramatikuli traqtati `sityuaჲ ar-
TronTaTჳs“ (XI s-is ucnobi avtori) mowmobs, rom `Zveli
mwignobrebi kargad erkveodnen enis sakiTxebSi, icnobdnen
berZnul gramatikas da amasTan erTad cdilobdnen qarTu-
li enis bunebisa da gramatikuli wesebis Seswavlasac“ (Sa-
niZe 1990: 6).
norma yvela enobriv erTeuls ver moicavs; is gani-
sazRvreba iq, sadac formaTa variantuloba iCens Tavs. a.
arabuls mohyavs aseTi Sedareba: iurisprudenciaSi cnobi-
lia formula: dasaSvebia is, rac akrZaluli ar ariso.
enis ganviTarebis procesSi Tavs iCens mocile, parale-
luri formebi. Tu ar iarsebebs alternativa, variantebi,
arc romelime maTganis arCevis saWiroeba dadgeba; an Tu es
arCevani TviT subieqtis, individis nebaze iqneba damyare-
buli, maSin ena ver mowesrigdeba. `mocile formaTagan up-
iratesoba eniWeba imas, romelic Seesabameba enis ganviTa-
rebis ZiriTad xazs, mis bunebriv tendenciebs da perspeq-
tiulia enobrivad“ (arabuli 2005:35).
metad sainteresoa normis realizaciis, normisa da uz-
25
usis sakiTxebi. uzusi laTinuri sityvaa (uzus) da niSnavs
Cvevas, Cveulebas, gamoyenebas. igi aris sayovelTaod gav-
rcelebuli, ualternativo enobrivi erTeuli, igive norma
(normatiuli da uzualuri formebi mocemulia orTogra-
fiul leqsikonSi).
stilistika metyvelebis xelovnebaa, Tumca misi normebi
zogjer gansxvavdeba kidec saliteraturo enis normaTa-
gan. zogi ram gramatikulad dasaSvebia, magram stilisti-
kurad dauSvebelia.
stilistikuri norma aris metyvelebis kulturis
mwvervali, sadac Tavs iyris enaSi arsebuli saSualebani.
misi darRveva abundovnebs saTqmels. hipokrates skolis
mwerlebi antikur stilistikaSi miuTiTebdnen azris gama-
bundovnebel uzustobebze, rogorebicaa: kavSirebis aR-
reva, aRweriTi konstruqciebis gamoyeneba, orazrovani
sityvebiT, zogadi frazebiT metyveleba; arqaizmebi, dial-
eqtizmebi, barbarizmebi, kalkebi, Stampebi da a. S.
SecdomaTa gamomwvevi mizezebia:
a) qarTuli enis resursebis susti codna;
b) enobriv-stilistikuri `ynosvis“ arasakmarisi floba;
g) funqciuri stilis ucodinroba da gansxvavebuli sti-
lebis erTmaneTSi aRreva;
d) sityvis mniSvnelobis ucodinroba (socialuri// so-
cialisturi);
e) sityvaTa araswori Sexameba: valdebuleba ikisra; ndo-
ba gauwia;
v) paronimebis ucodinroba: diplomati// diplomanti;
z) leqsikuri anaqronizmi: damlagebeli gaformebuli
hyavs damlageblad;
T) Stampebis gamoyeneba: axdens Sefasebas, awarmoebs mi-
Rebas;
i) paraziti sityvebis gamoyeneba: e. i., magaliTad, maSasa-
dame;
26
k) metaforebis, andazebis, aforizmebis uadgilod xma-
reba;
l) Seusabamo terminebis gamoyeneba;
m) mocemuli situaciisaTvis Seuferebeli sityvebisa da
gamoTqmebis gamoyeneba (sanikiZe 1998: 5-6).
n. miqelaZe stilistikuri normis darRvevis ZiriTad mi-
zezebad asaxelebs:`a) gadmosacemi Sinaarsis sust codnas;
b) leqsikuri maragis siRaribes; g) gramatikuli kanonebis
arasrulfasovan codnas; d) azrovnebis dabal dones; e)
leqsikuri da gramatikuli sinonimiis arasakmaris marags“
(miqelaZe 2009: 17).
stilistikuri niSnebi yovel enobriv faqtSi ar SeiZle-
ba arsebobdes. enobriv saSualebaTa stilistikuri dat-
virTva SesaZlebelia enaSi Camoyalibebuli orToepiuli,
gramatikuli Tu leqsikuri normebis gamoyenebiT. salite-
raturo enis normaTagan gadaxveva zogjer stilistikuri
xerxicaa.
stilistikur SecdomaTa danaxva advili araa, zogjer
igi ireva sxva tipis uzustobebSi. orTografiul-morfo-
logiuri normebis gverdiT arsebobs sintaqsur-stilis-
tikuri da leqsikur-stilistikuri normebic. stilisti-
kuri Secdomebi metyvelebis kulturaSi daSvebuli Sec-
domebicaa. maT codnas aqvs rogorc Teoriuli, ise praqti-
kuli mniSvneloba.
stilistikuri normis dasaufleblad didi mniSvnelo-
ba eniWeba enis Sinagani wesebisa da kanonebis aTvisebas, rac
ZiriTadad miiRweva mxatvruli literaturis intensiuri
kiTxviT, aseve ganaTlebul adamianebTan xangrZlivi urTi-
erTobiT.
27
 § 7. enobrivi stilis gageba. subieqturi
da obieqturi stili
7.1. stilis cneba
stilis cnebis, misi arsis garkvevas xangrZlivi istoria
aqvs. mecnierTa erTi nawilis azriT, stili obieqturi mo-
nacemia, sxvaTa azriT, - subieqturia. arsebobs misi sinTe-
zuri (subieqtur-obieqtur) gagebac.
daviwyoT iqidan, rom Tavdapirvelad stili esmodaT,
rogorc werisa da metyvelebis manera. am gagebiT es sityva
Sevida evropul enebSi. antikuri stilistikis amocana iyo
msmenelze zemoqmedeba. ritorikas ainteresebda gamamar-
Tlebeli, damarwmunebeli, saqebari da Semkobili metyve-
leba. saamisod ki stilistikuri figurebis swavla iyo sa-
Wiro. mokled, aseTi ramis daufleba savsebiT SesaZlebeli
iyo, Sesabamisad, stili obieqtur kategoriad miiCneoda.
ritorika antikur tradiciebs Sua saukuneebSic agrZe-
lebda. XVIII s-is dasawyisidan miiCneoda, rom poetikis swav-
la, daufleba SeuZlebeli iyo.
germanistikaSi XVIII-XIX saukuneebSi Camoyalibda ramde-
nime koncefcia stilis Sesaxeb. i. adelungma SromaSi - `ger-
manuli enis stilis Sesaxeb“ pirvelad gamoyo formobrivi
nawili calke disciplinad da mas stilistika uwoda. mec-
nieris SexedulebiT, stili Tavisi bunebiT obieqturia da
igi normatiuli stilistikis sagania. masve emxrobian k. re-
ingardi, k. hofmani, i. vendeli, x. sneli, v. vakernageli.
k. xaize SromaSi `enaTmecnierebis sistema“ gamoyofs
stilis or saxesxvaobas - subieqturs (ganisazRvreba in-
dividis fsiqologiiT, ganaTlebiT, aseve mocemuli enis
bunebiT) da obieqturs (ganisazRvreba nawarmoebis Sinaar-
siTa da JanriT). pirveli stilistikis sagania, meore - ri-
torikisa.
28
racionalizmisa da neoklasicizmis tradiciebs XX sauk-
uneSi agrZelebda Jenevis skola (S. bali). mas uamravi mim-
devari gamouCnda, romelTa azriTac stili aris avtoris
piraduli Taviseburebebis gamovlena. f. Selingis mixed-
viT, `stilis Seswavla SeuZlebelia, mas unda davakvirdeT
da SevadaroT sxva stils“ (Selingi 1966).
i. stepanovi „enaTmecnierebis safuZvlebSi“ ganmartavs
metyvelebis stils. `metyvelebis saxes, adamianebis mier ga-
moyenebuls tipobriv sazogadoebriv situaciaSi, ewodeba
metyvelebis stili anu metyvelebis funqciuri stili“. igi
gamoyofs stils ramdenime Tvalsazrisis mixedviT:
1. geografiuli Tvalsazrisi: sxvadasxva dialeqtis war-
momadgenlebi gansxvavebulad metyveleben;
2. asakobrivi: bavSvebis metyveleba icvleba;
3. sqesTa mixedviT: qaluri, mamakacuri;
4. sakuTriv socialuri: neitraluri, wignuri, sasaubro,
Sinauruli, sada metyveleba, Jargonebi.
5. Janruli principi (Camoayaliba a.efimovma „rusuli
enis stilistikaSi“. mas bevri momxre hyavs).
T. benfeis azriTac stils gansazRvravs Semdegi faqtore-
bi: Janri, erovnuloba, epoqa, individualuri fsiqologia.
v. Sereris mixedviT, `stili waritacebs mTel process
nedli masalidan, am masalis SerCevidan gansakuTrebul ga-
formebamde da enobriv da metrul formaTa gamoyenebamde,
erTi sityviT, unda gavisigrZeganoT mTeli SemoqmedebiTi
procesi da gamovavlinoT Taviseburebani yvelgan da yve-
laferSi“ (Sereri 1988: 43).
j. peterseni wers, rom `stili adamianis tipis, rogorc
gansazRvruli sazogadoebisa da drois warmomadgenlis
sulieri, fsiqikuri, ideologiuri da mxatvruli Tavise-
burebebis erTianobaa“ (peterseni 1939:11).
a. Seftsberis (plotinis mimdevris inglisSi) azriT,
stilis gagebaSi gamoikveTeba sami koncefcia: 1. forma-
lur-obieqturi; 2. genetikur-fsiqologiuri da 3. orga-
29
nuli (formalur-fsiqologiuri). pirveli koncefciis
mixedviT, stils gansazRvravs dro. magaliTad, SevadaroT
renesansisa da barokos stili.
stilis genetikur-fsiqologiuri koncefciis Tanaxmad
(elsteri 1913), is, rogorc kanoni, mimarTuleba, arCevis
meTodi, individualuria. am Teorias ainteresebs ara imde-
nad esTetika, ramdenadac avtoris fsiqologia.
stilis organuli formalur-fsiqologiuri koncef-
ciis mixedviT, nawarmoebis garegan formas gansazRvravs
Semoqmedis fsiqologiuri Taviseburebani da Tavad Sina-
arsi. Tu avtori tradiciebs mihyveba, misi Semoqmedeba or-
iginalobas moklebulia, xolo Tu avlens SemoqmedebiT
maneras, igi am originalobiT SeZlebs Cvens gancvifrebas.
stili avtoris genetikis, temperamentis, ganwyobilebisa
da gemovnebis organuli mTlianobaa.
m. brandesi samarTlianad SeniSnavs, rom arc erTi kon-
cefcia amomwuravi araa: `stilis arsis garkvevisas yvela
maTgani gasaTvaliswinebelia, Tanac am koncefciebis aseTi
mkveTri gamijvna gaumarTlebelia“ (brandesi 1971: 43).
stilis bunebis gasarkvevad unda amovideT enis, ro-
gorc socialuri movlenis, gagebidan. stilic, upirveles
yovlisa, obieqturi monacemia. aq igulisxmeba enis sakomu-
nikacio funqcia. stili mTlianad subieqturi rom iyos, ena
ver gamodgeboda urTierTobis saSualebad. igi ar iqnebo-
da yvela molaparake individisTvis gasagebi da misawvdo-
mi. marTalia, nebismieri individi Taviseburad iyenebs en-
obriv saSualebebs, magram igi maT ver Secvlis. mxatvruli
literaturis stilSi ki yvelaferi mwerlis individual-
ur mxatvrul SesaZleblobebzea damokidebuli.
amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom stili Tavisi arsiT obi-
eqturia, gansxvavebulia misi moxmareba: `individs SeuZlia
enis SesaZleblobebi moimarjvos, SeamCnios, piradi unaris
Zala gamoaCinos, magram saSualebebis gamoyenebis indivi-
dualuri elferi ar SeiZleba stilad miviCnioT, arc in-
30
dividualuri stili arsebobs da arc individualuri ena.
arsebobs mxolod enis SesaZleblobaTa gamoyenebis indivi-
dualuri xerxi. Tu mainc vsaubrobT calkeuli pirovnebe-
bis enis stilis Sesaxeb, amiT gvinda maT metyvelebaSi gan-
sakuTrebuli SesaZleblobebis arsebobis an ararsebobis
dadastureba“ (gvencaZe 1971:12- 13).
`stilis obieqturi xasiaTi swored isaa, rom enobrivi
arCevani SesaZlebelia subieqturad maqsimalurad neitra-
lur viTarebaSic ganxorcieldes. am SemTxvevaSi aseve Se-
iZleba vilaparakoT enobrivi gamoxatulebis optimalur
Sesabamisobaze gamosaxatav SinaarsTan, oRond am dros
arsebiTad gamoiricxeba am gamoxatulebis subieqtur-eq-
spresiuli mxare. aqedan ki is daskvna gamomdinareobs, rom
stilis amocana optimalur enobriv SesaZleblobaTa Zi-
ebaa yovelgvar viTarebaSi, enis funqcionirebis yovel-
gvar sferoSi“ (arabuli 2005: 213).
frangi bunebismetyvelisa da mwerlis, J. l. bufonis
sityvebi - „stili TviT adamiania“, migvaniSnebs, rom stil-
Si vlindeba metyvelis msoflmxedvelobrivi damokidebu-
leba gadmosacemi Sinaarsisadmi; yovelgvari stiluri va-
riacia msoflmxedvelobiTs ar warmoadgens, magram yovel-
Tvis axasiaTebs molaparakis cnobierebas.
miiCneven, rom subieqtur stils adamiani iseve Znelad
gamoicvlis, rogorc azrovnebas.
7.2. subieqturi da obieqturi stili
funqciuri stilis saxeebi SeiZleba davyoT or ZiriTad
saxed: obieqturad da subieqturad. obieqturi stilis
(oficialur-saqmiani, samecniero) nimuSebi neitraluria,
ar Seicaven iseT sityvebsa da gamoTqmebs, romlebic gamo-
xatavs emocias, eqspresias. subieqturi stili (sasaubro,
mxatvruli literaturis) sazemoqmedoa.
„grZnobiTi ieri sityvis mniSvnelobis Semadgeneli nawi-
31
lia“ (Ciqobava 1952: 222). emociuroba, eqspresiuloba, into-
nacia da keTilxmovneba ganasxvavebs subieqtur stils obi-
eqturisagan.
§ 8. stilistikuri minimumi da maqsimumi
stilis gagebas organulad ukavSirdeba stilistiku-
ri minimumisa da maqsimumis sakiTxi. obieqturi stili
gulisxmobs enobriv da stilistikur normaTa dacvas, sa-
literaturo enis normalizacias. obieqturi stilis da-
nergva stilistikuri minimumis dasacavad zrunvacaa. Se-
iZleba iTqvas, obieqturi stili stilistikuri minimumis
farglebs ar scildeba...
`Tu saTqmelsa da naTqvams Soris sizuste darRveulia,
stilistikuri minimumic araa wesrigSi“ (Ciqobava 1952: 315).
stilistikuri minimumi igivea, rac norma: azris gadmo-
cemis siswore, sizuste, sicxade. mTqmels saliteraturo
ena uyenebs Tavis moTxovnebs. poetur metyvelebaSi mas
meti Tavisufleba aqvs, Tumca yvela SemTxvevaSi msmenels
(mkiTxvels) azri iseve unda esmodes, rogorc mTqmels (av-
tors).
aseTi darRveva gulisxmobs sityvaTa araswor Sexamebas:
pedagogad ver Sedga, maRali stumari, maRali fasi, ar-
Semdgari Jurnalisti, pirveli pirmSo, xandazmuli mo-
xuci, moulodneli siurprizi. stilistikuri minimumis
darRveva SedarebiT advili SesamCnevia. aq umTavresi mniS-
vneloba aqvs naTqvamis sizustes, mis Sesatyvisobas gadmo-
sacem SinaarsTan, orazrovnebis Tavidan acilebas. stilis
sicxade da sisadave aucilebelia mecnierul naSromebSi,
iuridiul dokumentebsa da kanonebSi.
`subieqturi stilis xvedriTi wona gansakuTrebiT
TvalsaCinoa mxatvrul nawarmoebebSi, sadac didia sityvis
eqsperimentuli gavlena, magram subieqturi stilis dama-
32
xasiaTebeli niSnebis gamovleba iseve Znelia, rogorc vin-
mes xmis tembris TaviseburebaTa daxasiaTeba“ (WumburiZe
1956: iqve).
obieqturi stilis normaTa farglebSi subieqturi sti-
li aaSkaravebs im amouwurav SesaZleblobebs, romelTa sa-
fuZvelicaa gadmosacemi Sinaarsisadmi metyvelis damoki-
debuleba, misi sxvadasxva TvalsazrisiT daxasiaTeba... `ara
Tu ori mwerlis stili ara aris erTi da igive, ori maTema-
tikosis enac gansxvavebulia xolme; yoveldRiur metyve-
lebaSi calkeul pirTa stili iseve ganirCeva erTmaneTis-
gan, rogorc siaruli, xmis tembri da naweris xeli“ (Ciqoba-
va 1952: 317).
`idealuri stili gulisxmobs saTqmelis TqmulTan Se-
fardebas, rac mecnieruli naSromis enaSi metyvelebis kla-
sikur simartivesa da azris sicxades moiTxovs; mxatvruli
nawarmoebis enaSi ki - eqspresiuli maqsimumis miRebas“ (mi-
qelaZe 2009:14).
yuradReba unda gavamaxviloT enis Sinagan normaze, en
is grZnobazec. is komunikaciis Rrma fenebs exeba da ara
zedapirul gramatikul kodeqss - marTlwerasa da mar-
Tlmetyvelebas. esaa imis SegrZneba, rom qarTulad `es ase
ar iTqmis“ da codnac imisa, rom `es ase iTqmis“ , `qarTveli
ase ityoda, an ar ityoda“. mTavari isaa, rom sityvis SerCeva
yovelTvis ar aris motivirebuli. magaliTad, vambobT xma-
li iSiSvla da ara ititvla. am or sityvas Soris gansxvave-
ba marto fonetikuri ki ara, stilistikuricaa.
Tu obieqturi stili stilistikis minimumis farglebs
ar scildeba, samagierod, individualuri anu subieqturi
stili gulisxmobs calkeuli mwerlis, nawarmoebis da a. S.
damaxasiaTebel stils.
poeturi metyvelebis ZiriTadi funqciaa esTetikuri
zemoqmedeba mkiTxvelze (Tu msmenelze), xolo sada stilis
daniSnulebaa msmenelisTvis azris gagebineba.
33
 codnis Sesamowmebeli kiTxvebi
1. ra funqcia ekisreboda antikur epoqaSi saTqmelis mim-
zidvelad gadmocemas?
2. daasaxeleT ori ZiriTadi moTxovna, romelTac aris-
totele uyenebs metyvelebis stils;
3. mokled gadmoeciT stilistikis istoria;
4. romeli saukunidan daiwyo saqarTveloSi ritorikis
ganviTareba?
5. ras Seiswavlis stilistika? ras swavlobda igi Tavda-
pirvelad?
6. ratom uwodeben stilistikas enis eqspresiul- emoci-
ur saSualebaTa Semswavlel mecnierebas?
7. gadmoeciT stilis Tavdapirveli da Tanamedrove
mniSvnelobani;
8. rogor gesmiT gamoTqma `stili TviT adamiania?“
9. riT gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan enobrivi da stilis-
tikuri norma?
10. stilis bunebis axsnis ra Teoriebi arsebobs speci-
alur literaturaSi?; Tqven romels emxrobiT da ratom?
Tqveni Tvalsazrisi daasabuTeT;
11. rogoria stilistikisa da gramatikis dargebis urTi-
erTmimarTeba?
12. gadmoeciT stilistikisa da pragmatikis urTier-
TkavSiri;
13. ra igulisxmeba stilistikur minimumsa da maqsi-
mumSi?
14. ra iwvevs enobriv da stilistikur Secdomebs? rogor
gesmiT enobrivi ynosvis uqonloba?
15. gadmoeciT stilistikis Teoriuli da praqtikuli
daniSnuleba.
dasamuSavebeli literatura: № 2, 3, 4, 16, 18, 31.
34
Tavi II. funqciuri stilistika
§ 1. funqciuri stilis gagebisaTvis
funqciuri stilis cneba Tanamedrove stilistikis aq-
tualuri sakiTxia. funqciuri daniSnulebiTs niSnavs, Se-
sabamisad, funqciuri stilistika swavlobs enis funqcion-
irebis sxvadasxva sferos, mis masStabebs ama Tu im mecnier-
ebaSi, sainformacio urTierTobebsa Tu saqmis warmoebaSi.
igi enobriv erTeulebs Seiswavlis ara rogorc mudmivad
Seferil elementebs, aramed rogorc dinamikursa da sxva-
dasxva daniSnulebis mqone enobriv saSualebebs.
`funqciuri stilistika swavlobs enis gansakuTrebul
SesaZleblobebs yvela tipis enaSi, agreTve yvela piris, ep-
oqis, calkeuli nawarmoebis nimuSebis ena da sxva“ (gvencaZe
1974:12).
teqstis stili ganisazRvreba konkretuli situaciis,
adresatis asakis, misi ganaTlebis, codnis donis, social-
uri statusis, interesTa sferos gaTvaliswinebiT. aris-
totele wers: `stili ar unda iyos arc amaRlebuli, arc
mdabali, aramed mizanSewonili. Seuferebelia, roca mo
na lamazi sityvebiT laparakobs umniSvnelo sagnebze.
msmenels egoneba orators Cemi motyueba surs, rogorc
meRvines Sereuli RviniTo. Tu alisferi wamosasxami ux-
deba axalgazrdas, maSin raRa Sehferis moxucs? maT xom
erTnairi tansacmeli ar uxdebaT. roca vinme ginda Seam-
ko, unda Seadaro imave gvarSi saukeTesos, magram roca
ginda aZago, maSin uaress unda Seadaro. kargi stilis si-
tyva an nawarmoebi mizanSewonili, e.i. sagnis Sesabamisi
unda iyos“, - askvnis oratori (aristotele 1981:168-169).
funqciuri stilistika Seiswavlis saliteraturo enis
funqcionirebis sferoebs, im nairgvar saSualebebs, rom-
lebic funqciur diferenciacias emsaxureba da gamoxatavs
35
maT. aqve Seiswavleba calkeul stilTa saerTo da ganmas-
xvavebeli niSnebic.
`Tanamedrove qarTuli saliteraturo enis mravalpla-
nianoba da polivalentovneba TavisTavad ganapirobebs mis
mravalmxriv funqciur da stilistikur gantotebas. sali-
teraturo enis funqciebis amgvari diferenciacia Sepiro-
bebulia im rTuli da araerTgvarovani amocanebiT, rasac
is sruliad gansxvavebul profesiul sferoebSi gamoyene-
bis dros asrulebs. swored, funqciuri areebis gafarToeba
da garTuleba iwvevs saliteraturo enis mkveTr stilisti-
kur diferenciacias. rac ufro ganviTarebuli da poli-
valentovania saliteraturo ena, miT ufro gamokveTilia
funqciuri stilistikis sferoebi“ (arabuli 2005: 192).
i. galperini gamoyofs wamyvan da daqvemdebarebul sti-
lur niSnebs. samecniero stilisTvis wamyvani da mudmivi ni-
Sania terminologia. gamomsaxveloba gvevlineba mxatvru-
li literaturis enis wamyvan niSnad da fakultatiuria sa-
mecnieroSi, terminebi _ piriqiT. sizuste da lakoniuroba
aris samecniero stilis niSanic, oficialur-saqmianisac
da mxatvruli literaturisac, magram am ukanasknelSi mas
sruliad gansxvavebuli funqcia aqvs.
amrigad, funqciur stilTa farglebSi erTisa da imave
niSnis arseboba ki araa wamyvani, aramed maTi dominantoba.
`gasaTvaliswinebelia aseve gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebaTa
zomiereba (`momWirneoba“), akademizmi da amgvari figure-
bis standartizacia“ (arabuli 2005:192).
stilis saxeobebze saubrisas, Cveulebriv, gansakuTre-
bul yuradRebas aqceven maT ganmasxvavebel niSnebs, im spe-
cifikas, romelic aniWebs maT avtonomiurobas, rac qmnis
maT TavisTavadobas. unda gaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom am sa-
xeobebs Soris Cinuri kedeli ar arsebobs, jer erTi, saer-
Toa enobrivi resursebi, meorec, TiTqmis ar arsebobs iseTi
enobrivi gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualeba, romelic mxolod
36
erT romelime stilSi gvxvdeba da ar gamoiyeneba meoreSi.
erTi da igive niSani SeiZleba Segvxvdes ramdenime stilSi,
magram erTisTvis niSandoblivi iyos igi, meorisTvis - auc-
ilebeli. mag.: logikuroba gvxvdeba samecniero stilSic da
oficialur-saqmianSic. pirvelisTvis igi aucilebelia, sa-
valdebuloa meorisTvisac, sasaubro stilSi ki sasurvelia.
`saerTo qmnis erTi funqciuri stilis farglebSi mis
stilur xasiaTs, xolo gansxvavebuli amave farglebSi da-
nawevrebis saSualebas iZleva“ (kuxalaSvili... 2010: 28).
mokled, stilTaSorisi sazRvrebi moZravia, esa Tu is
stiluri niSani erTi stilisTvis dominanturia, meoris-
Tvis - ara. erTi da igive niSani sxvadasxva stilSi gansxva-
vebul stilistikur funqcias asrulebs. Tu mas es funqcia
ar akisria, maSin es gadaxraa.
stilTaSorisi sazRvrebis aRreva Tanamedroveobis me-
tad aqtualuri problemaa. mravalstilianoba azrs abun-
dovnebs. aristotele sagangebod msjelobs stilTa di-
ferenciaciis Sesaxeb: `axlac bevr gaunaTlebel adamians
hgonia, rom poetebi lamazad laparakoben. sinamdvileSi ki
es ase araa, radgan sruliad gansxvavebulia Cveulebrivi sa-
laparako da poeziis stili. es cxadia Semdegidan: tragedi-
is mwerlebi aRar iyeneben am stils. isini tetrametrebidan
iambebze gadavidnen, romlebic sxva metrebTan SedarebiT
ufro metad hgavs salaparako enas. aseve ukuagdes yvela ga-
monaTqvami, romlebic ar iyo axlos salaparako enasTan. am
gamonaTqvamebiT pirvelad poetebi alamazebdnen TavianT
nawarmoebebs da zogi poeti, romelic hegzametrebiT wers,
axlac iyenebs mas, amitom sasacilo iqneboda migvebaZa im
xerxebisaTvis, romlebsac poetebic ki aRar iyeneben... yo-
vel gvarSi ixmareba am gvarisTvis damaxasiaTebeli stili,
radgan erTi da igive araa werilobiTi da sakamaTo, samosa-
marTlo da sajaro sityvebi. pirveli gulixmobs berZnuli
enis karg codnas, meore ki imas, rom ar iyo iZulebuli dumde
37
maSin, roca ginda, vinmes raime uTxra. sajaro sityva ferwe-
ras hgavs, sadac Suq-Crdilia gamoyenebuli. samosamarTlo
ufro zustia, mimarTulia erTi mosamarTlisadmi, masSi nak-
lebad aris gamoyenebuli oratoruli xerxebi“ (aristote-
le 1981:167-168).
funqciuri stilebi warmoSva sazogadoebrivi cxovre-
bis moTxovnebma, misma mravalmxrivma ganviTarebam.
§ 2. funqciuri stili - enisa Tu metyvelebis
saxesxvaoba
funqciur stils zogi mecnieri enis kategoriad miiC-
nevs, zogi - metyvelebisad. sakiTxi ukavSirdeba enaTmecni-
erebaSi TviT enisa da metyvelebis mimarTebis sxvadasxvag-
var gagebas. `Tu enas gamoviyenebT zogadi mniSvnelobiT,
maSin funqciuri stili enis saxesxvaobaa, miT umetes, rom
isini misi ZiriTadi funqciuri mravalsaxeobaa“ (barlasi
1978: 55). Tu enas SevupirispirebT metyvelebas da am ukan-
asknelSi vigulisxmebT enobriv erTeulTa gamoyenebas ko-
munikaciis dros, maSin funqciuri stilic metyvelebis sa-
xeoba iqneba. m. koJinas mixedviT, funqciuri stilis formi-
rebaSi monawileobs ara marto enobrivi, aramed funqciur-
sametyvelo saSualebani, romlebic aseTebad urTierTobis
gansazRvrul sferoSi eqstralingvisturi faqtorebis ze-
gavleniT funqcionirebisas gvevlinebian, radgan enobrivi
sistema da misi moqmedeba dialeqtikurad erTiania, rameTu
metyveleba enis funqcionirebaa, am ukanasknelis elemen-
tebis funqcionireba ar SeiZleba iyos wminda enobrivi an
sametyvelo (vimowmebT barlasis mixedviT, 1978: 56).
amrigad, funqciur-enobrivi stili es aris metyvelebis
saxeoba, romelic adamianis saqmianobis tipobrivi sferos
Sesabamisad gansazRvrul funqciebs asrulebs.
38
§ 3. metyvelebis forma da stili
metyveleba gansxvavdeba rogorc formis (zepiri da we-
riTi), ise stilis (sasaubro da mwignobruli) mixedviT.
marTalia, zepir metyvelebas Seesabameba sasaubro stili,
weriTs ki - mwignobruli, magram maTi identifikacia ar Se-
iZleba: mwignobruli stilis nimuSi zepiradac gadmoicema.
sasaubro metyveleba gulisxmobs araformalur garemo-
Si nacnob adamianebs Soris informaciis uSualo gadacemas.
misi maxasiaTeblebia: araoficialuroba, bunebrioba, da-
ugegmavoba, yofiTi Sinaarsi, dialoguroba an polilogu-
roba, enobriv saSualebaTa ekonomia, aranormirebuloba,
eqspresiul-emociuri leqsika, usruli winadadebebi.
mwignobruli stilis maxasiaTeblebia: saliteratu-
ro enis normaTa dacva, neitraluri leqsika, winaswar
dagegmva, monologuroba, logikuroba, moculobiToba,
sruli, metwilad rTuli qvewyobili winadadebebi.
sasaubro metyvelebaSi gamoiyeneba Semdegi enobrivi
saSualebani: eqspresiuli zmnebi, emociurobis gamomxat-
veli zedsarTavi saxelebi, Sorisdebulebi; mwignobrul-
Si _ abstraqtuli saxelebi, saxelzmnebi, terminologia,
msazRvrel-sazRvrulis inversiuli wyoba.
metyvelebis stiluri saxesxvaobani Sepirobebulia sa-
ubris mizniT, TemiT, sferoTi, konkretuli situaciiT, ga-
remo pirobebiT, metyvelebis formiT Tu mosaubris indi-
vidualobiT.
§4. funqciuri stilis saxeebi
funqciuri stilis saxeebis Sesaxeb azrTa sxvadasxva-
obaa. zogi mecnieri aRniSnul sakiTxSi eyrdnoba enis fun-
qciebs, zogi kidev _ enis funqcionirebas.
`enis funqciebze dayrdnobiT funqciur stilTa dife-
39
renciacias sicxade aklia, vinaidan urTierTobis ama Tu
im sferoSi gamoyenebisas ena xSirad ramdenime funqcias
asrulebs, ris gamoc am funqcionirebis Sedegi SeiZleba
erTdroulad sxvadasxva stils ekuTvnodes. stilTa gamo-
yofisas siZneles qmnis eqstralingvistur faqtorTa sim-
ravle da siWrele, rac specialur literaturaSicaa miTi-
Tebuli“ (kuxalaSvili... 2010: 27).
funqciuri stilis saxeebis gamosayofad sxvadasxva mec-
nieri gansxvavebul saklasifikacio niSans gvTavazobs da
Sesabamisad, klasifikaciac nairgvaria.
a. efimovi gamoyofs stilis Semdeg saxeobebs: 1. mxat-
vrul-beletristuls; 2. sazogadoebriv-publicisturs; 3.
samecnieros; 4. profesiul-teqnikurs; 5. oficialur-do-
kumenturs; 6. epistolaruls (efimovi 1969: 14- 20).
a. gvozdevis mixedviT, stili xuTia: 1. saqmiani; 2. mxat-
vruli; 3. publicisturi; 4. samecniero-popularuli; 5. sa-
saubro (gvozdevi 1955: 24).
r. budagovi gamoyofs 1. zepir da werilobiT 2. samecni-
ero da mxatvrul stilebs (budagovi 1958: 396).
v. murati ganasxvavebs stilis Semdeg saxeebs:
1. sasaubro-literaturuls;
2. poeturs;
3. oficialur-saqmians;
4. samecnieros;
5. profesiul - teqnikurs;
6. ubralo sasaubro - familiaruls (murati 1957: 20-21).
yvela es saxesxvaoba daiyvaneba stilis xuT saxeobamde:
samecniero, oficialur-saqmiani, publicisturi, mxat-
vruli literaturis da sasaubro.
rusul enaTmecnierebaSi i. Smeliovma SemoiRo enis
funqciuri saxesxvaobebis tipologia, romlis mixedvi-
Tac stilis saxeebia oficialur-saqmiani, samecniero
da publicisturi stili, radgan isini enobrivi organi-
40
zebulobiT arsebiTad gansxvavdebian rogorc mxatvru-
li literaturis, ise sasaubro enisgan. v. levini ki aseT
Tvalsazriss aviTarebs: `mxatvruli literaturis ena ara
stilistikurad erTgvarovani movlenebis sistema, mas-
Si enobriv erTeulTa stilistikuri CarCoebi Caketili
araa. mxatvruli literaturis stili warmoadgens prin-
cipulad gansxvavebul movlenas, vidre enobriv stils.
mravalstilianobis gamo igi ar miiCneva damoukidebel
stilad“ (levini 2001: 413).
a. arabuli wers: `funqciur stilTa rigSi zogjer moix-
senieben mxatvruli literaturis stilsac, rogorc enis
funqcionirebis erT-erT sferos, Tumca umjobesia mxat-
vruli da funqciuri stilebi gaimijnos maTi principuli
Sinaarsobrivi gansxvavebis gamo, imdenad, rom isini arse-
biTad damoukidebel samecniero sferoebs warmoadgenen“
(arabuli 2005:193). iqve vkiTxulobT, rom `stilistiku-
ri niSnebis TvalsazrisiT yvelaze ufro gamokveTilia
mxatvruli stili, magram misTvis damaxasiaTebeli tipob-
rivi mxatvruli saSualebebis gamovlena ar gamoiricxeba
sxva stilTa farglebSi“ (iqve: 191).
a. arabulisave azriT, umjobesia, gamoviyenoT termini
`praqtikuli stilistika“, romelic funqciurisgan gan-
sxvavebiT mxolod enis gamoyenebis praqtikul sferoebs
gulisxmobs, da amdenadve, TavisTavad gamoricxavs kavSirs
enis gamoyenebis SemoqmedebiT (mxatvrul) mxaresTan“ (iq
ve:193). amrigad, aq saubaria enis gamoyenebis praqtikulsa
da SemoqmedebiTs mxareebze.
mxatvruli literaturis stilis gamoyofa sakamaTod
miaCniaT sxva avtorebsac: `mwerlebi TavianT nawarmoebeb-
Si enobrivi saSualebebis palitras iyeneben. amdenad, mxat-
vruli ena ar warmoadgens erTgvarovani enobrivi movle-
nebis mTlianobas, metic, mas ar axasiaTebs raime stiluri
Caketiloba, mis specifikas mTlianad individualur-saav-
41
toro stili gansazRvravs“ (gafrindaSvili... 2005: 51).
l. barlasis mixedviT, mxatvruli literaturis enas
stilTa sistemaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs. mra-
valferovan, xSirad gansxvavebul enobriv erTeulTa
(vulgarizmebi da amaRlebuli leqsika) erTobliobis sti-
listikuri Seferiloba gansakuTrebiT farTo da mraval-
ferovania. stilistikuri funqciiT SeiZleba gamoiyen-
ebodes ara calkeuli elementebi, aramed sxva stilTa ni-
muSebi, Jargonizmebi da dialeqtizmebic. ase da amgvarad,
mxatvruli literaturis ena mTlianad gamoavlens sali-
teraturo enas Tavisi stiluri mravalsaxeobiTa da aral-
iteraturuli ganStoebebiT. mxatvruli literaturis ena
stilistikurad mkveTrad gansxvavebulia da damokidebu-
lia mwerlis individualur maneraze.
rusul lingvistikaSi stilis saxeobebis gamoyofis sa-
kiTxSi ikveTeba principulad gansxvavebuli mosazrebani.
ufro metic, zogi mecnieri scdeba stilistikis CarCo-
ebs da stilis calkeuli saxeobis Seswavlas mecnierebis
sxva dargebs akisrebs. i. sorokinis SexedulebiT, `mwerlis
stilur ostatobas swavlobs stilistikac da literatu-
raTmcodneobac, xolo mecnieruli gadmocemis Tavisebu-
rebebs Seiswavlian Sesabamisi dargis specialistebi, mag.:
politikuri ekonomikis traqtatis Rirsebebis Sesaxeb
unda imsjelon politekonomistebma, maTematikis Txzvis
Taviseburebebze - maTematikosebma“ (vimowmebT budagovis
mixedviT 2001: 390).
i. sorokinis Sexeduleba sayovelTao ganxilvisa da kri-
tikis sagnad iqca. budagovis azriT, `ar SeiZleba aRreva
stilis saxeobebisa da im interesebisa, romlebic mecnier-
ebis sxvadasxva dargis warmomadgenlebs aqvT“ (iqve: 391).
stilTaSoris urTierTobas r. budagovi adarebs dial-
eqtebis urTierTmimarTebas: `XIX saukuneSi dialeqtolo-
giaSi ugulebelyofdnen calkeuli adgilobrivi dialeq-
42
tis arsebobas. am koncefciis momxreTa azriT, erTi dial-
eqtis gadasvla meoreSi imdenad mravalferovania da maTi
sazRvrebi imdenad gamoukveTelia, rom SeuZlebelia saub-
ari maTi arsebobis Sesaxeb“ (budagovi 2001: 392).
enobrivi stilis istoria SeuZlebelia ganvixiloT sa-
xalxo enis istoriisgan mowyvetiT, radgan saerTo-saxal-
xo ena aris enobriv stilTa Camoyalibebis safuZveli.
qarTul saliteraturo enas funqciur stilTa srul-
yofili, kargad ganviTarebuli sistema aqvs. TiToeuli
maTgani emsaxureba sazogadoebrivi saqmianobis sxvadasxva
sferos: mecnierebas - samecniero stili, administraci-
ul-samarTlebriv sferos - oficialur-saqmiani, sazoga-
doebriv-politikur moRvaweobas - publicisturi, yofiT
urTierTobebs - sasaubro. stilis sxva saxeobani Sedare-
biT Caketili sistemebia. amaTgan gansxvavebiT, mxatvruli
literaturis stili ar ukavSirdeba adamianis praqtikul
moRvaweobas da akisria esTetikuri funqcia. is arc Cake-
til sistemas qmnis. amdenad, igi aucileblad unda miviC-
nioT funqciuri stilis saxeobad Tavisi specifikurobis
gamo. Tu stilis danarCeni saxeobebis gamoyofis safuZve-
li adamianis saqmianobis praqtikuli sferoebia, es ukanas-
kneli enis mxatvrul realizebas ukavSirdeba.
maSasadame, calkeul stils aqvs enobriv saSualebaTa
gansakuTrebuli sistema. amrigad, funqciuri stili xasi-
aTdeba ori ZiriTadi kuTxiT - eqstralingvisturiT da sa-
kuTriv lingvisturiT. eqstralingvisturia urTierTobis
sferoebi, sazogadoebrivi saqmianobis saxe, sazogadoebri-
vi cnobierebis forma, funqcia; sakuTriv lingvisturia ga-
movlenis forma, enobriv-stilistikuri da funqciur-sti-
luri niSnebi.
43
 § 5. stilis saxeobaTa saerTo da
ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi
gamarTuli metyvelebisa da swori werisaTvis aucileb-
elia ramdenime niSani:
1) azris gamoxatvis siswore - winadadebaSi azris gamo-
saxatavad saWiro sityvebi Sinaarsobrivad da gramatiku-
lad sworad unda ukavSirdebodes erTmaneTs.
2) metyvelebis sizuste - metyveleba zustia, Tu oraz-
rovnebisa da gaugebrobisagan dazRveulia. `orazrovani
sityvebi ar unda vixmaroT rogorc im SemTxvevaSi, rode-
sac adamianebs saTqmeli ara aqvT ra, magram Tavi ise uWir-
avT, TiTqos rames ambobdnen. isini am dros poeturad ga-
moTqvamen azrs“ (aristotele 1981:175).
3) metyvelebis sicxade - `Tu stili naTeli araa, verc
mizans aRwevs“ (aristotele 1981:168). metyveleba mkafioa,
Tu sityvebi garkveviT da Sesabamisi intonaciiTaa warmoT-
qmuli, daculia pauza, logikuri maxvili sworia, weris
dros ki sasveni niSnebi sworadaa gamoyenebuli.
4) lakoniuroba - metyveleba lakoniuria, Tu saTqmeli
moklea da tevadi [Sdr.: `grZeli sityva mokled iTqmis, Sa-
iria amad kargi - SoTa rusTaveli~].
lakoniurobas yuradReba miaqcies jer kidev Zveli dro-
is berZnebma da es sityvac maTgan momdinareobs. isini mas
enis samkaulad miiCnevdnen.
5) siwminde (normatiuloba) - metyveleba sworia, Tu
daculia saliteraturo enis normebi, saWiro sityvebi da
TviT winadadebebi Sinaarsobrivad da formobrivad gamar-
Tulia. metyveleba wmindaa, Tu igi ar Seicavs barbarizmebs,
dialeqtizmebs (provincializmebs, Jargonizmebs, kalkebs).
6) bunebrioba - bunebrioba niSnavs iseTi Tqmebis gamo-
yenebas, romlebic mocemuli enisaTvis niSandoblivia. xe-
lovnuri formebi enas amZimebs.
44
7) sityvaTa wyoba - didi mniSvneloba aqvs sityvaTa wyo-
basac. marTalia, qarTulSi sityvaTganlageba Tavisufa-
lia, magram eqvemdebareba garkveul kanonzomierebebs.
yovel stils garda saerTo niSnebisa, moepoveba speci-
fikuri maxasiaTeblebi - sagangebod SerCeuli enobrivi
SesaZleblobebi. is niSnebic, romlebic saerToa sxvadasxva
stilisaTvis, aq gansxvavebul funqciebs iZens.
r. budagovis mixedviT, `enobrivi stili es aris saerTo-
saxalxo enis nairsaxeoba, romelic Seqmnilia istoriulad
da xasiaTdeba garkveuli niSnebis erTobliobiT, romelTa
nawili Taviseburad meordeba sxva enobriv stilebSi, ma
Ti garkveuli saxiT Sewyoba-Sefardeba ki ganasxvavebs erT
stils meorisagan. ganmeorebisas isini, Cveulebriv, yovel-
Tvis iZenen sxva funqciebs“ (budagovi 2001: 395).
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, funqciuri stilis sxvadasxva
saxeobaSi gamoiyofa saerTo enobrivi saSualebebi, magram
isini TiToeulSi gansxvavebul funqciebs iZens, sxvadas-
xvagvarad realizdeba. mag.: sasaubro da mxatvruli lite-
raturis stilSi mdabio metyveleba, vulgarizmi Tu Jar-
goni sruliad gansxvavebulad damoiyeneba.
saliteraturo enisa da cocxali metyvelebis, wignuri
da sasaubro, mxatvruli da samecniero stilis gaudifer-
encirebloba adamianis saqmianobis yvela sferos gavlenis
Sedegia da dabal wignierebaze miuTiTebs. igi zogadsaka-
cobrio, da amasTan, metad aqtualuri problemaa.
codnis Sesamowmebeli kiTxvebi
1. ra aris stili da rogor iqmneba igi?
2. ras swavlobs funqciuri stili?
3. daaxasiaTeT stili, rogorc istoriuli kategoria;
4. ra aris stilTa diferenciaciis da transformaciis
safuZveli?
45
 5. daasaxeleT mwignobruli stilis enobrivi niSnebi;
6. rogor gesmiT gamoTqma: stilis calkeul saxeobebs
Soris ar arsebobs Cinuri kedeli?
7. riT aixsneba erTisa da imave niSnis sxvadasxva stilSi
realizeba?
8. raze miuTiTebs stilTa gaudiferencirebloba?
9. ras uwodeben stilTaSorisi sazRvrebis darRvevas?
10. ra iwvevs azrTa sxvadasxvaobas stilis saxeobaTa ga-
moyofaSi?
II.1. samecniero stili
samecnieroa gamokvlevebis, saxelmZRvaneloebis, moxse-
nebebisa da misTanaTa enobrivi stili, maTi ena. am stilis
nimuSebia akademiuri (monografia, gamokvleva, statia, sa-
xelmZRvanelo) da informaciul-referatuli teqstebi
(anotacia, referati, aseve recenzia, gamoxmaureba).
samecniero stilis umTavresi funqciaa inteleqtual-
uri komunikacia. igi „specialuradaa gankuTvnili adami-
anTa optimaluri samecniero urTierTobebisaTvis. mecni-
ereba samyaros Sesaxeb axali, maRalproduqtiuli codnis
mopovebis, gamocdilebis dagroveba-gadacemis yvelaze
srulyofili da ekonomiuri sistemaa. mas calkeuli faq-
tebi ainteresebs zogadi kanonzomierebebis gamosavlenad,
amitomac igi koncentrirebul da ganzogadebul codnas
iZleva. sxvaTa dauRalavi codnis Sedegi mkvlevars `suf-
Ta eqstraqtis saxiT“ (vasilieva 1976:6) eZleva. es zogavs
mkvlevris Zalebs, amoklebs axlis aRmoCenis gzas.
`samyaros Sesaxeb axali codna sxvebisaTvis misawvdomi rom
gaxdes, araverbaluri azrovneba verbalurad unda gadaiq-
ces“ (vasilieva 1976 :15). araverbaluri informaciisTvis ver-
baluri formis SerCeva samecniero stilis Seqmnas niSnavs.
46
ras niSnavs samecniero stilis floba? `Tu mkvleva-
ri-avtori Tavisi kvlevis Sedegebs gadmogvcems Sesabami-
si stiliT, es stilis aqtiur flobad iTvleba, Tu avto-
ri ukve nacnob samecniero masalas didaqtikurad alagebs
(saswavlo-meToduri literatura), es samecniero stilis
naxevradaqtiuri flobaa. axali informaciis ukritikod
mimRebi samecniero stilis pasiuri mflobelia. igi cod-
nis dagrovebis Semdeg xdeba misi aqtiuri mflobeli“ (vasi-
lieva 1976:17).
samecniero stilis saxeebi. funqciisa da miznis mixed-
viT gamoiyofa samecniero stilis Semdegi saxeobebi: sa-
kuTriv samecniero, saswavlo-samecniero (saganmanaT-
leblo) da samecniero-popularuli.
sakuTriv samecniero naSromi (monografia, diserta-
cia, moxseneba) gankuTvnilia konkretuli dargis an mona-
Tesave sferos specialistTaTvis. masSi mecnieruli ter-
minebi ganmartebuli araa, radgan igulisxmeba, rom mkiTx-
vels (adresats) aqvs sabaziso codna. samecniero-popu-
laruli naSromis daniSnulebaa araprofesionalTaTvis
samecniero miRwevebis gacnoba, amitom naSromi ar unda iy
os gadatvirTuli specialuri terminebiT, Tu aseTi aris,
maSin mas unda axldes ganmarteba.
samecniero-popularuli stili mecnieruli kvlevis
Sedegebis popularizacias emsaxureba. saamisod gamoiy-
eneba emociuri leqsikur-frazeologiuri da sintaqsuri
saSualebebi. is ki ar gvimtkicebs sinamdviles, aramed sa-
mecniero informacias SerCeviT gvawvdis. sakuTriv samec-
niero stilSi specialisti mimarTavs specialists, samec-
niero-popularulSi ki specialisti _ araspecialists.
saswavlo-samecniero naSromSi vlindeba orive tipis
SromaTa maxasiaTeblebi. sakuTriv samecniero stilTan
mas akavSirebs terminologiis gamoyeneba, sistemuroba,
logikuroba da argumentireba, popularulTan _ enobriv
47
saSualebaTa misawvdomoba, ilustrireba. saswavlo-samec-
niero qvestilis adresati ukve flobs garkveul codnas,
romlis gaTvaliswinebiTac avtori meTodurad alagebs
saswavlo masalas.
l. barlass miaCnia, rom samecniero stilis upirvelesi
funqciaa ara marto logikuri informaciis gadacema, aram-
ed mis siaxlesa da faseulobaSi darwmuneba, misi meoreuli
funqciaa mkiTxvelis an msmenelis logikuri azrovnebis
gaaqtiureba. samecniero-popularuli qvestilis funqcia
sxvaa _ araspecialistis daintereseba samecniero infor-
maciiT (barlasi 1978: 59).
samecniero stilSi realizdeba ama Tu im dargisTvis da-
maxasiaTebeli Taviseburebani, aseve Janrobrivi specifi-
ka. mecnierebis sxvadasxva dargis ena gansxvavebulia: mag.:
maTematikuri da istoriuli naSromebis ena sruliad gan-
sxvavebulia, pirveli zustia, meore ki ufro publicisti-
kas uaxlovdeba.
fizika-maTematikur mecnierebaTaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
Txzvis wesi ucxoa istoriisa da litmcodneobis dargebi-
saTvis. polemikur statiebsa da monografiebis sakamaTo
nawilSi dasaSvebia sasaubro leqsikisa da eqspresiuli el-
ementebis gamoyeneba.
samecniero stilis specifika Sepirobebulia ramdenime
niSniT:
1. formobrivi mxare: igi werilobiTia (aseTi forma
didxans inaxavs informacias, ekonomiuria da iZleva SesaZ-
leblobas, mkiTxveli bevrjer miubrundes mas); moxseneba
zepiria, magram iqmneba samecniero stiliT, uqveteqstoa,
nawarmoebis forma monologia.
2. Sinaarsobrivi mxare: samecniero stilis Sinaarsob-
rivi maxasiaTeblebia: sizuste, logikuroba, Tanmimdev-
ruli msjeloba, obieqturoba, mtkicebiToba, ganzoga-
deba, daskvna.
48
Sinaarsis organizebaSi logikuri principis priorit-
eti gansazRvravs emociebis, subieqturobis ugulebelyo-
fas, radgan misi mTavari funqcia sinamdvilis obieqturi
konstataciaa.
logikuri azrovnebis ZiriTadi formebia: cneba, msje-
loba da daskvna. cnebaSi moiazreba sagnis arsebiTi, obi-
eqturi niSan-Tvisebebi. azris dasabuTebis an uaryofis
logikur ganviTarebas msjeloba ewodeba. igi amtkicebs
an uaryofs raRacas: adgens subieqtsa da predikats Soris
urTierTobis pirobebs, mizezs, dros da a. S. igi warimar-
Teba induqciis an deduqciis gziT da gamoitaneba daskvna.
msjelobis agebis etapebia:
faqti (ra?) - mTavari movlena an azri, romelic unda
uarvyoT an davamtkicoT;
motivi (ratom?) - ratom moxda es movlena an ratom vav-
iTarebT am azrs;
argumenti (saidan Cans es?) - damadasturebeli magali-
Ti, faqti;
Sejameba (ris Tqmis saSualebas gvaZlevs argumenti?);
daskvna (ra SeiZleba davaskvnaT?) (SabaSvili ... 2008:7).
1. leqsikuri sistemis Taviseburebani. samecniero
stilSi ugulebelyofilia subieqtur-emociuri leqsi-
ka, sityvebi monosemiuria, metafora demetaforizebulia.
mudmiv da aucilebel cnebaTa sistema qmnis terminologi-
as, romelic SeiZleba iyos:
saerTomecnieruli: sistema, funqcia, elementi, dro,
sibrtye, klasifikacia, diferenciacia, sinqronia, diaqro-
nia, monografia.
dargobrivi: vakuumi, veqtori, generatori, Termuli.
viwrospecialuri: autogamia, biogenuri, ujredovani
(biol.) sufiqsi, afiqsi, fonema, morfema, abreviatura (gra-
matika).
TiToeul dargs specialuri terminologia aqvs.
49
 nomenklaturuli hqvia ama Tu im dargisTvis niSandob-
liv terminologias. mag. geografiis nomenklaturaSi Se-
dis: mdinareebis, tbebis, mTebis, zRvebis saxelwodebebi;
literaturaTmcodneobaSi mweralTa da nawarmoebTa, bo-
tanikis nomenklaturaSi mcenareTa, anatomiaSi - organoeb-
is da sxeulis nawilebis, fonetikaSi - fonemebis saxelebi.
sakuTriv cnebiTi terminologia (depolarizacia, sin-
Tezi, eleqtrolizi) uSualod ar ukavSirdeba moqmed sag-
nebs.
terminisaTvis aucilebeli niSnebia:
1. simokle;
2. simartive da sicxade;
3. terminis gamoyenebis sixSire;
4. mudmivi mniSvneloba: erTi aRsaniSni _ erTi cneba;
5. sizuste, simkveTre;
6. sinonimis uqonloba;
7. neitraluroba - emociuri Seuferadebloba.
polisemia da omonimia terminologiuri sistemis naklia.
samecniero stilSi gavrcelebulia polisemiis ori saxe:
1) erTi da igive termini gvxvdeba sxvadasxva dargSi - `re-
aqcia“ qimiasa da politikaSi, `asimilacia“ - fonetikasa da
eTnologiaSi. maT saerTo niSnebi aqvT. ganvixiloT termin
inversiis [laT. inversio - gadasma] mniSvneloba: 1. qarTul
gramatikaSi is aris zmnis piris niSanTa SeqceviT xmareba -
realuri subieqti gamoxatulia obieqtis niSniT, xolo re-
aluri obieqti- subieqtis piris niSniT: vakeTeb - gamikeTe-
bia; 2. (literaturaSi) - winadadebaSi sityvaTa Cveulebrivi
rigis Secvla stilistikuri mizniT; 3. atmosferos haeris
temperaturis mateba (nacvlad klebisa) qvevidan zeda fe-
nebisken; 4. (qim.) rTuli Saqrebis daSla martivebad mJave-
bisa da fermentebis gavleniT (ucxo sityvaTa leqsikoni).
50
Tu sxva stilSi sinonimia azrebis gradaciisa da esTe-
tikisaTvis gamoiyeneba, igi erTferovnebas gvacilebs Ta-
vidan, samecniero terminologiaSi ki negatiuri movlenaa.
samecniero stilSi daculia sityvaTa sagnobrivi war-
modgena; aq iSviaTad SevxvdebiT sityvaTa gadataniTi mniS-
vnelobiT gamoyenebas. mag.: ena - abstraqtuli, algoriT-
muli, manqanuri anda saketelas, berketis ena. aq praqti-
kulad ar gvxvdeba iseTi frazeologizmebi, rogorebicaa:
Tavidan gamouvarda, cxovreba duRs.
am stilis niSandoblivi Tvisebaa metaforis demetafo-
rizacia: terminTa umravlesoba Tavdapirvelad metafora
iyo. mag.: mkurnalobis taqtika, sisxlZarRvTa kedlebi,
manqanis tvini, Tvalis broli, TviTmfrinavis kudi, mzis
gvirgvini, frTiani fraza, magnituri qariSxali, mxat-
vruli qsovili.
g. kvaracxelia sagangebod aRniSnavs, rom `eqspresiul
saSualebaTa mniSvnelovani nawili ganekuTvneba ara emoci-
ursa da miT ufro, ara subieqtur-emociur sferos, aramed
inteleqtualur eqspresias, rac ama Tu im azris, debule-
bis mniSvnelovnebis gaxazvas ukavSirdeba. am mizniT gamo-
yenebulia kliSe-frazebi, Srifti, xazgasma, kursivi, rub-
rikacia CamoTvlisas da a. S. agreTve leqsikuri erTeulebi
da ganzogadebuli gamoTqmani: aRsaniSnavia, sayuradRe-
boa, sainteresoa, gavrcelebuli azria, aRiarebulia,
fiqroben, rom... da sxva“ (kvaraxelia 1987: 14).
2. morfologiuri sistemis Taviseburebani. samecni-
ero stilSi morfologiac leqsikas eqvemdebareba. gamoye-
nebis sixSiriT pirvel adgilzea arsebiTi saxeli.
samecniero stilSi axlandeli drois formebic udrooa.
aq niSandoblivia xangrZlivi statikuri mdgomareobis ga-
momxatveli formebi: yofna, qona, mdebareoba, Semcvelo-
ba, SenarCuneba.
vinaidan logikuri msjeloba moiTxovs faqtebis axsnasa
51
da dasabuTebas, samecniero stilSi xSiria damxmare zmnebi,
nawilakebi, nacvalsaxelebi, aseve zmnizedebic. axsna-gan-
marteba moiTxovs maigivebel kavSirebs: anu, ese igi; das-
kvna - CarTul sityvebs: amrigad, maSasadame, rasakvirve-
lia, rogorc Cans, rogorc dadasturda; wina naTqvamTan
dakavSireba - amis Sedegad, amdenad, msgavsad amisa; Tan-
mimdevruloba - jer erTi, meore, mesame, erTi mxriv, me-
ore mxriv. gamoiyeneba numeracia, cifrebi, sqemebi, for-
mulebi, diagramebi, naxazebi.
sityvawarmoebiTi sistemis Taviseburebani. samecni-
ero stilSi produqtiulia sxvadasxva daboloebis saxel-
zmna: -a Seswavla, qceva, cvena; -cia (halucinacia, modifi-
kacia, artikulacia), -oba, -eba (ganusazRvreloba, daSve-
buloba), -ika (simbolika, sinonimika), -izm (darvinizmi).
sasaubro stilSi ZiriTadad mSobliuri enis sityvebi
gvxvdeba, samecnieroSi ki - internacionaluri fuZeebi da
morfemebi: di, dia, izo, anti, cia, izm, at, it, iod... .
-it sufiqsi produqtiulia mineralogiasa (nefriti,
aleqsandriti, apatiti) da medicinaSi (nefriti, otiti, he-
patiti, qolecistiti).
-oz sufiqsiT iwarmoeba sneulebebis saxelwodebebi:
sklerozi, nevrozi, avitaminozi; amave funqciisaa forman-
ti oma: mioma, fibroma, sarkoma.
gavrcelebulia ucxoenovani winsarTebi: alo- (alom-
orfi, alofoni), mikro-, makro- anti-, inter-, eqstra, su-
per-, hiper-, mini- sub- da a.S.
qarTul samecniero enaSi sityva-terminTa sesxebis
gverdiT farTod gamoiyeneba terminebi, warmoiqmnili qa-
rTuli afiqsebiT: -oba, -eba, -ur-oba, -ul-oba, -ian-oba,
-ier-oba, -ovan-oba, ed-oba, iT-oba, ad-oba, iv-oba, iz-eba,
ir-eba, ebriv, obriv.
TandebulebiTa da brunvis niSnebiT warmoqmnili saxe-
lebia: ze- zebunebrivi, zepirovnuli; Tana- Tanazomieri,
Tanafardoba, mraval- mravaldargovani, mravalujredi-
52
ani; Sorisi - ujredSorisi, neknTaSorisi; Sua- laviwTSua,
falangTaSua; ebr- vazisebri; nair- gvimranairebi, obobas-
nairi... .
3. sintaqsuri Taviseburebani. samecniero stilis sin-
taqsi saerTomecnierulia, wignuri xasiaTisaa. winadadeba
logikur principzea agebuli. is ar SeiZleba iyos saxelde-
biTi. metwilad gamoiyeneba rTuli qvewyobili, sruli wi-
nadadebani.
am stilis specifikuri niSnebia:
1. sizuste;
2. logikuroba (mizez-Sedegobriobis gadmocema);
3. teqstis mtkicebiTi xasiaTi;
4. savaldebulo cifrebis, simboloebisa da niSnebis
gamoyeneba;
5. zmnebis nakleboba;
6. enis simSrale da lakoniuroba;
7. specialuri leqsikis, terminologiis mizanmimar-
Tuli gamoyeneba;
8. azris gadmocemisas subieqturi momentebis ugul-
ebelyofa;
9. mxatvruli elementebis maqsimaluri SezRudva;
10. saliteraturo enis normaTa dacva.
samecniero naSromi unda Sesruldes akademiuri sti-
liT. samecniero stilis xarvezebia:
1. Sinaarsobrivi mxare - 1) axali samecniero informa-
ciis deficiti; 2) faqtobrivi Secdomebi; 3) ganzogadebaze
daufuZnebloba da usafuZvlo paralelebi;
2. Sinaarsobriv-sametyvelo - araa daculi sizuste
terminologiaSi, darRveulia logika, arasworad gamoiy-
eneba enobrivi forma;
3. stilistikur-enobrivi - sxva stilis formebis umar-
Tebulo gamoyeneba;
4. stilistikur-komunikaciuri - adresatis ganaT-
53
lebis, socialuri statusis, asakis gauTvaliswinebloba.
adresatze mimarTebis gaTvaliswinebiT zogi detali gav-
rcobas iTxovs, zogi _ Semoklebas.
amrigad, samecniero stili SemecnebiTi informaciis ga-
dacemis logikurad organizebuli formaa.
codnis Sesamowmebeli kiTxvebi
1. daasaxeleT samecniero stilis funqciebi;
2. riT gansxvavdeba sakuTriv-samecniero naSromi samec-
niero-popularulisgan?
3. riT gansxvavdeba sakuTriv-samecniero naSromi saswav-
lo- samecnierosgan?
4. ras niSnavs samecniero stilis aqtiuri, pasiuri da na-
xevrad aqtiuri floba?
5. ra aris cneba? msjeloba?
6. daaxasiaTeT samecniero stilis leqsikuri sistemis
Taviseburebani;
7. ratom gvxvdeba samecniero stilSi iSviaTad fraze-
ologia? ras niSnavs metaforis demetaforizacia?
8. daasaxeleT terminisTvis aucilebeli niSnebi;
9. daaxasiaTeT samecniero stilis Sinaarsobrivi, Si-
naarsobriv-sametyvelo da stilistikur-komunikaciuri
xarvezebi;
10. riT aixsneba, rom terminTa raodenoba saerTo moxma-
rebis leqsikaze metia?
savarjiSo №1. gansazRvreT teqstis morfologiuri
da sintaqsuri Taviseburebani.
mecnierul literaturaSi samarTlianad amaxvileben
yuradRebas im garemoebaze, rom interviu, rogorc Janri
Taviseburi `gaTamaSebaa“.
54
intervius organizebulobis erT-erTi forma scenaru-
lobaa. intervius monawileTa winaswari scenari mis ganxor-
cielebas gulisxmobs. masSi ukve adreve aris nagulisxmevi
SekiTxvebisa da pasuxebis sabazo elementebi. respodenti
codnis struqturas warmoadgens, interviueri _ arcodni-
sas. profesionalma publicistma TiTqmis yovelTvis icis,
ras upasuxebs mas respodenti da damatebiTi SekiTxvebic
aqvs mofiqrebuli. esaa intervius monawileTa winaswari
scenaruli SeTanxmeba, maT mier apriorulad miRebuli Ta-
maSis wesi. interviuers realurad rom ar hqondes im cod-
nis nawili, romelic respodents aqvs, komunikaciis aqti
ver ganxorcieldeba. interviuerma erTdroulad icis da
ar icis, igi TamaSobs scenarSi. intervius dros yvela cdi-
lobs daarRvios TamaSis wesi, procesi arascenaruloba-
Si gadaizardos; SeiZleba iTqvas, rom amjerad isini wesis
darRvevas TamaSoben, cdiloben procesis gabunebrivebas.
Tu mkiTxveli gadaWarbebad ar CaTvlis, am niSniT inter-
viu gvagonebs im situacias, romelSic msaxiobebi piesis mi-
xedviT speqtakls asruleben da surT mayurebeli scenaze
momxdaris sinamdvileSi daarwmunon, oRond gansxvaveba
isaa, rom msaxiobebs gamogonil sinamdvilesTan aqvT saqme,
intervius monawileni ki realur sinamdviles sakuTari so-
cialuri statusisa da rolebis Sesabamisad warmoaCenen.
interviusa da TamaSs Soris arsebiTi gansxvavebebic ar
is. mag.: TamaSi Caketili sistemaa, wesebis darRveva TamaSis
CaSlas iwvevs. interviu, piriqiT, Ria sistemaa. TamaSis we-
sebis darRveva aucilebelic ki aris, Torem igi marTlac
TamaSad gadaiqceva. rac mTavaria, TamaSi TviTmiznuria,
intervius mizani ki TviT masSi ar moiazreba, aramed im saq-
meSi, romelic misi saSualebiT unda ganxorcieldes. saqmis
samyaro aris is, rasac TamaSis samyaro upirispirdeba. am-
gvarad, interviu saqmea, saqme ki TamaSi ar aris.
55
 savarjiSo № 2. gamoyaviT teqstis yvela maxasiaTeb-
eli, stiluri niSnebi da SeurCieT saTauri
globalizaciisa da recesiis fonze espanelebi sul uf
ro metad cdiloben inglisuris aTvisebas. yvelaze aSka-
rad es tendencia espaneTSi SeimCneva, romelic yovel-
Tvis sakmaod CamorCeboda sxva qveynebs inglisuri enis
codnaSi, magram dRes espanelebi cdiloben inglisuris
aTvisebas. ai, ras iuwyeba amis Sesaxeb madrididan `amer-
ikis xmis“ korespodenti loren freieri. riCard voni
texasidanaa. igi ukve 35 welia espaneTSi cxovrobs da sa-
TaveSi udgas espaneTSi umsxviles lingvistur kompanias,
romelic inglisuri enis Seswavlas emsaxureba. espanele-
bi inglisur enas kulturuli mosazrebebiT ar swavlo-
ben. inglisuri enis Seswavlis 99% profesiuli miznebis-
Tvisaa. espaneTSi inglisurs ZiriTadad isini swavloben,
vinc cdilobs ucxoeTSi ipovos samsaxuri, gansakuTre-
biT ki britaneTsa da aSS-Si, Tumca arian iseTebic, rom-
lebic cdiloben espaneTSi samsaxuri ucxour kompani-
ebSi ipovon. dRes mravali kompania moiTxovs sul mcire
ori enis codnas. domenik kembeli amerikelia, romelic
madridSi cxovrobs. igi inglisurs aswavlis. ai, ra Tqva
man CvenTan saubarSi: `dRes bevri kompania sul mcire ori
enis codnas moiTxovs da ZiriTadad es minimumi Seexeba
espanursa da inglisurs, Tumca bevr kompaniaSi espanurs,
inglisursa da frangulsac moiTxoven, gansakuTrebiT,
aviakompaniebSi“.
espaneTi sxva evropul qveynebs yovelTvis CamorCeboda
inglisuri enis codnaSi, radgan espaneTSi ar iyo amis auc-
ilebloba. msoflios mosaxleobis erTi mexuTedi espanu-
renovania. aqedan gamomdinare, espanelebi askvnidnen, rom
sadac ar unda moxvedriliyvnen, espanuri eniT gavidodnen
fons, magram dRes es mdgomareoba mkveTrad Seicvala- 5
espanelidan sul mcire, erTi umuSevaria. mTel evropaSi
56
espaneTs umuSevrobis maRali done aqvs. 20 wlis axalgaz-
rdebis 40 % umuSevaria, rac maT samuSaos sazRvargareT
Zebnisken ubiZgebs.
savarjiSo №3. waikiTxeT samecniero teqsti da gaxa-
zeT frazeologizmebi
TeTri xalaTis hipertenzia
diabetian pacientebs xSirad aReniSnebaT arteriuli
wnevis donis momateba eqimTan vizitisas, amitom maT gansa-
kuTrebuli midgoma sWirdebaT. pacientma xSirad unda ga-
izomos wneva rogorc saxlSi, aseve eqimTan vizitisas. ar-
teriuli wnevis ambulatoriuli monitoringis meTodi ga-
moavlens wnevis ufro zust maCveneblebs. kontroli aseve
saWiroa hipotenziuri mkurnalobis efeqturobis Sesafa-
seblad. amrigad, arteriuli wnevis monitoringi gvaZlevs
metad saWiro informacias mkurnalobis efeqturobis da
usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT.
diabetian pacientebs xSirad aReniSnebaT miokardiumis
munji iSemia da usimptomo munji infarqti, radgan infar-
qtis dros viTardeba sensoruli neiropaTia - Semcirebu-
lia tkivilis SegrZneba. amis gamo iSemiuri daavadeba at-
ipiurad mimdinareobs. aucilebelia skriningi am daavadeb-
is gamosavlenad.
Tu pacients xandazmuli diabeti aqvs da aris 45-60 wlis,
gul-sisxlZarRvTa daavadebebi genetikuria da erTvis qve-
da kidurebis daavadebebic, droulad unda mimarTos kar-
diologs. daavadebis prevencia xangrZlivi sicocxlis sa-
windaria.
57
 davaleba. SeavseT qvemomoyvanili cxrili samecniero
stilis maxasiaTeblebiT
formobrivi
mxare
Sinaarsobrivi
mxare
II.2. oficialur-saqmiani stili
oficialur-saqmiani hqvia saqmiani urTierTobisaTvis
gankuTvnil oficialuri dokumentebis, saqmiani qaRalde-
bis enas. mas uwodeben konservatiul, sakuTar TavSi Cake-
til stilsac (deriagini 1978: 86).
oficialur-saqmiani stilis funqcionirebis sferoebia
administraciul-samarTlebrivi, samoqalaqo da saxelmwi-
foebrivi urTierTobani. is gamoiyeneba saxelisuflebo
organoebTan, calkeul pirTan, organizaciebTan, qveyneb-
Tan saqmiani urTierTobebis dasamyareblad. am stilis ni-
muSebia: kanoni, brZaneba, xelSekruleba, miTiTebeba, gan-
karguleba, molaparakeba, moxseneba, aqti, wesdeba, prog-
rama, nota, mindobiloba, anderZi da a. S .
oficialur-saqmian stils Tematikis mixedviT yofen or
Janrad:
58
1. oficialur-dokumenturad da 2. yoveldRiur-saqmi-
anad (samsaxurebrivi mimowera, saqmis qaRaldebi).
oficialur-saqmiani stilis qvestilebia:
1. sakuTriv oficialur-saqmiani (administraciul-
sakancelario) dokumentebis [gancxadeba, mindobiloba,
avtobiografia, xelwerili, daxasiaTeba, oqmi] stili;
2. iuridiuli (kanonSemoqmedebiTi) dokumentebis [ka-
noni, brZaneba, wesdeba, konstitucia, aqti] stili;
3. diplomatiuri sabuTebis [nike, nota, konvencia, memo-
randumi, saerTaSoriso SeTanxmeba] stili.
S. bali ase ganmartavs oficialur-saqmiani stilis spe-
cifikas: „administraciul stili samecniero xasiaTisaa da
amasTanave exeba yofierebas, yoveldRiur cxovrebas“ (bali
1961:274).
oficialur-saqmiani enis calke stilad Camoyalibeba
xangrZlivad mimdinareobda. sxvadasxva qveyanaSi oficial-
uri wreebi stilurad gardaqmnidnen xolme saqmis qaRal-
debs. petre I-s specialuri brZanebac gamoucia, rom weri-
lobiTi Txovna punqtebad CamoeyalibebinaT.
XIX saukuneSi Semodis rusuli sakancelario stili, ro-
melic Tavad rusulisaTvisac nasesxoba. saWiro gaxda mi-
marTvis formebis: yd usamRvdeloeso mwyemsmTavaro...
kvalad da kvalad gawuxebT TxovniT, adresatis gaforme-
bis, drois da adgilis miTiTebis stilis Secvla.
qarTul istoriul sabuTebs didi mniSvneloba aqvs enis
istoriis TvalsazrisiTac, radgan isini xalxuri eniT iw-
ereboda. enobrivi cvlileba yvelaze adre da zustad swo-
red aq aisaxeboda. maTSi araa kalkebi da sxva ucxoenovani
elementebi. miiCneven, rom „istoriuli sabuTebis Tavise-
burebaa enis bunebrioba, radgan masSi yvelaferi aRiwer-
eboda xalxuri, sasaubro eniT... mas ganaTlebuli mwignob-
rebi adgendnen, zogjer karnaxiTac ki awerinebdnen sxva
erovnebis pirebsac ki... radganac istoriul Zeglebs far-
59
To sazogadoeba ar icnobda da ar swavlobda, amitom igi en
is ganviTarebaze ver axdenda gavlenas. saliteraturo ena
ki konservatiulia Tavisi bunebiT, aq metia wignuri tradi-
ciis Zala da gavlena“ (qavTaraZe1964: 26).
istoriuli sabuTebis (T. Jordanias, s. kakabaZis, l. mus-
xeliSvilis, n. berZeniSvilis, i. doliZis da sxvaTa mier ga-
mocemuli) enaSi SeimCneva garkveuli yalibi: jer miTiTe-
bulia tituli, Semdeg - saxeli, misi socialuri statusi
(tyve, rodis, vin daatyveva), TariRi da dokumentis Sedge-
nis adgili.
`qarTuli istoriuli dokumentebis korpusebis enob-
rivad da stilurad Seswavla gvaZlevs imis Tqmis uflebas,
rom oficialuri stili Tavis simwyobresa da konotaci-
ur zomierebas xangrZlivi praqtikis safuZvelze SeimuS-
avebda da es gamocdileba dRes am stilis damaxasiaTebeli
niSnebis gamoyofis uflebas gvaZlevs“ (tabiZe 2010: 260).
esenia: rekvizitebis standarti (saTauri, organizaciis
dasaxeleba, piris Tanamdeboba, wodeba; gvari, inicialebi,
teqstis daTariReba da oficialuri damowmeba), termino-
logia, teqstis etiketi da stiluri Taviseburebani, kli-
Seebi (dasawyisi da dasasruli).
2. formobrivi mxare. vinaidan saqmis qaRaldebi ofici-
aluri mimowerisa da xelSekrulebebis saxisaa, ZiriTadad
werilobiTia. zogierTi maTgani zepirad gadmoicema. es-
enia: saangariSo moxseneba, daxasiaTeba, biografia, gancxa-
deba da a.S. gancxadebis formaSi, anketasa Tu sxva saqmian
qaRaldebSi yvelaferi emorCileba formasa da standarts.
trafareti gvexmareba maT zust klasifikaciaSi. azri gad-
moicema ramdenime abzaciT, rigobiTi numeraciiT. zogier-
Ti maTganis warmoebis gasaadvileblad SemoRebulia spe-
cialuri blankebic.
saqmis qaRaldebis anu dokumentebis calkeuli saxeobis
(gancxadeba, cnoba, mowmoba, wesdeba, mindobiloba, xelSek-
60
ruleba, xelwerili, aqti, oqmi, saangariSo moxseneba, ko-
deqsi, instruqcia, recenzia, anotacia, ganaCeni) Sedgena-
gaformeba specialur codnas moiTxovs.
1. leqsikuri sistemis Taviseburebani. leqsika neit-
raluria, araa subieqtur-Semfasebluri. sityvebi gamo-
iyeneba pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT, ar gvxvdeba sametyvelo
stilis elementebi. amiT oficialur-saqmiani stili uax-
lovdeba samecnieros, magram gansxvavdeba misgan imiT, rom
samecniero naSroms hyavs avtori (an avtorebi) da gamokve-
Tilia individualoba.
am stilSi terminologia naklebad abstraqtulia, vidre
samecnieroSi. gansxvavebuli xasiaTisaa obieqturobac. igi
ukavSirdeba samarTlebriv normas, gaxazavs mtkicebiToba-
sa da imperatiulobas. sxva stilTagan gansxvavebiT mas ax-
asiaTebs oficialuri toni. ganzogadeba misi mTavari niSa-
nia, riTac is uaxlovdeba samecniero stils.
mwarmoeblur, mmarTvelobiT, samosamarTlo da sxva do-
kumentebSi gvxvdeba nomenklaturuli da terminologiuri
xasiaTis iseTi myari Sesityvebani, rogorebicaa: piradi Se-
madgenloba, materialuri Rirebulebani, fuladi niS-
nebi, savaWro wertili, satransporto saSualebani. ar
gvxvdeba Jargoni, dialeqtizmi da misT.
sakmaodaa gavrcelebuli cifruli monacemebi, profe-
sionalizmebi da standartuli Tqmebi anu kancelaruli
Stampebi: dRis wesrigi, moismines, daadgines; gancxade-
bebSi - gacnobebT, gTxovT miiRoT mxedvelobaSi, amasTan
gaaxlebT, gancxadebas Tan erTvis... kancelaruli Stampe-
bisa da kliSeebis xSiri gamoyenebis gamo am stilSi avtoris
individualizmi minimumamdea dayvanili. `Stampebi metyve-
lebaSi _ es aris gamzadebuli frazebiT laparakis Cvevis
Sedegi, es aris azris sizarmace“ (mixailovi 1968:321). `ro-
gorc wesi, maT axali araferi SeaqvT gamonaTqvamis Sinaar-
sSi, mxolod `anagvianeben“ winadadebas. am Stampebis amoR-
61
ebiT teqstis SinaarsSi, mis mier mowodebul informaciaSi
araferi Seicvleba“ (gafrindaSvili ... 2005:61), magram sa-
kancelario enisTvis isini Cveulebrivi movlenaa; presisa
Tu sasaubro enaSi, miT ufro mxatvrul literaturaSi ki
maTi gamoyeneba araa mizanSewonili.
2. morfologiuri Taviseburebani. oficialur stil-
Si zmnis piriani formebis nacvlad saxelzmnebi gamoiyen-
eba (miReba, gagzavna, dadgena, gatana, Semozidva, miRebuli,
gagzavnili, dadgenili... .); upiratesoba eniWeba aseve aRwe-
riT warmoebas: monawileobs _ monawileobas iRebs, mosTxo-
ves _ moTxovna wauyenes, gaigzavna _ gagzavnil iqna.
dokumentebSi gamoiyeneba mravlobiTi ricxvis formebi,
miuxedavad imisa, vis egzavneba. nomenklaturul dasaxele-
baTa siWarbe am stilis niSandoblivi Tvisebaa.
sintaqsuri Taviseburebebi. oficialur-saqmian stils
axasiaTebs rogorc martiv, ise Serwymul da rTul winada-
debaTa gamoyeneba, CarTuli Tqmebis (Cemi azriT, garda am-
isa, Cans, rasakvirvelia, rogorc aRvniSneT... ) sixSire.
winadadebebi srulia, TxrobiTi intonaciisa. aq ar icvleba
saxelebi nacvalsaxelebiT. sityvaTa wyoba pirdapiria.
saqmiani qaRaldebis stilSi SeaqvT epistolaruli anu
mimoweris stilic. a. basilaias azriT, `igi Tavisi ZiriTa-
di niSnebiT naklebad gansxvavdeba dokumentebis enobrivi
niSnebisgan, amitom misi calke saxed gamoyofa mizanSeuw-
onelia“ (basilaia 1991: 46).
am stilis maxasiaTeblebia:
1. Temisa da azris konkretuloba;
2. miznis gamoxatvis sizuste da sicxade;
3. lakoniuroba (enobriv saSualebaTa ekonomia);
4. standartuloba;
5. enobrivi formulebi (kliSe, Stampi);
6. saliteraturo enis normaTa dacva;
7. emociebisa da eqspresiis SezRudva;
62
8. martivi konstruqciebisa da aRweriTi formebis ga-
moyeneba;
9. statistikuri monacemebis xSiri miTiTeba;
10. rekvizitebi: organizaciis dasaxeleba, piris Tanam-
deboba, wodeba; gvari, inicialebi (mobinadre, moqalaqe,
klienti, pacienti) saTauri, xelmowera, TariRi, teqstis
damowmeba.
oficialur-saqmiani stilis xarvezebia:
1. eqspresiuloba;
2. etiketis daucveloba;
3. alogikuroba;
4. familiaruli stili- sasaubro stilis elementebis
SeWra;
5. dokumentis daumowmebloba;
6. dauTariRebloba;
7. standartis daucveloba.
gancxadeba
gancxadebaSi mokledaa Camoyalibebuli Txovna an saCi-
vari da dasabuTebulia mizezi. marjvniv mieTiTeba adresa-
tis da adresantis vinaoba, xazis gamotovebiT, SuaSi dayo-
fiT iwereba gancxadeba.
isev xazis gamotovebiT abzaciT iwereba Sinaarsi. Tu
dokumenti survils, Txovnas, nebarTvas gadmoscems, iwyeba
sityviT „gTxovT“. marcxniv iwereba TariRi, marjvniv- xe-
lismowera.
sazogado gancxadeba aris mokle, informaciuli teq-
sti, romelic akonkretebs sad, rodis, ra tipis RonisZieba
imarTeba. gancxadeba iwereba SuaSi, ganmcxadeblis statu-
si - marjvniv.
63
 a x s n a-g a n m a r t e b i T i b a r a T i
axsna - ganmartebiTi baraTi imiT gansxvavdeba moxse-
nebiT baraTisgan, rom is iwereba ara avtoris iniciativ-
iT, aramed xelmZRvaneli piris an zemdgomi instanciis
moTxovniT da masSi dasaxelebulia momxdari faqtis (sam-
saxurSi dagvianebis, gacdenis, kanonis, wesis darRvevis da
a.S.) gamomwvevi mizezebi.
axsna-ganmartebiTi baraTis pirveli bloki moxsenebiTi
baraTisnairia, ZiriTad blokSi ki mokled da konretula-
daa gadmocemuli momxdari faqtis gamomwvevi obieqturi
Tu subieqturi mizezebi. moxsenebiTi baraTis msgavsad am
dokumentis dawyebac SeiZleba Semdegi fraziT: mogaxse-
nebT, rom... , gacnobebT, rom... , minda gauwyoT, rom...
bsu humanitarul mecnierebaTa
fakultetis dekans - qalbaton ...
amave fakultetis
I kursis jgufxelis ...
moxsenebiTi baraTi
mogaxsenebT, rom saswavlo programiT inglisuri enis
swavlebas eTmoba kviraSi mxolod ori akademiuri saaTi,
rac kursis studentTa absoluturi umravlesobis azriT
araa sakmarisi ucxo enis safuZvlianad dasaufleblad.
gTxovT, damatebiT gamogviyoT saaTebi da SegvidginoT ax-
ali cxrili.
25. 09. 2014 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
64
davaleba №1. dawereT axsna-ganmartebiTi baraTi Sem-
degi 4 sityvis gamoyenebiT: dagvianeba, avadmyofoba, Ta-
riRi, prezentacia.
avtobiografia iseTi dokumentia, romelSic avtori
zmnis pirvel pirSi gadmogvcems Tavisi cxovrebis mniSvne-
lovan momentebs. esenia: saxeli, gvari, mamis saxeli; rodis
sad, vis ojaxSi daibada. mSoblebi sad, ra Tanamdebobaze
muSaoben; aqvs Tu ara miRebuli raime jildo, aris Tu ara
daojaxebuli. vin aris meuRle, Svili (Svilebi) saxeli, gva-
ri, asaki, statusi, specialoba.
xelwerili mokle oficialuri dokumentia. teqsti un
da Seicavdes finansuri, materialuri an moraluri Sinaar-
sis informacias. mas adasturebs Tavad Semdgeneli. vinaoba
iwereba marjvniv. xelismowera unda damowmdes sxva piris an
notariusis mier.
mindobiloba sabuTia, romliTac organizacia an pirov-
neba sxva pirs aZlevs uflebas isargeblos piradi nivTiT an
miiRos misi kuTvnili xelfasi. igi piradia an oficialuri
(gascems dawesebulebis xelmZRvaneli). mindobilobiT Se-
iZleba sabanko operaciebis Sesruleba, fuladi saxsrebis
miReba, satransporto saSualebaTa marTva.
mindobilobis rekvizitebia: saxelwodeba, mrwmuneblis
gvari, saxeli, mamis saxeli, piradobis mowmobis №, rwmune-
bulis vinaoba, Sinaarsi, TariRi, xelismowera, beWedi.
mieTiTeba mindobilobis gacemis adgili, TariRi, moqme-
debis vada.
65
 mindobiloba davaleba 2. individualuri muSaoba. SeadgineT xelwe-
rili Semdegi sityvebis gamoyenebiT: avtomanqana, biZaSvi-
me, nino baramiZe, Cems manqanas (marka) vandob da misi sar- li, sargebloba, xelfasi.
geblobis uflebas vaZlev Svils - anano maisuraZes.
davaleba 3. gamarTeT Sinaarsobrivad moxsenebiTi ba-
(xelis mowera) raTi
nino baramiZe
xelmoweras vadastureb notariusi:
(xelis mowera) bsu saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis,
l. Wedia biznesisa da samarTalmcodneobis
fakultetis dekans
beWedi ...................
amave fakultetis
daxasiaTeba samarTalmcodneobis
SuaSi iwereba d a x a s i a T e b a, abzaciT teqsti, damaxa- specialobis me-2 kursis
siaTebeli Tvisebebi, avtoris vinaoba da monacemebi - mar- jgufxelis ................ .
jvniv xelismowera, marcxniv - TariRi.
moxsenebiTi baraTi
10.10.2014 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
gTxovT gaiTvaliswinoT Cveni Txovna, vinaidan davasru-
savarjiSo № 1. jgufuri muSaoba. mimarTeT saxelmwi- leT saqarTvelos istoriis sruli kursi da didi interesi
foebriv organos, rom didTovlobis dros dazianda sof- gvaqvs tao-klarjeTis istoriuli adgilebis monaxulebi-
lis skola; a. daasabuTeT misi aSenebis aucilebloba; b. sa, gTxovT dagvifinansoT eqskursia. Tanac, kursis umrav-
mTavrobisagan moiTxoveT saTanado daxmareba. lesoba iq namyofi araa. semestruli gamocdebi 25 ivlisis-
Tvis gvimTavrdeba.
savarjiSo № 2. wyviluri muSaoba 1. daaxasiaTeT Tqveni
mewyvile Semdegi sityvebis gamoyenebiT: muyaiTi, STambeW- 1. 07. 2014 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
davi, ganawyobs, alali, spetaki.

savarjiSo №3. SeudgineT rekomendacia mewyviles Sem-

degi sityvebis gamoyenebiT:
ganviTareba, pedagogi, vuwev, unari, dajildoebuli,
swrafva, gaiara, siaxle, gamoirCeva.

66 67
 savarjiSo № 5. gamarTeT Sinaarsobrivad, formobri- 8. riT gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan axsna-ganmartebiTi
vad da enobrivad Semdegi dokumenti da moxsenebiTi baraTebi?
9. ra Sinaarsisaa xelwerili?
moxsenebiTi baraTi 10. daasaxeleT oficialur-saqmiani stilis xarvezebi.

bsu turizmis fakultetis dekans,

baton .....................
amave fakultetis
studentis, ....................
mogaxsenebT, rom var maRalTiani aWaridan. paraskevs wa-
vedi sofelSi mSoblebis mosanaxuleblad. kviras diliT
moulodnelaT gawvimda da gzebi daimewyra, risTvisac ukan
davbrundi. am mizeziT ver daveswari Semajamebel testire-
bas turizmis menejmentSi. gTxovT , momceT ufleba xelme-
ored gaviaro testireba raTa mimdinare Sefasebaze es did
gavlens moaxdens.
15. 05.2011.w. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
codnis Sesamowmebeli kiTxvebi
1. ganmarteT oficialur-saqmiani stili;
2. sad, ra funqciiT viyenebT oficialur-saqmian stils?
3. daasaxeleT oficialur-saqmiani stilis formobrivi
niSnebi;
4. gadmoeciT oficialur-saqmiani stilis leqsikuri
Taviseburebani;
5. ras ewodeba Stampi?
6. daasaxeleT oficialur-saqmiani dokumentebis saxeebi;
7. daasaxeleT oficialur-saqmiani stilis specifikuri
niSnebi;
epistolaruli Janris nimuSi
juzepe garibaldi anitas
gwer da minda gacnobo, rom Tavs kargad vgrZnob, rom ko-
lonasTan erTad anagnisken mivdivar, sadac, SesaZloa xval
Sevide. ramden xans davrCebi iq, jer amis Tqma ar SemiZlia.
anagniSi Tofebs miviReb da tansacmels jarisTvis. manam-
de ver davmSviddebi, sanam Sengan werils ar miviReb, rome-
lic damarwmunebs, rom nicamde bednierad miaRwie; momwere
dawvrilebiT, Zvirfaso anita, Sengan cnobebs unda vRebu-
lobde; momwere ra STabeWdileba datova Senze genuasa da
toskanaSi momxdarma ambebma. Sen Zlieri gmiri qali xar!
ra zizRiT unda Sescqerode qalaCuna italielTa tomebs,
Cems Tanamemamuleebs, romelTaTvisac ase xSirad mindoda
sulieri keTilSobileba STamegonebina da romlebic amas
odnav Tu imsaxureben. marTalia, Ralatma yovelnairi vaJ-
kacuri gzneba Seasusta. rogorc ar unda iyos, pativayri-
li varT; italielis saxeli mTeli qveynisTvis gasakicx da
dasacin sagnad iqca. aRSfoTebuli var, rom amis Sedegad
simamace maklia, rom Cemi samSoblos momavlis Taobaze sa-
sowarkveTili var, piriqiT, meti imedi maqvs, vidre odesme.
dausjelad SeiZleba erT adamians ahyaro pativi, magram ar
SeiZleba pativi ahyaro xalxs - moRalateebi cnobili ari-
an. italiis guli feTqavs da Tumca igi sruliad jansaRi
ar aris, mainc Zala Seswevs dasneulebuli adgilebi ukuag-
dos, romlebic mas aavadmyofeben.
reaqciam RalatiTa da TaRliTobiT SeZlo xalxi SeeSin-

68 69
ebina, magram... xalxi arasodes daiviwyebs reaqciis Ralat-
sa da TaRliTobas, Tu ki igi Tavisi SiSisgan gaTavisuflda.
igi saSineli gaafTrebiT aRdgeba da amjerad Tavisi Ser-
cxvenis mizezs anadgurebs.
werili momwere, isev gimeoreb am Txovnas. me unda mqon-
des cnobebi Senze, dedaze, bavSvebze. Cemze sadardebeli
araferi gaqvs, Tavs ukeTesad vgrZnob, vidre odesme vyo-
filvar da Cemi Tormeti aseuli SeiaraRebuli xalxiT Tavi
daumarcxeblad mimaCnia.
romi axla STamagonebeli sanaxavia; yvela mamaci romis
maxloblad erTiandeba da RmerTi Segveweva. Cemi mokiTxva
gadaeci augustos, galis, gustavos, kurtis ojaxebs da
yvela megobars. usazRvrod miyvarxar da gTxov, ar Sewux-
de. Cem magivrad akoce bavSvebs da dedas, romelsac Sens
mzrunvelobas vandob.
iyavi kargad.
Seni juzepe.
II. 3. publicisturi stili
publicisturi ewodeba perioduli gamocemebis mra-
valferovani masalis enobriv Taviseburebebs, maT stils.
am stilis nimuSebia: narkvevi, Canaxati, mowodeba, cno-
ba, feletoni, pamfleti, politikuri statia, reporta-
Ji, mimarTva, reklama.
publicisturi masala nabeWdia, werilobiTia, Tumca
igi zepiradac gadmoicema krebebze, sazeimo sxdomebze.
zepiria politikuri moxseneba, agitacia, propaganda.
publicisturi teqstebis mizania moqalaqeTa jgufis
informireba sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi momxdari axali
faqtebis, movlenebis, kulturis, mecnierebisa Tu teqni-
kis axali miRwevebis (komunikaciuri funqcia) Sesaxeb; obi-
70
eqturi viTarebis warmodgena da sasurveli mimarTulebiT
sazogadoebrivi azris formireba; moqalaqeTa interesisa
da aqtiurobis gamowveva, socialuri procesebis waxali-
seba. am stilis mizania, propaganda gauwios cxovrebis aq-
tualur sakiTxebs, xeli Seuwyos sazogadoebrivi Segnebis,
ganaTlebis donis amaRlebas. ganasxvaveben propagandis sam
saxes: TeTrs, ruxs da Savs.
TeTri propagandis wyaros dadgena advilia, igi gadas-
cems namdvil informacias. rux propagandaSi informaci-
is sizuste saeWvoa. Savi propaganda gulisxmobs cru, fab-
rikaciuli informaciis gavrcelebas. is emsaxureba gan-
sazRvrul ideologias.
bulvarul presaSi mocemulia informacia katastro-
febis, Zaladobis faqtebis, anomaliebis Sesaxeb. es pub-
likaciebi asaxaven ra cxovrebiseul realiebs, exmianebian
mkiTxvelTa erTi nawilis interess.
publicisturi stilis Sinaarsobrivi mxare gani-
sazRvreba cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferosTan, mizansa da mis-
wrafebasTan dakavSirebuli mravalferovani TematikiT.
`Txroba zustia da cxadi, faqtebi aisaxeba adekvaturad,
msjeloba logikurad Tanamimdevruli da ideurad gamar-
Tulia, movlenebi ganzogadebuladaa warmodgenili, gamo-
xatulia saTqmelisadmi emociuri damokidebuleba, riTac
miiRweva mkiTxvelze fsiqologiuri zegavlena, Seqmnan mas-
Si sagnisa Tu movlenisadmi Sesaferisi dadebiTi an uaryo-
fiTi ganwyobileba“ (basilaia 1991: 55-56).
formobrivi niSnebi: publicisturi stili werilobi-
Tia; is mravalstiliania, gvxvdeba sxvadasxva stilis ni-
muSebi. mag.: sainformacio xasiaTisaa cnoba, gancxadeba,
reportaJi, interviu, recenzia, biografia, nekrologi. ze-
moqmedebiTi anu emociur-eqspresiulia feletoni, pam-
fleti, Canaxati, mowodeba, lozungi, mimarTva, polemiku-
ri werili.
71
 1. leqsikuri Taviseburebani. publicisturi stili
mravalferovania leqsikuri SemadgenlobiTac. publicis-
turi stilis leqsika ambebisa Tu movlenebis socialur Se-
fasebas gamoxatavs da momwodebluri, deklaraciuli xasi-
aTi aqvs.
mkiTxvelze zemoqmedebis mosaxdenad aucilebelia leq-
sikis emociuri Seferiloba. didi adgili uWiravs sazoga-
doebriv-politikur leqsikas da sityvaTa myar SenaerTebs:
dapyrobiTi politika , Tanaarseboba, TeTri saxli, civi
omi, Tavdadebuli Sroma, aqtiuri monawileoba, maRali
maCvenebelebi.
interviuSi, korespondenciasa Tu reportaJSi bevria na-
sesxebi, ucxo sityva da internacionalizmi; axali infor-
maciis operatiuli miReba-gadamuSavebiTaa gamowveuli
enobrivi kalkebis SemoWrac. mravlad gvxvdeba samecniero,
profesiuli terminologia, dawesebulebebis, organizaci-
ebis, perioduli gamocemebis saxelwodebani.
publicisturi metyveleba yovelTvis miiswrafvis im-
gvari enobrivi formebisaken, romlebic TvalSi mosaxved-
ri, mimzidveli da ucxoa mkiTxvelisa Tu msmenelisaTvis.
sagazeTo masalis enobrivi gamomsaxveloba miiRweva sti-
listikuri efeqtebis, siaxleTa Ziebis uCveulo, gaucveTe-
li sityvaTSemoqmedebis gziT, riTac igi mxatvrul lite-
raturas emsgavseba.
publicisturi stilis leqsikur mravalferovnebaze
mkvlevrebi sagangebod miuTiTeben: `sagazeTo leqsika Se-
icavs wignuri sityvebis did raodenobas. aq ixmareba sasa-
ubro stilis nimuSebic, oRond rogorc wesi, stilistiku-
ri miznebiT. gazeTisTvis tipobrivia sityvaTa zogi jgufi.
mag.: sazogadoebriv-politikuri terminologia, gazeTis
specialuri profesiuli leqsika, aseve bevri nasesxebi
ucxo sityva da internacionalizmi. ukanasknelis sixSire
aq ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre metyvelebis sxva stilSi“
(koJina 1977:186).
72
`feletonSi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT xalxuri sasaubro
metyveleba, komikuri efeqtis misaRebad karg Sedegs iZle-
va sxvadasxva stilis aRreva, informaciul JanrSi ki enob-
rivi saSualebebis siWrele gamarTlebuli ar aris“ (gaf-
rindaSvili ... 2005: 62).
2. morfologiuri Taviseburebani. zmnis organul
formaTa nacvlad gamoiyeneba aRweriTi formebi; aq zmnis
pirveli piris forma ufro xSirad gvxvdeba, vidre mxat-
vruli literaturis stilSi (Sdr. samecniero stili).
sityvawarmoeba. publicistur stilSi gansakuTrebiT
popularulia nasesxebi sityvebi, nawarmoebi: - ia, -cia,
-izacia , -izm, -ist, -ant. sufiqsebiT da anti-, kontr,
dez-, ultra-, de-, pol- da misTana winsarTebiT (orga-
nizacia, aqtivizacia, komunikanti, anticikloni, dezor-
ganizacia, dezinfeqcia, demobilizacia, ultraiisferi).
dasturdeba aseve kompozitebi (sazogadoebriv-politi-
kuri, socialur-demokratiuli, agitacia-propaganda).
`sityvaTSemoqmedeba am stilSi SeuzRudavia da arc Tu
iSviaTad saerToenobrivi normebisagan gadaxveviTac ga-
moirCeva“ (miqelaZe 2009: 32).
3.sintaqsuri Taviseburebani. publicistur stilSi
metwilad martivi an mokle rTuli winadadebebi gamoiyen-
eba; modalobis mixedviT isini Zaxilis, kiTxva-Zaxilis, an
brZanebiTia. niSandoblivia winadadebis wevrTa inversi-
uli wyoba.
publicistur stilSi sagangebo yuradReba eqceva sa-
Taurs. efeqturi saTauri teqstis erT-erTi umniSvne-
lovanesi detalia. igi mkiTxvels exmareba, gamoicnos pub-
likaciis Tema da misi mTavari idea, avtoriseuli pozicia.
saTauris SerCeva kargad dafiqrebas, ostatobas moiTxovs
Jurnalistisgan, romelic, marTalia, droiT SezRudulia,
magram valdebulia is ostaturad moargos teqsts.
saTaurs ekisreba mkiTxvelis 1. pirdapir da uSualod
informireba (`silamazidan Sidsamde“); 2. daintereseba
73
(`Cven vagrovebT, daagroveT Tqvenc“); 3. azrovnebis gaaq-
tiureba (`Tu gwams, rom iesom Tavisi sikvdiliT sikvdili
daTrguna, maS, ra gatirebs, adamiano?!“ ).
saamisod mas unda axasiaTebdes:
a) teqstTan bmuloba _ saTauri unda ukavSirdebodes
ZiriTad saTqmels pirdapiri an iribi gziT;
b) lakoniuroba _ saTauri unda iyos mokle, tevadi,
sxarti, moqnili, stilis ganmsazRvreli;
g) informaciuloba _ saTauri amomwuravad unda gad-
mogvcemdes naSromis ideas;
d) saTauri unda iyos interesis aRmZvreli, magram ar-
askandaluri;
`skandaluri saTauri xSir SemTxvevaSi eTikuri norme-
bis darRvevas, sazogadoebis garkveuli nawilis gaRizian-
ebas iwvevs da mkiTxvels negatiurad ganawyobs“ (goCitaS-
vili... 2009:11).
mkiTxvelis dasaintereseblad skandaluri saTaurebis
Seqmna araeTikuria.
saTauri ar unda iyos datvirTuli specialuri termine-
biT, romlebic farTo auditoriisaTvis gaugebari iqneba;
igi unda iyos kargad morgebuli, ar unda iyos Zalian zo-
gadi, roca avtori konkretul sakiTxs ganixilavs.
saTauri SeiZleba Camoyalibdes SekiTxvis saxiTac (`ra
gvijdeba sakuTari Svili“?), rac mkiTxvels met interess
aRuZravs. metad efeqturia sityvaTa TamaSze agebuli sa-
Taurebi: „sul yvelaferze Tavis kanturi saqcielia sindi-
katuri“, „ezos Tu ar dagvi, momravldeba Tagvi“ (saTauris
tipebis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ixileT nadareiSvili 1999).
publicistikisTvis naklad iTvleba moWarbebuli negati-
uri informaciis gadacema an piriqiT, miCqmalva. Tanamedrove
presisaTvis aqtualuria informaciis sandooba. informaci-
ulobis garda am stilis umTavresi funqciaa zemoqmedeba. es
funqcia aramxolod aerTianebs mas mxatvruli literaturis
stilTan, aramed asxvavebs kidec misgan: publicisti avtoris
74
pozicia uSualod da aSkarad gamoixateba, mxatvrul litera-
turaSi ki is Sefarulia da gaazrebas moiTxovs.
publicistis ostatoba interpretaciis xelovnebaa.
„TviT publicistikis cnebis safuZvelSive devs, pirvel
yovlisa, komentari, analizi da gansja sazogadoebri-
vad saintereso saWirboroto sakiTxebisa. Tanamedrove
mkvlevrebi publicistikas zogjer ganixilaven, rogorc
„damarwmunebeli komunikaciis Teorias“. `publicisturi
teqsti orkuzian aqlems mogvagonebs, pirveli kuzi faqtia,
meore _ avtoris mimarTeba faqtisadmi“ (tyebuCava 2010:82).
aucilebelia konkretulSi zogadis xedva, individualur-
sa da kerZoSi drois niSnis gamovlena, SemTxveviTi movle-
nebis SejerebiT dadgenil kanonzomierebaTa analizi.
mkiTxvelze zemoqmedebis strategia efuZneba Sinaarsis
detalebze aqcentis gakeTebas. Sinaarsi 1) implicituria
(bundovani, arapirdapiri gamoxatuli azri, Sinaarsi); an
2) eqsplicituri (gasagebi, naTeli, orazrovani, pirdapir
gamoxatuli azri, Sinaarsi).
publicisturi teqsti metwilad miemarTeba konkretul
adresats, avtori mas grZnobebsa Tu sinamdvilis miseul
models STambeWdavad awvdis.
publicistika viTardeba sazogadoebis ganviTarebasTan
erTad. sabWouri media direqtiuli, calsaxad ideologiz-
ebuli iyo, Tanamedrove ki azrobrivad da stilistikurad
Tavisufali, CarCoebdamsxvreulia. `faqtTa Tu movlenaTa
Sefasebis ideologizebul maneras Caenacvla konkretuli
avtoris (avtorTa) Semfasebluri damokidebuleba sinam-
dvilisadmi“ (tyebuCava 2010: 82). dRevandel mediaSi arCeva-
nisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis ufleba moipova mkiTxvel-
mac.
publicisturi stilis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebia:
1. sxarti da dinamikuri Txroba;
2. Temis aqtualuroba, informaciis siaxle da eqsklu-
ziuroba;
75
 3. axali leqsika-terminologiis, slengis aqtiuri ga-
movlena;
4. politikuri paTosi;
5. enobrivi Stampebis, kliSeebis Camoyalibebis tendencia;
6. sazogadoebrivi poziciis aqtiuri gamovlena;
7. sityvebisa da gamoTqmebis metaforuli mniSvnelo-
biT gamoyeneba;
8. Semoklebebi da abreviaturebi;
9. efeqturi da saprezentacio frazebis win wamoweva.
publicisturi stilis xarvezebia:
1. sinamdvilis subieqturi asaxva;
2. negatiuri informaciis Sefarva;
3. Warbi negatiuroba;
4. saTqmelis zedmeti politizeba;
5. saTqmelis bundovnad gadmocema;
6. rTul, gaugebar terminTa gamoyeneba;
7. aRweriTi formebis gabatoneba;
8. enis vulgarizacia;
9. sasaubro stilis formebis mizanSeuwoneli gamoyeneba.
publicisturi stilis nimuSebi
ilia WavWavaZe
kritikuli azris uqonloba
Tu Cvens mwerlobasa da sazogadoebas CavufiqrdebiT, Sev-
niSnavT erTs arasasiamovno garemoebas, romelic xels uSlis
erTis da meoris warmatebasac. arc mwerlobasa da arc sazo-
gadoebas ar aRmouCenia namdvili gza, romliTac unda msvle-
lobdes azri da goneba, ar daudgenia namdvili azri Cvenis
warsulis da awmyos viTarebis Sesaxeb da samarTlianad ver
dagvifasebia, ver gamogvikvlevia Cveni yofa-cxovrebao. er
Ti sityviT, ver dagvidgenia samarTliani kritikuli azri
76
Cvenis cxovrebis Sesaxeb. es garemoeba amiT aris usiamovno,
Cvenis warmatebis damabrkolebeli, da gviCvenebs Cvenis gone-
bis gauwvrTnelobas, Cvens gaufrTxileblobas da daukvireb-
lobas. ai, aq aris umTavresi mizezi imisa, rom yoveli keTili
sazogado saqme CvenSi erTob neli nabijiT midis win.
Cvena vTqviT, rom kritikuli azri ver dagvidgenia Cve-
ni viTarebis Sesaxeb, samarTlianad ver dagvifasebia Cveni
warsuli da awmyo. kritikuli azris uqonloba imodenad Se-
samCnevia CvenSi, rom ar SeiZleba yuradReba ar mivaqcioT,
Tu cotaTi mainc ar CavukvirdiT Cvens azrovnebas. ai, sxva-
Ta Soris, aris imis mizezi, rom verc Cveni istoriis Seswav-
la da kvleva ver damdgara jerjerobiT namdvils gzaze da
verc sazogado azris mimdinareoba.
agvistos omi `saxlSi“
`preskafeSi“ poloneli reJisorebis _ doreTa petru-
sisa da bogdan leCnaris film `saxlis“ Cveneba gaimarTa.
`omis SiSi omze uaresia,“ _ ase iwyeba dokumenturi filmi,
romelic 2008 wlis agvistos oms exeba.
filmis mTavari gmiria poloneTSi mcxovrebi qarTveli ma-
nana gronerti-cucqiriZe. igi 2009 wlis agvistos omis dros
gorSi mSoblebis sanaxavad iyo Camosuli. im periodSi goris
mosaxleobis naxevarze meti atenis xeobaSi gaixizna. mana-
nas ojaxmac sofel bobnevs miaSura. aRsaniSnavia, rom isini
soflamde micvalebulTa specialuri manqaniT, katafalkiT
midian. bobnevSi erT-erT qarTul-osur ojaxSi 60 adamiani
poulobs TavSesafars. erT WerqveS cxovroben sxvadasxva
erovnebis adamianebi: qarTvelebi, osebi, rusebi da somxebi,
romlebic Tanabrad iyofen mcireoden saWmels da erTad izi-
areben omisa da devnilobis mZime xvedrs. am dros man ana cuc-
qiriZe samoyvarulo kameriT maT yofa-cxovrebas iRebs. fil-
mis Seqmnas swored es kadrebi daedo safuZvlad. erTi wlis
Semdeg igi polonel reJisorebTan erTad gorSi dabrunda,
Sexvda im adamianebs, visTanac devnilobis dReebi gaatara da
77
maTTan erTad bobnevSi gaemgzavra. saxlSi Sekrebili yofili
devnilebi ixseneben agvistos omis dReebs. filmis didi nawi-
li am mogonebebTan aris dakavSirebuli. gadaRebebi gorsa da
bobnevSi mimdinareobda. filmis erT-erTi reJisori, bogdan
leCnari ambobs, rom filmis xarisxiT da misi mxatvruli Ri-
rebulebiT kmayofili ar aris, magram am filmiT man qarTve-
lebs madloba gadauxada da Tqva, rom tankebis, bombebisa da
sisxlis garda omi stresia.
(gazeTi `baTumelebi“, 2011 wlis 20- 27 ivnisi)
codnis Sesamowmebeli kiTxvebi
1. daasaxeleT publicisturi stilis funqcionirebis
sferoebi;
2. ra aris publicisturi teqstebis mizani?
3. rogoria am stilis leqsika da frazeologia? ratom
Warbobs masSi neologizmebi?
4. daasaxeleT efeqturi saTauris maxasiaTeblebi;
5. romeli stilis elementebi iyris Tavs publicisturi
stilSi?
6. daaxasiaTeT propagandis saxeebi;
7. daaxasiaTeT bulvaruli presa;
8. ras da ratom amgvaneben publicistur teqsts?
9. ras miiCneven publicisturi nawarmoebis xarvezebad?
10. rogor gamoixateba publicistur stilSi avtorise-
uli pozicia?
II.4. mxatvruli literaturis stili
mxatvrulia stili, romelic emsaxureba sinamdvilis
mxatvrul gardasaxvas. samecniero da mxatvrul stilTa
SedarebiTi analizi warmoaCens maT Soris msgavseba-gan-
sxvavebas. „filosofosi laparakobs silogizmebiT, mgosa-
78
ni - saxeebiTa da suraTebiT, orive ki ambobs erTsa da imav-
es... erTi amtkicebs, meore aCvenebs, orive ki arwmunebs, oR-
ond erTi logikuri sabuTebiT, meore suraTebiT“, - wers b.
belinski (belinski 1948: 298).
„mecniereba sinamdviles asaxavs cnebebiT, logikuri
msjelobiT, xelovneba ki mas warmogvidgens mxatvrul sa-
xeebSi enis gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebiT. erTi gamoxa-
tavs mxolod azrebs, mtkicebas, daskvnas, meore - azrebs
emociur da eqspresiul formebSi; erTi gavlenas axdens
gonebaze, meore - rogorc gonebaze, ise grZnobaze da aqvs
rogorc sakomunikacio, ise esTetikuri mniSvneloba“, - aR-
niSnavs n. basilaia (basilaia 1991:65).
literatura sityvieri xelovnebaa, misi specifikuri ma-
sala sityvaa, magram specialur literaturaSi sagangebod
miuTiTeben imaze, rom SeuZlebelia im Sexedulebis Sewyna-
reba, romelic mxatvruli literaturisTvis damaxasiaT-
ebel mxatvrul formas enasTan aigivebs. es Sexeduleba is-
eTive Seusabamoa, rogoricaa, magaliTad, ferwerisaTvis
niSandoblivi mxatvruli formis ferTan gaigiveba.
mokled, samecniero stils axasiaTebs cnebebiT azrov-
neba, mxatvruls ki - saxeebiT.
mxatvruli stilis Janrebia: beletristika (moTxroba,
novela, romani, feletoni, pamfleti, Canaxati); poezia (po-
ema, leqsi); dramaturgia (drama, komedia, tragedia); ium-
oristul-satiruli nawarmoebebi.
am stilis funqciebia esTetikuroba, gamomsaxvelobi-
Toba da eqspresiuloba.
Sinaarsobrivi mxare. mxatvruli literaturis stilSi
aisaxeba cxovrebiseuli dadebiTi da uaryofiTi movlene-
bi, misabaZi da mankieri mxareebi; sxvadasxva adamianis ti-
pobrivi saxe, misi sulieri samyaro Tu sxva adamianebTan da
garesamyarosTan urTierTdamokidebuleba.
formobrivi daxasiaTeba - metyvelebis mTavari forma we-
rilobiTia, metyvelebis saxeebia monologic da dialogic.
79
 leqsikuri Taviseburebani - neitraluri stilis leq-
sikasTan erTad gamoiyeneba eqspresiuli sityvebi, emoci-
uri leqsika (romelic gadmogvcems sixaruls, aRtacebas,
gakvirvebas, aRSfoTebas, zizRs, dacinvas), TvalSi sacemia
arqaizmebi, profesionalizmebi da ucxo sityvebi.
am stilisaTvis niSandoblivia rogorc sityvaTa arap-
irdapiri mniSvnelobiT xmareba, ise tropebis (metaforis,
metonimiis, gapirovnebis, alegoriis, sinekdoqes, hiperbo-
lis, litotesis, perifrazis) gamoyenebac, aseve epiTeteb-
is, sinonimebis, omonimebis, antonimebis sixSire.
mxatvruli literaturis stilSi dialeqtizmebi, barba-
rizmebi, Jargonebi da a. S., stilizaciis saSualebebia.
fonetikuri daxasiaTeba. amave stilisaTvis damaxasi-
aTebelia bgeraTa harmoniuloba, ritmi, riTma.
morfologiuri daxasiaTeba. gramatikuli niSnebidan
aRsaniSnavia kninobiT-alersobiTi afiqsebis gamoyeneba,
mravlobiTi ricxvis formaTa gamoyeneba mxolobiTis mniS-
vnelobiT, mxolobiTisa - mravlobiTis gagebiT da a. S.
sintaqsuri daxasiaTeba. am stilSi yvela tipis winadade-
ba gamoiyeneba, isini modalobis mixedviT TxrobiTi, kiTxvi-
Ti an brZanebiTia. gvxvdeba sityvaTa rogorc pirdapiri, ise
iribi wyoba; gamoiyeneba sintaqsuri figurebi: ritorikuli
kiTxvebi, mimarTva, SeZaxili, gradacia, elifsi, antiTeza.
enobriv saSualebaTa momarjveba damokidebulia pirov-
nebis individualobaze, mis mxatvrul niWze. `unda aRiniS-
nos isic, rom SesaZlebelia arsebobdes poeturi nawarmoeb-
ebi, romlebSic mxatvruli gamosaxvis arcerTi xerxi (tro-
pis saxe) ar gvxvdebodes, magram aseTi Txzuleba sityvieri
xelovnebis nimuSad SeiZleba CaiTvalos“ (gvencaZe 1974: 21).
`erTi sityviT, mkiTxvelze esTetikuri zemoqmedeba Cve-
ulebrivi enobrivi saSualebebiTac aris SesaZlebeli“ (mi-
qelaZe... 2005: 24).
mxatvruli nawarmoebis saTauri SeiZleba iyos marti-
vi, erT- an orsityviani nominanti, an kidev mTeli winadade-
80
ba („arwivi“, `omi da mSvidoba“, `wiTeli da Savi“, `kikoliki,
Cikoliki da kudabzika“, `xmeli wifeli“, `mTis wyaro“,ja-
yos xiznebi“, `viRacam gugulis budes gadaufrina“, `kaci,
romelsac literatura Zalian uyvarda“, `kapiki gakapike-
bula, anu evropaSi ra mindoda?“). igi saTqmels pirdapir an
metaforulad gadmogvcems.
mxatvruli literaturis stilis maxasiaTeblebia:
1. eqspresiuloba;
2. avtoris maqsimaluri individualizmi;
3. mxatvruli xerxebis siWarbe;
4. mxatvruli saxeebiT azrovneba;
5. sityvaqmnadoba;
6. sasaubro stilis nimuSebis gamoyeneba.
codnis Sesamowmebeli kiTxvebi
1. rogor aisaxeba sinamdvile mxatvruli literatur-
is stilSi?
2. daasaxeleT mxatvruli literaturis Janrebi;
3. daasaxeleT mxatvruli literaturis funqciebi da
SeadareT sxva stilebisas;
4. ra rols asrulebs mxatvruli literaturis stilSi
dialeqtizmi, barbarizmi, arqaizmi?
5. ra mizniT iyeneben mxatvruli literaturis stilSi
sasaubro stilis nimuSebs?
6. razea damokidebuli mxatvruli literaturis
stilSi gansakuTrebul enobriv saSualebaTa gamoyeneba?
7. aris Tu ara SesaZlebeli mkiTxvelze zemoqmedeba
Cveulebrivi enobrivi saSualebebiT?
8. gramatikulad daaxasiaTeT mxatvruli nawarmoebis
saTauri;
9. riT gansxvavdeba mxatvruli literaturis saTauri
samecniero naSromisa da sagazeTo statiis saTaurTagan?
10. ratom ar vsaubrobT mxatvruli literaturis
stilis xarvezebis Sesaxeb?
81
 II. 5. sasaubro stili
sasaubro stili Tavisi specifikuri niSnebiT upiris-
pirdeba mwignobruls. Tu kodificirebul teqstebSi da-
culia enobrivi wesebi da normebi, sasaubro stilis wesebi
da normebi ki araa fiqsirebuli.
am stilis Janrebia: saubari, dialogi, kamaTi, Txroba.
misi eTika ganisazRvreba misalmeba-damSvidobebis formu-
lebiT, saTqmelis evfemizaciiT, Tavaziani formebiT Tu
saubris SewyvetinebiT anda Semxvedri replikebiT.
sasaubro stilis ZiriTadi funqciaa azrTa gaziareba.
igi qmnis garkveul sistemas, romelic enobrivi ierarqiis
yvela doneze specifikuri niSnebiT xasiaTdeba.
zepiri metyvelebis dros molaparakes winaswar ar aqvs
mofiqrebuli saTqmeli, an misi gadmosacemi enobrivi saSu-
alebani. mokled, sasaubro stili situaciuria, romelic
erTgvarad avsebs da azustebs mosaubris metyvelebas, am-
itom aq upiratesoba eniWeba mokle formebs.
gamoyofen sasaubro stilis or saxes: sasaubro-lite-
raturuls da sasaubro- familiaruls. zepirmetyvele-
bas ganekuTvneba: leqcia, moxseneba, sajaro sityva, romle-
bic gadaicema werilobiTac da teqnikuri saSualebiTac,
magram maTi stili wignuria, didi yuradReba eqceva sali-
teraturo enis normebis dacvas.
sasaubro stili ZiriTadad dialoguria an polilogu-
ri, igi uSualoa, Tumca aq gvxvdeba mokle monologebi an
gabmuli Txroba.
mxolod sasaubro stilSi gvxvdeba iseTi eqstralin-
gvisturi elementebi, rogorebicaa Jestebi da mimika.
Jestebi kidurebis moZraobas ewodeba, mimika ki - saxis nak-
vTebisas, maTi zomieri gamoyeneba metyvelebas eqspresi-
ulobas sZens, gadaWarbeba ki naklad iTvleba. araenobrivi
(eqstralingvisturi) faqtorebis gamoyenebis gamo sasaub-
82
ro metyveleba ufro STambeWdavia, vidre werilobiTi in-
formacia.
fonetikuri Taviseburebani. am stilSi bevrad ufro Se-
samCnevia xmovnebis da Tanxmovnebis jgufebis reduqcia. mas-
Si did rols asrulebs tempi, ritmi, tembri, pauza, maxvili.
pauza metyvelebis erT-erTi elementia da frazis dana-
wevrebisTvisaa aucilebeli. tempi SeiZleba iyos Cqari, zo-
mieri da neli. saliteraturo metyvelebisaTvis damaxasi-
aTebelia frazis ritmuli mowesrigebuloba.
tembri adamianis xmis Seferilobaa, JReradobaa. metyve-
lebis tembri gansxvavebulia, Tu saTqmels ironiulad
gadmovcemT an vesaubrebiT Tanatols anda vkiTxulobT
moxsenebasa Tu leqcias, intonaciac mravalferovania. igi
sul sxva azrobriv elfers Seicavs.
leqsikuri Taviseburebani. sasaubro stilisTvis ni-
Sandoblivia mravalferovani sayofacxovrebo leqsika,
familiaruli (Sinauruli, mouridebeli), emociis, eqspre-
siisa da SefasebiTi ieris sityvebi (Sorisdebulebi, nawi-
lakebi), Taviseburi frazeologia (fexebze daikida, kise-
ri amoigdo, mis ybaSi Cavarda, papaCemis mosakiTxad wavi-
da, marilze gavida, Sabze gavida, fexebi gafSika... ).
saliteraturo enis normebi aq metwilad ugulebelyo-
filia da farTo gasaqani aqvs dialeqtizmebs, Jargonebs,
barbarizmebs da a. S. gvxvdeba iseTi sityvebic, romlebic
erTi individis metyvelebis Taviseburebaa da araa sxvaTa
metyvelebaSi. sasaubro stilSi gamoiyeneba e. w. sityva-pa-
razitebic, romlebic mxolod zepiri metyvelebis naklia.
am stilSi mSobliuri yalibis mixedviT nawarmoebi
sityvebi gvxvdeba. misi erTi gansakuTrebuli Tvisebaa is,
rom sasaubro formebis nacvlad SeiZleba gamoviyenoT li-
teraturuli, magram aman ar daarRvios stiluri mTlian-
oba. amdenad, zepiri teqsti ZiriTadad arakodificireb-
ulia, magram es araa misi savaldebulo niSani.
83
 sityva gamoxatavs erT mniSvnelobas, ZiriTadad gamoiy-
eneba konkretuli arsebiTi saxelebi, Tumca arc abstraq-
tulia gamonaklisi. sasaubro stilis leqsika gansxvavdeba
wignuri, normatiuli leqsikisgan. cocxali metyvelebis
nimuSebi farTod gamoiyeneba mxatvrul literaturaSi,
publicistikasa da mWevrmetyvelebaSi.
gramatikuli Taviseburebani. morfologiaSi savalde-
buloa zmnis aqtiuri formebis gamoyeneba, sintaqsSi qar-
TulisTvis bunebrivi Tqmebis dacva, maSin roca rusulSi
niSandoblivia saxelzmnis - sawyisisa da mimReobis forme-
bi, inglisurSi kidev mravladaa frazuli zmna.
sintaqsuri Taviseburebebidan aRsaniSnavia martivi,
elifsuri da usruli winadadebebi. pasuxSi gamotovebu-
li sityvebi kiTxvaSi aris mocemuli. sasaubro stils ax-
asiaTebs rogorc TxrobiTi, ise kiTxviTi, brZanebiTi da
Zaxilis winadadebis simravle, xSiria rTuli winadadebis
Senacvleba martiviT. winadadebaSi niSandoblivia sityva-
Ta gameoreba, gankerZoebuli wevrebi, CarTuli Tqmebi, mi-
marTva, Sekvecili sityvebi.
sasaubro stilSi moqmedebs sametyvelo saSualebebis ek-
onomiis kanoni: msazRvrel-sazRvruli iSviaTadaa warmod-
genili srulad, sazRvruli xSiradaa gamotovebuli. mag.:
diplomi - sadiplomo Sroma, dekreti - sadekreto Svebule-
ba; Cabareba - universitetSi Cabareba, damTavreba - univer-
sitetis damTavreba, moxsna - samsaxuridan gaTavisufleba.
amave stilSi vxvdebiT sityvaTa gamotovebis sxva Sem-
Txvevebsac: mag.: rusTavelze vcxovrob (rusTavelis gam-
zirze vcxovrob); vaJaze dagelodebiT (vaJa-fSavelas
gamzirze dagelodebiT); maTematika modis (maTematikis
maswavlebeli modis); maTematika gagvicda (maTematikis
gakveTili gagvicda). ukanaskneli magaliTebidan Cans, rom
gamotovebulia sxvadasxva wevri, magram es sulac ar uSlis
xels gagebinebas.
84
am stilis sintaqsi emyareba sityvaTa leqsikur mniSvne-
lobas. zogjer gamotovebulia wevri, magram mis magivro-
bas eweva sufiqsi, romelic xSirad araqarTulia. mag. mar-
Srutka (nacvlad samarSruto taqsisa), gazirovka (nac-
vlad gaziani sasmelisa).
metyvelebis zepiri formebis maxasiaTeblebia: sinqro-
niuloba, operatiuloba da adresatis konkretizacia.
zepiri yofiTi dialogi urTierTobis idealuri formaa.
igi, rogorc yovelgvari urTierToba, ormxrivi aqtia. di-
alogSi mudmivad monawileoben da icvlian molaparake da
msmeneli rolebs.
dialogs da monologs erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs avto-
matizmi, daugegmavoba da usruli xasiaTi.
saubarSi gansakuTrebul rols asrulebs pragmatika.
komunikaciis struqturaze gavlenas axdens adresatis da-
xasiaTeba, adresanti da situacia. saubris motivacia damo-
kidebulia mosaubreTa socialur rolebze, maT fsiqikur
Taviseburebebsa da emociur mdgomareobaze. mosaubreni
icnoben erTmaneTs, e. i. maT aqvT erTmaneTis Sesaxeb infor-
macia.
aqve unda ganvixiloT warmatebuli saubris xelovnebis
sakiTxi da saubris warumateblobis mizezebic. warmate-
buli saubris sazomia gageba, romelic ormxrivi procesia.
igi damokidebulia msoflmxedvelobriv siaxlovezec, da
imazec, Tu ramdenad axerxebs mosaubre msmenelis dainte-
resebas. gageba gulisxmobs mosaubris guneba-ganwyobile-
baze zemoqmedebas, rac miiRweva enobriv saSualebaTa op-
timaluri SerCeviT.
metyvelebis emociuroba adamianze fsiqikuri zemoqme-
debis mniSvnelovani saSualebaa. igi axasiaTebs mxatvrul
literaturas, samagierod, ucxoa samecniero stilisaTvis.
aseTi metyveleba mkiTxvelSi iwvevs saTanado ganwyobi-
lebas (simpaTias an antipaTias), dadebiT (siamovnebas, mo-
85
wonebas, sixaruls, aRtacebas) an uaryofiT grZnobebs (usi-
amovnebas, mwuxarebas, gakvirvebas, aRSfoTebas, dacinvas).
emocia gamoixateba intonaciuradac. mSvidi toni msme-
nels aRuZravs dadebiT emociebs. sagnisadmi moubris ke-
Tilganwyoba gamoixateba kninobiT-alersobiTi sityvebiT.
uaryofiT emocias iwvevs: daviTa, arCila da misT. formebi,
neitraluria: daviT, giorgi da a. S.
zogjer uxeSi sityvebiT SeiZleba gadmoices dadebiTi
emocia, anda piriqiT, alersobiTi sityvebi ironiuli mniS-
vnelobiT gamoviyenoT. am stilSi gvxvdeba Semoklebuli
formebic (de... , ma... , go... , gio... , nan... ).
metyvelebis eqspresiuloba miiRweva sityvaTa gameor-
ebiT, ormagi uaryofiT, intonaciiT, sityvaTa gadasmiT
(inversiuli wyobiT).
sasaubro stilis stiluri niSnebia:
1. araoficialuroba;
2. situaciuroba;
3. spontanuroba, myisiereba;
3. daasaxeleT sasaubro stilis eqstralingvisturi niS-
nebi;
4. daaxasiaTeT sasaubro stilis saxeebi da Janrebi;
5. ra rols asrulebs komunikaciaSi pauza? xmis tembri?
metyvelebis ritmi?
6. sasaubro stilis nimuSebi kodificirebul teqstad
rom aqcioT, ra cvlilebebis Setana dagWirdebaT maTSi?
7. ra kazusamde SeiZleba migviyvanos ise saubarma, ro-
gorc vwerT da piriqiT, ise weram, rogorc vmetyvelebT?
8. razea damokidebuli gageba? daasaxeleT warmatebuli
da warumatebeli saubris mizezebi;
9. ratom eniWeba am stilSi upiratesoba Sekvecil for-
mebs?
10. ratom ar gamoiyeneba sasaubro stilSi aRweriTi
formebi?
stilis Semapirobebeli faqtorebi

4. saliteraturo enis normaTa daucveloba;

sazogadoeb- metyvele- urTierTo
metyvelebis
5. dialoguroba; funqc. dominanti rivi
mTavari
bis bis
stili funqcia Semecnebis tipobrivi wamyvani
6. enobriv saSualebaTa ekonomia; forma
forma
saxe saSualeba

7. replikaTa Serwyma, usruli winadadebebi; masobrivi,

8. eqspresiul-emociuri leqsika. samecniero informaciuli mecniereba werilobiTi monologi distanciuri
iribkontaqturi

oficial- masobrivi,
samarTlebrivi
ur- informaciuli werilobiTi monologi kontaquri da
cnobiereba
saqmiani ukontaqto
dasamuSavebeli literatura № 2, 18, 60, 87.
mxatvruli Se
emoqmedebiTi, masobrivi,
esTetikuri; werilobiTi monologi
literatu- mxatvruli distanciuri
zemoqmedebis dialogi
ris iribkontaqturi

codnis Sesamowmebeli kiTxvebi publicis-

masobrivi,
informaciuli; ideologia, kontaqturi
turi werilobiTi;
1. ratom gaCnda hipoTeza am stilis gansakuTrebulobis zemoqmedebis politika
zepiri
monologi da iribkon-
taqturi
Sesaxeb?
saerTo
2. ra gavlenas axdens sasaubro teqstebze situacia da sasaubro
azrTa gacvla-
gamocvla
azrovneba,
zepiri
dialogi,
polilogi
uSualo,
kontaqturi
cnobiereba
fonuri codna?

86 87
 savarjiSo № 1. waikiTxeT informacia da SeqmeniT a. sa-
saubro ; b. publicisturi g. oficialuri stilis teqstebi
2012 wlis 26 dekembers, 2:45-sa da 3:00 saaTze saqarTvelo-
Si orjer dafiqsirda miwisZvra. misi epicentri saqarTve-
los sanapiro zolidan Sav zRvaSi Tavdapirvelad 29, Semdeg
ki 32 km_Si dafiqsirda. miwisZvris simZlavrem 5,5- 5.0 magni-
tuda Seadgina. baTumSi miwisZvriT SeSinebuli xalxi quCeb-
Sic gamovida, zogierTs Tan hyavda mcirewlovani bavSvebic.
bolo dReebis ganmavlobaSi saqarTveloSi es Zlieri mi-
wisZvris meore SemTxvevaa. miwisZvra moxda 23 dekembersac,
roca miwisZvris epicentri saqarTvelos sanapiro zoli-
dan 46km_Si dafiqsirda, miwisZvris simZlavre ki 5.7 magni-
tuda iyo. miwisZvram mcire masStabis ngreva gamoiwvia sa-
qarTvelos sxvadasxva regionSi, Tumca ngrevas msxverpli
ar mohyolia.
miwisZvris Semdgomi biZgebi SesaZloa ramdenime dRis gan-
mavlobaSi gagrZeldes, gvauwyebs seismologiuri centri.
seismuri centris vebgverdze ganTavsebulia sasargeblo
rCevebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor unda moiqces adamiani miwis-
Zvris dros: „Tu Tqven imyofebiT Senobis SigniT, daweqiT
iatakze magidis an sxva romelime avejis qveS da magrad moeW-
ideT, sanam rxeva Sewydeba. im SemTxvavaSi Tu axlomaxlo ar
aris arc magida da arc merxi, daifareT Tavi da saxe mkla-
vebiT da miwaze daweqiT Senobis Sida kuTxeSi. Tavi Sors da-
iWireT fanjrisgan, gasasvleli karisgan, yvelafrisgan, rac
SeiZleba Camovardes. karebis Sesasvleli mxolod im Sem-
TxvevaSi gamoiyeneT TavSesafrad, Tu is TqvenTan yvelaze
axlosaa“, - gvafrTxilebs seismologiuri centri.
savarjiSo № 2. gansazRvreT qvemomoyvanili teqste-
bis stili, gamoyaviT misi leqsikuri, morfologiuri,
sintaqsuri maxasiaTeblebi da stiluri niSnebi, SeurCi-
eT saTauri
88
I. aravisTvisaa ucxo SemTxveva, roca ama Tu im adamianTan
saubari ar agwyobiaT, xSirad Tavad Tanamosaubrea rTu-
li „dasalaSqri“, amitom SemogTavazebT ramdenime rCevas,
romlebic TanamosaubreTa moxibvlaSi dagexmarebaT. ai,
isinic: 1. mosaubres dausviT kiTxvebi: ratom da rogor.
isini xels uwyoben dialogis ganviTarebas. amavdroulad
saWiroa dasvaT `saubris gansaviTarebeli“ iseTi kiTxvebi,
romelTa pasuxic mxolod „xo“ da „ara“ ar iqneba da saSu-
alebas mogcemT, raime Tema ganavrcoT; 2. smenis kultura
aqtualuri problemaa dRes, roca adamiani gesaubrebaT
da Tqven mas ar eTanxmebiT, upirveles yovlisa, daacadeT,
Tqvas Tavisi saTqmeli da mxolod Semdeg moiyvaneT Tqve-
ni argumentebi. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mosaubres ar eTanxmebiT
an eTanxmebiT da gsurT, kargi mosaubris STabeWdileba da-
tovoT, yuradRebiT usmineT mis yovel winadadebas, Zali-
an rom ar gadaiRaloT, mosaubris saxidan mzera SigadaSig
Tqven axlo gadaitaneT da Semdeg isev mas miubrundiT; 3.
aqtiuri msmeneli - mniSvnelovania CarTva Tanamosaubris
monologSi. SegiZliaT CarTva Tavis daqneviT an situaci-
is Sesaferisi SorisdebulebiT gamoxatoT. misasalmebelia
kiTxvebic, oRond saWiro adgilas da zomieri raodenobiT;
4. yuradReba - roca muSaobisas vinme daxmarebas gTxovT
an kiTxvas gisvamT, miatoveT saqme da gaRimebuli miub-
rundiT, gaeciT pasuxi da mxolod mas Semdeg gaagrZeleT
saqmis keTeba; 5. kargi warmodgenis gamanadgurebeli qceva
- samwuxarod, mec xSirad minaxavs msgavsi saqcieli. ai, ras
vgulisxmob, roca romelime oficialur an araoficial-
ur Sexvedraze vinme im skamze jdeba, sadac wina Sexvedra-
ze Tqven ijeqiT an sul axlaxan adeqiT da gaugebrobis gamo
skami sxvam daikava, am dros `skamis mepatrone“ gaRimebuli
an seriozuli saxiT amxileT - „es Cemi adgilia“ Tu Tqven
„adgilebis mepatroneTa“ ricxvs miekuTvnebiT, icodeT,
rom, yovel aseT Sexvedraze TanamSromlebisa da Tanakur-
selebis uxerxuli xiTxiTi Tqveni misamarTiTaa.
89
 II. pedagogTa sasertifikacio gamocdas ukve erTwliani profesiuli SesaZleblobebis testia, Cveni fsiqologi-
istoria aqvs... Tumca, kamaTi imaze, rom gvWirdeba Tua ara uri mdgradobis gadamowmebacaa, amave dros pasuxismgeb-
igi, jerac ar wydeba. yofna-aryofnasaviT daumZimda sa- lobacaa skolis winaSe, romelsac brendirebisaTvis sWir-
zogadoebas am kiTxvaze pasuxi, miT ufro rom statistika deba sertificirebuli maswavlebeli, amitom pasuxismgeb-
TvalismomWreli ar aris. didi ambiciiT daxunZluli xeli- lobas ar gaveqceviT.
sufleba 11%- iT Tavs ver moiwonebs, namdvilad cotaa da sruliad calke saubris Temaa ganaTlebis saministros
vfiqrob, arc realobas asaxavs. im gamocdaze gasuli, war- mier mowodebuli inovaciebi inglisur enasTan dakavSire-
matebulic da warumatebelic, absurduli istoriis gmi- biT, misi groteskiT gajerebuli winapirobebiT da savara-
ria, radgan dabejiTebiT SemiZlia vTqva: kargi maswavlebe- udo SedegebiT... me aq movxsnidi yvela gulisamaCuyebel
li am gamocdis gareSec karg maswavleblad darCeba. cudze pirobiT niSans, davtovebdi mxolod erTs da gavixsenebdi
arafers vityvi, egonos mavans, rom Tu daimaxsovre kogni- muxran maWavarians - ki, magram, RmerTi aRaraa, bnela...
turi ganviTarebis stadiebi, an socialuri daswavlis Te-
oria, ukve profesionali xar. arada, Tu CavuRrmavdebi, me-16 sajaro skolis qarTuli enisa da
mivxvdebi, rom Tvisebrivad es arafers cvlis, radgan Cemi literaturis specialisti,
Taobis pedagogebisTvis, vgulisxmob imaT, vinc 20-25 weli naira janeliZe
skolaSi gaatara, amgvari gamocdis gareSec problemas ar gazeTi `baTumelebi“, 20-27 ivnisi, 2011 weli.
warmoadgens arc gakveTilis srulfasovnad organizeba,
arc moswavleebTan urTierToba, arc profesiuli saqmian-
obis Canawerebis saxiT gaformeba, romelzec ase aqcenti-
vici minda vicode viswavle
rebulia zogadi unarebis testi. imis Tqma minda, rom Cems
Taobas ufro didi omi aqvs mogebuli. saganmanaTleblo
sistemis axalgazrda mesveurebs albaT ar axsovT, rogor
gamostaca umZimes periods mxolod enTuziazms mindobil-
ma uRalato maswavlebelma skola, gamostaca da gadaarCi-
na. arc axsovT imitom, rom isini albaT prestiJul skoleb-
Si swavlobdnen. Tu xelisuflebas am procesiT zedmeti
maswavleblis problemis gadaWra surs, maSin gamodis, rom
uzneo maraTonis monawile varT... ufro zneobrivad meCve-
neba gviTxran: `gmadlobT da naxvamdis“... Tanac, verc imaSi
vxedav logikas, roca meubnebian: procesi nebayoflobi-
Tia, ar aris sadamsjelo, magram Tu ver Caabareb, waxval...
es kazusia! miuxedavad amgvari gancdisa, Tavad gamocdaSi
tragizmis elementebs ver vxedav, radgan igi aramxolod

90 91
 Semajamebeli testi 6. CamoTvlilTagan romeli niSani ganasxvavebs of-
icialur-saqmian stils samecnierosagan?
1. romel stilTaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli eqspresiuloba? a) saliteraturo enis normaTa dacva b) azris logiku-
a) samecnierosTvis b) salaparakosTvis g) publicistu- roba g) simSrale d) sizuste
risTvis d) mxatvruli literaturis stilisTvis
1. b. 2. a, g. 3. a, b, g. 4. a, b . 5.g. 6. b, g, d.
1. b. 2. a, g. 3. a, b, g. 4. a, b. 5. g, d 6. b, g,d.
7. CamoTvlilTagan romelia mxolod oficialur-saq-
2. romeli stilisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli rogorc miani stilis specifikuri niSani?
mwignobruli, ise sasaubro stilis niSnebi? a) sityvaTa pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT gamoyeneba b) tra-
faretuloba g) lakoniuroba d) sizuste
a) sasaubrosTvis b) oficialur-saqmianisTvis g) publi-
cisturisTvis d) samecnierosTvis
1. a . 2. a, b. 3. b. 4. a, b, g. 5. b, g . 6. a, g, d.
1. a. b. 2. a, g. 3. a, g, d. 4. a. 5. d. 6. b, g, d. 8. CamoTvlilTagan romelia oficialuri dokumenti?
a) leqcia b) moxseneba g) gankarguleba d) arcerTi pasuxi
3. romel stilTaTvisaa niSandoblivi zmnis aRweriTi araa swori
formebi?
a) sasaubrosTvis b) oficialur-saqmianisTvis g) publi- 1. a . 2. a, b 3. g. 4. a, b, g. 5. b, g . 6. a, g, d.
cisturisTvis d) samecnierosTvis
9. CamoTvlilTagan romeli araa samecniero stilis
1. a, b 2.b, d. 3. g, d. 4. a, b. 5. a, g, d. 6. a, b, d. funqcia?
a) komunikacia; b) zemoqmedeba g) esTetikuroba d) arc
4. romeli stilisTvisaa aucilebeli logikuroba? erTi pasuxi araa swori
a) sasaubrosTvis b) oficialur-saqmianisTvis g) publi-
cisturisTvis d) samecnierosTvis 1. a . 2. a, b 3. b. 4. a, b, g. 5. b, g . 6. a, g.

1. a. 2. a, b 3. d 4. a, b, g. 5. b, d. 6. a, g, d 10. romel stilSi gamoiyeneba sasaubro stilis nimuSebi

stilistikuri funqciiT?
5. CamoTvlilTagan romeli araa oficialur-saqmiani a) samecnieroSi b) oficialur-saqmianSi g) mxatvruli
stilis stiluri niSani? literaturis stilSi d) publicisturSi
a) sizuste b) eqspresiuloba g) standartuloba d) ar-
1. a. 2. a, b. 3. g. 4. a, b, g. 5. g, d. 6. a, g, d.
cerTi pasuxi araa swori

1. a . 2. a, b . 3. b. 4. a, b, g. 5. b, g . 6. a, g, d.

92 93
 Tavi III. leqsikuri stilistika
sityva SeiZleba gamoviyenoT neitraluri mniSvnelobi-
Tac (tipobrivi gamoyeneba) da mas mivaniWoT emociur-eq-
spresiuli Seferilobac. es ukanaskneli aRsaniSni sagnisa
Tu movlenisadmi metyvelis damokidebulebas gamoxatavs.
`ukavSirdeba ra tipobrivi gamoyenebis sferoebs, igi axasi-
aTebs metyvelebasac da misi wyalobiT urTierTobis mona-
wileebsac“ (barlasi 1978 : 17).
stilistikuri Seferilobis mixedviT sityvebs sam jgu-
fad yofen. esenia: amaRlebuli (wignuri, poeturi), neit-
raluri (nulovani Seferilobis, stilTaSorisi) leqsika
da dabali (sasaubro, uSualo, araoficialuri). sityva-
Ta umetesoba neitraluria. leqsika, romelic emociurad
araa Seferili, stilistikurad araa markirebuli, nebismi-
er stilistikur registrSi gamoiyeneba. saTqmelze emoci-
urobis miniWeba mxolod konkretul sametyvelo situaci-
aSia saWiro, Sesabamisad, gansazRvrulia maTi gamoyeneba
calkeul stilSic.
leqsikuri stilistikis mizania uamravi leqsikuri sa-
Sualebidan amoarCios is, romelic semantikiTac da sti-
listikuri elferiTac zustad miesadageba konteqsts.
nebismierma erTeulma SeiZleba konteqstis Sesabamisad
SeiZinos dadebiTi an uaryofiTi emociuri elferi. yove-
live zemoTqmuli sityvis esTetikas ukavSirdeba. am kuTx-
iT kvleva Tanamedrove filologiis aqtualuri sakiTxia,
mxolod marTlmetyvelebiT esTetikurobas ver mivaRwevT:
`sityvis esTetika pirdapir ukavSirdeba mis eqspresiul
funqcias, radgan am ukanasknelisgan daclili sityva ubra-
lod aRmniSvnelia faqtis, movlenis, moqmedebis an mdgoma-
reobisa“ (sanikiZe 2010: 349).
stilistikuri Seferiloba cvalebadia. ise ar unda ga-
vigoT, TiTqos sasaubro stilis leqsemebi uaryofiTi sti-
94
listikuri elferisaa da piriqiT. magaliTad, putkunas da
pawuas (sasaubro stili) axlavs dadebiTi stilistikuri
elferi. amaRlebuli stilis leqsikuri erTeulebi SeiZ-
leba Segvxvdes ironiuli mniSvnelobiTac.
§ 1. sinonimi da misi stilistikuri funqcia
sinonimika, rogorc enis gansakuTrebul SesaZlebloba-
Ta gamoyenebis sfero, didi simdidrea adamianis azrebisa da
grZnobebis gamosaxatavad. `sinonimebis SerCeva mkveTrad
atarebs mTqmelis SemoqmedebiTi xasiaTis, ideur-esTeti-
kuri mrwamsis elfers; enis faqtSi amaxvilebs zegavlenis
Zalas, amaRlebs eqspresiul mxares, amkveTrebs metyvele-
bis sakomunikacio funqcias da sxva“ (gvencaZe 1974: 63).
sinonimebis Sesaxeb msjelobas jer kidev antikur epoq-
aSi vxvdebiT. termini sinonimi dasturdeba aristoteles-
Tan. igi aRniSnavs: „enaSi omonimebis arseboba sasargebloa
sofistisaTvis, vinaidan maTi saSualebiT is mimarTavs fan-
debs, xolo sinonimebi sasargebloa poetebisTvis“. cice-
roni aRniSnavda: „ise gveCveneba, TiTqos sityvebs erTi da
igive mniSvneloba aqvT, magram rogorc sagnebi, ise maTi sa-
xelebi ganirCevian erTmaneTisgan“.
sinonimebi (Zv. berZn. sin `~ - plus; onoma `όνομα~ - sa-
xeli) identuri mniSvnelobis, ise igi sagnobrivi mimarTe-
biT erTgvari, magram sxvadasxva sityvebia.
`sinonimebi ewodeba iseT sityvebs, romlebic bgeriTad
gansxvavebuli arian, mniSvneloba ki erTnairi aqvT“ (Ciqo-
bava 1952: 188).
`sinonimi ewodeba iseT or an met sityvas, romelnic
sxvadasxvani arian, magram erTgvari da msgavsi mniSvneloba
aqvT“ (kvaWaZe 1969 : 27).
`sxvadasxva bgerobrivi modeliT gadmocemul erTi mniS-
95
vnelobis sityvebs sinonimebi hqvia. bgerobrivi samoslis
sxvadasxvaoba, Sinaarsis erToba, ai, ra niSan-Tviseba aqvT
maT“, - wers al. Rlonti (Rlonti 1972: 51). swored es ukanas-
knelia sinonimis zemomoyvanili ganmartebebis amosavali.
enaTmecnierebi eWvis TvaliT ucqerian ori absolutu-
rad Tanxvdenili sityvis arsebobis SesaZleblobas enaSi.
arn. Ciqobavas azriT, obieqturi, an subieqturi momenti iZ-
leva sxvaobas. k. jorjaneli sinonimTa zemomoyvanil gan-
martebebs mavnes uwodebs (jorjaneli 1974:253). swored
amgvari midgomaa stilistikisTvis saintereso, misi sagani
sinonimTa stilistikuri niuansebis anu maTi markirebis
kvlevaa.
sinonimebi msgavsi mniSvnelobis sityvebia, magram er-
TmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian stilistikuri niuansebiT, em-
ociurobiT. saTqmeli zustad da eqspresiulad rom gad-
movceT, sinonimTagan unda SevarCioT is, romelic yvelaze
mkafiod da xatovnad gamoxatavs azrs. sagnis an movlenis
srulyofilad dasaxasiaTeblad mwerali xSirad erTmane-
Tis gverdigverd ramdenime sinonims iyenebs.
`ganviTarebuli sinonimika, mniSvnelobiT erTmaneT-
Tan axlos mdgomi, magram nairnairi damatebiTi azrobrivi,
eqspresiul-emociuri elferisa da stilistikuri ieris
sityvebis siuxve SesaZleblobas iZleva amovarCioT saWiro
sityva azris, grZnobis gamosaxatavad, gamosaxatavi obieq-
tisadmi molaparakis an mwerlis damokidebulebis gadmo-
sacemad... semantikurad diferencirebuli sinonimebi, uw-
inares yovlisa, azrobrivi elferis, zogjer metad faqizi
niuansebis zustad gadmocemis saSualebebia (moreni... 1960:
192-193).
gamoyofen sinonimebis or jgufs: semantikurs (ideog-
rafiuls) da stilistikurs (eqspresiuls). Tu semanti-
kuri sinonimebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian Tvisebis
gamovlenis xarisxiT, aRsaniSnis moculobiT, stilisti-
96
kuri sinonimebi konotaciiT ganirCevian erTmaneTisgan
da sxvadasxva stils ganekuTvnebian.
sinonimebis gamoyenebis mizani SeiZleba iyos rogorc
sityvis mniSvnelobisgan romelime elfer-niuansis gamok-
veTa, ise im saerToze xazgasma, romelic maT mniSvnelobebs
Soris arsebobs (lixaCovi 2001: 448_449).
sinonimTa warmoSobis ZiriTad wyaroebad miCneulia: a)
evfemizmebi; b) sityvis tabu; g) sesxeba.
sinonimebis funqciebia: 1. azris mkveTrad da zustad
gadmocema; 2. erTisa da imave sityvebis gameorebis Tavidan
acileba; 3. garkveuli stilistikuri elferis gamoxatva.
mocemuli mniSvnelobis gamosaxatavad gamoyenebul pa-
ralelur saSualebaTa kompleqsi qmnis sinonimur rigs. si-
nonimur rigSi arsebobs erTi dominanti sityva, romelic
yvelaze mkveTrad gadmogvcems amave rigis sxva sityvebis
saerTo mniSvnelobas. es aris stilistikurad neitralu-
ri sityva, misi sinonimebi ki ufro eqspresiulia. mag.: Savi
_giSrisferi, mayvlisferi, yornisferi, kunapeti, kup-
riviT Savi, Rameuli feris.
sinonimTa rigSi zogjer ramdenime sityvaa: eqimi, mkurna-
li (Zv. qarTuli), dastaqari (spars.), janaozi (spars. ganTqmu-
li eqimi), jara eqimi (Zv. eqimbaSi), medikosi (zogadi saxeli,
laT.) da eskulapi. `es ukanaskneli momdinareobs Zveli ro-
mauli miTologiidan, erqva mkurnalobis RmerTs, dRes aqvs
ironiuli, saxumaro mniSvneloba“ (deriagini 1978 :49).
Zvel qarTulSi sinonimebad gamoiyeneboda: saWmeli//
sanovage, saswauli // niSi, ubralo // wmida, umrwemesi //
uWabukesi, kacadkacadi //TiToeuli, uxucesi // ufrosi,
wrfeli //wmida, daemkvidra // daeSena, wargzavna // wa-
ravlina, daamtkica // daadgina, lalva // brZola, glova
// godeba.
sinonimTa rigis sityvebi SeiZleba iyos: 1. stilistiku-
ri elferiT gansxvavebuli: 2. mSobliuri da ucxouri; 3.
97
wignuri da sasaubro stilis; 4. neitraluri da emociurad
Seferili; 5. sityva da Sesityveba; 6. sityvis literaturu-
li da kuTxuri variantebi; 7. moZvelebuli da axali for-
mebi; 8. sityva da misi evfemisturi Sesatyvisi; 9. sityva da
misi perifrazi; 10. idiomi da misi Sesatyvisi sityva.
sinonimTagan erTi SeiZleba zogadi mniSvnelobisa iyos,
meore _ konkretuli. mag.: Zvel qarTulSi TiToeuli ixma-
reboda yvela tipis saxelTan, kacadkacadi _ mxolod vin
jgufis saxelTan.
XI- XII saukunemde taZari saero nagebobas, sasaxles aR-
niSnavda, ase gamoiyeneboda is `SuSanikis wamebaSi“, `ab
os wamebaSi“... `abuserisZe tbelis TxzulebaSi `saswaul-
ni wmidisa giorgisni“ eklesia da taZari sauflo saxlis
mniSvnelobiT TiTqmis Tanabari sixSiriT gamoiyeneba; SeiZ-
leba iTqvas, rom am droisTvis eklesiisa da taZris sino-
nimia ukve gaformebulia da semantikuri daaxloebis pro-
cesic bolomdea ganxorcielebuli“ (Turqia 2009: 437).
relatiuri sinonimebia gabeduli, Tamami, Seupovari,
guladi. ver vityviT man mamaci, Seupovari an guladi
azri gamoTqvao. azri SeiZleba iyos gabeduli an Tamami.
maSasadame, sinonimebis xmareba gansakuTrebul dakvirve-
bas iTxovs. yvela sinonimur sityvas Tavisi elferi, mniS-
vneloba, niuansi, eqspresia axlavs, romelic mxolod erTi,
konkretuli situaciisTvisaa niSandoblivi. mag.: sinoni-
mebia gaWra da gakafva, magram ver vityviT maswavlebelma
gza gamiWrao, unda vTqvaT gamikafa.
sinonimi metyvelebis yvela nawils moepoveba. isini xSi-
rad erTmaneTis gverdigverdac gamoiyeneba, rac aZlierebs
emocias: `isini erTmaneTs avseben, azusteben, maT gansxvave-
bul Seferilobas usvamen xazs“ (iakobsoni 1975: 238-239).
a) sinonimuri arsebiTi saxelebi
giorgi saxlsa da ojaxSi pirvelobas ar Seecila dedasa
(ilia); adamians Wiri da varami alaparakebs (iqve).
98
b) sinonimuri zedsarTavi saxelebi da saxelzmnebi
zed iwva sneuli, qveSageblad Cavardnili, damdnari, mi-
leuli da TiTqmis sasikvdilod mixrwnili (ilia); es deda-
kaci cota uxeiro, undili ram iyo (iqve); yovelgvari siy-
varuli frTxilia da mSiSara (iqve); icodnen, rom ojaxis
Svili xar da ara euli, vinme bogana (iqve); dedisgan tuq-
svas, Serisxvas moeloda (iqve); imisma Tvalma, kesos miqce-
ulma, ufro sTqva xvewna da vedreba, vidre enam da xmam (iq
ve); axloc Turme aRar gauara oTaraanT qvrivs ridisa da
krZalvisagan (iqve).
g) sinonimuri zmnebi
Svils guneba ecvala, ufro daiRvrima, ufro guli da-
ixura, ufro Caiketa, ufro danaRvlianda (ilia); kesosac
elda eca, gafiTrda, gaSra, gaSterda (iqve); rogorRac ex-
amuSa, eucxova amisTana tol-amxanaguri qceva (iqve).
sinonimuri zmnebisa da gamoTqmebis erT frazaSi Tav-
moyra yuradRebas migvaqcevinebs personaJis qcevis, gan-
cdasa Tu mdgomareobaze. vaJas poezia am kuTxiT Seiswavla
l. sulxaniSvilma (sulxaniSvili 1973).
dambadebelo, damifare (Seminaxe), unayofo kldeze da-
kidebuli quCi ( `quCi“);
mec damenana (Samebrala) Tavisi Tavi da tirili daviwye
(`patara mwyemsis fiqrebi“).
d) sinonimuri zmnizedebi
gegonebodaT hloculobso, ise guldasmiT, krZalviT
da sasoebiT dauwyebda xolme wmendasa (ilia); hRaRadeb-
da uTqmelad, utyvad, xma-amouReblad (iqve); elguja ki
wynarad, Cumad emzadeboda (yazb.).
absoluturi sinonimebi gvaqvs, roca:
1. saliteraturo enaSi Tavs iyris sxvadasxva dialeq-
tidan Semosuli sityvebi: TaTara _ felamuSi, cema _ ga-
laxva, komSi _ bia, nigozi da kakali;
2. Zveli da axali formebi: avadmyofi da sneuli, usta-
99
ri, werili da baraTi, Toki da sabeli, sve da bedi, icis da
uwyis, uimedo da usasoo;
3. ucxouri da mSobliuri warmoSobis sityvebi: mWede-
li da nalbandi, mgosani da poeti, Semowmeba da kontroli.
Zvel qarTulSi sinonimebis siuxve ganpirobebuli
iyo naTargmni literaturiTac. paralelur redaqcieb-
Si erTmaneTs cvlida ucxo enidan uTargmnelad Semosu-
li sityvebi da maTi qarTuli Sesatyvisebi. mag.: sanTeli
da bazmaki; dResaswauli, zatiki (somx.) da pasqa (berZn.);
mcveli, ebguri, mstuari da mჴumili; sarwyuli, Cafi da
takuki (fal.); samoseli da Teristroჲ (berZn.).
1.1. sinonimuri paralelizmi. xSirad mSobliuri da na-
sesxebi sityvebi paralelurad gamoiyeneba enaSi. S. ZiZigu-
ri am movlenas ase xsnis: „rodesac ucxouri enidan Semodis
sityva da mas xvdeba imave mniSvnelobis sityva, ekvivalen-
ti, erT xans isini erTad ixmarebian, paralelurad (da ga-
moxataven erT cnebas). enaSi am bunebrivad gamomuSavebuli
formulis mizania gaavrcelos es ucxouri termini, er-
Tgvarad ganmmarteblis funqcia ikisros adgilobrivma ek-
vivalentma ucxouri sityvis mimarT, „Semoiyvanos“ igi axal
enobriv sinamdvileSi da rodesac ucxouri sityva moqala-
qeobas moipovebs „mimReb“ enaSi, Semdeg Camoscildeba mas
es „gziri sityva“. am movlenas sinonimuri paralelizmi
ewodeba. sinonimebis wyvilad xmarebis gramatikuli saSu-
alebebia:1. maT Soris da kavSiris Casma; 2. sinonimebis kom-
poziturad xmareba; 3.sinonimebis Tanaarseboba“ (ZiZiguri
1960 : 66_67).
sinonimebi erTmaneTis gverdigverd emociis gasaZlier-
eblad gamoiyeneba: mezoblebi aCerebdnen, mwiri adgilia,
boSi miwaaa, aq araferi ar mova, Citi brdRvnad ar eRirebao,
da isic Tavs ikavebda (dad.); amayad, medgrad, mrisxaned
idga es qali Cems winaSe da utyvi mzeriT moiTxovda Cemgan,
100
rac SeiZleba male mecno, rac ki mqonda saTqmeli da sa-
uwyebeli (gams.).
1. kavSiriani sinonimuri paralelizmis nimuSebia: mar-
tviri da mowame, mwiri (qarT.) da msxemi (berZn.), mutribi
(arab.) da momRerali (qarT.), niSati (spars.) da sixaruli
(qarT.), xvewna da mudara (arab.), bedi da iRbali (arab.)...
moviyvanT magaliTebs mxatvruli literaturidan:
`fatman-xaTun Tvalad marjve,
ar ymawvili, magra mzmeli,
nakvTad kargi, Sav-gremani,
pir-msuqani, ar pir-xmeli.
mutribTa da momReralTa
moyvaruli, Rvinis msmeli“ (`vt.“);
mecnierebaTa iswavlian da zogni niSatsa da sixarulsa
ukan udgebian (`visr“. 252);
da manca warmouTxra amisve pasuxisa amisve pasuxisa
msgavsad Rirsis yrmisa da Wabukisa efremisTჳs yoveli
(`grigol xanZTelis cxovreba“);
2. ukavSiro sinonimuri paralelizmi:
„Sen ar-gatexa kargi gWirs, zenaarisa, ficisa“ (`vt.“);
3. kompozituri sinonimuri paralelizmi:
xvewna-mudara (arab.), alal-marTali (spars.), tanjva-
wameba, cekva-TamaSi (spars.), igav-araki (somx.), bed-iRba-
li (arab.), ambavi-xabari (arab.). aseTi sinonimuri wyvilebi
enaSi Semonaxulia, rogorc reliqturi formebi.
amrigad, sinonimuri paralelizmi, erTi mxriv, sti-
listikuri xerxia, meore mxriv, enis adreul safexurze mis
gamoyenebas wminda enobrivi aucilebloba gansazRvrav-
da. „sinonimiis erT-erT gansxvavebul formas iZleva gan-
sazRvrul teqnikur nomenklaturebSi mSobliuri da ber-
Znul-laTinuri warmoSobis sityvebis Tanaarseboba“ (ul-
mani 1977:142). zogjer internacionalizmis Semosvlas enaSi
sdevs misi „gaerovnulebac“, zogjer xdeba pirukuc.
101
 erTi cnebis gamosaxatavad sinonimuri wyvilebi- e.w. hen-
diadisebi (hendiadys) uxvad gamoiyeneba ioane petriwis enaSi.
`am mxriv is „epoqis stils“ misdevs, rodesac e.w. hendiadisi
friad gavrcelebul maneras warmoadgenda“ (ZiZiguri 1960:
634).
1.2. absoluturi sinonimebis stilistikuri funqciebi
absolutur da relatiur sinonimTa kvlevisas aucil-
ebelia imis garkveva, Tu rogori toloba an niuansobrivi
sxvaobaa sakmarisi maT gasamijnavad. calkeuli niSniT da
niuansiT erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba absoluturi sinoni-
mebic (leqsikuri dupletebic) ki. `sinonimTa kvlevisas ga-
sarkvevia, gansxvavdebian Tu ara isini sxva sityvebTan ur-
TierTobis TvalsazrisiT, monawileoben Tu ara erTsa da
imave konteqstSi, aqvT Tu ara erTgvari sityvawarmoebis
SesaZleblobani, emTxvevian Tu ara erTmaneTs xmarebis six-
Siris mixedviT“ (afridoniZe 1988: 287) .
unda aRiniSnos, rom absoluturi sinonimebi erTmane-
Tisgan gansxvavdebian sixSiriTac. magaliTad, Cibuxi da
yalioni absoluturi sinonimebia, magram pirveli ufro
xSirad gvxvdeba, vidre meore.
zusti ekvivalentis cneba avtomaturad ejaWveba sino-
nimiis sakiTxs. wyvilis aseT calebs xSirad dupletebsac
uwodeben. aseTebia: literatura // mwerloba, orTog-
rafia // marTlwera, defeqti // nakli, progresi // win-
svla, obieqti // sagani, argumenti // sabuTi (foCxua 1974:
238_239).
qarTulSi gvaqvs erTaderTi kompoziti, romlis meore
komponentadac gvaqvs mecniereba _ es aris enaTmecnier-
eba, igi rusul Targzea Seqmnili (языкознание-языковедение).
termini lingvistika ufro gviandeli SenaZenia, magram
enaTmecnierebis anda Sereuli disciplinebis aRsaniSna-
vad produqtiulia: arsebobs aRweriTi, gamoyenebiTi,
102
struqturuli an maTematikuri lingvistika, paralin-
gvistika, lingvostatistika, lingvostilistika. samagi-
erod, gvaqvs iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecniereba da ara
iberiul-kavkasiuri lingvistika.
gvaqvs lingvisturi // enobrivi alRo // garemo, an
da sazogadoeba, samyaro, samagierod, ar SeiZleba vTqvaT
studenti-enaTmecnieri, studenti-lingvisti ki dasaS-
vebia.
mecnierebi miuTiTeben, rom `referenciis igiveoba aris
sinonimiis aucilebeli, magram ara sakmao piroba“ (lionsi
1977:452). „namdvili sinonimebi fiqciaa, raimegvari gansxva-
veba ar SeiZleba ar iyos an imis gamo, rom erTisa da imave
sagnis dasaxelebisas amosavalia sxvadasxva momenti, anda
imis gamo, rom gansxvavebulia subieqtis damokidebuleba
sityvaSi aRniSnuli obieqturi monacemebisadmi“ (Ciqobava
1939:184).
s. ulmani aRniSnavs, rom absoluturi sinonimebis uqon-
lobaze msjeloba mainc umarTebuloa, teqnikur nomenkla-
turaSi „amgvar dupletebs mxolod sagnobrivi mimarTebis
identuroba akavSirebs, arc emociuri elferisa da arc
funqciuri stilis mixedviT isini markirebuli ar arian“
(ulmani 1977: 141).
gansxvavebulia internacionalizmTa saderivacio Se-
saZleblobanic (Sexamebadoba anu e.w. distribucia). gvaqvs
marSruti da svlagezi (kalkirebuli qarTuli Sesatyvi-
si). marSrutisagan iwarmoeba samarSruto, magram ar gvaqvs
arc sasvlagezo da arc svlagezuri.
miCneulia, rom `internacionalizmebisa da maTi erovnu-
li Sesatyvisebis dupletebad miCnevas TiTqos xels araf-
eri uSlis, magram funqcionirebis TvalsazrisiT (Sexame-
badoba, Canacvleba, warmoeba da misT.) sxvaobac TvalsaCi-
noa“ (afridoniZe 1988: 287).
aviRoT sinonimebi: obieqti da sagani. geografia da ge-
103
ologia Seiswavlian dedamiwas, magram sxvadasxva kuTxiT, re-
aluri obieqti _ dedamiwa erTia, mecnierebis sagani ki_ ori.
babua da papa absoluturi sinonimebia, magram gvaqvs
floronimi babuawvera da ara papa wvera, samagierod, gvaq-
vs mama- papa, mamapapuri. maSasadame, `semantikurad tol-
fasi ori for ma enobrivi analizis sintaqsur da kombina-
torul doneze SeiZleba kombinatoruli ar aRmoCndes -
babua ver Seva yvela im kombinaciaSi, romlebic dasaSvebia
babua fuZisTvis da piruku“ (maWavariani 1968: 130).
S. ZiZiguri wers: ` cneba kaci Zvel qarTulSi gamoxatu-
lia ori sityviT: kaci, adamiani. pirveli Zireuli qarTu-
lia, meore - ucxouri, adamisgan momdinare, nawarmoebi qar-
Tuli sufiqsiT. Zvel qarTulSi mxolod kaci ixmareboda,
aRniSnavda adamistomeulobas. igi mamrobiTobaze ki ar
miuTiTebda, aramed adamiseulobaze zogadad. mxolod ax
al qarTulSi miuTiTebs kaci mamrobiTobasac. meTerTmete
saukunidan moyolebuli kaci, adamiani sinonimebia“ (ZiZi-
guri 1971: 113- 114).
aviRoT dupletebi: sazogadoebrivi da socialuri.
formacia, wyobileba, struqtura sazogadoebrivia, san-
qcia SeiZleba iyos sazogadoebrivic da socialuric,
magram motivi mxolod socialuria, sakuTari saxelic so-
cialuri niSania da ara sazogadoebrivi, gvaqvs enis so-
cialuroba da ara sazogadoebrioba.
saerTaSoriso // internacionaluri SeiZleba iyos si-
tyva, magram erTi mxriv gvaqvs: saerTaSoriso viTareba /
mdgomareoba / daZabuloba / simpoziumi / kongresi/ mi-
momxilveli / asparezi / sarbieli / aRiareba da meore mx-
riv: internacionaluri suli / suliskveTeba / aRzrda.
nacionaluri // erovnuli SeiZleba iyos politika, sa-
kiTxi, tansacmeli, cekvebi, magram saqme / motivi / siamaye
mxolod erovnulia.
msaxiobi//artisti SeiZleba iyos saxalxo // damsaxu-
104
rebuli, magram arsebobs Sesityvebebi samsaxiobo (da ara
artistuli) fakulteti da artistuli (da ara samsaxiobo)
Sesruleba.
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom
enaSi savsebiT erTnairi sityvebis arseboba mxolod mcire
xniTaa SesaZlebeli, maT Soris mainc gamoCndeba raime gan-
sxvaveba ara mxolod emociuri Seferilobis, aramed gamo-
yenebis sixSiris, azrobrivi Sexamebadobisa da saderivacio
SesaZleblobebis mixedviTac, rac stilistikis kvlevis sa-
gania.
1.3. konteqsturi sinonimebi. Cven zemoT ganvixileT
SemTxvevebi, roca TviT absoluturi sinonimebic ki gan-
sxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan. es sakiTxis erTi mxarea; meore
mxriv, mxatvrul literaturaSi sinonimebad SeiZleba ga-
moiyenebodes iseTi sityvebic, romlebic mniSvnelobiT er-
Tob scildebian erTmaneTs. `sinonimebi msgavs an miaxlo-
ebiT mniSvnelobas konteqstis mixedviT iZenen da amgvari
konteqstis Secvlis Sedegad, SesaZloa, sinonimis mniSvne-
loba dakargon“ (popiaSvili 2009: 240). isini xSirad avto-
rismieria.
magaliTad:
`ca isea mowmendili, ca isea SeumkrTali,
rom angelozs dainaxavs modaraje kacis Tvali,
kiparisi ise Relavs, ise Relavs, ise Relavs,
ise tokavs, ise tokavs, roca qari gadaTelavs“ ( gal.).
savarjiSo №1. waikiTxeT sinonimuri rigebi da imsje-
leT, riT gansxvavdebian sinonimebi erTmaneTisgan:
a. sevda, dardi, mwuxareba, Wmunva, naRveli, kaeSani...
b. sikvdili, gardacvaleba, aRsasruli, gansveneba, su-
lisa da xorcis gayra, marilze wasvla, Sabze wasvla, sulis
gafrTxoba, mzis dabneleba...
105
 g. gabrazeba, gajavreba, gacecxleba, gulis mosvla,
wyroma, gaalmaseba, gaguliseba, afeTqeba, gaaveba...
d. siaruli, laslasi, CanCali, RerReti, wowiali, bo-
diali, zlazvna, cunculi, xetiali, jagjagi, TraxaTruxi,
gogmani, boteba...
e. laparaki, saubari, baasi, laqlaqi, WiWyini, jajRani,
roxroxi...
savarjiSo №2. SeurCieT sityvas perifrazuli anu aR-
weriTi sinonimi da piriqiT:
a. moxuci, avdari, gabrazeba, SeSineba, gamwareba, Tqma,
ganzraxva, sikvdili;
b. kovzi nacarSi Cauvarda; enas kbili daaWira, Savi dRe
daaTena, ca qudad ar miaCnia da dedamiwa qalamnad; pirSi
wyali Caiguba.
§2. antonimi da misi stilistikuri funqcia
antonimis Sesaxeb specialur literaturaSi ramdenad-
me gansxvavebuli mosazrebani arsebobs.
arnold Ciqobava antonimebad miiCnevs iseT sityvebs,
romelTac `sapirispiro mniSvnelobebi aqvT. es sityvebi
SeiZleba iyos sxvadasxva fuZisa (maRali - dabali); SeiZle-
ba erTi fuZidan iwarmoos uaryofis TavsarT-bolosar-
TebiT (gemrieli - ugemuri, normaluri - aranormaluri)...
uaryofis aRniSvnisas orive varianti SeiZleba miviRoT er-
Tisa da imave sityvis (dadebiTis) sapirispirod“ (Ciqobava
1952:190-191).
l. bulaxovski antonimebad miiCnevs ara iseT sityvebs,
romlebic gansxvavdebian uaryofis nawilakiT (хороший-
нехороший) aramed sxvadasxva ZiriT aRniSnul mniSvnelo-
106
baTa dapirispirebas (Raribi da mdidari, mSrali da sveli)
(bulaxovski 1953: 44-45).
ganasxvaveben sami saxis opozicias: privatuls, gradu-
alurs da ekvipolenturs. privatuli gulisxmobs iseT
opozicias, romelSic erTi wevri pozitiuria, meore- nega-
tiuri. gradualuri opoziciis wevrebi erTisa da imave niS-
nis sxvadasxva xarisxs anu gradacias warmoadgens. ekvipo-
lenturi opozicia logikuria, misi wevrebi arc privatu-
lad miemarTebian erTmaneTs da arc gradualurad.
antonimebad mxolod erTganzomilebiani privatuli op-
oziciis wevrebi miiCneva. momwaro da umwaresi antonimebi
ki araa, erTisa da imave niSnis sxvadasxva xarisxebia. aqed-
an gamomdinare, antonimebi hqvia sapirispiro mniSvnelobis
sityvebs: nacnobi da ucnobi, keTili da boroti, maRali _
dabali, xeliani da uxelo, naswavli da uswavleli. amave
avtoris mixedviT, antonimia fardobiTi cnebaa da misi ab-
soluturi gansazRvra SeuZlebelia - igi ar warmoadgens
erTxel da samudamod mocemul movlenas. sayovelTaod
gaziarebulia, rom tkbili da mware antonimebia, magram
gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, Tu romeli erTganzomilebi-
ani opozicia igulisxmeba, mag.: tkbili ena da mware wiwaka
araa antonimebi, radgan safuZveli sxvadasxvaa.
antonimebi ilia WavWavaZis enaSi specialurad Seiswavla
al. gvencaZem (al. gvencaZe, antonimebi ilia WavWavaZis en-
aSi: i. gogebaSvilis sax. Telavis pedinstitutis Sromebi, II,
1957: 323-330).
antonimebi, Cveulebriv, kontrastuli suraTebis dasa-
xatavad, antiTezis, rogorc gamomsaxvelobiTi stilisti-
kuri saSualebis Sesaqmnelad gamoiyeneba. aseTnairad azri
ufro mkafio, efeqturi da emociuri xdeba. antonimias ef-
uZneba andazebi da aforizmebi: `mwifes esvrodnen, mkvaxe
cviodao“; `goniersa mwvrTneli uyvars, ugunursa gul-
sa hgmirdes“...
107
 enobrivi antonimia, sinonimiisgan gansxvavebiT, yvela
sityvas ar aerTianebs.
a)antonimuri arsebiTi saxelebi
yinuli da cecxli erTi-erTmaneTs ar dahleven? (ilia);
es wuTisofeli codo da madlis Widilia (iqve); mze da
Crdili, naTeli da bneli, tkivili da ameba erTmaneTSi Ca-
eba da Caewna (iqve).
b) antonimuri zedsarTavi saxelebi da saxelzmnebi
egec icodeT, Zmebo, zarmacebsa da mSiSarebs umal ew-
veva igi, vidre mamacebsa da gamrjelebs (gams.); uniWo ma-
qebars niWieri maZagebeli sjobia xandaxan (iqve); siciliT
mokvda tiriliT naSobi (ilia).
d)antonimuri zmnizedebi
`kargad Tu avad Cven mas vinaxavT“ (ilia).
e) antonimuri kompozitebi
mTa-bars, tye-mindors dil-dilaobiT Wirxli edeboda
(ilia); aqa-iq atarebda Tavis Tvaluwvdenels sigrZe-siga-
neze, siRrme-simaRleze (iqve).
2.1. xelovnuri antonimebi. SeiZleba antonimi Seiqmnas
maSinac, roca is ar arsebobs da amis saWiroeba Seiqneba. amis
Sesaxeb sagangebod msjelobs a. arabuli: `es tendencia gan-
sakuTrebiT SeimCneva Tanamedrove enebSi, romlebSic cne-
bebisa da terminebis Camoyalibebis safuZveli umTavresad
dapirispirebul mniSvnelobaTa erTianobaSi mdgomare-
obs... Tuki arsebobs samarTlianobis cneba da misi pozi-
tiuri gamomxatveli samarTliani, aucileblad iarsebebs
sapirispiroc - usamarTlo da arasamarTliani; Tuki ar-
sebobs simarTlis cneba da arsebobs marTali, mosalodne-
lia Seiqmnas aramarTali (miuxedavad imisa, rom organuli
antonimi tyuili arsebobs)“ (arabuli 2005: 224).
mkvlevari ilias SemoqmedebaSi amnairi formis gamoye-
nebas ase xsnis: `amitomac ver uvlis gverds ilia WavWavaZe,
108
rodesac sulxan-sabas igav-arakTa wignze saubrobs: `zRa-
pari mogonili ambavia, aramarTali, maSasadame, sicruea.
`aramarTali“ xelovnuri antonimia marTalisa da xelov-
nuri sinonimi tyuilisa, magram misi gamoyeneba am konkre-
tul-stilistikur konteqstSi aucilebeli Seiqna“ (iqve).
k. lorTqifaniZe Tavisi personaJis Sesaxeb wers: `omis
xifaTian gzaze es ver-biWi didi veraferi xviTo iyoo“.
`verbiWi saocari sityvaa. masSi yvelaferia: jabanic, gul-
dedalic, Zabunic, mxdalic, qalaCunac, bevri sxva sityvac,
- magram verbiWi mainc sxvaa, metia. verbiWs garewarze, av-
kacze ver ityvi. gebraleba kidec is kaci - kai ymoba unda,
biWoba unda, magram biWi veraa, verbiWia. ise organulad, ise
sisxlxorceulad zis es sityva frazis qsovilSi, rom yurs
ar gWris da samudamod gamaxsovrdeba“ (TiTmeria 1979: 47).
antonimebis sawarmoeblad gamoiyeneba uaryofiTi na-
wilaki ara, mawarmoeblebi: u-; u-o; u-ur; ucxouri afiq-
sebia: a-(logikuri, alogikuri), anti (erovnuli-antier-
ovnuli); dez-(informacia- dezinformacia); de-(forma-
cia, deformacia).
Cveulebriv, ara nawilakiT nawarmoebi antonimebi xe-
lovnuria, amnairi sityvebi xSirad terminebia da amdenad,
damkvidrebulia: arawrfivi, aramarTebuli, aramecnier-
uli, arajansaRi, aranaklebi, araealuri, ararsebuli,
arasaxarbielo, arasimetriuli, arasrulwlovani, araw-
esieri, araCveulebrivi, arawminda, araWeSmariti, arax-
elsayreli, magram mxatvrul literaturaSi isini aZlier-
ebs emocias:
amisTana kacis ar-xsovna momakvdinebel codvad unda
CaeTvalos ersa (ilia); magis mizezi aris namdvili mizezis
ar-yola (barn.); darCena-ardarCenaze ki araa saqme, saer-
Tod, Tqven, cirkis xalxi cotas kiTxulobTo, Seamsubuqa
sayveduri Wolam (miSv.).
aseTi dapirispireba gansakuTrebiT efeqturia poeziaSi:
109
 poeziaSi: `Seni yoliT da ar-yoliT ar gvibedenebs Za-
lao“ (vaJa);
`gadagvifasda dRes yvelaferi,
mSvenieri da armSvenieri“ (qeb.).
an: `visac svamdi piriqiT da piraqeT swyurodi“ (gorg.);
an kidev: `sad wesdeba mesia, saiT garbis mesia,
qvesknelebis wyvdiadi, zesknelebis Riobi“ (iqve).
zogjer amnairad nawarmoeb antonims sruliad gansxva-
vebuli mniSvneloba aqvs: aviRoT Cveulebrivi da araCve-
ulebrivi:
`es Taviseburi sportia, Cveulebrivi sportis yvela-
ze araCveulebrivi saxeoba, romelic SeiZleba havaelTa
zRvaze ficrebiT seirnobas Seedaros“ (v. baraTaSv.).
2.2. konteqsturi antonimia
sinonimiisa da antonimiis cnebebi Cveulebriv farTov-
deba mxatvrul literaturaSi, ramdenadac aq niSandobli-
via rogorc individualuri SemoqmedebiTi moxmareba, as-
eve antonimuri neologizmis Seqmna:
`saxiT mRvdeli da saqmiT mgelia, erTxel Tu amogigdo
gulidan, aRar gadaTqvams (miSv.)“.
mRvdeli da mgeli, calke aRebuli, antonimebi araa, mag-
ram aRniSnul konteqstSi isini sapirispiro semantikisaa.
savarjiSo №1. waikiTxeT teqsti da amoiwereT sinoni-
mebi da antonimebi. imsjeleT, konteqsturia Tu ara is-
ini da ra stilistikuri datvirTva aqvT maT:
- eg, Cemo sayvarelo, Zveli moTxrobaa axlad naambobi:
aqao - da glexia, yovelTvis marTali unda iyos.
- mag sulelobas rada mwameb, Cemo kargo? me glexkacs
guSindel balRsaviT ki ar Sevxari. angelozia-meTqi, me
vsinjav, me vCxrekav da, rogorc Wkva-damjdari mglovi-
110
are, davtiri Cems dakarguls naxevarsa. is Cemgan mokveTi-
li naxevaria, me - imisgan. me dakarguli naxevari menaneba,
mebraleba da ar memarTleba ki. glexi uwminduria Tavis
tyapuWiT ki ara, zogjer Tavis gulisTqmiTac. esec vici,
magram Cven ki ukeTesni varT? am wminda da umtvero Tov-
lsaviT spetaks perang-qveS gana Cven imazed metni varT?
isini menanebian, mebralebian-meTqi, me ki Cemi Tavi mZags
da mezizReba. ara, naxevar kacad, naxevar guliT cxovreba
sikvdilia, kvdomaa.
- kvdoma xrwnaa da xrwnas marto Cirqi sdis, es Tu unda
geTqva.
- Sen damaswar. magram or totad ki. erTi toti- Cveni mk-
vdris naxevrisaa da nu gikvirs, rom erTmaneTs uCirqod ver
gadavurCebiT, roca erTmaneTs movxvdebiT xolme. kargs
vizamT rasme da erTmaneTs mkvdaris naxevriT guls vuCx-
rekT, amitomac kargis mqneli, -imaTia Tu Cveni, -an suleli
gvgonia, an matyuara. mkvdari cocxals ver dainaxavs, ver
gaikiTxavs cocxlurad...
- maS, wasulia Cveni saqme, Tu marTla egrea!
- vin giTxra? CvenisTanisa- iqnebao, magram imaTi ki- ara.
- ar mesmis. aki oriveni, - Cvenca da isinic, -erTnairad
mkvdarni varT, Senis sityviT.
- egrea, magram Sen is cocxali naxevari gaviwydeba, ro-
melic SerCenili gvaqvs. gansxvaveba aq aris. Cven raca varT,
gakeTebulni varT, isini ki - Seqmnilni. Cven dablandulni
varT, isini ki gviristiT Sekerilni, im gviristiT, romelic
marto bunebam icis da buneba - xom ici, ra ostatia. isini Ca-
kirulni arian, Cven - dondloni, duneni, aba, imaTs simReras
uyure: erTi grZeli kvnesaa da simRera ver dagvirqmevia
(ilia).
111
 §3. omonimi da misi
stilistikuri funqcia
omonimi berZnuli warmoSobis sityvaa (homo erTnairi,
nomos _ saxeli) da niSnavs bgeriTi SedgenilobiT erTnair,
xolo mniSvnelobiT gansxvavebul sityvebs. maT sxvadasxva
warmomavloba aqvT. gamoiyofa omonimTa sami jgufi: leqsi-
kuri, gramatikuli da sintaqsuri.
leqsikuria omonimebi, Tu maTi fuZeebi erTi da igive
metyvelebis nawilia: nari _ anbanis erT_erTi aso, nari_
ekliani balaxi, nari _ mamali aqlemi;
motivi _ raime moqmedebis reaqciis gamomwvevi mizezi,
motivi _ melodia, kilo, hangi;
bari _ samuSao iaraRi, bari _ dablobi adgili, bari _ pa-
tara restorani, bari _ wnevis sazomi erTeuli;
bali _ xili, bali _ maskaradi, bali _ qula, bali _ miwis-
Zvris siZlieris sazomi erTeuli;
xerxi _ samuSao iaraRi, xerxi _ moxerxeba, fandi;
boqsi _ qromiT gamoyvanili erTgvari tyavi, boqsi _ ig-
ivea, rac krivi, boqsi _ calke sadgomi, boqsi _ calke ga-
moyofili adgili zogi avadmyofisTvis, boqsi _ mamakacis
Tmis gakreWis modeli.
doli - dasartyami instrumenti; doli - batknis mogebis
dro.
pasteli - 1. rbili feradi fanqrebi ferwerisaTvis; 2.
ferweris teqnika, romelic emyareba pastelis gamoyenebas;
3. aseTi fanqrebiT Sesrulebuli naxati.
omoformebi gramatikuli omonimebia, romlebic erTna-
ir bgeriT Sedgenilobas mxolod erT an or kategoriaSi
inarCuneben, mere ki scildebian erTmaneTs. omoformebi
gvaqvs Semdeg striqonebSi:
`aRmarT-aRmarT mivdiodi me nela,
serzed Sevdeq, Wmunvis ali menela
112
mzeman sxivi momafina maSina,
sicocxle vgrZen, sikvdilma ver maSina“ (akaki).
`amnairi darebiT,
kidiT-kide darebiT,
feris ferTan darebiT,
Senobebis Senoba“ (gal.).
§4. arqaizmi da misi
stilistikuri funqcia
arqaizmi (berZn. archaios - Zveli) moZvelebuli, xmarebi-
dan gasuli sityva da gamoTqmaa. igi stilistikurad marki-
rebulia. arqaizmebs mwerali warsuli drois aRsadgenad,
misi koloritis Sesaqmnelad mimarTavs. `arqaizmebi mwe-
rals imaSi exmareba, rom dakarguli Tu moZvelebuli sag-
nebisa da movlenebis specifika da maTi dro ufro mkveTr
ferebSi asaxos. yovelive es mwerals exmareba, rom mkiTx-
vels gauadvilos asaxuli epoqisa da movlenebis cxovel-
myofeli aRqma“ (zandukeli 1960 : 220):
sityva `erTguli“ samsWvaliviT SeerWo mamazes gulSi
(gams.); mwiri varo, taoeli, artanujis cixidan movdivaro
saroWikod (iqve); merme xnarcvidan axalgazrda qali am-
ovida, mxarze koka hkidia (javax.); saamma iSiSvla xmali da
gamoatriala taiWi (barn.); saams Wmunva etyoboda, radgan
qalaqidan kaci jer ar amosuliyo da cnobebi ara hqonda mi-
Rebuli (iqve).
`..nasrolsa nadirs, mun Sefarebuls,
monadirec ki ver axlebs xelsa“ ( ilia);
`mTels saqarTvelos ferxTa qveSe mCvarebr hqelvida“
(ilia);
113
 `ikmare saRvTod maT patiJni da sisxlis ZRveni,
Tu ram Segcodes, - Seisyides tanjviT Sendoba“ (ilia);
`cac aimRvra da ucisfres ferTa
natvra rad CarCa bavSvobis wiaR?“ (qeb.);
`vpove taZari, miusafari, udabnod mdgari,
mun enTo marad uqrobeli, wminda lampari,
angelosTagan ikroda mun daviTis qnari,
da ganismoda ciur dasTa galobis zari“ (n. baraTaSv.).
mwerali Tu romelime arqaul formas uneblieT iyenebs,
maSin mas ar aqvs stilistikuri datvirTva. k. gamsaxurdi-
as enaSi ki arqaizms gansakuTrebuli funqcia ekisreba, misi
Semoqmedeba, faqtobrivad, preqarTuli enis rekonstruq-
ciis cdaa, Tanamedrove qarTulis arqetipis Ziebaa, rasac
ganapirobebda miTisqmnadobis paTosi. ` `win- merCulisa-
ken!“ aseTi iyo misi lozungi. merCulisdroindeli ena uZ-
velesi qarTuli enis fuZeebs, ritms, intonacias da sintaq-
ss inaxavs. Zveli qarTuli ena aris erT-erTi placdarmi
praqarTuli enis sawvdomad“ ( sigua 1989: 135).
savarjiSo №1. waikiTxeT teqsti, gamoyaviT arqaizme-
bi da SecvaleT axalqarTuli SesatyvisebiT. imsjeleT,
ratom gamoiyeneba isini aq:
`janmrTeloba Cemi friad Seryeulia zviad batono, uflis
nebaa egec. arc me mwadis, saqarTvelos daqcevis mowme rom
gavxde. umal damvsebia eg Tvalni da yurni damgmanvia, smenad
boZebulni uflisa mier. rameTu netar arian igini, visac sik-
vdili umal uwevs, vidre sakuTaris TvaliT ixilavdnen sam-
Soblois Tvisis iavaryofas. netar arian iginica, vinca gul-
marTal winaparTa aCrdilebs Soris landad qcevas arCeven,
gadaSenebis gzaze damdgar TanamemamuleTa wiaRSi yofnas.
114
vai maT, visac ieremiasebri godeba wilad xvdes, samSoblo-
is Tvisis drois darRveul godolTa da nacixvarTa Soris.
uSjuloeba moZalebul ars saqristeanosa zeda. aseT
dros Sjulis simtkice da sxeulis sispetake Tu ver Sevi-
narCuneT, veras gviSvelis is cixeebi, romelTa meoxebiTac
mefisaTa aSeneb, zviad batono, Sen.
qveyana Tavze dagvemxoba, iavarqmnian saqristeanos, da
verc is cecxlismfrqveveli xatebi gaawyoben rames, gior-
gi mefe rom awrTobinebs farsmans, uSjulosa da mucliT
mezRapres, radgan yovelTa dambadeblisa da yovlis mxilve-
lis Tvali sufevs, zviad batono, yovelgan da mdogvis mar-
cvalic versad daecema Tvinier nebisa da xedvisa misisa“.
(k. gamsaxurdia, `didostatis marjvena“).
§5. neologizmi da misi stilistikuri funqcia
ena mudmivad cvalebadi kategoriaa, igi icvleba sazoga-
doebrivi cxovrebis ganviTarebasTan erTad: masSi Cndeba
axali leqsikuri erTeulebi, romelTac neologizmebi ew-
odeba.
`neologizmebad iwodeba is axali sityvebi, romlebic
jer kidev ver iqcnen Sesatyvisi cnebebis Sesabamis dasa-
xelebebad da amitom SeinarCunes siaxlis elferi; aseTi
sityvebi jer kidev ar moxvedrilan leqsikonebSi, adami-
anebic jer ar arian SeCveulni am `siaxles“. praqtikulad
yvela `axalSobili“ sityva dasawyisSi neologizms warmo-
adgens; Semdeg, droTa ganmavlobaSi isini kargaven stilis-
tikuri siaxlis efeqts da zog SemTxvevaSi arqaizmebadac
ki gadaiqcevian“ (gafrindaSvili... 2005: 89).
1. uavtoro neologizmebi (maTi enaSi Semotana ar ukav-
Sirdeba konkretul pirs) da 2. individualur-saavtoro
neologizmebi.
115
 bunebrivia, esa Tu is neologizmi konkretulad viRa-
cam moigona, magram vin, es ucnobia. cnobilia, rom iliam
daamkvidra wodeba, msoflmxedveloba, dedaazri, Tval-
Taxedva, mTavroba; k. gamsaxurdiam - cargvali, Sinabera,
qvemexi, didostati; n. nikolaZem - liandagi, orTqlma-
vali; g. nikolaZem - gantoleba, tanvarjiSi, msaji; akak-
im - gaiZvera, bobola; d. uznaZem - aRqma, ganwyoba, ganwyo-
bileba, msaji; v. beriZem - mivlineba, Svebuleba, saSvi... .
(gafrindaSvili ... 2005: 90-91).
Tu neologizmi enaSi damkvidrda, zogadsaxalxoa, Tu
igi Seiqmna raime SemTxvevis gamo, konkretuli konteqstis-
Tvis, mas okazionaluri ewodeba (laT. casus - SemTxveva).
zogjer okazionalizmebs bavSvebi qmnian: amoylape, amom-
iyide (miyide da amomitane). am ukanasknelT sayofacxovrebo
okazionalizmebi ewodeba. isini arsad fiqsirdeba, poetur-
individualuri ki mxatvruli literaturis kuTvnilebaa.
moviyvanT poeturi neologizmebis magaliTebs:
`JRers qvis harmonia,
darobs ramdi-dari“ (gal.);
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..
`viTom vforiaqobT,
viTom vbedmzianobT,
viTomda ocneba gvaqvs
frTebad“ (qeb.);
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
`ca pastelis ferebiT,
imnairad ferferobs,
cao, miwav, naZvebo,
sul minda rom geferoT“ (iqve);
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .
`var mowyenili, viT zamTarSi nazi beRura,
viT Semodgomis RameebSi nazi versali,
Sens silamazes Cemi trfoba esafexura,
var mowyenili, viT zamTarSi nazi beRura“.
116
savarjiSo № 1. waikiTxeT magaliTebi, ganmarteT ne-
ologizmebi da imsjeleT maTi stilistikuri funqcieb-
is Sesaxeb:
1. mosamsaxure sajinibosken miCqarnabijobda (WeiSv.);
2. roca ormocis Sesruldebi, modi CemTan da erTmaneTi
CavaportretoT (iqve);
3. daxuWa Tvali, natken fiqrSi SeTvalbrmavda (iqve);
4. mamamisis portsigari momitana da germanulad Cemsaxe-
lamoqarguli cxvirsaxoci (miSv.);
5. Cakostum-Cagalstukebuli kaci xels miqnevs (miSv.);
6. erTs vuculisyuebdi im gaxrekils ukanalze! (miSv.);
7. moiTmineT, vnaxav Tu aris, mSvidad Cautelefona mdi-
vanma (miSv.);
8. filtri miuyen-miuqanC-miumontaJes (miSv.);
9. lukianas Tumca Tvali dahkleboda, mainc amCnevda,
qmari rom raRacas CirTibirTobda (gariy.);
10. xandaxan vxvdebi, Tu raoden vSoreuldebi... (qeb.).
§ 6. dialeqtizmi da misi stilistikuri funqcia
dialeqtizmebi erTi romelime kuTxisTvis damaxasiaT-
ebeli sityvebia. bevri maTgani saliteraturo enis kuTvni-
leba gamxdara. mxatvrul literaturaSi maTi gamoyeneba
stilistikuradaa Sepirobebuli- am Tu im kuTxis kolori-
tis Sesaqmnelad gamoiyeneba. miuTiTeben sxva faqtoreb-
zec: `a) saliteraturo enaSi ar moipoveba ama Tu im dial-
eqtSi gamoyenebul formaTa ekvivalentebi- dialeqtizmi
am SemTxvevaSi avsebs saliteraturo enis xarvezebs; b) di-
aleqtizmebi gamoiyeneba adgilobrivi koloritis Sesaq-
mnelad, am dros maT wminda mxatvruli daniSnuleba aqvT;
g) mwerals ereva saliteraturo da dialeqturi formebi
anda Segnebulad amjobinebs dialeqtizmebs normiT gaTva-
117
liswinebul formebs. zogjer amas dadebiTi efeqtic aqvs-
xdeba trafaretad qceuli gamoTqmebis ganedleba, gaxali-
seba... “ (kuxalaSvili... 2010: 104).
dialeqtizmebi ZiriTadad mxatvruli nawarmoebis per-
sonaJTa metyvelebaSi gvxvdeba da migviTiTebs maT kuTxur
warmomavlobasa Tu ganaTlebaze.
molodinis sapirispirod, ilias mxatvrul prozaSi, Ti-
To-orola gamonaklisis garda, dialeqtizmebi ar gvevli-
neba avtorisa da personaJebis metyvelebis madiferenci-
rebel saSualebad.
dialeqtizmi uxvadaa mxatvrul literaturaSi, prozasa
da poeziaSi:
- `ali xom ar Semogyria, Wov?“ ( gams.);
`radgan trialebs wreSi yoveli
da drois ferfliT ar ibureba,
rogorc sulisTqmas, ise mogeli-
neta reiza ar geyureba?“ ( qeb.);
`sad xar netav...
frTebi gaqvs Tu fexSiSveli iarebi,
axla Cvenc xom Cveulebriv mdinarebas,
cxovrebisas, varT ukve naziarebi“ (iqve).
sagangebod unda aRiniSnos dialeqturi leqsikis ro
li zurab gorgilaZis SemoqmedebaSi. misi poezia aWaruli
dialeqtis cocxali saunjea. dialeqtur leqsikas moaqvs
mSobliuri kuTxis surneleba, mSobliuri keriis siTbo da
simyudrove, rac andamativiT izidavs mkiTxvels. xalxur
metyvelebasTan siaxlove, frazis mdinareba, sinedle z.
gorgilaZis poeturi stilis mTavari ganmsazRvreli niSa-
118
nia. misi poezia `mamis mjiRsa“ da `dedis majaSi“ gadarCeni-
li qarTuli sityvis cocxali matianea:
`derdebs gulSi vibeqsnidi,
aWareli viyav gana
Sig WikWikiT moWuWkuli, am sirTebis sevda Tana“ (gorg.);
`kaxabrel, feriel biWebs
ablayvebs eSxiT da ablayvebs bwkeniT“ ( iqve);
`qals Sevxede...
gavbeCdi da siyvaruli daibada“ (iqve).
savarjiSo №1. moZebneT arqaizmebi da dialeqtizmebi
da imsjeleT maTi stilistikuri funqciebis Sesaxeb
roca Sevedi, is alami SeaJRaruna da sazeimod gaiWima.
jer ufxo SeZaxiliT momesalma:
- mogvixve mSvidobiT, mogvixve! wyaloba gudanis jvrisa,
wyalobaჲ! waRm magegebas Cveni davlaTi!
merme mogviseburi darigeba mogvca:
- fic-vercxl naWam Zmas ar eRalatebis.
Zmad-naficebi namdvili Zmebi arian. orives viTom er
Ti ZuZu uwovniaT. erTi sisxlic meoresia, Wiric saerToa,
lxinic da sicocxlec.
Semdeg iamzem Tasi moitana. Sig cotaodeni rZe idga. To-
Tiam xanjris wvers TasSi vercxli Caafxika, oriveni dagva-
Coqa da cal-calke dagvamwyalobna:
- orTav mogcasT wyalobai gudanis jvarma, orTav nu ma-
giSalas mterTan xmali da gamarjveba! Tu Cemis xelisa ge-
kadrebodas, Sagindnas es Tas, Sagargas da magaxmaras (ja-
vax.)
119
 §7. barbarizmi da misi stilistikuri funqcia
leqsikur erTeuls, romelic ucxo enidan ufunqciodaa
Semosuli da mSobliur enaze moepoveba mkvidri sinonimi,
barbarizmi ewodeba. arsebobs misi ramdenime jgufi.
1. armenizmebi: somxuridan Semotanili sityvebi (to, ax
Ci, cavatanem);
2. rusicizmebi: rusuli enidan Semosuli sityvebi;
3. galizmebi: franguli enidan Semotanili sityvebi ( ma-
dam, bon Jur);
4. germanizmebi: germanuli enidan Semotanili sityvebi
(kaput, hende xox);
5. anglizmebi: inglisuri enidan Semotanili sityvebi
(mag.: seili- fasdakleba, biznesi, hobi);
6. italizmebi: italiuri enidan Semotanili sityvebi
(mag.: Cao).
XIX saukuneSi rusifikatorulma reJimma qarTul enaSi
bevr barbarizms gauxsna gza - stoli, Skafi, ramka, maSina,
truba da a. S.
`kalmasobidan“ moyolebuli rusul sityvebsa da gamoT-
qmebs met-naklebad sistemuri xasiaTi aqvs romantikosTa
enaSi, kerZod, arapoetur qmnilebebSi. miiCneven, rom es
sakiTxi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs, `imdenad
ramdenadac am Janris TxzulebaTa ena da stili edeba sa-
fuZvlad qarTuli publicistikisa Tu mecnierebis enas“
(miqiaSvili 2003: 141).
moviyvanT barbarizmebis magaliTebs qarTvel romanti-
kosTa Semoqmedebidan:
`Sekrebiloba Tu hxadis saWirod umodgenasa Cven ker-
Zo romelisame mefeTagan boZebulis Rramotisa; `inebos
moTxovad eqspediciisgan sudis da raspravis kopia“ (al.
WavW.); `saydari, biblioteka da bolnica aris mdidrad Sem-
kobili; Cemi Zma zaqariac iq misula otpuskSi“ (gr. orb.).
120
gr. orbelianis enaSi dafiqsirebuli rusuli leqsikuri
nasesxobani monawileoben qarTul sityvawarmoebaSi paxo-
doba, skuCnoba, uSkoloni, ubibliotekoni. awarmoeben
mravlobiT ricxvs: planebi, zamkebi, voennebi...
rusicizmebi Tanamedrove qarTulSic gvaqvs, Tumca
dResdReobiT anglizmebs mieca farTo asparezi.
mxatvrul literaturaSi barbarizmebis gamoyenebiT
mwerali qmnis mxatvrul saxes, gviCvenebs personaJis ganaT-
lebas, socialur statuss, damokidebulebas mSobliuri
enis normebisadmi.
§8. nasesxebi sityvebi da maTi
stilistikuri funqciebi
qarTuli enis leqsikur maragSi mniSvnelovani adgili
uWiravs nasesxeb, sxva enidan Semosul sityvebsa da gamoT-
qmebs.
yovel konkretul enas aqvs leqsikis gamdidrebis da
Sevsebis gzebi da xerxebi. esenia: sakuTari resursebisa da
sityvasawarmoebeli modelebis gamoyeneba da sxva enebTan
kontaqtebi - sesxeba da Targmna. sakuTari leqsikuri fon-
dis gamdidrebis gzis arCeva damokidebulia konkretul
enobriv situaciaze. samwuxarod, dResdReobiT qarTuli
enis leqsikuri fondi `mdidrdeba“ ara sakuTari fondiT-
sityvawarmoebiT, aramed sxva enidan sesxebiT da TargmniT.
ena socialuri movlenaa, masSi yovelTvis aisaxeba xal-
xTa Soris kontaqtebi, amitomac ar arsebobs `wminda, Se-
ureveli ena“, purizmis Teoriis dacva praqtikulad Se-
uZlebelia, magram saWiroa garkveuli zomierebis dacva.
TviT nasesxebi leqsika SeiZleba davyoT sakuTriv nasesxeb
(saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi SeTvisebuli sityvebi) da ucxo
sityvebad, romelTa ucxooba aSkaraa. pirvel jgufSi er-
121
Tiandeba sityvebi, romelTa sesxeba mizanmimarTuli, mi-
zanSewonili gaxldaT, esenia internacionalizmebi, ter-
minebi da a. S. meore jgufSi Semavali sityvebis gavrcele-
bas raime mizani ara aqvs, garda modurobisa, amitom maTi
Secvla qarTuli leqsikuri erTeulebiT sasurvelicaa da
aucilebelic.
nasesxebi sityvebi mecnierebis, kulturis, politikis
sferoebs ganekuTvneba; swored maTi ganviTareba aisaxeba
leqsikaSi. esenia: hiti, investicia, legitimuri, impiCmen-
ti, konfidencialuri, brifingi, inauguracia, forpos-
ti, nonsensi, fobia, monstri.
qarTulSi bevria internacionalizmi, romelTa gavrce-
leba da damkvidreba ganapiroba mecnierul-teqnikurma
progresma da globalizaciam.
zemodasaxelebul bevr sityvas moeZebneba qarTuli Se-
satyvisi, romelic SesaniSnavad gamoxatavs saTqmels en
is normebisa da esTetikis dacviT. esenia: rimeiqi, feSen-
viqi, uiqendi, ivenTi, farTi da sxva mravali. umjobesia
vixmaroT: gadamuSaveba, modis kvireuli, SabaT-kvira,
RonisZieba, wveuleba. brifingi xanmokle TaTbiria Jur-
nalistebisaTvis; voiaJi - mogzauroba; monstri - urCxu-
li; fobia - SiSi; kuratori - mzrunveli, meurve, romelsac
davalebuli aqvs raime saxis meTvalyureoba; skolis, sas-
wavleblis mesiji - xedva, koncefcia, ZiriTadi principebi
da mizani; gzavnili - mTavari saTqmeli, dekodireba - ga-
Sifvra, garCeva, refleqsia - asaxva, analizi; latenturi -
gamoumJRavnebeli, faruli; interpretacia - risame azris
axsna-ganmarteba; relaqsacia - simSvide, moduneba; non-
sensi - Seusabamoba, sisulele; insaiTi - ucabedi, ucnauri
wvdoma; silabusi - saswavlo gegma, kurikulumi - saswav-
lo kursebis erToblioba.
amrigad, nasesxeb sityvaTa xmarebaSi zomierebis dacva
aucilebelia, mxatvruli literaturis stilSi ki isini ga-
122
moiyeneba, rogorc stilistikuri saSualebani da persona-
Jis wignierebaze miuTiTebs.
savarjiSo №1. moZebneT barbarizmebi da nasesxebi
sityvebi, imsjeleT maTi stilistikuri funqciebis Sesa-
xeb da sadac saWiroa, SecvaleT qarTuli SesatyvisebiT:
1. qalaqSi modnicebi ar gvyavs;
2. rusis pir-daubanelma da Tma-dauvarcxnelma iamSCikma
foStis povoska miayena (ilia);
3. diambegs da naCalniks usudod SeeZloT, raca surdaT,
is eqmnaT (yazb.);
4. diRmel vanuas Tavi daedo rulze da eZina (doCanaSv.);
5. meria `marSutkebis“ mZRolebis gatyavebasac iwyebs?!
6. modiT da yvelaferi gavaiasnoT;
7. xels uSlidaT mag ambavSi venoki samgloviaro (gelaSv.);
8. igeTi CurCxelebi da Cirebi, igeTi Rvino da viCina (iqve);
9. kvitanciebi zemodan Catenes feCSi;
10. sarkesaviT gaaprila patalokic da polic.
§ 9. frazeologizmi da misi stilistikuri funqcia
frazeologizmebi didi gamomsaxvelobiTi Zalis mqone
stilistikuri saSualebebia. `maTi gamoyeneba metyvelebis
eqspresiul-emociur bunebas amaRlebs da amdidrebs“ (ef-
imovi 1968:70). magaliTad: miznis misaRwevad iSviaTi Zalis-
xmeva qarTulSi gadmoicema frazeologizmiT - nemsis yun-
wSi Zvreba; gamwareba- buxarSi mkvdris atanineba da a. S.
stilistikis kvlevis obieqtia sinonimuri frazeol-
ogizmebi, myari gamoTqmebi, romelTac erTnairi an msgav-
si mniSvneloba aqvT, sinamdvilis erTsa da imave movlenas
asaxaven, magram gansxvavebul emociur elfers aniWeben; an
erTsa da imave semantikas neitralurad, evfemisturad Tu
123
disfemisturad gadmogvcemen. iseve rogorc relatiur si-
nonimebs, amnair myar gamoTqmebsac gansxvavebuli funqci-
ebi aqvT, isini stilistikurad markirebulia.
sinonimur frazeologizmebs leqsikurisagan gansxvave-
biT ar aqvs semantikuri dominanti, e. i. ZiriTadi sinonimi-
sinonimuri rigis birTvi.
qarTvel muhajirTa metyvelebaSi uazro, usagno lapa-
raks gadmogvcems frazeologizmebi: laparakSi kata daam-
tria (gaglija), jixriki daamtria, Wvavis Wiboni da Tik-
nis davli, rZem gadmeiara.
kata daamtria _ niSnavs daufiqrebeli, mouzomavi la-
parakiT viRacas awyenina an saidumloeba gasca; inegolSi
ityvian, laparakSi jixriki daamtriao.
maWaxelSi Sahinma daadastura uazro, uTavbolo lapa-
rakis gamomxatveli frazeologizmebi: `win-ukan lapari-
kobs, `kaWa-kuWaia laparakobs“. iqve dasturdeba gansxva-
vebuli stilistikuri konotaciis frazeologizmi - `Zem
gadmeiara“ (molaparakes am ambisa araferi gaegeba, mize-
zi ki moxucebulobaa): `Zema gadmeiara, nenes xeberi ar aq“
(maW.). (xeberi- arab. ambavi) (cecxlaZe 2009:18).
yvelaze meti frazeologizmiTaa gadmocemuli sikvdi-
lis semantika. arsebobs sikvdilis biologiuri, religi-
uri, filosofiuri gageba. `warmodgena sikvdilze, ro-
gorc movlenaze, universaluria mravali xalxis samyaros
enobriv suraTSi, Tumca yoveli nacionaluri kulturis
(rwmena, tradicia, rituali, warmodgena da a. S. TviTmyo-
fadoba ganapirobebs TiToeuli eTnosis enobrivi cnobi-
erebis unikalurobas. sinonimur mniSvnelobaTa simravles
swored am cnebis gansxvavebuli gageba, mis mimarT sxvadas-
xvagvari damokidebuleba, gaazreba ganapirobebs“ (kiko-
niSvili... 2010:86-87). frazeologiaSi xalxis rwmenisa da
warmodgenebis gamoxatvis Sesaxeb sagangebod msjelobs b.
jorbenaZe (jorbenaZe 1997: 62).
124
sikvdilis semantikis gamomxatvel frazeologizmTa
umravlesoba aRZravs uaryofiT emocias: pirnaTlad, gul-
dasvenebiT civ samareSi Cavida (vaJa); movkvdebi, erTi dRe
mmarTebs; miwa meqneba batonad (iqve); waiRo Savma miwam Ce
mi Tevdore (ilia) (cecxlaZe ... 2011: 228-239).
disfemisturi frazeologizmebia: dResa Tu xval Cemi
sulTamxuTavi mova da suls gamafrTxobinebs (ilia); samsa-
xuridan daiTxoves da malec suli gaacxo (kldiaSv.); mTeli
ori kvira asmevda da mesame kviras ki darejans fexebi gaaW-
imvina (ilia); morCebian Wamas da maSinve esenic fexebs gaf-
Seken (T. razikaSv.); me dambaCa davcale, iman ki Subli SeuSvi-
ra tyvias da papaCemis mosakiTxad wavida (javax.).
muhajirTa metyvelebaSi gvaqvs aseve weixura miwis saba-
ni, Savi murgvi muugorda; lextze Tavi miartya, Cenge mi-
egrixa (an Cieklita), suli dieglija (maW.), suli gaSpa (in).
aWarulSi amave mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba fexis TiTebSi
gaWitinebac.
amave semantikis evfemisturi frazeologizmebia: mivdi-
varo, miTxra da RmerTs miabara alali suli (ilia); jvebe
avad iyo, amitom pupis bedi da patara duqani Caabara, xolo
suli RmerTs dauloca (javax.); Suagzaze rom mivida, su
li gagzavna caSi (p. umik.); bunebisagan daCagruls da gan-
wiruls sikvdili migiRebs siyvaruliT, miwa Cagikravs
gulSi, rogorc satrfos nanatrs (v.barn.).
metad sainteresoa sxvisi gamwarebis, datanjvis gamom-
xatveli frazeologizmebi samxrul metyvelebaSi:
`dedamTilsa ar duuJda WkvaSi da da Zali lemsi(s) yur-
wSi gaaZrumla“; `buxarSi SaaZrumla zavali“; `imsoi saq-
me uyo, rom buxridan ktari aatania“; `amden saqmeSi suli
gaaSpuna“; `Saaqanebia Cenge, fena zori mica bersa“; `kibi-
li tvinebi gaayrevnia“ (Cveneb.)
nemsis yunwSi gaZvrena sxvis ukidures gaWirvebaSi Cag-
deba, Zaldatanebaa. aq saTqmeli ufro gazviadebulia, vid-
125
re buxarSi gaZvrenaSi. aWarulSi gavrcelebulia trubaSi
gaZrumlebac, romelSic aSkaraa rusulis gavlena. aranak-
leb eqspresiulia buxridan mkvdris ataninebac. sulis
gaSpumleba da Cenges (Turq. yba) Seqaneba sikvdilis Tva-
liT danaxvaze miuTiTebs. sastik gamwarebazeve miuTiTebs
kbilis tvinebis gayrevinebac, oRond aq tkivilis semanti-
kaa wina planze wamoweuli (cecxlaZe... 2010: 232).
9.1. frazeologizmis individualur-avtoriseuli
gardaqmna da misi stilistikuri funqcia
`Tu uCveulo konteqstSi vlindeba frazeologizmis
komponentebis semantikuri Tu struqturuli Tavisebure-
bani, es aris individualuri avtoriseuli gardaqmna“ (Sad-
rini 1991: 145-146).
gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa bibleizmebis denotaci-
ur-konotaciuri aspeqtebi, struqtura da stilistikuri
funqciebi. isini TavianTi xatovanebiTa da Rrma semanti-
kiT warmoadgens darwmunebis saukeTeso saSualebas. araiS-
viaTad maT okaziuradac iyeneben, rac `raRac damatebiTi
informaciis miwodebasac gulisxmobs. rac ufro moulod-
nelia okaziuri mniSvneloba, miT ufro Zlieria `gacrueb-
uli molodinis efeqti“ (Cxvimiani 2004: 87).
eqspresiulobis misaRwevad, sazogadoebaze zegavle-
nis mosaxdenad, naTqvamis WeSmaritebaSi dasarwmuneblad,
mis zneobrivad asamaRleblad, TviTnebobis da utifrobis
gasakritikeblad zogjer ilia Tavis publicistikaSi mi-
marTavs bibleizmis gramatikul transformacias - `meore
dResao, imave Tavmjdomarem gamoucxada yrilobas, - brZa-
nebs b-ni yifiani: - iyav neba Tqvenio, TiTon Cven daginiS-
navT kamisiaso; ram gamoiwvia? nuTu iman, rom `iyavn neba
Cemio!“ .
zogjer TvalSi sacemia maTi dinamizmi: da aRa-mahmad-xa-
nebma pirqve dagvamxes, qva-qvazed ar dagviyenes (`ra giTx-
126
raT, riT gagxaroT?“) [ara daSTes qvaჲ qvasa zeda, romeli
ara dairRues].
`b-n yifians bewvi daunaxavs da Zeli ki ara (`Sinauri
mimoxilva“) [Sdr. anu viTar xel-gewifebis Tqumad Zmisa
Senisa: `Zmao, miteve da aRmogiRo wueli Tualisagan Se-
nisa, da diresa Tualisa Senisasa ara hxedav? orgulo,
aRmoiRe pirvelad dirჱ Tualisagan Senisa da merme ix-
ilo aRmoRebad wueli Tualisagan Zmisa Senisa (l. 6, 42)].
glaxaks aravisgan sakmao nugeSi ar eZleva da sCivis: me
purs vsTxovo, is qvas midebs xelSio (`werilebi qarTul
literaturaze“) [Sdr. anu vin ars Tquengani kaci, romeli
sTxovdes Ze misi pursa, nu qvaჲ misces mas? m. 7, 7].
`mainc kidev sikvdilia imisTvis, rom visTvisac WirSia,
visTvisac ibrZvis, visTvisac itanjeba, is pirveli esvris
qvas sxvaTa Soris“ (iqve :604).
specialur literaturaSi miTiTebulia, rom saeklesio-
wignuri frazeologia. `arqauli gamoTqmebi organulad ar
is Caqsovili ZiriTad teqstSi da Zveli qarTuli ornamen-
tebiviT amSvenebs mas“ (SalamberiZe 1966:274). bunebrivia,
am gamoTqmebs ilia arqaizaciisTvis iyenebs, Tumca isini
pirvel rigSi gamoiyeneba (roca ucvleli saxiTaa damowme-
buli), rogorc yvelaze mtkice, sarwmuno argumentebi, Sem-
deg ki unda vimsjeloT maT stilistikur funqciebsa Tu
niuansebze.
`xe xilisagan, xili xisgan naTqvamia, _ icnobebao“
(`qvaTa RaRadi“); ukanasknel magaliTSi bibleizmi gaxal-
xurebulia, momdevnoSi ki gaTanamedrovebuli: adamiani
da metwilad eri, ara marto puriTa erTiTa cocxal ars“
(`Sinauri mimoxilva“) [Sdr. `ara puriTa xolo cxondebis
kaci“m. 4,4.].
bibleizmebis gamoyenebis met dinamizmze migviTiTebs
bibliuri sityvebisa da siuJetebis gadaqceva teqstis or-
ganul nawilad. `lafi CamovirecxoT, WuWyi moviSoroT,
127
rom mxolod margalitebi dagvrCes Cvenis cxovrebis sasa-
xelod“ (`saqarTvelos moambezed“) [Sdr. nu miscemT siwmi-
desa ZaRlTa, nuca daufenT margalitsa Tquensa winaSe
RorTa].…
ilia bibleizmebs iyenebs saTauradac: `vis naTessa vm-
kiT?, `ras veZiebdiT da ra vpoveT?“amgvari kiTxviTi sa-
TaurebiT igi adresats an uzneobaSi sdebs brals, an kidev
raRac Seusabamobaze miuTiTebs.
9.2. aqve unda aRiniSnos bibliur frazeologizmTa prag-
matikuli aspeqtebis Sesaxebac: me-20 saukuneSi aTeizmis
mZvinvarebam bibleizmebi aRmofxvra qarTvelebis mexsier-
ebidan. m. javaxiSvilis SemoqmedebaSi naCvenebia, Tu rogor
daukargavT Sinaarsi eklesiur saidumloebebs da praqti-
kuli daniSnuleba SeuZeniaT. isini moqmedeben principiT:
`kbili kbilisa wil“. Teimurazi mxolod maSin dainteresda
Segonebis- `nu daufenT margalitsa Tquensa winaSe RorTa“
mniSvnelobiT, roca amave sibrZnis ZaliT cxovrebidan ga-
iriya, nakacarad iqca. igive frazeologizmi uCveulo kon-
teqstSi gvxvdeba `visramianSi“: `ra viroman visisagan ese
Seuwoneli sityva moismina, margaliti Rorsa winaSe ra da-
yara“ (visr.103: 13).
ilia erTsa da imave bibleizms mxatvrul literaturasa
da publicistikaSi gansxvavebul funqcias akisrebs. luar-
sabs mwerali ase mimarTavs: `Sen imisTvis cxovrob rom Wamo
da sva da ara imisTvis sWam da svam, rom icxovro, e. i. ecado,
viTa mama zecisa, iyav Sen sruli“. aRniSnul konteqstSi
bibliuri fraza sarkastulad gamoiyeneba, maSin roca pub-
licistikaSi dakonkretebulia misi moraluri faseuloba:
viTa mama zecisa, iyav Sen sruli”- ai, Tavi da bolo adami-
anis cxovrebisa“ (`Sinauri mimoxilva“).
128
frazeologizmebis nimuSebi
avguris Rimili
avguris Rimili sicruisa da TvalTmaqcobis sinonimia.
Zvel romSi avgurebi anu qurumebi morwmuneebs umartav-
dnen religiur wesebs, mravalricxovani RmerTebis ne-
ba-survils, uwinaswarmetyvelebdnen momavals da a. S. ci-
ceronis gadmocemiT, uvici xalxis matyuara Sarlatanebi
erTmaneTTan Sexvedrisas Zlivs ikavebdnen sicils. sazo-
gadoebaSi axlac moipovebian iseTi adamianebi, romlebic
saidumloebiT mosaven viTomda Rrma codnas, TvalTmaqco-
ben da Segnebuli aqvT, rasac Cadian.
balzakis asaki
ityvian mowifulobaSi Sesul qalze, warmodgeba frangi
mwerlis, onore de balzakis romanidan: `qali ocdaaTi wlisa“.
gantevebis vaci
gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT gantevebis vacs uwodeben is
eT adamianebs, romlebsac sxvis codvebs abraleben da sxve-
bis mier Cadenili danaSaulisaTvis agebineben pasuxs. uZve-
les droSi ebraelebs aseTi wesi hqondaT: weliwadSi er-
Txel, saSemodgomo dResaswaulze `codvebisagan ganwmen-
dis dRes, mTeli Temi Seikribeboda velze. uxucesi jer
wirvas gadaixdida, Semdeg ki gamoiyvanda vacs, daakisrebda
mas mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi mrevlis mier Cadenil cod-
vebs da miuSvebda tyeSi mglebis dasaglejad.
geTsimaniis baRi
mSvenieri, myudro, wynari adgili, gadataniT ki niSnavs
mZime gancdaTa adgils. saxarebis mixedviT, ierusalim-
is maxloblad mdebare geTsimaniis baRSi uyvarda qristes
ganmartoeba da locvebSi drois gatareba. aqve gasca iudam
qriste Tavisi amboriT.
129
 hanibalis fici
hanibalis fici samudamod, samaradisod dadebuli,
mtkice, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani aRTqmaa.
xma mRaRadeblisa udabnosa Sina
es gamoTqma figuralurad niSnavs vinmes naTqvamis, Se-
niSvnis, mowodebis uyuradRebod datovebas.
ZaRlis Tavia Camarxuli
raime gaugebari sakiTxis gamocnobis, mis dedaarsSi Caw-
vdomisas ityvian, ai, sad yofila ZaRlis Tavi Camarxulio.
gadmocemis Tanaxmad, es gamoTqma germaniaSi warmoiSva me-
Teqvsmete saukuneSi. vinme mxedars sayvareli ZaRli mouk-
vda, romelmac erT dros igi sikvdilisgan ixsna. madlierma
patronma Tavis sayvarel ZaRls lamazi Zegli augo saflav-
ze. cnobas amis Sesaxeb Soreul raionebamde miuRwevia. Zeg-
lis sanaxavad Soridan mosulni adgilobriv mcxovreblebs
ekiTxebodnen, sad aris ZaRlis Tavi Camarxulio.
CineTis kedeli
CineTis kedeli gankerZoebulobis, gancalkevebulo-
bis, karCaketilobis simboloa. Cinelebi ZvelTaganve ga-
nuwyvetliv eomebodnen momTabare tomebs, hunebis winap-
rebs, romlebic CineTis CrdiloeTiT tramalebSi cxov-
robdnen. maT mexuTe saukuneSi SiSis zari dasces evropas,
amitomac aages Cinelebma 214 wels didi (2500 km. sigrZis, 10
m. simaRlis, 6 m. sisqis) kedeli.
Sios marani
Sios marani uleveli simdidrisa da uxvi dovlaTis sim-
boloa. mcxeTis raionSi mdinare mtkvris gaRma mTebSi Si
om mRvimis monasteri mdebareobs. gadmocemis Tanaxmad, igi
wminda Siom aago meeqvse saukuneSi da TviTonve gaxda misi
130
winamZRvari. monasterTan maranis yofila da guluxvi beri
RviniT umaspinZldeboda mlocvelebs. legendis gadmoce-
miT, qvevrebSi Rvino uleveli yofila, isini zenaaris wya-
lobiT mudmivad ivseboda Turme.
puri Cveni arsobisa
es gamoTqma amoRebulia locvidan `mamao Cveno“. mor-
wmune mimarTavs RmerTs da gamosTxovs mas yoveldRiur
lukmapurs. gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT mas xmaroben iseTi
ramis aRsaniSnavad, rac sasicocxlo saWiroebas, saarsebo
moTxovnilebas warmoadgens.
orpirovani ianusi
ianusi Zveli romaelebis RvTaeba iyo. erT sxeulze ad-
amianis ori saxe iyo: erTi gaxldaT Wabukisa, meore- moxu-
cis. simbolurad pirveli niSnavda momavals, meore- war-
suls, ganvlil dros. ianuss xelSi skiptra da didi gasaRebi
eWira; iTvleboda karebis, WiSkris yovelgvari saqmis da-
sawyisisa da dasasrulis RvTaebad. romSi mis saxelze taZa-
ri iyo agebuli.
Tanamedrove gagebiT, gamoTqma `orpirovani ianusi“ fi-
guralurad aRniSnavs niRabs, orpirobas, erTis Tqmas da
meoris gakeTebas, dapirebas, magram dapirebulis sawinaaR-
mdego moqmedebas.
Tvali Tvalisa wil, kbili kbilisa wil
es aris samagieros migebis devizi, mocemuli ebraelTa
kanonmdeblis- moses aT cnebaSi, rac niSnavs moyenebuli
zianisTvis samagiero zianis miyenebis debulebas. qristian-
ulma moralma mas morCilebis principi daupirispira: mar-
cxena ybaSi dagartyan, marjvena miagebeo.
131
 danaelebis ZRveni
danaelebis ZRveni aris saCuqari, romelSiac ifareba
mtruli zraxvebi, Ralati, safrTxe, ubedureba.
netar arian morwmuneni
netar arian morwmuneni, - uwyinari ironiiT ityvian gu-
lubryvilod damjer adamianze.
§ 10. andaza da misi stilistikuri funqciebi
xalxis mier saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi dagrovebuli sib-
rZne WeSmariti sarwmuno wyaroa. rogorc sasaubro stil-
Si, ise publicistikasa da mxatvrul literaturaSi anda-
zas argumentis funqcia ekisreba: msmenelisa Tu mkiTxve-
lis darwmuneba naTqvamis WeSmaritebaSi. aseT dros avtori
andazas urTavs komentarebs: imaT codna aqvT, xerxi ician.
`xerxi sjobia Ronesao“, - ZvelTaganve Tqmula da marTalic
aris (ilia); `rogoric mRvdelia, iseTic eriao“, - ambobs
qarTuli andaza, rogori poema iyo naTargmni, imisTanac ...
gamxilavic Sexvda (ilia IV:26); marad WeSmaritia qarTuli
andaza: `kargs mTqmels kargi gamgoni undao“ ( iqve, IV: 305).
andazas mwerlebi xSirad mimarTaven eqspresiulobis mi-
saRwevad: ana samagieros gadauxdida _ adgeboda da vis fa-
cers mouwnavda, vis bades aTxovebda, vis ra samsaxurs gauw-
evda, iqneb sikeTes qveynis guli moelbo, magram naTqvamia:
dagorebul qvas gamarjoba ver SeaCerebso (k. lorTq.);
momavalSi ki… Cemi xiznoba nu adgia yelze,… axsovdes, rom
cxvari cxvaria, magram Tu gacxarda, cxareao (dad.).
gamomsaxvelobis misaniWeblad ilia mzamzareuli anda-
zebiT ki ar kmayofildeba, `aramed cdilobs gadaamuSaos,
gadaaxalisos igi, gaavrcos misi moqmedebis are, raTa amiT
gaaZlieros enis gamomsaxvelobiTi Zala, ufro gaamSvenier-
132
os, gaalamazos da gaamkveTros azris garegnuli samoseli
ara maRalfardovani da oCofexebze Semdgari sityvebiTa,
aramed xalxuri gamoTqmebiT, `sayoveldReo, Sinauruli“
sasaubro frazebiT, romlebic farTo masisaTvis gasagebi,
axlomdgomi da gulSi Camwvdomia“ (SalamberiZe 1966: 283).
ilia andazebis perifrazirebas, modernizacias mimar-
Tavs Sesadareblad, analogiisTvis, azris alegoriulad
gadmosacemadac: `katasaviT Zexvs ver Seswvdenian da meti
ra darCeniaT, Tu ar iZaxon paraskeviao“; `nacvlad imisa,
rom Tqvas, CvenTvis miuwvdomeli ram ariso, romelsac mSi-
eri kata ver Seswvda da Tavi imiT inugeSa, rom paraskeviao“;
`amaTi Seyra swored imasa hgavs, rom mkvdari mkvdars aek-
ida, saflavamde wamiReo“.
g. SalamberiZes imis saCveneblad, Tu raoden moqnilad
da marjved iyenebs ilia andazebs, misi publicisturi nawe-
rebidan mohyavs erTi andazis - `wyalwaRebuli xavss ekid-
ebodao“ cxra varianti:
1. visac saqme ese esmis, imas anbanis Teoretikac veras
uSvelis, rogorc wyalwaRebuls - xavsi; 2. me da Tqven kar-
gad viciT, rom xavsi veras uSvelis, mainc wyali waiRebs; 3.
wyalwaRebuli xavss ekidebodao, naTqvamia; 4. mebatone fiq-
robs, raki wyals mivyavaro, xavss mainc moveWidoo; 5. dah-
bRauWebia Cveni umecari mecnieri, rogorc wyalwaRebuli,
xavssa, raki sxva ilaji da Rone ar hqonia; 6. igi aramc Tu um-
ecari, qarafSutac yofila, wyalwaRebulsaviT yovel xav-
ss eWideba, magram vai, Sens mters, xavsma, vera uSvelos- ra;
7. igi mogvagonebs xavss, romelsac wyalwaRebuli eWideba
xolme, roca meti gza ara aqvs 8. albad es aris is xavsi, ro-
melsac Cveni wyalwaRebuli avtori CasWidebia; 9. sxva gza
rom ara aqvs, xavss eWideba darCobisagan Tavis dasaRwevad“
(vimowmebT SalamberiZis mixedviT, gv. 289-290).
amrigad, andazebSi eqspresiuloba naTqvamis WeSmarite-
baSi darwmunebas emsaxureba.
133
 § 11. aforizmi da misi stilistikuri funqciebi
aforizmi zepirsa da weriTs metyvelebaSic imave rols
asrulebs, rasac andaza, im gansxvavebiT, rom am ukanas-
knels avtori hyavs da rac meti avtoriteti aqvs mas, miT
ufro sarwmunoa naTqvami. mxatvrul literaturaSi arc
Tu iSviaTad imowmeben winamorbedTa naazrevs: ilia gansa-
kuTrebiT xSirad moixmobda rusTvelur aforizmebs: iyen-
ebda an Txzulebis teqstSi, an werilis bolos:
guli krulia kacisa, xarbi da gauZRomeli (ilia VIII: 181);
kokasa Sigan raca sdgas, igive warmodindebis (iqve); rasaca
gascem Senia, rac ara- dakargulia (iqve); qmna marTlisa sa-
marTlisa xesa Seiqms xmelsa nedlad (iqve); yvavi ra vardsa
iSovis, Tavi bulbuli hgonia (iqve).
ilia arc Tu iSviaTad imowmebs sxvaTa brZnul gamonaT-
qvamebsac: `brZeni arc iSvebs friada, arc dia Sewuxdebisa;
sjobs siglaxake simarTliT, crus didsa gamdidrebasa“
(arCili) (iqve); `gogra ver gaxdeba Sirazis SuSad, rac ginda
maRal Taroze dasvaTo“ (saiaTnova).
mxatvrul literaturaSi zogjer aforizmi perifra-
zirebulia. mag.: iliasTan vxvdebiT rusTveluri aforiz-
mebis perifrazirebas: ` lodini xsnilsac daabams, igi TviT
ebis, vin ebis (VI: 175) [Sdr.: `uxvi axsnilsa daabams, igi TviT
ebis vin ebis“]; `zogjer siwynare gmobili sjobs siCqaresa
qebulsa“ (V: 149) [Sdr.: Tqmula, siwynare gmobili sjobs siC-
qaresa qebulsa“].
`piradobis Jinsve vabralebT quTaTuris gazeTis `Sro-
mis“`aRma xvnas da daRma farcxvas“ yovels saqmeSi, saca ki
quTaisis saadgilmamulo banki urevia“ (iliaV:212); gaxare-
bis gaxSireba da, maSasadame, gaiefeba veraferi Tamasuqia
CemTvis. vici, kargad vici, rom odes turfa gaiafdes, aRara
Rirs arca Cirad“ (iqve, IX : 269).
aforizmebiT metyveleba damajerebeli, sarwmunoa da
STambeWdavi, amasTanave, miuTiTebs metyvelis wignierebazec.
134
§ 12. evfemizmi da tabu;
maTi stilistikuri funqciebi
enaSi aris iseTi sityvebi da gamoTqmebi, romlebic Sina-
arsiT saTakiloa, rwmenis gamo ar gamoiTqmis, anda uxeSia
da uxerxulobas qmnis. es garemoeba ganapirobebs maT Sec-
vlas evfemizmebiT.
12.1. evfemizmi berZnuli sityvaa da niSnavs `keTilad
metyvelebas“, `zrdilobian laparaks“. ucxo sityvaTa leq-
sikonis mixedviT, evfemizmi sityva an gamoTqmaa, romli-
Tac Secvlilia sxva, raime TvalsazrisiT miuRebeli, uxer-
xuli sityva an gamoTqma (fexmZime orsulis nacvlad, sapir-
fareSo - fexisadgilis nacvlad) Tu sityvis an gamoTqmis
pirdapiri mniSvneloba uxerxulobas gviqmnis, igi unda Sev-
cvaloT `keTiliT“, `zrdilobianiT“. amdenad, gamosaxata-
vi Sinaarsi ar icvleba, icvleba mxolod garegnuli saxe.
ena uSualod ukavSirdeba eris kulturas, is enobrivi
etiketis gaamoxatulebaa. `evfemizacia kulturul-mwig-
nobruli enebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. enobrivi etiketi,
Tavazianobis garkveuli formulebi da formebi, am kul-
turasTan Tanaziarobaa, xolo darRveva misi ucxoobis
erT-erTi niSania“ (arabuli 2005 : 236).
evfemizmebia: mkbenari (tili), micvalebuli (mkvdari),
xelcivi, xelmrudi (qurdi), usaxelo, uxsenebeli, ur-
wmuno (gveli); axlomxedveli (beci), Seuxedavi, ulamazo
(maxinji), moxuci, mxcovani, drouli, xandazmuli (bebe-
ri); SeuZlodaa, uqeifodaa (cudadaa); simarTle damima-
la, ar miTxra (momatyua).
evfemizmebadaa miCneuli Tavaziani gamoTqmebic: brZa-
na (Tqva), miirTva (Wama), mobrZanda (movida); brZana (Tqva),
gardaicvala (mokvda) gaxlavs (aris), daberda (moxucda,
mokvda- gardaicvala, inebeT, geTayva) da a. S. aqve unda da-
135
vasaxeloT mxolobiTi ricxvis nacvlad mravlobiTis ga-
moyeneba: dabrZandiT, gaxlavarT...
evfemisturia aseve: SeniWirime, genacvale, Semogevle.
zogi sityva garkveuli socialuri statusis aRmniSvne-
li iyo, dRes amaze igi aRar miuTiTebs, magram Tavazianobis
aRniSvna daekisra. mag.: batono, qalbatono... `batoni od-
esRac konkretul sagans aRniSnavda, sityvis istoriuli
ganviTarebis Sedegad igi ganzogadda da Tavaziani mimar-
Tvis formad iqca“ (ZiZiguri 1965: 270).
qarTulSi arsebobs evfemizmis sxvadasxva saxeoba. maT
iyeneben: a) sakuTar janmrTelobaze saubrisas: `Sen jva-
ri geweros“, `Sen ar SemogCivleb“; b) cudi ambis xsenebisas:
`Sors iyos“, `piri qvisken miqnia“; g) madlierebis gamoxat-
visas: `didi madloba“, `madloba momixsenebia“, `uRrmesi
madloba“; d) ojaxSi stumrobisas: `aqa mSvidoba“, `keTili
iyos Cemi fexi am ojaxSi“; e) `SenaZenis milocvisas“: `ax-
al-axal mSvidobaSi“ (kaxeTSi ityvian, -mziT gacviTeo); v)
mobodiSebisas: `mapatieT“, `bodiSi“, `ukacravad“; z) dam-
Svidobebisas: `kargad menaxe“, `kargad iyavi“ T) Zilis win:
`Zili nebisa“, `tkbili Zili“… i) gamgzavrebisas: `gza mSvi-
dobisa“, `bednieri mgazavroba“, morCilebisa da Tanxmobis
gamomxatvelia: `kargi“, `keTili“, `keTili da patiosani“ k)
moferebis, Txovna-mudaris gamomxatveli - `geTayva“, `ge-
nacvale“, `Semogevle“ (saxokia 1979: 89).
evfemizms SeiZleba ironiuli elferi dahkravdes: Cemi
goSia gardaicvala; nikora Sin mobrZanda; Sen wisqvilSi
wabrZandi, me qorwilSi waveTrevi.
evfemizacia Cinebuli saSualebaa naklsa an xarvezze, si-
marTleze delikaturad misaTiTeblad. mag.: nacvlad imisa,
rom adamians uTxran, matyuara xaro, eubnebian, Tqveni naT-
qvami simarTles ar Seeferebao.
gaxlavT, inebeT da misTana sityvebis gamoyeneba mizan-
Sewonili araa samecniero stilSi. magaliTad: es metad
136
mniSvnelovani naSromi gaxlavT qarTuli samarTlis isto-
riaSi. unda iyos es metad mniSvnelovani naSromi aris.
saTqmelis evfemizacia sazogadod damaxasiaTebelia
mwignobruli enebisTvis, kulturuli adamianisTvis, maRa-
leTikuri sazogadoebisTvis.
`enobrivi etiketi gulisxmobs metyvelebis kulturas,
igi ganekuTvneba eTikis sferos. individis mier warmoTqmu-
li nebismieri sityva, gamoTqma, romelsac mohyveba msmene-
lisTvis usiamovno emocia, araeTikurad, eTikur normaTa
darRvevad aRiqmeba. amdenad, eTikur normaTa dacvas sazo-
gadoebaSi udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba“ (saRinaZe 2012: 354).
12.2. Tu evfemizmi eTikas miekuTvneba, tabu rwmenas uk-
avSirdeba da religiuri rwmenis safuZvelze warmoSobil
akrZalvas niSnavs. igi polineziuri sityvaa, qarTulad ar
iTargmneba, megrulSi ki misi ekvivalentebia `vaSiners“ da
`veSilebe“. pirveli adamians uSlis Cveulebriv moqmede-
bas an laparaks, meore ki animistur warmodgenas ukavSir-
deba. tabuirebis pirveladi arsi iyo totemis moukvlelo-
ba. k. gamsaxurdiasTan gamoiyeneba orive sityva- tabu da
vaSiners. novela `tabuSi“ vecnobiT vaSinersiT saxelde-
bul cxovelebs, `mTvaris motacebaSi“ - svanur samonadi-
reo vaSinerss, personaJTa mravalsaxelianoba ki mTel mis
prozaSi gvxvdeba.
`vicodiT, ras moaswavebda yvavis daCxavleba, boloqan-
qalas Semojdoma, wiTuras Sexvedra, kurdRlis, melis da
miwis kacis orani.
bukioti daikivlebda - kudiani axlo modgeboda, yuri
daifarfalebda - cuds ambavs gaigonebdi, marcxena Tvali
daifarfalebda - marjvenas gaaxarebda, wvivze mogefxane-
boda, win gza unda gdeboda, ofofi Semogeyreboda-cudi
ambavi moxdeboda, cas varskvlavi moswydeboda- didi kaci
mokvdeboda.
137
 gavrcelebuli warmodgeniT, TiTqos saxelis xseneba
aRizianebda suls, amitomac mavnes saxels arasodes davu-
ZaxebdiT. daTvs `uwmindurs“ veZaxdiT, turas `kvaldawyev-
lils”, Tagvs - `kbilebmoWedils“, WinWvelas - `kuzians“,
qors - `zemavals“, yvavs - `duduCas“, gvels - `SavCoxians“,
`mavnes“, `usaxelos“.
naWyvedlebs ar esmodaT, rom `Tqma qmnaze didia“. sadac
moriels axsenebda, isic iq gaCndeboda da xalxs geslavda,
xocavda. diakvnis TqmiT, morielisTvis tabu rom daedoT,
sofeli gadarCeboda.
tabu zogjer crurwmenasac ukavSirdeba. avadmyof bav-
Svebs saxels gadarqmevdnen imis rwmeniT, rom daavadeba maT
veRar ipovida.
arsebobs sikvdilis tabuc: mokvdas nacvlad ityvian, -
gardaicvalao, gardacvlili gansvenebuli, cxonebulia.
amiT sikvdilis, rogorc gamanadgureblis arsi gauferul-
ebulia, Semsubuqebulia.
tabu da evfemizmi adamians sazogadoebaSi moqcevas as-
wavlida.
savarjiSo №1. waikiTxeT magaliTebi da miuTiTeT, ax-
lavs Tu ara evfemizms ironiuli elferi:
1. kargia mxiaruli Wkua! araferze idardeb, araferze in-
aRvleb, yvelafers mzamzareuls mogarTmeven;
2. jer Tqven miirTviT, mec axlave SemogierTdebiT;
3. mogarTmev! Sen manamde araferi agtkivdes, rom me Seni
gasakeTebeli me gavakeTo;
4. inebeT, inebeT, nu geridebaT!
5. kidev miirTviT, ar mogeridoT, xaWapurebsac mogar-
TmevT;
6. didi madloba, ukve bevri geaxeliT;
7. misi da erTi ulamazo, Seuxedavi qali iyo, magram fri-
ad didbunebovani;
138
8. - Tqven ras inebebT?
- Cais, geTayva;
9. ra mogarTvaT, batono Cemo! brZaneT, nu mogeridebaT!
10. zedmeti ZiliT xom ar gadaiRaleT?! aucileblad un
da daisvenoT, sxvagvarad SeuZlebelia!
§13. Jargoni da argo; maTi stilistikuri funqciebi
saliteraturo enis leqsikur maragSi gamoiyofa plas-
tikis ramdenime fena, romlebic ar Sedis normirebul, sa-
erTo-saxalxo zepirsa da weriTs metyvelebaSi. maT aran-
ormatiuli sityvebi, formebi da gamoTqmebi ewodeba, ro-
melTa Seusabamo gamoyeneba migvaniSnebs adamianis dabal
kulturaze, mizanmimarTuli xmareba ki piriqiT, alamazebs
enas, ufro mkafios da gamomsaxvelobiTs xdis mas.
Jargoni aris mcire socialuri jgufis, ama Tu im profe-
siis adamianTa metyveleba. Jargonis Tavisebur sityvebsa
da Tqmebs Jargonizmi ewodeba. Jargonizmebs, argotizmebs
da profesionalizmebs socialur dialeqtebsac uwodeben.
socialuri dialeqtebi upirispirdeba teritoriuls:
gadmogvcems adamianTa ama Tu im socialuri jgufis (ar-
tistebis, mezRvaurebis, eqimebis) metyvelebas.
Jargonuli leqsikidan gamoiyofa Taviseburi sityvebi,
romlebic mxolod adamianTa viwro jgufisTvis (xuligne-
bisTvis, qurd-bacacebisTvis) aris gasagebi.
Jargonizmebia: bazari _ laparaki, msjeloba (`bazari
araa“ - ulaparakod, ra Tqma unda).
gabazreba _ raime ambavis gavrceleba; banZi _ binZuri,
xelmocruli an arasimpatiuri adamiani; gabanZeba _ sa-
xelis Selaxva; blati _ (rus.) _ araformaluri kavSirebi,
kontaqtebi, nacnoboba, xSirad meqrTameobasTan an proteq-
cionizmTan kavSirSi; gamazva _1. miznis ver miuRwevloba,
139
acdena; 2. raRacis Sovna; gaCiTva _ raRacis Sovna; gaCi-
Tuli _ maRali statusis mqone adamiani; daTreva _ raimes
Sovna; zmani _ tansacmeli; masti _ pirovneba; damuRameba _
alRos aReba; ponti _ 1. mdgomareoba, situacia 2. `ra pon-
tia?“ igivea rac raSia saqme? tasaoba _ siaruli; Sarafi _
qeifi, Rreoba; xipiSi _ SfoTi.
a. arabuli sagangebod miuTiTebs, rom `Jargonuli
metyvelebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia leqsikis gaRaribeba,
barbarizmebis moZaleba, akviatebuli frazeologiis gaba-
toneba. gansakuTrebiT gaifarTova asparezi sityva `prob-
lemam“. igi yovelgvari dabrkolebis, siZnelis Seferxebis
gamosaxatavad gamoiyeneba... aseTi tendenciebi ara mxolod
aRaribebs saliteraturo enas, aramed safuZvlianad ar-
Rvevs ukve ganmtkicebul enobriv sistemas, qmnis serioz-
ul safrTxes, saerTod daukargos saxe saukuneTa ganmav-
lobaSi erT-erT mTavar kulturul memkvidreobas, amit-
omac aris aucilebeli saliteraturo enis ganviTarebis
tendenciebze yuradRebis gamaxvileba“ (arabuli 2005 : 238).
Jargonizmebs mxatvrul literaturaSi personaJis
mxatvruli saxis Sesaqmnelad iyeneben.
§14. vulgarizmebi da maTi
stilistikuri funqciebi
vulgarizmebi uxeSi an uwmawuri sityvebia, mas ukultu-
ro da gaunaTlebeli adamianebi iyeneben, mxatvrul lite-
raturaSi ki stilizaciis mizniT gamoiyeneba. vulgariz-
mebSi erTiandeba rogorc ucenzuro da familiaruli (Si-
nauruli da gaubraloebuli), ise Jargonuli da quCuri
sityvebi Tu gamonaTqvamebi.
mxatvrul literaturaSi vulgarizmi gamoiyeneba per-
sonaJis mxatvruli saxis Sesaqmnelad. gavixsenoT, magali-
140
Tad, oTaraanT qvrivis metyveleba, romelic mdidaria uk-
mexi sityvebiT, es is pimpilia, qvrivi madls rom moayrida
xolme: ar-dasarCeno, Se adre da male dasamarxavo, Se pir-
Savo, Sena! Se ardasacalebelo, Se oyrayo, Se ubeduris dRi-
sav, Se dasaRupavo; ai,Se damiwdi, damiwdi, ai, mexi ki dagaya-
re!
`wyevlisgan miRebul STabeWdilebas kidev ufro zrdis
uaryofiTi epiTetebi da SedarebiTi msgavsebis sityvebi:
eg dasamiwi xelebi, eg barZayisodena mklavebi, samgle goW-
saviT gaTxvirula, ai, mogikvdes eg ugulo guli, Sen ki mo-
gikvda eg uxeiro Tavi; ai, mexi ki dagayare mag qecian Tavze!
risTvis gasxia egeni mag mutruks tanzed? eg briyvis Tavic
inaxo? daexetebi, Rvinos ar Cagacecxleb, barem Sen Cas-
cecxlo da misT.“ (afridoniZe 1989: 62).
sagangebod miuTiTeben Tanamedrove qarTulSi vul-
garizaciis tendenciis zrdaze. `Tanamedrove salitera-
turo enis uaxlesi tendenciebi swored am mimarTulebiT
warimarTa. amas Sida procesebTan erTad dasavluri, e. w.
maskulturis farTod SemoWramac Seuwyo xeli. enis vul-
garizaciis aRniSnulma tendenciam, oficialuri urTi-
erTobebis familiarizaciam ara mxolod saxelisuflebo,
saparlamento da satelevizio metyvelebaSi iCina Tavi, ar-
amed centraluri gazeTebis iseT publikaciebSic gamom-
JRavnda, romlebic oficialur-saqmiani stilis CarCoebSi
unda Tavsdebodnen“ (arabuli 2005: 237).
vulgarizmebs publicistur stilSi statiis saTaureb-
adac SevxvdebiT, rac stilTaSorisi sazRvrebis darRvevaa:
`ratom epotineba qeTa putins“ `aTianSi gavartyi“; `xuli-
gani stiqarosani?!“ (vulgarizmi); `arian Tu ara `gaRleti-
lebi?!“; `nagvis qalaqi“ anu nagavsayreli qaTqaTa baTumis
fonze“. publicisturi stilis erT-erT funqcias - Txro-
bis sisxartesa da dinamikurobas ewireba mTavari kultu-
ruli memkvidreoba - enis siwminde.
141
 amrigad, vulgarizmebi mxatvrul literaturaSi sti-
lizaciis mizniT, personaJis ukulturobasa da gaunaT-
leblobaze, mis socialur dialeqtze misaTiTeblad ga-
moiyeneba.
savarjiSo №1. waikiTxeT magaliTebi, amoiwereT Jar-
gonebi, vulgarizmebi, barbarizmebi, arqaizmebi Tu di-
aleqtizmebi da imsjeleT maTi stilistikuri funqcieb-
is Sesaxeb:
1. ZaRlur sicocxles uSnod davaTrev da TviTon si-
cocxle Wirian mZoriviT mimaTrevs (javax.);
2. oTxfexs kiara, Sen unda amogdos kacma alikapi, Tu
cxvaris da Zroxis movlis Tavi ar gaqvs, aiyare da mausvi aq-
edan, Seni patroni qveyanacao (miSv.);
3. vin mamaZaRli amoiRebda xmas! (iqve);
4. me sahobavod da saRadavod ara mcalia (iqve);
5. erTi weli vxexe, 1945 wlis ianvarSi damiWires da 1946
wlis TebervalSi gamiSves (iqve);
6. yvelafers laiTad unda Sexedo, ufro metic, fexebze
unda daikido da gulze mogeSveba;
7. am saqmeze Turme dabro ar miucia;
8. yvelaferi kargad midis,magram Toremze viWedebiT;
9. Tu saqmes gamiCmaxebT, saerTodac movtydebi aqedan da
Cems duxsac ver naxavT;
10. sul imas meblataveba, feSenebelur korpusSi binas
viSenebo;
11. mogeces lxena, Tu es seroka, Tu raRac Cemi fexebia,
sadme movixelTe, daWrilic rom iyos, RoriviT gamovSignav
mag Rorisdasmuls;
12. axla mainc ar amevso xvimira - sinanuliT Tqva da ukve
Segubebuli wyali larSi gauSva (iosel.);
13. naucbaTevad mogayrian goroxebs, natex qvasac aravin
dagadebs (iqve);
142
14. aseTebi marto urcxvad, unamusod ki ar Semogcicine-
ben, gelizRebian (iqve);
15. rodis iyo, biWo, sicxiani da avadmyofi reCs urtyam-
da scenidan?! (miSv.).
savarjiSo №2. waikiTxeT magaliTebi, gaxazeT vulga-
rizmebi, Jargonebi da imsjeleT, sad, ra funqciiT iyen-
eben mas; mouZebneT maT Sesabamisi neitraluri stilis
sityvebi da evfemizmebi:
1. kai Toxlaoba ki uyvars, muSaoba ki ejavreba;
2. jigaro, Cveni Santraba SenTan movdivarT saqeifod;
3. ra goimi vinme yofilxar, yvelaferze avardebi xolme!
4. me iq blatebi maqvs, nu geSiniaT;
5. SenisTana arifebi da yurianebi bevri ubalaxebia spi-
ridons!
6. magari siafanti vinmea, ormag TamaSs TamaSobs;
7. SayiriT da RlabuciT mayuTs ver iSovi, Zama!
8. Sarafistebis garda iq aravin ar iyo;
9. kai dacentrili vinmea, yvelaferze ucnaur reaqciebs
akeTebs;
10. kargad etyoba vincaa, sul mudam daZmaruli sifaTiT
dadis.
savarjiSo №3. waikiTxeT magaliTebi da SecvaleT na-
sesxebi sityvebi da barbarizmebi qarTuli Sesatyvise-
biT, Jargonebi da vulgarizmebi - saliteraturo sityve-
biT:
1. televiziis rebrendingi sapasuxismgeblo saqmea;
2. goga niqabaZis butiki male TbilisSi gaixsneba, dizain-
erTan Cacma pret-a protes xaziT 100-dan 500 laramde Rirs;
3. Sopingebze siaruli sxva qalbatonebiviT gsiamovnebT?
4. amJamad serfingi Zalian popularuli sportia miun-
xenSi;
143
 5. es `nou haud“ ver CaiTvleba;
6. ani da gigi Seyvarebulebi iyvnen da daqorwinebasac ap-
irebdnen, magram yvelaferi hefi endiT ar damTavrebula;
7. apekunobas Tavi daanebe, biZia, Tvara miyvebi magas Sen-
co! (miSv.);
8. mainc ar minda mamaCemis saxe gamiuferulon, gamipus-
tiakon (iqve);
9. bage uTrTis da safeTqelSi sisxli barabaniviT ur-
tyams (iqve);
10. vmuSaobdi provodebSi, mantiori kaci viyav (WeiSv.);
11. bazris SesasvlelTan qsenias butkamde Cemi adgilia
(gvet.);
12. iseTi filmi ar unda gadaiRo, qsenias, romelic `Cer-
nuxaSi“ gadava da gamouvalobis SegrZnebas dautovebs ad-
amianebs;
13. gamofenis mTavari muRami is iyo, rom namuSevrebi uax-
loesi ori wlis ganmavlobaSi unda yofiliyo Seqmnili;
14. sul eSpilkaveba am biWs;
15. dagikrebia gulzed es dasamiwi xelebi! risTvis gasxia
egeni mag mutruks tanzed! (ilia).
16. dagibriyvebia CemisTana suleli dedakacebi, rom ag-
iRia Tavi da daexetebi saTxovrad (iqve);
17. - ase aris meTqi, Se mkvdarZaRlo, ra gamixdi iseTi,
rom sityva veRar miTqvams (inan.);
18. - iih, Se wvintliano, Sena! - miaZaxa maSinve petrem da
Sindis joxi mouqnia (javax.)
20. aq ras dawanwaleb, Se wuwko, Sena! - (javax.);
21. amdeni xania saswavlebelSi gdixar da kiTxvac ar ici
jer. ra TqvenisTana gamoyruebulebis saqmea saswavlebe-
li?mexreebad unda eyarneT, mexreebad (barn.);
22. xan aRmarTs miadgeba da xan ki ToxarikiT CaidaRmar-
Tebs! (dad.);
144
23. erTi panRuri am daRrekils, amas! am sacodavs, amas (iqve);
24. Slego, regveno, es Sen gCvevia yoveli arsis zereled
Wvreta (gams.);
25. rac naklebi gaigonebs Tqvens layafs, ukeTesia, ner-
vebi mainc Seenaxeba xalxs (miSv.).
codnis Sesamowmebeli kiTxvebi
1. rogor gesmiT, rom sinonimTa gavrcelebuli ganmar-
tebani mavnea?
2. riT gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan absoluturi sino-
nimebi?
3. riT gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan sinonimTa rigis
wevrebi?
4. daaxasiaTeT sinonimuri paralelizmi, rogorc wminda
enobrivi aucilebloba da stilistikuri xerxi;
5. sad da riTvis iyeneben konteqstur sinonimebs? xelov-
nur antonimebs?
6. ra stilistikuri funqcia ekisreba arqaizmebs da di-
aleqtizmebs mxatvrul literaturaSi?
7. rodis da ra funqciiT iyenebT andaza- aforizmebs?
8. ras gamoxatavs evfemizmi, romelsac ironiuli elfe-
ri axlavs?
9. moZebneT laparakis Sesabamisi evfemizmebi, barbariz-
mebi, Jargonebi, moifiqreT magaliTebi da daakvirdiT eq-
spresias;
10. daasaxeleT siyvarulis aRmniSvneli frazeologiz-
mebi da moZebneT maT Soris stilistikuri gansxvavebani.
dasamuSavebeli literatura: № 2, 6, 12, 18, 113, 127, 151,
162.
145
 Tavi IV. gramatikuli stilistika
§1. morfologiuri stilistika
morfologiuri stilistika paraleluri gramatikuli
formebis stilistikuri TvalsazrisiT Sedareba-Sepiris-
pirebas gulisxmobs. aseTi morfologiuri variantebi Ta-
naarseboben enaSi, magram gamodgebian mxolod konkretul
enobriv situaciaSi azrobrivi niuansebis zedmiwevniT
zustad gadmosacemad.
morfologiur stilistikaSi ar SeiZleba Semovifar-
gloT mxolod paraleluri enobriv-stilistikuri saSu-
alebebiT. morfologiur saSualebaTa nawili Warbad gamo-
iyeneba erT stilSi, sxvebi _ meoreSi.
1.2. mravlobiTi ricxvis sufiqsebis stilistikuri
funqciebi
qarTulSi orgvari mravlobiTi gvaqvs: narTaniani da
ebiani. pirveli Zvelia, meore-SedarebiT axali. erT rome-
lime niSans gamoviyenebT Tu meores mravlobiTi ricxvis
sawarmoeblad, es gadmosacem Sinaarss ar Secvlis, magram
isini nebismier situaciaSi Tanabari stilistikuri Zalisa
ar aris.
Taniani mravlobiTi ixmareba myar SesityvebebSi: qalTa
dRe da ara qalebis dRe. qalTa sazogadoeba niSnavs erTi
sazogadoebrivi ideiT gaerTianebul organizacias, qale-
bis sazogadoeba ki gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT aRniSnavs
qalebis Tavmoyras. narTaniani mravlobiTi Seucvlelia
saxelwodebebSi, saTaurebsa da organizaciebis dasaxele-
bebSi: bavSvTa saavadmyofo, qalTa konsultacia, vaJTa
gimnazia.
Ta- sufiqsiani mravlobiTis micemiTi brunvis formaa
gamoTqmaSi sxvaTa Soris. es igivea, rac sxvebs Soris. es
146
ori varianti SeiZleba Seenacvlos erTmaneTs: sxvaTa So-
ris eswreboda, sxvaTa Soris (sxvebs Soris) ismenda. sxva-
Ta Soris ualternativo formaa, Tu igi CarTulia. mag.: el-
enes, sxvaTa Soris, araferi gamohparvia.
zedsarTavi saxeli „Zveli“ SeiZleba gasubstantivdes da
mravlobiT ricxvSi Caisvas. Zvelni//Zvelebi: Zvelebis-
gan gamigonia, -iTqmeba winaprebze; ZvelTagan (odiTgan)ki
zmnisarTia da miuTiTebs droze, periodze.
ricxviT saxelTa narTaniani formebi - orni, samni,
oTxni adamianebze iTqmis, -eb sufiqsianni - orianebi, sami-
anebi ki codnis Sefasebis aRniSvnaa.
piris nacvalsaxelebs SeiZleba daerTos mravlobiTo-
bis -eb niSani: Cemebi, Senebi, Tqvenebi, imaTebi. igi naTesa-
uri, axloblebis wris aRmniSvnel formantad gvevlineba,
amitom CvenTagan da Cvenebisgan gansxvavebul mniSvnelo-
bebs gamoxataven.
amrigad, narTaniani mravlobiTi ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba
a) poeziaSi, b) saTqmelis lakoniurad gadmosacemad; g)
zogierT SesityvebaSi, saTaurSi da a. S.; d) arqaizaciis
mizniT.
1.3. nacvalsaxelTa paraleluri formebis stilisti-
kuri funqciebi
a) is da igi mesame piris nacvalsaxelebia, pirveli Cve-
nebiTi nacvalsaxelicaa, meore ufro Zvelia da Zvel qar-
TulSi nawevradac gamoiyeneboda. Tanamedrove qarTulSi
arsebiTi mniSvneloba ar aqvs, romels gamoviyenebT piris
nacvalsaxelad, poeziaSi ki igi arqaizaciis mizniTac ga-
moiyeneba da metris saWiroebiTac. amrigad, is da igi er-
TmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba siZvele-siaxliTac da marcval-
TraodenobiTac.
b) misi da Tavisi
misi da Tavisi kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelebia, orive
147
mesame piris kuTvnilebas gamoxatavs, magram sxvadasxvag-
var viTarebaSi. `Tu obieqti zmniT gamoxatuli moqmedebis
subieqts ekuTvnis, anu subieqtis sakuTars gulisxmobs, ma-
Sin unda gamoviyenoT Tavisi, xolo Tu obieqti sxvisi kuT-
vnilebaa da ara subieqtis, maSin misi nacvalsaxeli iqneba
Sesaferisi“ (arabuli 2005:116-117). mokled, misi aRniSnavs
sxviss, mflobeli mesame piria; Tavisi- sakuTars (mflobe-
lis kuTvnilebas).
Tavisi/Tჳsi nacvalsaxelis nacvlad misi gvxvdeba we-
rilobiT teqstebSi, klasikur ZeglebSic, radgan es nac-
valsaxelebi imTaviTve ar iyo gamijnuli. mniSvnelobaTa
refleqtoruli Sinaarsi maT Semdgom daerTo, miuxedavad
amisa, es movlena farTodaa gavrcelebuli cocxal metyve-
lebaSi. `kaxurSi upiratesad gamoiyeneba Tavisi. amis sapi-
rispirod, gurulSi ukuqceviTobis funqciiT misi gamoiy-
eneba: misi kvidri Svili“ (goguaZe 1960:50).
amgvar SemTxvevebs vxvdebiT qarTvel klasikosTa nawe-
rebSic:
`inalifa mis bedaurs ar dauTmobs nebiT gamCens“ (akaki);
`luarsabs gaecina da mis meuRles xelmeored hkiTxa“
(ilia).
SesaZlebelia poeziaSi misis da Tavisis monacvleoba
marcvalTraodenobiTac iyos ganpirobebuli.
1.4. warmoqmnil saxelTa paraleluri formebis sti-
listikuri funqciebi
a) abstraqtuli saxelebi
Tanamedrove qarTulSi abstraqtuli saxelebi saxele-
bisagan, zmnisarTebisagan, nawilakebisa da Sorisdebulebi-
sagan eba, oba da si_ e afiqsebiT iwarmoeba.
am sufiqsTa ganawileba amgvaria: si-e morfema uZvelesi
afiqsia, is nazmnari da abstraqtuli saxelebis saziaro ma-
warmoebladaa miCneuli. igi ganyenebul saxelTa sinonimur
148
mawarmoebelTagan naklebad produqtiulia. „-oba saxelebs
awarmoebs iseT saxelTa fuZeebisagan, romlebic sagans aR-
niSnaven, xolo si-e awarmoebs iseTebisagan, romlebic sa-
ganTa Tvisebas an niSans gamoxataven“ (SaniZe 1953:133). mag:
si_alal_e, si_brZn_e, si_glaxak_e, si-mxec-e, si-ymawvil-e,
si-Wabuk-e, si-briyv-e, si-viwrov-e, si-gril-e, si-lamaz-e,
si-mSvid-e, si-yviTl-e, si-Zvel-e da a.S.
si_e afiqsi ganyenebuli Sinaarsis saxelebs awarmoebs
vnebiTi da saSuali gvaris mimReobebisgan: si_mdgrad_e,
si_mkrTal_e, si_mTvral_e, si_dampl_e, si-mdidr-e, si-
gamxdr-e. Tanamedrove qarTulSi mkveTradaa gamoxatuli
sufiqsuri warmoebis gabatonebis tendencia. umravles
SemTxvevaSi si_e morfemiT nawarmoeb abstraqtul saxe-
lebs moepoveba sufiqsiani variantebi, mas ZiriTadad en-
acvleba _oba sufiqsi: sikoxtave//koxtaoba, simxneve//
mxneoba, sidamwvre//damwvroba.
Sdr.: sikoxtave naias imTaviTve uyvarda, magram im dRes
gansakuTrebiT kopwiaobda; koxtaoba da keklucoba unda
daiwyos, rogorme TvalSi rom mouvides mas.
simxneviT da sulieri siZlieriT dedaCems veravin Se-
edreboda; axladdawuruli saferavis dalevam erTob Sem-
mata mxneoba da gambedaoba.
si_e//_eba monacvleobis SemTxvevebi iSviaTia: sifxvi-
ere//fxviereba, simxurva-le//mxurvaleba, siZliere //
Zliereba da a.S. am paralelur wyvilTagan upiratesoba
sufiqsur warmoebas eZleva. mag. Tanamedrove mwerlobaSi
ixmareba formebi: veragoba, mxneoba, ampartavnoba, mxne-
oba, sazizRroba, mSveniereba, Zliereba, vidre Sesabamisi
fuZeebisagan si_e_Ti nawarmoebi formebi: siverage, siam-
partavne, simxneve, sisazizRre, simSveniere da a.S.
siWabuke da Wabukoba sinonimebia, magram ukanaskneli
krebiTobasac gamoxatavs, amitom isini ver Secvlis erTma-
neTs.
149
 ramdenadme gansxvavebulia -eba da -oba sufiqsiani for-
mebi: ubraloba (udanaSauloba) da ubraloeba (sisadave);
urjuloba (rjuli visac ar aqvs) da urjuloeba (uRmer-
To saqcieli). ampartavneba da ampartavnoba formaTagan
pirveli arqaulia, gamoiyeneba arqaizaciis mizniT, meore
ki axalia.
savarjiSo №1. gaxazeT abstraqtul saxelTa araswori
formebi da axseniT, ratomaa isini umarTebulo:
1. misi simSveniere exla ufro Zriel mitacebda (barn.);
2. xarbobam mTlad gaitaca sese (barn.);
3. ampartavneba miutevebeli codvaa;
4. siverage da mSveniereba erTmaneTTan SeuTavsebelia;
5. es malamo Seucvlelia nebismieri xarisxis damwvrobis
samkurnalod;
6. es Rumeli metismetad did simxurvales gamoscems;
7. aqaur niadags sifxviere ar aklia, magram uxvmosavli-
ani araa;
8. iubilars usurves bevri ram, maT Soris, yvelaze Zvir-
fasi - janmrTeloba da sulieri simxneve;
9. es patara naiarevi qalis simSvenieres verafers aklebda;
10. falavnis ZlierebaSi eWvi aravis epareboda.
b) mqoneblobis saxelTa paraleluri formebis sti-
listikuri funqciebi
mqoneblobis -ian, -ovan, -osan sufiqsTa Soris sxvaoba
stilistikuria, erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba: kldiani da
kldovani; qudiani da qudosani; jvriani da jvarosani;
weboiani da webovani; balaxiani da balaxovani; cxeniani,
cxenosani da cxena, yvaviliani da yvavilovani; fexiani
da fexosani; saqmiani da saqmosani; Taviani da Taosani...
aseT formaTa Soris gansxvaveba Zneli SesamCnevi araa:
xeli, xeliani (xelis an saxeluris mqone), xelovani (Se-
150
moqmedi) da xelosani (raime xelobis mcodne); mSvildiani
(mSvildis matarebeli) da mSvildosani (mSvildis kargi
msroleli); frTiani (gamonaTqvami) da frTosani; xmiani,
xmovani (signali, bgera) da xmosani; Zlieri (mowinaaRmde-
ge), Zalosani (sportsmeni) da Zalovani (struqtura); rqi-
ani, rqosani (pirutyvi) da rqovani (Tvalis rqovani garsi).
analogiuria: madliani (vinc madls, sikeTes akeTebs),
madlieri (visac madls, sikeTes ukeTeben); Zvliani (xorci,
naWeri) da Zvlovani (spec. Zvlebisgan Sedgenili); CanTiani
(moswavle) da CanTosani (ZuZumwovari); mankiani (adamiani,
visac raRaca fizikuri nakli aqvs) da mankieri (Tviseba);
Wedadi (liTonis Tviseba) da Weduri (WedviT gamoyvanili).
avguli, didguli, orguli, erTguli, orpiri, oTxfe-
xi kompozitebia. SevadaroT maTgan nawarmoebi -a sufiqsi-
ani formebi:
didgula - didguliani; didguli - mediduri, amayi, am-
partavani;
orgula - orguliani Txili; orguli - moRalate, muxa-
naTi.
orpira - dana; orpiri - flidi, gautaneli, sityvis gam-
texi.
g) uqonlobis saxelTa paraleluri formebis stilis-
tikuri funqciebi
uqonlobis sawarmoeblad qarTulSi gamoiyeneba u-pre-
fiqsi, u-o da u-ur prefiqs- sufiqsebi, magram maTi, iseve
rogorc sxva mawarmoeblebis darTviTac icvleba stilis-
tikuri niuansebi, amitomac gansxvavdeba ugono (gonebada-
karguli) da ugunuri (visac saerTod ara aqvs Wkua- gone-
ba); usaqmo (usaqmod darCenili) da usaqmuri (zarmaci, uq-
nara); usaxo (rasac saxe, moxatuloba ar aqvs) da usaxuri
(uSno, ulamazo, maxinji); ufaso (rasac gasamrjelos gare-
Se iZlevian) da ufasuri (gaufasurebuli, mniSvnelobada-
151
karguli); umado (visac mada daekarga, ar aqvs) da umaduri
(vinc araa madlieri); uCino 1. (visac TvalisCini ara aqvs);
2.visac (samsaxurebrivi xarisxi, wodeba ar aqvs) da uCinari
(TvaliT SeumCneveli); ukaco (saxli, sadac kaci ar cxov-
robs) da ukacuri (dausaxlebeli adgili); uwvero (visac
wveri ar aqvs) da uwveruli (visac wveri jer ar amosvlia);
ucodinari (is, vinc uswavleli mivida mecadineobaze) da
uvici, umecari (gaunaTlebeli); uwigno (wignis gareSe mo-
suli, uwignod darCenili) da uwignuri (gaunaTlebeli).
`uqonlobis zogi sxva forma metad gansxvavebuli seman-
tikisaa. aseTebia: unaxavi da arnaxuli; uimedo da arasa-
imedo; usruli da arasruli“ (basilaia 1991:183).
magaliTad: qalaqis bevri RirsSesaniSnaoba unaxavi dam-
rCa; misma gamoCenam arnaxuli mxiaruleba gamoiwvia xal-
xSi. an kidev: wers, texs, grexs usruli aspeqtis formebia;
sia warmogidgineT, magram arasruli.
d) daniSnulebis da xelobis saxelTa paraleluri
formebi
daniSnulebis saxelebi iwarmoeba sa, sa- e, sa- o for-
mantebiT, magram paraleluri formebi mniSvnelobiTac
gansxvavebulia. mag.:
sapilote da sapiloto
sapilote - pilotisTvis gankuTvnili (sapilote for-
ma); sapiloto - risi pilotirebac unda moxdes, rac unda
gamoicados, Semowmdes (sapiloto programa).
sacole da sacolo
sacole qalia, sacolo ki - colmosayvani vaJi.
mesazRvre da mosazRvre
mesazRvre - sazRvris mcveli jariskaci; mosazRvre - sa-
xelmwifo, kuTxe, disciplina.
mevale da movale
mevale - visi valic marTebT; movale - visac vali mar-
Tebs.
152
1.5. zmna. piris niSnebis stilistikuri funqciebi
Tanamedrove qarTuli enis normebis mixedviT iribobi-
eqturi piris niSnebi h da s erTpirian da orpirian gardama-
val zmnebSi zedmetia, sampirianSi-aucilebeli. es niSnebi
ar iwereba v, r, l, m, n, z, s, J, S, R, x bgerebiT dawyebul
zmnebTan.
niSniani da uniSno formebi ganxvavdeba pirianobiTac.
mag.: dawera (mweralma wigni) da daswera (mRvdelma wyvils
jvari); mowyvita (elenem yvavili) da moswyvita (bedma qe
To mSobliur garemos); dasdo (man mas pativi) da dado (man
wigni); gadasdo (man mas seni) da gadado (man saqme); dahki-
da (man mas medali) da dakida (man palto); atexa (Cxubi) da
astexa (kunZs qerqi); gakriWa (man balaxi) da gahkriWa (man
mas Tma); Camohglija (man mas niRabi), Camoglija (man far-
da); Camostexa (mas kakalma kbili), Camotexa (man yinuli);
tyorcna (sportsmenma badro) da styorcna (mzem fanjaras
sxivi), kveTs is mas (gzas), hkveTs is mas mas.
gamonaklisebia: aswia, sZinavs, dasZina, gastana, gamosca... .
mxatvrul literaturaSi mwerlis nebaa, gamoiyenos Tu
ara obieqturi piris aRsaniSnavad h, s prefiqsebi. konstan-
tine gamsaxurdia erT-erTi leqsis saTauris Sesaxeb aR-
niSnavda, rom „hyvavis guria“ ki ara, „yvavis guriaa“ swori
forma, gurulebi ki samarTlianad misayvedurebdnen: gu-
ria yvavis ki ara, saqarTvelosiao. mis SemoqmedebaSi ki `h, s
piris niSnebi sityvis ornamentebadaa qceuli, rogorc taZ-
rebisTvis nairsaxovani CuqurTmebi“ (jorbenaZe 1987:183).
isini stilizacias, kerZod, arqaizacias emsaxureba da
amdenad, saWiro da aucilebelia. am prefiqsebis xmareba
TvalSi sacemia qarTveli romantikosebis, ilias, al.yaz-
begis, m. javaxiSvilis, k. gamsaxurdias SemoqmedebaSi: mami,
dahberdi, meurmobaSi veRar gamodgebi (ilia); rom win ga-
uZRves WeSmariteba, ukan hrCes kvali ganaTlebuli (ilia);
uecrad astyda ram niav-qari (iqve); astydeboda Civili,
153
vaWroba, Rijini (javax.); RviniT SebruJebuli jayo Sesdga
da uaresad ayvirda (iqve); TaTris simRera stiris, hkvnesis
da unugeSo moTqmiT hglovobs (iqve.).
amrigad, mxatvrul literaturaSi h, s Tu prefiqsebi
gramatikulad araa Sepirobebuli, stilistikuri funqcia
ekisrebaT.
savarjiSo №1. waikiTxeT magaliTebi da imsjeleT, sa-
daa piris niSnebi gramatikulad Sepirobebuli da sad
stilurad:
1. ara, mSveniereba mas ara sjobia (leon.);
2. netavi aravin Seswyvitos is uxilavi sabeli (javax.);
3. kargia gaRviZebuli adamiani! magram ufro ukeTesia
adamiani, romelsac ZilSiac ar sZinavs qveynis ubedurobiT
gul-aRtyinebulsa (ilia);
4. buRaltris molodinSi zedized moswia sami sigareti
(doCan.);
5. yvela gaCumda, daswynarda;
6. am sityvebze aCiko daRondeba da bebos Soridan gas-
cqeris (bibil.);
7. jayom ramdenime qaTami da indauri dahkla, qvevrsac ki
Tavi ahxada da Tavis stumrebis saCveneblad (javax.);
8. yvelaferi TofraSi Casdo (goT.);
9. bevri sZinavs Cvens dedakacebs, almasgir (qiaC.);
10. mavalebma im or adamians ahxed-dahxedes da gaiRimes
(javax.).
1.6. drois formaTa stilistikuri funqciebi
a) axlandeli dro, Cveulebriv, gadmogvcems saubris
momentSi mimdinare moqmedebas, magram man SeiZleba gamoxa-
tos ganzogadebuli droc: aq mudam mze anaTebs da Tan saam-
uri sioc qris- am winadadebaSi zmnis dro axlandelia, mag-
ram ganzogadebulia.
154
axlandeli dro SesaZloa warsulSi momxdar moqmedeba-
zec miuTiTebdes: isini didi xania erTad dadian eqspedi-
ciaSi; erTxel vnaxe, rom Cvens beRelTan tura dgas! vuyu-
reb da ras vxedav! mTeli samezoblo Cvenken modis!
axlandeli drois formam SeiZleba momavali droc gad-
mosces: or kviras aq vrCebi da Semdeg isev qalaqSi mivdivar.
b) warsuli drois formam SeiZleba awmyo drois moqme-
debac gadmogvces: -
patiosani sityva momeci.
- momicia ( e. i. gaZlev).
Tu Sen ver morevixar mag ulays, gavcvaloT cxenebi
(gams.2).
warsuli drois formas SeiZleba momavali drois gage-
bac daekisros: aba, wavediT...
-aba, swored! wavsulvar da gamikeTebia, am winadadeba-
Sic warsuli drois zmnebi momaval dros gamoxatavs: arc
waval da arc gavakeTeb!
g) myofadis forma axlandel drosac gamoxatavs:
xan asec xdeba, daiyvirebs da guls gagixeTqavs; mis sa-
kuWnaoSi ras ar naxav, ras ar iRonebs, ras ar gaakeTebs,
oRond yvelafris Tadarigi daiWiros, yvelaferi hqon-
des! nemsis yunwSi gaZvreba da aravis arafers ar mosTxovs;
Zroxebs mowveli, yvels amoiyvan da dro ise gadis, xmiadis
watexvac gaviwydeba (miSv.).
1.7. kilos formaTa stilistikuri funqciebi
brZanebiTi kilo. gansxvavebuli stilistikuri elferi
axlavs akrZalviTi brZanebiTis winadadebebs, romlebSic
sxvadasxva nawilakia gamoyenebuli: amis Sesaxeb nurafers
hkiTxav, uxerxulia! ar hkiTxo amis Sesaxeb rame, uxerxu-
lia; ar aCveno Cveni axali foto! Cvens axal fotos nu aC-
veneb! an kidev: hkiTxe rame; gekiTxa rame! SehkiTxebodi,
ra iqneboda!
155
 TxrobiTi kilos formebi SeiZleba kavSirebiTis fun-
qciebsac asrulebdes. mis nimuSebi uxvad gvaqvs wyevlis
formulebSi: dageqca dabadeba! dageqces dabadeba! ar ga-
uTenda dila! ar gauTendes dila!
gansxvavebuli stilistikuri Zala aqvs uaryofis ga-
momxatvel konstuqciebs, zmnis organul da aRweriT for-
mebs: ar waval da wamsvleli ar var; ar vityvi da arafris
mTqmeli ar var. ukanasknel formebs kategoriulobis be-
Wedi azis. mag.: magaT sindisze iyos, yovel SemTxvevaSi, me-
ored Camomvleli rom ar var, xatze davificebi (miSv.).
1.8.zmniswinis stilistikuri funqciebi
zmniswinTa gamartivebis Semdeg maT fonetikur varian-
tebs zog sityvaSi mniSvnelobaTa ganmasxvavebeli funqcia
mieniWa: gandideba da gadideba; warmateba da wamateba; ga-
datexa da gardatexa, warsuli da wasuli, ganvlili da
gavlili, waruSleli da wauSleli; gandideba da gadide-
ba; gansveneba da gasveneba, aRdgoma (religiuri dResaswa-
uli) da adgoma.
gaaviTara da ganaviTara; aikveTa da aRikveTa; gaaxor-
ciela da ganaxorciela; aimaRla da aRimaRla; gaacal-
keva da ganacalkeva wyvilebis pirveli calebi axalia, me-
ore- Zveli, magram ufro eqspresiulia, isini arqaizaciis
mizniTac gamoiyeneba.
mniSvnelobiT gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva zmniswindar-
Tuli formebi: Sesveneba, gasveneba da dasveneba; ageba
(saxlis), mogeba (fulis, sargebeli), wageba (zarali), Cage-
ba (qarqaSSi xmlis), wamogeba (ankesze), gadageba (xaliCis,
kacis gadageba- gardacvaleba).
gaaxura da Seaxura, daeZina da mieZina, miexuta da Ca-
exuta; damwifda da Semwifda moqmedebis xarisxiT gan-
sxvavdebian.
mo- da Se- zmniswinebi odnaobiTobas gadmogvcemen, mag-
156
ram momwifebas ityvian yrmis an situaciis Sesaxeb, Semwif-
das - xilis Sesaxeb.
1.9. vnebiTi gvaris paralelur formaTa stilistiku-
ri funqciebi
av TemisniSniani moqmedebiTi gvaris „wvavs“ zmnas ori
mniSvneloba moepoveba: 1. cecxls ukidebs, bugavs, cecxliT
spobs; 2. cecxlze Zalian aficxebs. igi vnebiTSi or varian-
ts iZleva: iwvis da iwveba. qegl_is mixedviT isini sruli
sinonimebia, magram maT Soris maincaa semantikuri sxvaoba:
Cveni saxli iwvis... Cven gvwvavdnen da Cven ar viwodiT, Cven
mtris daxvedra vicodiT (iwvis- горит; iwveba _ жарится).
xorcze, kartofilze, erbokvercxze Tanamedrove qar-
TulSi mxolod maSin iTqmis iwvis, roca isini zedmeti wviT
saWmelad gamousadegari xdeba. sxvaTa Soris, rusulSic
горит swored am SemTxvevaSi iTqmeba xorcsa da da misTaneb-
ze.
iq, sadac zmniswinis gamoyeneba xdeba SesaZlebeli, mniS-
vnelobaTa gansxvaveba swored mas akisria: iwvis_daiwva,
magram iwveba _ Seiwva. Sdr.: iwvis_ daiwvis_daiwveba_Se-
iwveba...
mniSvnelobisTvis „iwveba“, Cveulebriv, Se- zmniswini ga-
moiyeneba, iSviaTi xmarebisaa _ moiwveba. mniSvnelobisTvis
„iwvis“ am mxriv ufro farTo arCevania: daiwvis, Caiwvis,
gadaiwvis, amoiwvis. Sesabamisad: daiwveba, Caiwveba, gada-
iwveba, amoiwveba.
analogiuria: iwirvis (wirva mimdinareobs) da iwireba
(msxverpli edeba); esxmis (ilaSqrebs vinmes winaaRmdeg) da
esxmeba (esxmeba rameze), isxmeba (vinmesTvis). qegl_Si es
ori forma sinonimuria, magram gansxvaveba xelSesaxebia:
esxmoda jari Tavs; nami esxmoda mwvane foTlebs.
vnebiTis paraleluri, prefiqsuli da sufiqsuri
formebic dapirispirebulia: exerxeba (nias cxoba) _ da
157
xerxdeba (gadaadgileba); gainazeba da ganazdeba (nazi gax-
deba), iJangeba (JangiT ifareba) da Jangdeba (Jangiani xde-
ba); moemzada (studenti gamocdisTvis) da momzadda (pro-
eqti). sufiqsuri warmoebis formebi gamoxataven gardaq-
ceviTobas, prefiqsuri - instrumentativs.
1.10. Temis niSanTa monacvleoba da maTi stilistiku-
ri funqciebi
erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba sxvadasxva TemisniSanmonac-
vle formebi. mag.: eb//_ob acxebs (zeTs) _ acxobs (qadas);
daiwyebs (swavlas) _ daiwyobs (suraTebs, wignebs); Seig-
rZnebs (is raRacas) _ SeigrZnobs (igrZnobs).
moqmedebs _ moqmedobs zmnebi erTpirianebia, magram -eb
sufiqsiani varianti aSkarad aqtiur Sinaarss, raRac obieq-
tze zemoqmedebas gulisxmobs (moqmedebs masze), xolo obi-
ani varianti pasiuri Sinaarsisaa: moqmedobs ara vinmeze,
aramed TavisTvis saqmianobs.
av//eb marTavs (ana manqanas) da marTebs (is m as raRacas,
an mas misi vali).
Sxamavs da aSxamebs formebs Soris gansxvavebas arsebi-
Tad a- prefiqsis qoneba-uqonloba qmnis: Sxamavs (SxamiT
moqmedebs) instrumentativs gamoxatavs, aSxamebs (Sxamad
uqcevs) - gardaqceviTobas.
gansxvavebulia aseve formebi: av //ob wamlavs (sawamla-
vi kacs) da wamlobs (eqimbaSi daavadebas); av //i xravs (Tag-
vi kakals) _ xris (frTebs); ev //ob aWdevs (Wdes ukeTebs, am-
okveTs, aCnevs) da aWdobs (or sagans erTmaneTSi mWidrod
svams, amagrebs, xelebs, TiTebs erTmaneTze amagrebs).
1.11. kauzativis paraleluri formebis stilistiku-
ri funqciebi
kauzativis paraleluri formebi erTmaneTisgan ramde-
nadme gansxvavdeba: akiTxebs wigns, werils, akiTxvinebs _
158
SekiTxvas miaceminebs, vinmesTvis akiTxvinebs rames. anal-
ogiuria asunTqebs da asunTqvinebs, ayvinTebs da ayvin-
Tvinebs, aylapebs da aylapvinebs...
1.12. mimReobis paraleluri formebis stilistikuri
funqciebi
qarTuli gansakuTrebiT mdidaria mimReobis parale-
luri formebiT. arsebobs tendencia mimReobis mawarmoeb-
lebi ganawildes fuZeebis mixedviT, magram xSirad erTi da
igive fuZe sxvadasxva mawarmoebliTaa gaformebuli, rac
gvaZlevs mimReobis paraleluri anu sinonimuri warmoebis
formebs. a. SaniZe werda: `arsad ar aris erTmaneTSi ise are-
uli sxvadasxva kilosa da epoqis qoneba, rogorc mimReobis
formebSi“ (SaniZe 1953: 588). monacvle formebs Soris gan-
sxvaveba kargad Cans jer kidev Zvel qarTulSic:
1. monacvleobs a. zmniswiniani da uzmniswino forme-
bi: werili da dawerili; samoseli da Sesamoseli (gam. 29,
21); pyrobili da Sepyrobili (i, 20, 23); sacavi da dasacavi
(levit. 22, 9).
uzmniswino samoseli, pyrobili (patimari), sacavi da
misTana bevri mimReoba gaarsebiTebulia, gamonaklisia Se-
sawiravi.
b. monacvleobs aseve sxvadasxva zmniswindarTuli for-
mebi: aRwerili da dawerili (i, 21,25); Seracxili da aR-
racxili; aRgebuli da dagebuli (ezek. 23, 41). Seracxili
didebuls, miCneuls, mTavars niSnavs, aRracxili ki daTva-
lierebuli, daTvlilia.
2. monacvleoben prefiqsuli da sufiqsuri warmoebis
mimReobebi:
Sesyiduli (mamuli)// nayidi (Rvino); naswavli kaci da
swavluli; nanaxi da naxuli; nacnobi da cnobili.
uxsovari droidan erTmaneTis gverdigverd ixmareba
formebi: Svili (gaarsebiTebulia), Sobili da naSobi, mag-
159
ram maT nebismier konteqstSi ver SevunacvlebT erTmaneTs.
3. prefiqsuli da sufiqsul-sufiqsuri warmoebis mo-
nacvleoba
saCeCi (rac unda CeCon) da saCeCeli (riTac unda CeCon);
saTali (rac unda gaiTalos) da saTleli (riTac unda
gaiTalos);
saWari (rac unda daiWras) da saWreli (riTac unda da-
iWras);
saxnavi (rac unda moixnas) da saxnisi (riTac unda moixnas).
aqve ganvixilavT saWmelsa da Wamadsac: `saWmelica da
Wamadic mniSvnelobiT TiTqos erTnairia, magram ... saWmeli
aris is, rasac Wamen, Wamadi _ rac iWmeva“ (aqvs potencialis-
is gageba) - wers ek. osiZe (osiZe 1956: 167).
paraleluri formebis arsebobiT xsnida ivane imnaiSvi-
li im faqts, rom ` Wamadma>Wadma mniSvneloba daiviwrova
da igi marto simindisgan gamomcxvar saWmels niSnavs“ (imna-
iSvili 1967: 167).
Sesavali - dasawyisi nawili; Sesasvleli- adgili, said-
anac SeiZleba Sesvla;
Semosasvleli - kari; Semosavali- fuladi an material-
uri saxsari.
mosavali - Wirnaxuli; mosasvleli- vinc an rac unda
movides.
gasasvleli - adgili, saidanac SeiZleba gasvla; gasava-
li - xarji.
macxovrebeli da mcxovrebi
macxovrebeli SeiZleba vixmaroT mxolod material-
uri welgamarTulobis aRsaniSnavad. `kargi macxovrebe-
lia“ niSnavs, rom SeZlebuli ojaxia. xolo Tu romelime
dasaxlebuli punqtis mcxovreblebze vsaubrobT, asec un
da vTqvaT - qalaqis an soflis mcxovrebiao.
160
4. prefiqs-sufiqsian mimReobaTa monacvleoba
paraleluri mimReobebi - msajuli da mosajuli Tavda-
pirvelad erTi da imave semantikisa iyo, Semdeg ki gaimijna:
msajuli Zvel qarTulSi mosamarTles niSnavs, mosajuli
_ momCivans.
iyav marTl ganmzraxvel mosajulisa SenisaTჳs adre,
vidre gzasaRa iyo mis Tana, nuukue migces mosajulman man
msajulisa (m. 5, 25 C).
m-el//ma-el prefiqs-sufiqsiT nawarmoebi mimReobebi:
mSenebeli da maSenebeli stilistikurad gansxvavebul
elfers atareben. Sdr. damaxasiaTebeli (Tviseba)_ damxa-
siaTebeli (piri). analogiuria masesxebeli (vinc asesxa) da
msesxebeli (vinc isesxa).
5. monacvleoben TviT sufiqsuri warmoebis (-il da
-ul sufiqsiani) mimReobebic:
Cakerili (rac Cakeres) da Cakerebuli (rac Caakeres);
Segrovili (vinc, rac Segrovda) da Segrovebuli (vinc,
rac Seagroves);
gamoZaxili (eqo, gamoxmaureba) da gamoZaxebuli (vinc
gamoiZaxes);
Sefaruli (dafaruli SiSi) da Sefarebuli (Sekedlebuli);
dafaruli 1. rac dafares an daifara; 2. damaluli, gaux-
maurebeli 3. gadaxdili vali, sesxi; dafarebuli - rac da-
afares, an afaria; daxuruli sabani, saxuravi;
daSaqruli (rac daSaqres, SaqriT daatkbes) da daSaqre-
buli (rac daSaqrda).
aviRoT mimReobebi gasaTxovari da gauTxovari. arc
erTi maTgani ar niSnavs daqorwinebuls, magram maT Soris
gansxvaveba didia: gasaTxovari aris is, visac gaTxovebis
asaki aqvs, gauTxovari ki xanSi Sesulia, Sinaberaa. amrigad,
gasaTxovari da gauTxovari ver Seenacvleba erTmaneTs.
amrigad, konteqstSi mimReobis sworad gamosayeneblad
aucilebelia yvela niuansis zedmiwevniT codna.
161
 savarjiSo № 1. waikiTxeT magaliTebi da SemoxazeT im
winadadebaTa rigiTi nomrebi, romlebSic mimReoba kon-
teqsts ar Seesabameba:
1. iseTi kargi mawonia, daniT saWreli;
2. Tqveni atami Cemsas jobia, saxleCia;
3. sakuTari keriis gamaniavebels yvela almacerad uyurebs;
4. sacodavs mxolod CiTis zewari hqonia dafarebuli;
5. oblebs tanisamosze sakereblebi hqondaT dakerili;
6. daSaqruli da gayinuli marwyvi saukeTeso desertia;
7. Seni muraba ukve daSaqrula;
8. fuli ramdenicaa Segrovebuli, imdeni gadavuxadoT.
9. imdroindeli studentoba Zeglis garSemo iyo Segro-
vebuli;
10. damnaSave guSin prokuraturaSi iyo gamoZaxili.
§ 2. sintaqsuri stilistika
sintaqsuri stilistikis erT-erTi ZiriTadi sakiTxia
winadadebaTa SerCeva ragvarobis mixedviT. TxrobiTi,
kiTxviTi, brZanebiTi, Zaxilis, kiTxva-Zaxilis winadadeba-
ni erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba azrobrivi elferiTac da
emociur-eqspresiuladac. erTisa da imave azris gamosaxa-
tavad martiv winadadebas avirCevT Tu rTuls, esec sintaq-
suri stilistikis sagania. moubars uamravi SesaZlebloba
eZleva airCios ukeTesi forma saTqmelis gadmosacemad,
magram saqme isaa, rom sxvadasxva agebulebis winadadebiT
erTnair sicxades ver mivaRwevT, zogjer azri martivi wi-
nadadebiT ufro naTlad da eqspresiulad gadmoicema,
vidre rTuliT, zogjer ki - piriqiT. es konkretul viTa-
rebazea damokidebuli. saerTod, umjobesia azris mokled,
lakoniurad, martivi winadadebiT gadmocema, magram es arc
162
Tu iSviaTad amZimebs konstruqcias saxelzmnebiT, Tande-
bulebiT, maSin roca qarTuli enisTvis bunebrivia aqtiuri
frazebi, saTqmelis zmnis piriani formebiT gadmocema da
ara upiro formebiT da Tuki orive winadadebas erTnairi
Zala aqvs, `stilistikurad Tanabari Zalis winadadebaTa-
gan romelime erTis SerCeva ki ukve gemovnebis, metyvelebis
Taviseburebis sakiTxia, iseTi sakiTxi, rogoricaa, magali-
Tad, sinonimuri mniSvnelobis sityvebis SerCeva“ (basilaia
1991: 262).
rogorc viciT, stilistikis safuZveli aris sinonimika,
sintaqsuri stilistikisa ki - sintaqsuri sinonimebi:
1. erTmagi da ormagi uaryofis gamomxatveli formebi:
2. dadebiTi mniSvnelobis gamosaxatavad warTqmiTi da
ukuTqmiTi formebi;
3. meSvelzmniani da umeSvelzmno formebi;
4. organuli zmna da Sedgenili Semasmeneli;
5. mizezis gamomxatveli formebi;
6. erTgvari formebis Secvla kompozitiT;
7. genitiuri da atributuli msazRvrelebis Senacvleba.
2.1. sityvaTa rigis stilistikuri funqcia
qarTuli ar miekuTvneba im enaTa ricxvs, sadac sityvaTa
rigs gramatikuli funqcia ekisreba. Zvel qarTulSi, roca
sakuTari saxeli moTxrobiT brunvaSi ar dairTavda niSans,
subieqti winadadebaSi pirvel adgilze unda mdgariyo - ab-
raam Sva isaak. Tanamedrove qarTulSi sityvaTa wyoba araa
mkacrad normirebuli, magram arsebobs wesebi, romelTa
dacva ramdenadme aucilebelia. kerZod, `mokle winadade-
baSi (or-sam, oTxwevra) Semasmeneli bolokidur pozicias
amjobinebs. winadadebis zrdasTan erTad zmna TandaTan
misi dasawyisisken miiwevs, Tumca am `svlas“ ramdenadme af-
erxebs zmnis bunebrivi ltolva bolosken“ (afridoniZe
1986:13).
163
 qarTulSi sityvaTa wyoba umTavresad stilistikuri
daniSnulebisaa: wevrTa transpozicia yovelTvis ar cvlis
azrs, aramed calkeul niuansebs, mxolod azrobriv el-
fers ganasxvavebs. gadasmuli sityva gamoiyofa azrobri-
vad, logikuri maxvilis saSualebiT, rac aZlierebs emoci-
as:
me xval aucileblad waval universitetSi;
xval me aucileblad waval universitetSi;
aucileblad waval xval me universitetSi;
aucileblad waval me xval universitetSi;
universitetSi xval me aucileblad waval.
zogjer wevrTa transpozicia ramdenadme cvlis gad-
mosacem Sinaarssac. aviRoT winadadeba: dakargulia ori
wlis bavSvi. Tu gadavanacvlebT wevrebs, Seicvleba cal-
keuli niuansebic: ori wlis bavSvi dakargulia an bavSvi
ori wlis dakargulia. ukanaskneli magaliTidan ki Cans,
rom ori weli gasula bavSvis dakargvidan.
l. bregaZe wers: `erT satelevizio arxze sensaciuri ma-
sala anonsirebisas ase daasaTaures: preistoriuli cxo-
velis ConCxi ukve napovnia. sinamdvileSi sityvaTa amgvari
wyoba iyo saWiro: napovnia preistoriuli cxovelis ConCxi.
erTi da imave, magram sxvadasxvagvarad dalagebuli sityve-
bisgan Sedgenili es frazebi gansxvavebul elfers gamoxa-
tavs. preistoriuli cxovelis ConCxi ukve napovnia, niS-
navs, rom am ConCxs eZebdnen da bolos da bolos, rogorc
iqna, ipoves kidec. xolo napovnia preistoriuli cxove-
lis ConCxi gvauwyebs, rom ConCxi SemTxveviT upoviaT (as
ec iyo). enaSi informacia marto sityvebiT ki ara, sityvaTa
TanmimdevrobiTac, dalagebis wesiTac gadmoicema.
erTi anonsi sxva arxze ase JRerda: afeTqebis Sedegad
sxeulis dazianeba reportiorma miiRo. es gaxlavT pa-
suxi SekiTxvaze: vin miiRo afeTqebis Sedegad dazianeba?
anonsisTvis momzadebul frazaSi sityvebi ase unda dala-
164
gebuliyo: afeTqebis Sedegad reportiorma sxeulis da-
zianeba miiRo“ (bregaZe 2004:19).
sityvaTa rigs SeuZlia gramatikuli mniSvnelobis Sec-
vlac: giorgi nanas eZaxis dedas da giorgi dedas nanas eZaxis.
zogjer sityvis gadaadgileba abundovnebs azrs, mag.:ub-
ralo damatebis gadaadgilebiT aseT winadadebas miviRebT:
male yvela daavadebuli simsivniT ganikurneba. unda iyos:
yvela simsivniT daavadebuli ganikurneba.
mxatvrul literaturaSi sityvaTa wyoba SeiZleba Seic-
valos stilistikuri funqciiT. am xerxs inversia ewodeba.
specialur literaturaSi samarTlianad miuTiTeben, rom
`sintaqsi Semoqmedis sulis originaluri gamonaTebaa. si-
tyva, rogorc damoukidebeli erTeuli, aravis ekuTvnis.
SeiZleba k. gamsaxurdiasTan X Tu Y sityva iyos aqcentire-
buli, rac mis ganumeorebel xasiaTs avlens, riTac upir-
ispirdeba Sablons da erTferovnebas, magram mwerals am-
JRavnebs sintaqsi... . k. gamsaxurdiam Secvala frazis agebis
wesi, uaryo bunebrivi metyvelebis forma“ (sigua 1989: 138).
moviyvanT saTanado magaliTebs:
`saCixeSi Seiyvana girSeli mefem“; `qossa hkres qorsa-
tevelas cixeSi“; `me bedi maqvs aseTi, Cemi siyvaruli ganwi-
ruls ekuTvnoda mudam“... `velis yayaCosaviT SeuwiTlda
Rawvebi qals“. Tvalebidan ielva zRvisferma silurjem“.
zemomoyvanil winadadebebSi k. gamsxurdias Semasmeneli
win gadmoaqvs, riTac iqcevs mkiTxvelis yuradRebas, maSin
roca qarTulSi normaa Semasmenlis postpozicia: `imis ga
mo, rom Semasmeneli winadadebis azrobrivi da formobrivi
RerZia, rogorc gamonaTqvamis mizani, winadadebis bolos
amjobinebs yofnas“ (afridoniZe 1986: 13).
`gr. robaqiZis enaSi ki, roca gamonaTqvamis mizani aris
ara moqmedeba, aramed moqmedi, qvemdebare bolokiduria.
am SemTxvevaSi moqmedebs martivi fsiqologiuri momen-
ti - bolo ufro gvamaxsovrdeba, yuradReba masze Cerdeba.
165
maSasadame, inversiuli rigi, Semasmeneli+qvemdebare Sesa-
niSnavi enobrivi saSualebaa avtoris Canafiqris gansaxor-
cieleblad“ (injia 2004: 15).
mxatvrul literaturaSi stilistikuri datvirTva aq
vs Semasmenlisa da viTarebis garemoebis gaTiSvasac: saWi-
rod dainaxes, ecnobebinaT rogorme es ambavi qalisTvisac
(barn.); Strafilma aRuTqva, ecnobebina rogorme qalis-
Tvis, rom saams Tavi gadaudvia misTvis (iqve).
2.2. gansxvavebuli modalobis winadadebaTa stilis-
tikuri funqciebi
modalobis, anu ragvarobis mixedviT ganasxvaveben wi-
nadadebis sam tips: TxrobiTs, kiTxviTsa da brZanebiTs.
`TiToeul maTgans SeiZleba axldes esa Tu is emociuri
ieri an gamoxatavs sakuTriv mTqmelis Zlier grZnobas. am
is mixedviT gamoiyofa Zaxilisa da kiTxva-Zaxilis winada-
debani. TiToeul tipSi kidev ramdenime saxeobaa: brZanebi-
Ti winadadeba SeiZleba gamoxatavdes ara marto sakuTriv
brZanebas, aramed Txovnas, rCevas, gafrTxilebas, mowvevas“
(kvaWaZe 1966: 24). saTqmelis gamosaxatavad romeli moda-
lobis winadadebas avirCevT, es Cvenzea damokidebuli, mag-
ram maT Soris gansxvavebas TvalnaTliv davinaxavT, Tu Sev-
cvliT ragvarobas, an raime niuanss. mag. winadadebani: neta
agre ar anebivrebde mag bavSvs; ar gaanebivro bavSvi! da
nu gaanebivreb bavSvs erTsa da imave saTqmels sruliad
sxvadasxvagvarad gadmogvcems.
uaryofa SeiZleba gamoixatos warTqmiTi formiTac: uk-
uTqmiTi TxrobiTi winadadebebis nacvlad stilistikuri
daniSnulebiT gamoiyeneba Zaxilis winadadebebi, raTa uf
ro emociurad da eqspresiulad gadmoices uaryofa: aba,
erTi Tu miTqvams, warbSexriT Tu Semixedavs, wyena Tu ga-
mivlia gulSi! (miSv.) [Sdr.: arasodes miTqvams, warbSexriT
arasodes Semixedavs, wyena arasodes gamivlia gulSi].
166
lavrenti Sin aris, ZaRls vis dautovebs, sad wava!
(miSv.) [Sdr.: lavrenti Sin aris, ZaRls veravis dautovebda,
versad wavidoda.].
amrigad, sxvadasxva modalobis winadadebebs gansxvave-
buli emociuri elferi axlavs da Sesabamisad, isini erT
konkretul konteqsts Seefereba.
savarjiSo № 1. waikiTxeT magaliTebi, SecvaleT wina-
dadebebis modaloba da daakvirdiT eqspresias:
1. iqneb mogvSvelebodiT bogis dasufTavebaSi (miSv.);
2. neta egre ar anebivrebde mag gogis! (barn.);
3. Se kai kaco, gana adamianis sacxovrebeli aris es nan-
grevebi? (iqve);
4. ra gaRrialebs! me amoviRe! _ karebSi mxatvris meuRle,
qalbatoni lola gamoCnda (miSv.);
5. nu masxaraob, Sen ra imnairi xom ar ggonivar? (iqve);
6. jer erTi, me amis gakeTeba ra mexerxeba!
7. kabeli unda gamoicvalos, didi damcvelebi unda da-
yendes da saerTod Skafi gasaremontebelia, -- Tqva eleq-
trikosma (miSv.);
8. nuTu ase gaugebrad vlaparakob? Cven Cveni mogviva (iqve);
9. Sen magis javri nu gaqvs (iqve);
10. Tqveni avtoritetis awevisTvis cixeSi vijdeT, Cven,
udanaSaulo adamianebi? (iqve).
2.3. Serwymuli winadadebis stilistikuri funqcia
Serwymul winadadebaSi erTgvar wevrebad xmaroben si-
tyvebs, romlebic erTgvari arian sintaqsurad da erTi da
igive metyvelebis nawilebia: igi namdvili moxucia gareg-
nuladac da asakiTac. es stilistikuri Secdomaa, magram
mxatvrul literaturaSi gamoiyeneba stilistikur saSu-
alebad: ase xmaurobs poezia, vefxvi da qari (gal.). aseTi
ram xSirad komikur elfersac atarebs: yvelaferi kargad
167
daiwyo, magram bolos erTmaneTSi airia yvelaferi: TefSe-
bi, yvavilebi, kivili, cekva, sadRegrZeloebi, gineba.
specialur literaturaSi sagangebod miuTiTeben er-
TgvarSemasmenliani Serwymuli winadadebebis stilisti-
kur funqciebze: `erTgvarSemasmenliani Serwymuli winada-
debebis uxvad gamoyeneba SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos. aseTi
winadadebebi Txrobas ufro dinamikurs xdis, xolo dina-
mikuri TxrobiT avtori met emociurobas aniWebs da sura-
Tovnebas matebs gadmosacem azrs“ (SalamberiZe 1966: 142).
mkvlevari amas imiTac xsnis, rom ilia zmnas gansakuTrebul
rols aniWebda: `gansakuTrebuli Tviseba Cveni enisa, rome-
lic Cvenis fiqriT enis warmatebulobis momaswavebelia,
Cveni zmnebia da nametnavad misi marTla-da gasakvirveli
formebi“ (ilia V:93).
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom amgvar winadadebaTa siuxve gansa-
kuTrebiT damaxasiaTebelia personaJTa metyvelebisaTvis:
rac mamisagan dedul-mamuli gvqonda, ... sul maminacvalma
wagvarTva, dagviyida, micval-mocvala da Cven carielze
dagvsva (ilia `sarCobelazed“); maminacvalma mogviSora
Tavidam, migvabara saldaTis SkolaSi TuqurmiSazed (iqve);
xeliT hbaravs, sToxnis, hmarglavs, sTess da hkrefs xol-
me (ilia `oTaraanT qvrivi“).
is arc avtoriseuli metyvelebisTvisaa ucxo: yovel kvi-
ras korkotsa da wandils hxarSavda imis sulis sacxoneb-
lad da yovelwliv awirvinebda (iqve); darejanmac moixeda
am xumrobazed da dainaxa kneina elisabedi da imis CiTmer-
diniT darbeuli, guldaCagruli gogo (`kacia-adamiani?!“).
gvxvdeba sxva tipis Serwymuli winadadebebic: gamovediT
orni obolni am trial dedamiwazed upurod, ufulod,
ubinaod, unugeSod, uTvistomod (`sarCobelazed“); gada-
vemtereT usamarTlo qveyanas, gadavemtereT yvelas, mami-
nacvals, dedas, avsa, kargsa, Sena da sxvasa (iqve); gulqva
mefe metad zviadi da Tvinieria Sorenasadmi (gams.).
168
2.4. rTuli winadadebis stilistikuri funqcia
rTul qvewyobil winadadebaSi gasaTvaliswinebelia 1.
damokidebuli winadadebis adgili; 2. gansazRvrebiTi da-
mokidebuli winadadebis asaxsneli wevris adgili mTavar-
Si; 3. qvemdebaris adgili; 4. nacvalsaxelis gamoyeneba qvem-
debared mTavar winadadebaSi; 5. moqmedebaTa erTdroul-
oba; 6. damokidebuli winadadebis buneba; 7. kavSirebisa da
sakavSirebeli sityvebis marTebulad gamoyeneba.
sinonimuria ukavSiro da kavSiriani rTuli qvewyobi-
li winadadebani. `qari qroda, Tovda, namqeri trialebda“.
Sdr.: ` qari qroda, Tovda da namqeri trialebda.“
gansakuTrebiT farTod aris warmodgenili sinonimia
rTuli winadadebis martivad Senacvlebisas. aviRoT anda-
za: mCxavana kata Tagvs ver daiWerso. gadavakeToT rTul
qvewyobil winadadebad: kata, romelic Cxavis, Tagvs ver da-
iWerso. amnairad agebuli winadadeba moklebulia im gamom-
saxvelobas, rac pirvelSi TvalnaTliv Cans.
`qarTulisTvis orive saxis winadadeba bunebrivia, oR-
ond isini Tanabari raodenobiT ar gamoiyeneba“, - wers r.
SamelaSvili (SamelaSvili 1988: 109).
es sakiTxi daamuSava v. Tofuriam. is wers: ` amgvar wina-
dadebaTa Semcveli Txroba ufro ekonomiuria, cocxali da
sakiTxavad saxaliso, samagierod, dasamaxsovreblad ufro
Znelia. aseTi Txrobis stili Taviseburia, gansxvavebulia
cocxali salaparako enisgan“ (Tofuria 1960: 13-14). unda aR-
iniSnos isic, rom rTuli qvewyobili winadadebis martiviT
Senacvlebam SesaZlebelia fraza daamZimos saxelzmnebiT.
2.5. pirdapiri da iribi naTqvamis stilistikuri funqcia
sxvisi naTqvamis gadmocema winadadebaSi azris emociur-
ad gamoxatvis mniSvnelovani saSualebaa. mas umTavresad
axasiaTebs: 1. sxvisi azris, gancdisa da sityvebis gadmoce-
mis sizuste; 2. emociuroba da eqspresiuloba; 3. damxmare
sityvebisa da mimarTvis gamoyeneba.
169
 pirdapir naTqvams iyeneben citatad, mas aqvs mxatvruli
mniSvnelobac, igi irib naTqvamTan SedarebiT emociuria da
gadmoscems metyvelis stils, dialeqts; gviCvenebs mis re-
alur saxes: `meti gamomsaxvelobiTi Zala, saerTod pirda-
pir naTqvams aqvs da ara iribs, romelic SedarebiT Raribia
da uferuli. is emociuroba, ferebi, riTac esoden mdida-
ria pirdapiri naTqvami, xSirad arc ki SeiZleba gadmoices
iribiT, anda `Tu gadmoicema, mxolod daaxloebiT, erTob
Secvlili saxiT“ (kvaWaZe 1950:113).
pirdapiri sxvisi naTqvami gadmoicema nawilakiT da unaw-
ilakod. sxvisi naTqvamis gadmosacemad nawilakebis gameor-
eba tavtologiaa; amasTan, isini unda daisvas winadadebis
bolos da ara SigniT. ukanaskneli wesis darRveva Secdomaa,
k. gamsaxurdiasTan ki stilistikuri xerxia: `giorgis Seeb-
rala da brZana: saseirnod mainc wamoiyvaneTo yurSai, To-
kiT atareTo tyeSi“.
imave movlenas vxvdebiT v. barnovis SemoqmedebaSic:
`meo, Tqva iman, aq damdgomi mainc ara var, qveynis saqmec
da Cemi piradi movaleobac miwevs tfilisSi da uTuod unda
wavideo“ (barn.).
amrigad, pirdapiri naTqvami irib naTqvamTan SedarebiT
emociuria da gadmoscems metyvelis stils, Tu romeli di-
aleqtis warmomadgenelia igi, rogoria misi ganaTlebis
done da a. S. unda aRiniSnos isic, rom mas yovelTvis ver ga-
moviyenebT, misi perifrazireba aucilebeli gaxdeba Tavad
naweris stilis gasamarTavad.
savarjiSo №1. daakvirdiT, metyvelebis ra nawils da-
erTvis sxvaTa sityvis nawilakebi da imsjeleT maT sti-
listikur funqciebze:
1. iqneb mere sxva kursi gaxdes saWirovo (miSv);
2. batono rezovo, - amas winaT erTma mkiTxvelma momwera
(miSv);
170
3. ukve mimelian meTqi Cvenebi, - movaxsene armiis gene-
rals (gams.);
4. amas yovelives igi akeTebda iseTis artistuli simsu-
buqiT, kacs egoneboda, an giJiao, an TavzexelaRebuli, sik-
vdilis maZebari Cauqi vinme (gams.);
5. aqamde, ver moviTmineo, sxva rom metyoda, sicils da-
vayridi (iqve);
6. Tqveni ase marjved yofna zanzareTis imperiis bralic
ariso (iqve);
7. hkiTxes, Tavi sadme xom ar migirtyamTo da daSavebu-
lebi gaamweses stacionarSi (iqve);
8. daketeT kari, ar gacivdeTo, - miaZaxa Svilebs da wavida;
9. meo, - aravisTvis araferi ar wamirTmevia da arc aras-
dros wavarTmevo, ificebda ivane;
10. meo, gabrazebiT miaxala, - araviso Cems javrs ar Se-
vaWmevo.
2.6. gankerZoebuli sityvebisa da gamoTqmebis stilis-
tikuri funqciebi
`gankerZoebuli sityvebis saerTo niSani ganukerZoeb-
lisgan gansxvavebiT is aris, rom maT meti semantikuri wona
aqvT, gamoyofen, xazs usvamen detals, romelsac isini aR-
niSnaven“ (gvozdevi 1955: 357).
damokidebuli winadadebiT gadmovcemT saTqmels Tu
gankerZoebuli gansazRvrebiT, es individualuria da kon-
kretul enobriv situaciazea damokidebuli. mag.: ilia
wers: kaci, sicxisagan daosebuli, Zlivs suls iqcevda
(`sarCobelazed“); xalxi, wuTis winad sulganabuli, exla
mxiarulad hyayanebda (iqve); dainaxa isev is nabadSi gaxve-
uli, tanad maRali ymawvili biWi, Tvalebze qudCamofxatu-
li (iqve).
SevcvaloT es winadadebebi gansazRvrebiT damokidebu-
li winadadebebiT da davakvirdeT eqspresias: kaci, romelic
171
sicxisagan iyo daosebuli, Zlivs suls iqcevda; xalxi, rome-
lic wuTis winad sulganabuli iyo, exla mxiarulad yayaneb-
da; dainaxa isev is nabadSi gaxveuli, tanad maRali ymawvili
biWi, romelsac Tvalebze qudi hqonda Camofxatuli.
zogjer gankerZoeba Seucvleli Cans. mag.; `Cven, mZimed
daWrilebi, davrCiT“ (gams.).
g. SalamberiZe wers: `gankerZoebuli gansazRvreba Tavi-
si SinaarsiT uaxlovdeba gansazRvrebiT damokidebul wi-
nadadebas. ase rom, avtors gankerZoebulgansazRvrebian
winadadebebSi SeeZlo gankerZoebuli gansazRvrebis nac-
vlad gansazRvrebiTi damokidebuli winadadebebi gamoey-
enebina, magram winadadeba rom SekumSuli da lakoniuri iy
os, igi swored gankerZoebul gansazRvrebebs amjobinebs“
(SalamberiZe 1966: 147).
SalamberiZiseuli mosazreba zustad miesadageba Cvens
saanalizo masalasac- gankerZoebulgansazRvrebiani wina-
dadebebi metad efeqturia, vidre gansazRvrebiTi damoki-
debuli winadadebebi. magaliTad:
`petre erT-erT maTganTan mivida, Tvalebi eSmakurad
mowkura da uTxra: - avtomati Tu gaqvs, kalaSnikovis? _
gvqonda, guSin gagviTavda, im kviraSi miviRebT, ironias mi-
uxvda Cofura gamyidveli da karga xans oriveni gulianad
ZigZigebdnen. saerTod, petres wesad hqonda, Raribul ma-
Razias rom naxavda, aucileblad ikiTxavda - `kalaSniko-
vis avtomati xom ar gaqvTo“ (miSv.).
amrigad, gankerZoebulgansazRvrebian da gansazRvre-
biTs damokidebul winadadebebs Tanabari stilistikuri
Zala ar aqvs.
2.7. CarTuli sityvebis stilistikuri funqciebi
CarTuli sityvebi da winadadebebi cocxlad warmogvid-
gens mTqmelis damokidebulebas naTqvamisadmi. kacebi ki,
rogorc mogexsenebaT Cveni adaTi, jgufad Segrovdnen
172
(ilia, `glaxis naambobi“); mec, rogorc mogexsenebaT, ga-
Tamamebul kacis ambavi, vkiTxavdi (iqve); me, swored na-
dirobis trfials rom ityvian, isa var (iqve); mogaxseneT,
jamagiri didi bedena ar aris (`oTaraanT qvrivi“); oTara-
anT qvrivma gamoutana gasakiTxad erTi uSvelebeli SoTi,
rasakvirvelia - Taviseburi pimpilic moayara zed (iqve).
CarTul sityvebs da winadadebebs mwerali personaJ-
Ta metyvelebaSi ufro iyenebs. vidre sakuTarSi. saerTod,
isini sasaubro stilisTvis ufroa damaxasiaTebeli, maTi
gamoyenebiT ki avtori xalxuri metyvelebis tradicias
ganagrZobs. amnairad agebuli winadadebebi metad eqspre-
siulia: abJandaZe profesionali loTi gaxldaT da rasak-
virvelia, mis karebs arc saWvreti hqonda, arc zari (gams.);
Calas da Tivas ise gemrielad axramunebda, Seni mowonebu-
li (miSv.); adamianebi, marTalia, mZimed, yoymaniT, magram ma-
inc ise uaxlovdebian erTmaneTs (qarCx.).
CarTuli sityvebi sagangebo rols asrulebs j. qarCxa-
Zis publicistikaSi (amis Sesaxeb ix. qacarava 2011).
2.8. sasveni niSnebis stilistikuri funqciebi
sasveni niSnebis sworad gamoyenebaze didadaa damokide-
buli winadadebaSi azris, grZnobis zustad gamoxatva, mag-
ram arsebobs subieqturi momentebi, alternativa, avtorma
individualurad gadawyvitos, romeli niSani airCios; mas
SeuZlia survilisamebr: a) mZimis nacvlad ixmaros Zaxilis
niSani mimarTvasTan, SorisdebulTan an migebiT nawilak-
Tan; b) mZimis nacvlad ixmaros tire gankerZoebul sityveb-
Tan; g) orwertilis magivrad ixmaros mZime an tire sxvisi
naTqvamis gamosayofad; d) mZimis nacvlad wertili an wer-
til-mZime an piriqiT, wertilis nacvlad mZimis dasma wina-
dadebaTa CamoTvlisas.
maSasadame, `imis mixedviT, Tu ra azris gamoxatva surs,
avtori irCevs rogorc winadadebis Sesaferis konstruq-
173
cias, ise dasasmel sasven niSansac“ (basilaia 1991: 365). sas-
veni niSnebis dasmiT SeiZleba Seicvalos winadadebis Sina-
arsic, amitom maTi gamoyenebisas didi sifrTxilea saWiro.
ilias publicistur werilebSi danarTTan ZiriTadad
mZimea dasmuli:
`tfilisi, Cveni sataxto qalaqi,... jer kidev darRveul-
sa da dangreuls qveyanas warmoadgens“; `Cven, qarTvelebs,
samarTlianad mogvaqvs Tavi imiT, rom eg didebuli poema ...
. Cveni kacisgan da Cvens enazed dawerila; jer kidev balTa-
Si dahxvedria erTi aficeri artileriisa, SuSeli somexi“.
iSviaT SemTxvevaSi winadadebis bolos danarTi sxva wev-
rebisgan tireTia gamoyofili: `mis naSTis namtvrevebisgan
patar-patara xuxulebi avaSeneT, romelsac sazogado saxe-
li - mamuli davarqviT; ... ispahanis gverdiT aris erTi pata-
ra saxelmwifo- portugalia“.
iliasTan gamoikveTa erTi stilistikuri xerxi - gan-
kerZoebuli danarTis frCxilebSi Casma: `am erma (somxobam)
saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi daamtkica Tavisi Seuryeveli er-
Tguleba marTlmadidebel aRTqmebisao; amboben, rom es sa-
zafxulo sadgomi iyoo qadeSis mefeebisa (xettebis satax-
to qalaqia)“ [amis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ixileT axvlediani
2009].
amrigad, sasveni niSnebis xmarebis Taviseburebani avto-
ris stilis Semadgeneli nawilia, erTgvari stilistikuri
xerxia.
savarjiSo №1. waikiTxeT magaliTebi, gaanalizeT sas-
veni niSnebis xmarebis SemTxvevebi da imsjeleT maTi sti-
listikuri funqciebis Sesaxeb; Tu saWiroa, SecvaleT
isini alternatiuli niSniT da daasabuTeT amis aucil-
ebloba:
1. sakvirvelia, rom es hazri meore Cvenma sasiqadulo mwe-
ralmac Tavadma WavWavaZem sxva sityvebiT gamoTqva (akaki);
174
2. amis magaliTs gviCvenebs daviT guramiSvili, avtori
`daviTianisa“, meTvramete saukunis mwerali (iqve);
3. vifiqroT, rom ilia WavWavaZe, avtori `kacia-adamian-
isa“, kargi, gulkeTili da mSvidi mama aris Tavisi Svilebisa
(iqve);
4. saidanRac gaCnda melania, oTxmoci wlis beberi dedaka-
ci, romelsac ukvdav- uberebels eZaxdnen da av-kacs (vaJa);
5. deda, xoSia, eSveleboda Svils da cdilobda daexsna
gaWirvebuli mdgomareobidan (vaJa);
6. xoSia da misi rZali anuka mimsxdariyvnen erT kuTxeSi
(iqve);
7. pirveli mkiTxavis piriT wminda giorgi - laSaris jva-
ri - kurats Txoulobda (iqve);
8. maxarem da RvTisom, karaxelis Svilebma, Tma mouSves
niSnad glovisa (iqve);
9. RmerTi Seewios da es Cveni adgilis deda, wminda gior-
gi Cems Zmiswulebs - gamaxares RvTisos (iqve);
10. samegrelos ukanaskneli mTavari, daviT dadiani, moy-
varuli iyo qarTuli mwignobrobisa (akaki).
2.9. ormagi uaryofis stilistikuri funqcia
winadadebaSi uaryofiTobis ZiriTadi gamomxatveli,
cxadia, uaryofiTi nacvalsaxelebi da zmnizedebia: aravin,
arara, araferi, veravin, nuravin, arsad, versad, arasodes,
verasodes, nurasodes... rodesac mxolod isinia warmodge-
nili winadadebaSi, calmagi uaryofa gveqneba.
winadadebaSi uaryofiT saxelTan da zmnizedasTan er-
Tad uaryofiTi nawilakis gamoyenebas ormagi uaryofa ew-
odeba. misi gavrceleba gamoiwvia iman, rom winadadebaSi
am funqciiT saxelisa da uaryofiTi zmnizedis gamoyeneba
aRar iyo sakmarisi da saWiro gaxda damatebiT uaryofiTi
nawilakis darTvac. ase miviReT erTmagi da ormagi uaryo-
fa. emociis kidev ufro gasaZliereblad iyeneben orze met
175
uaryofasac. amiT winadadeba ufro gamomsaxvelobiTi xde-
ba. amrigad, ormagi da orze meti uaryofa stilistikuri
xerxia: aq arasdros aravis araferi ar unaxavs.
zogjer ormagi uaryofa aucilebelia: araviTari, nu-
raviTari, veraviTari, arc erTi, verc erTi uaryofiTi
nawilakis gareSe arc gamoiyeneba: veraviTari gansacdeli
mas ver SeaSinebs, arc erTi ar daSavebula; verc erTi ver
mova. amasTan dakavSirebiT l. bregaZe wers: `amiT surT,
TiTqosda uadgilo ormagi uaryofa aicilon Tavidan, mag-
ram enaSi maTematikuri logika ar moqmedebs. enobriv mov-
lenebSi ormagi uaryofa aucileblad dadebiT Sedegs ar
iZleva. arc erTi movida logikuri ki aris, magram enobri-
vi TvalsazrisiT simaxinjea. erTi uaryofa, marto saxelis
uaryofa aq ar kmara. Tu zmnasac ar davurTavT uaryofiTi
nawilaks, fraza dadebiTi Sinaarsis gamomxatvel winadade-
bas emsgavseba. Tu vityviT - veraviTari Zala Seakavebs, ise
gamodis, TiTqos Sekavebazea saubari da ara verSekavebaze“
(bregaZe 2004: 17-18), magram arcTu iSviaTad amgvarad gamo-
xatuli uaryofis gasaZliereblad gamoyenebulia uaryo-
fiTi nawilakebic: ar, ver, nu (aRar, veRar, nuRar). Cveul-
ebisamebr, TiToeuli am nawilakTagani im uaryofiT nac-
valsaxelsa Tu zmnizedas Seewyoba (mosdevs mas), romlis
SemadgenlobaSic igive uaryofiTi nawilaki Sedis: aravin
ar, veravin ver, nuravin nu, arsad ar, versad ver, nursad
nu, arasodes ar, verasodes ver da misT.
rogorc dadgenilia, calmagi da ormagi uaryofis ur-
TierTmonacvleoba Tavisufalia da stilistikis sferos
ganekuTvneba. amrigad, gemovnebisamebr SeiZleba gamoyenaba
winadadebebisa, rogorc: mas sityvas verasdros veravin ver
gadaaTqmevinebda an: mas sityvas veravin gadaaTqmevinebda.
ormagi uaryofa erTgvari stilistikuri xerxia, rome-
lic aZlierebs eqspresias. davakvirdeT magaliTebs: `mas
poetebis bedis arasodes SehSurebia, ... isini sityvis loTe-
176
bi ariano“ (gams.); `visac SimSili an siyvaruli ar awuxebda,
mas arc araferi Seuqmniao odesme“ (iqve); `ase yofila: ad-
amians arasodes ar SerCeba xelSi, rac uyvars“ (iqve). ukan-
askneli magaliTi metad eqspresiulia.
savarjiSo №1. daakvirdiT, erTmagi da ormagi uaryo-
fis magaliTebs da imsjeleT, es ukanaskneli risTvis, ra
funqciiT gamoiyeneba:
1. iaponelebis wasvlis dRidan xeliT aravis Sexebia
(miSv.);
2. CaTvale, rom SenTvis araferi miTqvams (iqve);
3. qarTuli Rvinoebi fineTSi arsad ar iyideba (v.bara-
TaSv.);
4. me darwmunebuli viyavi, rom veraviTari ubedureba mas
ver SeaSinebda (barn.);
5. aRaraviTar simdablesa da WuWysa ar eridebodnen, oR-
ond SeeZinaT rame (iqve);
6. ra vici, iqneb xvdebodnen, magram arafers meubnebod-
nen (miSv.);
7. sxvagan arc gemze, arc romelime bareliefze aseTi mo-
tivi arasodes minaxavs;
8. arc me da arc dedaCems erTmaneTis garda arvin ar gve-
bada (javax.);
9. sasamarTlom arcerTi maTganis Cveneba ra gaiziara;
10. Rirebulebebis gadafasebis epoqaSi aravisgan araf-
eri ar unda gagikvirdes.
2.10. zmnis organuli da aRweriTi formebis stilis-
tikuri funqciebi
vnebiTi gvaris zmnaTa organuli da aRweriTi formebis
monacvleoba Zvel qarTulSic dasturdeboda. perifras-
tuli vnebiTi mxolod werilobiT ZeglebSi gvxvdeba. igi
niSandoblivia oficialur-saqmiani dokumentebisaTvis,
177
gavrcelebulia samecniero literaturaSi. mas kancelari-
uli elferi dahkravs da moklebulia mxatvrulobas. aRwe-
riTi vnebiTi saerTod ar gvxvdeba cocxal metyvelebaSi,
amitomac ar dasturdeba igi andazebis enaSi. mxatvrul li-
teraturaSi Zalian iSviaTia da Tu aris, mxolod stilis-
tikuri funqciiT.
dResdReobiT vnebiTis perifrastuli tipi gansakuTre-
biT TvalSi sacemia presis enaSi. isini TiTqmis cvlian zmnis
aqtiur formebs, rac ewinaaRmdegeba qarTuli enis bunebas.
`unda aRiniSnos isic, rom aseTi warmoeba SeiZleba grama-
tikulad iyos Sepirobebuli:
1. zmnas an saerTod ar moepoveba Sesabamisi organuli va-
rianti, an meore seriisTvis iyenebs aRweras;
2. zogjer aRweriTi formis gaCena ganpirobebulia moq-
medebiTi da vnebiTi gvaris formaTa damTxveviT da maTi
gamijvnis aucileblobiT. `Tu iniani vnebiTisTvis moqme-
debiTi gvaris saTaviso qcevis forma SeiZleba CaiTvalos
mizezad, maSin donianisTvis aseTi safuZveli ar arsebobs“
(RvinaZe 1989: 128). mag.: aucilebelia dasrulebul iqnes
dawyebuli samuSao (unda iyos: dasruldes);
3. aRweriTi vnebiTis formaSi saxelad nawilad rTuli an
ucxo sityvisgan nawarmoebi mimReobis fuZe gvxvdeba, ris
gamoc organuli warmoeba mouxerxebelia: uzrunvelyo-
fil iqna, represirebul iqnen...
Zalian xSirad vnebiTis perifrastuli tipi gamoiyeneba
maSinac, roca Tavisuflad SeiZleba is Seicvalos organu-
liT: auditi Catarebul iqna saerTaSoriso standartebis
mixedviT da gacemul iqna upirobo daskvna, romelic daTa-
riRebulia 2010 wlis 29 apriliT.
perifrastuli vnebiTi axal qarTulSi iseT zmnebTanac
gvaqvs, romelTa organuli formebic ar iwvevs orazrov-
nebas, roca zmnas meore seriaSi aqvs organuli Sesatyvisi
(moevlina, moismina, Seiswavla, gadaitana, ganixila, daiS-
178
ala, daiSala, moixsna, gamoiyo); an kidev donian vnebiTebTan
( gamosworda, garemontda, Semowmda, gakeTda).
presaSi vnebiTis formaTa gaxSirebis mizezi aTasgvari
cnobis, informaciis, dadgenilebisa Tu sxva dokumentebis
enaSi aRweriTi formebis aucileblobiTaa gamowveuli. Tu
aseTi dokumenti ar gvaqvs, gaumarTlebelia maTi gamoyene-
ba. Tu ar arsebobs aRweriT formaTa gamoyenebis gramati-
kuli safuZveli, maSin irRveva qarTuli enis frazis sis-
xarte da dinamikuroba.
amrigad, Tu aRweriTi warmoeba araa gramatikulad Sepi-
robebuli, maSin umjobesia is SevcvaloT organuliT, Tum-
ca analizur formebs meore kavSirebiTSi aqvs kategori-
ulobis, SesaZleblobis, sasurvelobis da aucileblobis
semantika: satendero mosakrebeli Setanil unda iqnes Sem-
deg angariSze... aucilebloba-kategoriulobis semantika
dadgenilebebis, brZanebebis enaSi metad saWiroa da aseTi
formebic Seucvlelia: mowveul iqnes, daSvebul iqnes...
i. imnaiSvili ase afasebs vnebiTis organuli formebis
nacvlad aRweriTis gabatonebas: `Zveli vnebiTis moSliT
Cvenma enam aramciredi gamomxatvelobiTi unari dakarga,
magram meore mxriv, orazrovneba da orWofoba gaqra, mag-
ram dagvekarga agreTve iniani, martivi, didi gamomsaxve-
lobiTi Zalis formebi“ (imnaiSvili 1987: 90-91).
`aRweriTi vnebiTis formebi vnebiTis organuli for-
mebis msgavsad SesaZleblobisa da ukuqceviTobis funqci-
iT itvirTeba da amdenad, saliteraturo enaSi arsebobis
uflebac moipoves, oRond aRweriTi vnebiTis formaTa
gamoyenebis yvela SemTxveva ver CaiTvleba erTnairad ga-
marTlebulad. isini zog sferoSi aSkara upiratesobiT
sargeblobs. ganzogadebulsubieqtiani aqtiuri formebis
(gaiRes) nacvlad isini ufro mosaxerxebeli aRmoCnda da
saliteraturo enamac es SesaZlebloba gamoiyena stilis-
tikuri funqciiT“, - wers T. RvinaZe (RvinaZe 1989: 269).
179
 aRweriTi vnebiTis formas meti SesaZlebloba aqvs, rom
gamoiyenebodes aqtiur formaTa magivrad, Tumca pasiur-
obis semantika da misi formaluri niSnebic masSi metia. amis
mizezi ki is unda iyos, rom aRweriT formaSi realuri su-
bieqtis monawileoba aSkaraa, winadadebis konstruqciaSi
ramenairi formiT kidec rom ar iyos warmodgenili (mier
an gan Tandebuliani naTesaobiTiT, instrumentalisiT).
dajildoebul iqna, gaTavisuflebul iqna formebSi ga-
xazulia ufro metad faqti dajildoebisa. analogiuria
gaaTavisufles da ara gaTavisuflda. mier Tandebulian
formebSi aSkarad Cans moqmedebis aqtiuroba.
da bolos, organuli warmoebis vnebiTebi (iniani, doni-
ani) aRweriTisgan gansxvavebiT sxva semantikur niuansebsac
gamoxatavs: CveulebiTobas, gardaqceviTobas, dawyebiTo-
bas. SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom vnebiTis aRweriTi da orga-
nuli formebi nebismier konteqstSi sinonimebad ver gamog-
vadgeba.
savarjiSo №1. daakvirdiT aRweriT formebs, gaaswo-
reT Secdomebi da axseniT; sadac mizanSewonilia maTi
gamoyeneba, datoveT:
1. Cveni kolegebis mier am dargSi miRweul iqna mniSvne-
lovani warmatebebi;
2. Tamada bolos iqnas nadRegrZelebi;
3. sapatriarqo orive mxares daTmobisken mouwodebs,
rom Tavidan iqnes acilebuli samoqalaqo dapirispireba;
4. profesor- maswavlebelTa da administraciis xel-
mZRvanelTa mxridan araerTi kiTxva iqna dasmuli;
5. yvelaferi detalurad gaweril iqnes;
6. RonisZiebis gegmaSi Setanil iqna mniSvnelovani cvli-
lebebi;
7. germaneli jariskaci da meTauri Tamar mefis ordeniT
iqna dajildoebuli;
180
8. daviT aRmaSenebeli xalxis mier iqna aRiarebuli wmin-
danad;
9. es samxilebi gamoyenebuli iqneba saqmis gamoZiebis-
Tvis;
10. mwerlis mier aRweril iqna gaRatakebuli aznaurebis
cxovreba.
codnis Sesamowmebeli kiTxvebi
1. daasaxeleT magaliTebi, sadac gamokveTilia narTani-
ani mravlobiTis stilistikuri funqciebi;
2. dasaxeleT magaliTebi, sadac Cans mqoneblobis sufiq-
sTa stilistikuri funqciebi;
3. daasaxeleT stilistikurad gansxvavebuli eniani da
doniani vnebiTis nimuSebi;
4. gadmoeciT uaryofiTi azri erTmagi da ormagi uaryo-
fiT da SeadareT eqspresia;
5. aqcieT gansazRvreba gankerZoebulad da daakvirdiT
espresias;
6. SeadareT erTi da imave zmnis organuli da aRweriTi
vnebiTebis stilistikuri funqciebi;
7. gadmoeciT erTi da igive azri sxvadasxva kilos for-
miT da daakvirdiT eqspresias;
8. aiReT erTi winadadeba, SecvaleT wevrTa wyoba da da-
akvirdiT eqspresias;
9. aiReT erTi winadadeba, SecvaleT sasveni niSnebi da
daakvirdiT eqspresias;
10. aqcieT pirdapiri naTqvami iribad da SeadareT maTi
stilistikuri funqciebi.
dasamuSavebeli literatura: № 9, 91, 119,159, 160.
181
 Tavi V. mxatvruli stilistika
V.I. stilistikuri kategoriebi
adamiani sakomunikaciod sityvebs pirdapiri mniSvnelo-
biT iyenebs. erTisa da imave azris gamosaxatva sxvadasxvag-
vari enobrivi saSualebiT SeiZleba, emociis gasaZliereb-
lad ki sityvebs gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT, metaforula-
dac iyeneben, amitom ukeTesad Tqmis xelovneba gulisxmobs
ufro Zlieri saSualebis SerCevas. aseT SesaZleblobebs
stilistikur kategoriebsac uwodeben.
stilistikur kategoriebad miiCneva yvelaferi, rac Cve-
ulebrivi (pirdapiri) daniSnulebis araa, e.i. enis gansakuT-
rebuli SesaZleblobebia. aseTebia: tropebi (omonimia), si-
nonimia, gameorebebi, modaluri saSualebebi da sxva. isini
gamoiyenaba emociis gasaZliereblad, subieqturi ieris ga-
mosaxatavad, saTqmelisTvis silamazis misaniWeblad da ro-
gorc al. gvencaZe miuTiTebs, sagnebisa Tu movlenebis su-
bieqturi obieqtivizaciis mizniTac“ (gvencaZe1974:15). amiT
upirispirdeba enis gansakuTrebuli SesaZleblobebi Cve-
ulebrivs.
`tropi berZnuli sityvaa da niSnavs Sebrunebas, Seqcevas,
sityvis xmarebas gadataniTi (arapirdapiri) mniSvnelobiT di
di mxatvruli gamomsaxvelobis mizniT“ (axmanova 1966).
trops gansakuTrebuli adgili eWira antikuri drois
berZnul da romaul ritorikebSi: `tropi aris sityvis, an
sityvieri gamoTqmis sakuTari mniSvnelobis Secvla meor-
iT, romliTac mniSvneloba mdidrdeba“, - vkiTxulobT `en-
isa da stilis antikur TeoriebSi“ (215).
trops omonimsac uwodeben, magram igi sakuTriv omon-
imTagan gansxvavebulia. `tropisTvis gamoyenebulia Cve-
ulebrivi mniSvnelobis sityva raime saerTo niSnis safuZ-
velze, amitom erTi Ziris sityva gvevlineba sxvadasxva
mniSvnelobiT“ (gvencaZe 1974: 43).
182
miuxedavad imisa, rom stilistikuri saSualebani indi-
vidualurad gamoiyeneba, `mxatvruli metyveleba warmo-
adgens enobrivi Semoqmedebis umaRles safexurs, TviT am
SemTxvevaSic ki sityvis ostati - mwerali Taviseburad aer-
Tianebs enobriv elementebs, ar arRvevs mocemuli enis ka-
nonebs, ar gamodis masSi daSvebuli sazRvrebis gareT“ (Sa-
raSeniZe 1971: 43).
n. koJevnikovas mosazrebiT (koJevnikova 1979), Sedareba
gadaiqceva metaforad, metafora perifrazad da a. S. ar-
sebobs metaforuli epiTetebic. xSirad tropis ramdenime
saxeoba erTdrouladaa warmodgenili.
tropis saxeebia: epiTeti, Sedareba, metafora, metoni-
mia, sinekdoqe, hiperbola, gapirovneba da a. S.
§1. Sedareba
Sedareba tropis erT-erTi saxea, eqspresiulobis mi-
saRwevi erT-erTi saSualebaa. masSi erTi mxare nacnobia,
meore- ucnobi da es ukanaskneli daxasiaTebulia meoris
(xSirad kargad nacnobis) saSualebiT; `Sedareba igive meta-
foraa, oRond metaforisgan gansxvavebiT mas damateba aq
vs. roca poeti ambobs aqilevsze, rom is rogorc lomi, ise
ekveTa, esec Sedarebaa, magram Tu vityviT, lomi ekveTa, es
metaforaa, radgan orive mamacni arian, amitom poetma aq-
ilevss gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT lomi uwodao“, - wers ar-
istotele (aristotele 1981: 174).
mokled, SedarebaSi gamoiyofa 1.Sedarebis subieqti
(Sesadarebeli sagani); 2. Sedarebis obieqti (rasac vada-
rebT); 3. Tviseba, rasac emyareba Sedareba.
n. baraTaSvili Sesadareblad xSirad iyenebs sityva mij-
nurs:
183
 mag.:
`mosdevs mTovares, viTa mijnuri,
varskvlavi marto misa amara“ (`SemoRameba mTawmindaze“);
`da momdinare xar zvirTcemiT, xan nelad mtkvari,
mooxravs SoriT, viT mijnuri, JamT moCivari“ (`Rame ya-
baxzed“);
`viTa mijnuri satrfos amaysa,
mtkvari mas norCsa ferxTa evlebis“ (`Cinari“).
Sesadareblad gamoiyeneba a) sazogadoebrivi xasiaTis
movlenebi, adamianTa moqmedebisa da urTierTobis nayofi;
b) bunebis movlenebi, cxovelTa samyaro, mcenareTa samya-
ro da sxva.
mxatvrul literaturaSi SeiZleba Sesadarebeli sagani
da is, rasac vadarebT, erTi da igive iyos:
`Sen Ralati RalativiT gZulda,
rac amkobs da axurdavebs qals“ (gorg.).
1. usulo sagani Sedarebulia usulosTan
`gamokonili aris maradis
viT TavsafarSi Zvirfasi ganZi,
droSi - sayvarel qalis Ralati,
brboSi - niWi da wuxili kacis“ (gorg.)
2. usulo sagani Sedarebulia sulierTan
`feri gaukrTa rogorc orsul qals, seqtembers“
(qeb.);
`dgas alubali gazafxulis dResaswaulze kabaqaTqaTa
dedofaliviT“ (iqve);
184
3. sulieri sagani Sedarebulia usulosTan:
`me saavdro RrubeliviT daZenZili viyav maSin,
da mizgiTi mibnelebda xatis Rimils, qoxis lampars“
(gorg.).
4. sulieri Sedarebulia sulierTan:
`miwa ar minda da rogorc qriste,
me vemzadebi gafrenisaTvis“ (ter.).
Sedareba advili amosacnobia gramatikuli agebuleb-
iT: masSi gamoiyeneba a) Tandebulebi (viT, ebr,): `vsvam gem-
riels da oxers, jojoxeTiviT yavas“ (gorg.).
an:
`suli gafrinda TeTri mtrediviT,
sxeuli darCa codvil miwaze“ (ter.);
an kidev:
...man xmaliviT Seageba mzera isrimisfer Tvalebs, da-
fanCvul, TeTr warbebqveS TriTinasaviT awrialebulT“
(gams.).
b) sakavSirebeli sityvebi (ise, ase, rom, TiTqos, ro-
gorc):
aqamde gulSi miRvivis [tkbili naRveli], rogorc nacris
qveS Senaxuli naRverdali (iqve); rogorc kokori mzisagan,
guli ise gadameSala da amiyvavda (iqve); Tu wuTisofels
erT bewo xans Tvali mouxuWe, ise gagTelavs, rogorc di-
doeli leki nabadsa.
zogjer SedarebaSi gamoiyeneba `rom“ kavSiric (ise rom,
aseTi rom):
`gogo iyo, Seni Wirime, rom Tvali zed dagrCeboda (iq
ve,); is berikaci aseTi gamorboda, rom ocis wlis biWi gego-
neboda“ (iqve).
185
 Sedareba sxvagvaradac gadmoicema:
`gamWvirvale blondi ebura pirze, broweulis yvavi-
lisdari, siTviT amoqarguli“ (gams.).
an kidev:
`Cveni sicocxle im cicqna nams hgavs,
mze rom daaWers da aorTqldeba“ (qeb.).
Sedareba metad popularuli mxatvruli xerxia sagmiro
eposSi: `obiymianT banze videq, davxede aremaresa, ufrosi
rZali mzesa hgavs da SuaTana- mTvaresa“ (akaki2).
poetur folklorSi Sedareba sariTmo erTeuladac ga-
moiyeneba:
`zogierTi patarZali xes exveva verxviviTa,
dedamTils kargad eqceva da mamamTils RmerTiviTa,
imas ise Seinaxven ugunur mtrediviTa“ (xalx. sibr.).
Sedareba SeiZleba formobrivad arc Candes. magaliTad:
`mas hqonda wvniani, Zlieri xma, sanam is mReroda, megona,
mwife nesvs vWamdi“. zogjer Sedareba sufiqsiTac gamoix-
ateba: miwurSi marTla miwuri dumili Camowva“ (javax.).
al. gvencaZe sagangebod miuTiTebs imaze, rom iliam
luarsab TaTqariZis ezos dasaxasiaTeblad Semdegi Seda-
reba Seqmna: `Sig ezo iseTi uwminduri iyo, rogorc Zveli
Cinovnikis gulio“. sxva mwerals SeeZlo ase eTqva: Sig ezo
iseTi uwminduri iyo, rogorc didi xnis gausufTavebeli
boselio. `iliasTvis Sedareba ki ar iTvleba individual-
ur Taviseburebad, aramed Sedarebis sityvieri inventaris
SerCeva da Sedarebis ori komponentis iseTnairi Sexameba,
rom naTqvamma gamoamJRavnos avtoris ideur-esTetikuri
mrwamsis mizandasaxuloba“ (gvencaZe 1974: 27). mkvlevari
imowmebs fosleriseul sityvebs, rom `stili aris indivi-
dualuri enobrivi moxmareba saerTosgan gansxvavebiT“ (iq
ve: 27). amdenad, SedarebaSi Cans SemoqmedebiToba da indivi-
dualoba.
originaluri SedarebebiT iqcevs mkiTxvelis yuradRe-
186
bas m. javaxiSvili. mwerali `arsena marabdelSi“ maior ar-
lovis portrets ase gvixatavs: `arc maior arlovs daeg-
viana: isic karebTan mogorebuliyo, xis saldaTiviT ga-
CaCxuliyo, doinji Semoeyara, wylisferi pawawina Tvalebi
saaxalwlo basilasaviT daeWyitna da TiTonac zizil-pipi-
lebiT aWrelebul basilas hgavda: Tav-piri gaberil gog-
ras miugavda da im ayiro Tavze wiTeli Tma da wver-ulvaSi
gacveTili WilobiviT eyara, xolo Txilisodena abzekili
da wiTel- lurji cxviri ise oblad gamoiyureboda gapen-
til wver-ulvaSidan, TiTqo CalaSi maJalo vaSli Caegdo-
To“.
an kidev:
`marabdaSi sisxli daiRvreba... es sami sityva siCumeSi pa-
naSvidiviT Camowva“ (javax.).
gavrcobili Sedareba SeiZleba moicavdes sxva tropeb-
sac an piriqiT, Sevides metaforis SemadgenlobaSi, iseve,
rogorc metonimiasa da gapirovnebaSi:
`aravin iyo... xolo cecxla-pirs
qals daRalulsa misZineboda
da cecxlis Suqi mis turfa saxes,
viT sayvarelsa, zed dahxaroda...
TiTqo TviT madlsa Svenebisasa
Tvisi saunje aq dahbnevia
da eSxsa, viTa iadons vardzed,
suli mis Rawvze daulevia“ (ilia).
savarjiSo №1. waikiTxeT magaliTebi, gaanalizeT Se-
darebani Sesadarebeli obieqtis mixedviT; daakvirdiT
maT stilistikur funqcias:
1. `Svilebis Cemis lurji Tvalebi
Tbil talRasaviT gadamdis gulze“.
187
 2. `magram sikvdili kivis busaviT,
magram sikvdili brmaa brbosaviT,
Tanac lamazi salambosaviT... “
3. `me Seni klerta da iebi momelian,
qaliviT morcxvi da qaliviT lamazebi“.
4. `moagonda Soreuli bavSvoba, Soreuli da uTavbolo,
rogorc gamoutaneli sizmari“
5. `me mjera Seni misan qaliviT,
anaTebs mTvare...
brwyinavs mTvare...
ZvelqarTuli minanqariviT... “
6. `momwyurdi exla, ise momwyurdi,
viT ubinaos - yofna binaSi,
TeTri tyemlebis momyveba gundi
da kvlav marto var me Cems winaSe“.
7. `var mowyenili, viT zamTarSi nazi beRura,
viT Semodgomis RameebSi nazi versali,
Sens silamazes Cemi trfoba esafexura,
var mowyenili, viT zamTarSi nazi beRura.“
8. `me Zlier miyvars iisfer Tovlis
qalwulebiviT xididan fena,
mwuxare grZnoba qrolis, mimovlis
da siyvarulis ase moTmena“.
9. `ese yoveli, erTad reulni,
hgvandnen ciT vlenils risxvas RvTisasa“.
188
10. `rogorc zRvis xetiali, rogorc bedis triali,
Cqari grgvinva-grialiT qrian lurja cxenebi!“
§2. epiTeti
epiTeti berZnuli sityvaa da TandarTuls niSnavs. igi
mxatvruli gansazRvrebaa, Cveulebrivi msazRvrelisgan
gansxvavebiT eqspresiulia: `epiTeti aris gansazRvrebis
saxesxvaoba, Cveulebrivisagan eqspresiulobiT da gadata-
niTi, tropuli xasiaTiT gansxvavebuli“ (axmanova 1966).
epiTeti stilistikuri amxsnelia, igi xazs usvams sagnis an
movlenis romelime erT mxares. mas xSirad iyeneben mxatvrul
literaturaSi. igi gvxvdeba publicistikaSic, naklebad ga-
moiyeneba samecniero literaturaSi, Tu gamoiyeneba, aq da-
mazustebeli funqcia akisria da ara mxatvrul-gamomsaxve-
lobiTi. epiTetSi, rogorc stilistikur kategoriaSi, Cans
mTqmelis SefasebiTi damokidebuleba sagnebisa da movlene-
bisadmi. aratropuli epiTetebia gansazRvrebani da garemo-
ebani, romlebic sagnis ferze, sunsa da gemoze miuTiTeben.
SegrZnebaTa aRqmis sinTeziT miRebul epiTetebs sinesTeti-
kurs uwodeben. zogjer sagans iseTi Tvisebebic miewereba,
romelic mas sinamdvileSi ar aqvs da arc SeiZleba hqondes.
`metaforuli epiTeti sagnobriv-fsiqikuria da aRniS-
navs ararealur niSans, msgavsebis mixedviT gadatanils
sxva saganze“ (meSCeriakovi... 2003: 97).
`Semodgomisa velur hangSi
Wkneba foToli,“ - wers galaktioni.
mocemul konteqstSi veluri epiTetia. hangis veluro-
ba poeturi aRqmaa, mxatvrulia, arabunebrivia da uCveulo.
igi galaktioniseulia da poeti mas sxvaganac iyenebs, oR-
ond gansxvavebul konteqstSi: veluri vardebi, veluri xma,
veluri kivili, veluri svavi.
189
 amave poetTan T. sanikiZem sityva `nazi“ epiTetad 299-
jer daadastura Semdeg sityvebTan: pepela, yvavili, xma,
furceli, amuri, hangi, sio, sevda, Rimili, Semodgoma,
dideba, saxe, mxare, samosi, gazafxuli, simRera, bindi,
ocneba, daraji, mze, feria, gogona, haeri, burusi…
gapirovneba-epiTetebi gvaqvs Semdeg magaliTebSi:
`maradis RviZavs miviwyebul simRerebs yrmobis,
fexSiSvel dReebs, netarebis uames wamebs“ (gorg.);
`aq Cadrebi mZuani, iq Sortebi meZavi“ (gorg.);
`qalwul kabaSi orsul dedofals ara vqna, fembulav,
ver vuTamadeb“ ( iqve).
aristotele sityvis sicives uwodebda epiTetebis xSir
gamoyenebas. is werda: `saWiroa didi sifrTxile, radgan ep-
iTetebis windauxedavi xmarebisas saziano xdeba. alkiman-
ditis sityva civad gveCveneba, radgan epiTetebs xmarobs
ara rogorc saWmlis sakmazs, aramed rogorc saWmels“.
amrigad, epiTeti stilistikuri xerxia, erTgvari sam-
kaulia azrisa, magram misi gamoyenebisas zomierebis dacva
aucilebelia.
savarjiSo № 1. waikiTxeT metaforuli epiTetis maga-
liTebi da gaarkvieT maTi stilistikuri funqciebi
1. `Slegi ferebis faruli SfoTi idumalebas dastyuebs
bgerebs“.
2. `Sriala tyemlebs eTamaSeba
TavSalwakruli TeTri aprili“.
3. `gamokveTili beber qvebSi Jamis nusxuriT
momabezrebel siCumeSi var galursuli“.
4. `movediT samadlos xevTan...
nislebSi danTqmula isic...
190
me minda, sul viyo SenTan,
rogorc es mTebi da nisli!“
5. ` movardeba Slegiani qari,
Seciebul palmebs daafeTebs“.
6. `me SemiZlia movusmino qaraoc qarsac,
me SemiZlia mivayuro gatrunul mindvrebs“.
7. `vici, vuyvarvar, magram qaria,
qari qenqera, qari cerceti“.
8. `axla sulerTia, ra dRe, ra ricxvia,
oRond siCumea, munji darebia“.
9. `pirisferi abreSumis yabaCa umSvenebs patara jiSian
Tavs“ (gams.2)
10. `tao-klarjeTis bokveri var bRezi bewvebiT,
saqarTveloSi qarTvelobas ar vixvewebi“.
§3. metafora
`metafora tropis saxea, erTi sagnis Tvisebebis meor-
eze gadatanaze an maT msgavsebaze dafuZnebuli“ (meSCeri-
akovi... 2003: 89).
metafora `tropia, romelic mdgomareobs sityvaTa da
gamoTqmaTa gadataniTi azriT gamoyenebaSi msgavsebis, an-
alogiis safuZvelze“ (axmanova 1966).
`maTematikur gantolebaSi ramdenime ucnobia, rogorc
wesi, magram erTi cnobilia, am erTis saSualebiT xerxde-
ba danarCenebis amocnoba. metaforul winadadebaSi TiT-
191
qmis yvela sityvis Sinaarsi amosacnobia, amosaxsnelia“ (Wi-
laia... 1984: 257).
enisa da stilis antikur TeoriebSi vkiTxulobT: `me-
tafora tropis yvelaze rTuli saxeobaa da amasTan, yvela-
ze esTetikuric: mas umaRlesi xarisxiT axasiaTebs sicxade,
sasiamovno siaxlis mSveniereba da misi gadmoReba sxvisagan
ar SeiZleba“ (1936:221).
`metafora aZlierebs enis dasrulebuli faqtis azrs,
amkobs enas da aseve gamoxatavs mTqmelis Tvalsazrissac
sagnebsa da movlenebze, amitom is enis erT-erT saukeTeso
saSualebad iTvleboda yovelTvis“ (gvencaZe 1974:45).
`erTmaneTisgan ganarCeven individualur-saavtoro
(`wyaros Cavida mwuxare, vardi vardis wyliT nabani“) da en-
obriv metaforebs (vnebaTa qariSxali, cremlis zRva). in-
dividualur-saavtoro metaforebi xasiaTdebian siaxliT,
moulodnelobiT da gamoirCevian maRali gamomsaxvelo-
biT“ (meSCeriakovi… iqve).
metafora xSirad erwymis tropis sxva saxeobebs. Sesa-
bamisad gvaqvs: metaforuli epiTeti (Rrubliani axalgaz-
rdoba), metafora-perifrazi, metafora-gapirovneba, me-
tafora-simbolo, metafora-alegoria.
`... ra giTxra Svilo, suli tkbilia,
igi tyve aris wuTi-soflisa
da eg yoveli mis borkilia“ (ilia);
`vxedav, gazafxuls Semoaskda yelze sayelo“; `gamge-
belma Sens tablaze eg ra gvema Semodga“ (gorg.); `sulis
velebze yayaCo yvavis“ (qeb.).
davaleba. amoiwereT qarTvel klasikosTa Semoqmede-
bidan metaforebi, ganmarteT maTi mniSvnelobani da im-
sjeleT stilistikur funqciebze
192
§4. gapirovneba
(gasuliereba, personifikacia)
`poeturi gapirovneba iqmneba bunebis movlenaTa moZra-
obis, formis, xmisa da sxvaTa mkveTri gamovlinebis safuZ-
velze, rac iwvevs sicocxlis iluzias; bunebis movlenebi
gvevlineba, rogorc TviTneburi, Segnebuli moqmedeba, ro-
melSic monawileobs movlenisa Tu sagnis nebisyofa, survi-
li, mizandasaxuloba“ (zandukeli1960: 71).
gapirovnebas vxvdebiT nikoloz baraTaSvilis Semoqme-
debaSi. igi vaJa-fSavelas sayvareli poeturi xerxia:
`ras fiqrob, nislo tialo,
Semjdaro goris fxazeda?
gana Senc rame gawuxebs
am oxer qveyanazeda?“
gasulierebis nimuSebs Tanamedrove poetebis Semoqme-
debaSic vxvdebiT:
`zecam Caicva ZaZa,
veRar ikavebs cremlebs“ (qeb.);
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
`cas ukeTia Rrublis saTvale da dabneuli ieriT dadis
(iqve);
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
`axla mTaSi gazafxuli fafxurobs,
xundebs lewavs da Zvel ZonZebs albobs“ (iqve);
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
SoriT Srialebs tye dabinduli,
mTvarem Caxeda tbas lurj TvalebSi (iqve).
savarjiSo №1. waikiTxeT gapirovnebis magaliTebi da
imsjeleT, ra udevs safuZvlad gasulierebas:
1. `vardisferad aelewa Rawvni ciskars,
horizonti abrialda oqros aliT“.
193
 2. `vgoneb, mzes daaviwyda samyaro,
clis wvimis notio Tasebs“.
3. `mze Cawva morCilad Sors caTa bandebSi,
mimwuxri yru sevdas yvelafers gadasdebs“.
4. `xiTxiTebs naZvi, ebriceba tuCi siciliT“.
5. `frTebdanamuli mowyda foToli,
etkina guli- sulanaTrToli,
Zala ar eyo dardis moyolis,
gardaicvala ise foToli“.
6. `Camoiglija zecam niRabi,
mSvidi niRabi,
yalbi niRabi,
da dauSina miwas gundebi
setyvis, Tovlis da wvimis“.
7. `sityvebs vugdebdi Sexvedril Saras:
terfebs foTlebiT ver damiameb,
monastris zemoT vxedavdi Savad
sivrceSi gakrul adamianebs“.
8. `Saras iRliidan dasxltomia bilikebi,
yanebSi Separulan, dakargulan mere,
xeebi xiTxiTeben, rasme qilikoben,
viRacas uqneven koJrebian xelebs“.
9. `mouwyeniaT SensaviT baRebs,
tkivili sulSi ufro cxaddeba... ..
me viRviZeb da darabebs vaReb,
da sizmars vatan am Secxadebas“.
194
10. `sizmrebsa hgvanan misi Tvalebi,
da rogorc mTvrali mezRvaurebi,
ise dadian zRvaSi navebi.
lurji TovliviT,
lurji TovliviT,
TvalismomWreli wynari talRebi...
me, rogorc sila, gamomyolia
misi tuCebis bairaRebi“.
§5. simbolo
simbolo tropis erT-erTi saxea, igi metaforulobiT
xasiaTdeba, rac xSirad xdeba misi metaforaSi aRrevis sa-
fuZveli. erTgvarad Taviseburia sityvis an gamoTqmis sim-
bolod gamoyeneba. `sityva-simbolo ufro metaforaa, is
raimes sinonims warmoadgens, magram ufro ganzogadebulia
da niSandoblivi“ (gvencaZe 1974:48). simbolos funqciiT Se-
iZleba gamoiyenebodes sityvac da gamoTqmac. mag.: mtredi
mSvidobis simboloa, Savi yorani - ubedobis.
simbolo xSirad gamoiyeneba miTologiasa da mxatvrul
literaturaSi. arsebobs saxe-simbolo, romlis mniSvne-
loba yvelasaTvis nacnobia, Tumca gvxvdeba iseTic, ro-
melTac gansxvavebuli emociuri mniSvneloba aqvT. erTi
aseTia nisli. igi sxvadasxvagvarad gaigeba sxvadasxva xal-
xis SemoqmedebaSi da TviT erTsa da imave eTnosSic (amis Se-
saxeb dawvrilebiT ixileT barbaqaZe 2009).
aRmosavlur-aziur lirikaSi nisli aris umTavresad Se-
modgomis da aforiaqebuli gancdebis, avi sulebis simbo-
lo, evropul zRaprebSi ki - momavlis da imqveyniuris Cake-
tilobisa, rac mxolod sinaTliT SeiZleba gaixsnas.
nisli aferxebs moZraobas; nislis qaosidan Semoqmedi
(mwerali) qmnis „axal wesrigs“... nislisgan ibadebian mon-
195
strebi, demonebi, urCxulebi da aseve angelozebi, RvTis- savarjiSo. waikiTxeT magaliTebi da ganmarteT, ra se-
mSobeli... . gardacvlilis sulma unda gaiaros sibnelisa mantika igulisxmeba TiToeul simboloSi:
da nislis mdgomareoba da gasxivosndes, gavides sicxadeSi.
qarTuli frazeologizmebi: Tvalebze nisli gadamekra 1. `me var: gorze rom loculobs nisli,
// nisli gadamefara, nislSi wavedi ... cnobierebis droeb- Ramis siCume Cemi fiqria,
iT dakargvas gamoxataven. wyaroa Cemi cremli da sisxli,
paulo koelios SemoqmedebaSi nislidan ibadeba sik- Tma aris, kldes rom quCi mihkvria“.
vdilic da misgan qalRmerTic gamodis. amgvari magaliTe-
bi msoflio literaturaSi mravladaa da niSandoblivia, 2. `nislauro, nisli xaro,
rom nisli erTsa da imave dros aRniSnavs sikvdilsa da si- gamiqrebi: mzisi xaro...
cocxles, keTilsa da borots, dadebiTsa da uaryofiTs. is me aragvze davrCebodi,
aris koncepti, romelic bevrnairi interpretaciis saSu- magram, ra vqna, sxvisi xaro“.
alebas iZleva.
nisli dabrkolebaa, gaurkvevlobaa, nisli adamianiv- 3. `me var: gorze rom loculobs nisli,
iT sulieria, rogorc vaJa-fSavela ambobs: „nisli fiq- Ramis siCume Cemi fiqria,
ria mTebisa“. wyaroa Cemi cremli da sisxli,
nislidan ibadebian galaktionis usasrulobisaken da Se- Tma aris, kldes rom quCi mihkvria“.
ucnoblisaken mswrafi „lurja cxenebi“ da missave TareSSi“
dahqrian: 4. `TeTri feriT, mkveTri feriT
`mxolod nislis TareSSi, samudamo mxareSi, daifara yvelaferi.
zeviT Tu samareSi, wyevliT SenaCvenebi, TrTviliT, TovliT, TeTri nisliT
rogorc zRvis xetiali, rogorc bedis triali, gamovlinda feri misi“.
Cqari grgvinva-grialiT qrian lurja cxenebi!“
`nislis gza“ rCeulTa gzaa, amitom poetebi „avad arian“ 5. `nislis svetebi idgnen garSemo,
nisliT, „msoflio sevdiT“. nislebs SuadRec ver aTenebda.
amrigad, nisli ambivalenturi leqsemaa, romelic erTsa guli iwvoda da lurji kvamli
da imave dros aRniSnavs dadebiTsac da uaryofiTsac, Tum- msxvilad mdioda bnel Tvalebidan... “
ca dadebiTi emocia Warbobs. nisli asocirebulia idumal-
ebasTan, rac RvTaebrivis niSania.

196 197
 § 6. alegoria
alegoria (berZn. allegoria _ gadakrulad Tqma) _ gadakru-
lad naTqvami sityva Tu sityvaTa rigi, romelSic movlenis
Sinaarsi konkretuli saxiTaa warmodgenili. masSi naTqva-
mia erTi da igulisxmeba meore (andaza, gamocana, igav-araki
da sxv.). misi mizania avtoris azris SeniRbva.
„sibrZne_sicruisaSi“ paeqroba umTavresad warmarTu-
lia igav_arakebis saSualebiT. am nawarmoebSi igavebis moq-
med pirebad Cveulebriv gamoyvanilia frinvelebi, cxove-
lebi da misTanani. aq alegoriulad aisaxeba adamianTa ur-
TierTobisa da yofa-cxovrebis mankieri mxareebi.
saTqmelis alegoriulad gadmocema metad efeqturi
stilistikuri xerxia.
§7. perifrazi
perifrazi (Peri - irgvliv, Sesaxeb, phrazo _ vsaubrob)
mxatvruli tropis erT_erTi saxe, sagnis an moqmedebis da-
saxelebis Secvla misi arsebiTi, ganmsazRvreli niSan-Tvi-
sebis aRweriT, rac Cvens warmodgenaSi mkveTr cxovrebise-
ul suraTs qmnis (timofeevi... 1963: 113).
perifrazi gamoTqmaa, msazRvrel-sazRvrulis iseTi Se-
xamebaa, romelic erTi sityvis funqcias asrulebs. Cveul-
ebrivi msazRvrel-sazRvrulisgan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom
saTqmels pirdapir ki ara, gadataniT gadmogvcems. mas ase
ganmartaven: perifrazs axasiaTebs `Cveulebriv saxelwo-
debaTa nacvlad metyvelebis iseTi xatovan-eqspresiuli
saSualebebis gamoyeneba, romelTa meSveobiT gveZleva
mxatvruli aRweriloba da iqmneba sagnis an movlenis xato-
vani daxasiaTeba“ (efimovi 1961:273); `perifrazi sxvagvarad
Tqmis saSualebaa“ (galperini 1958:158).
198
perifrazi gvaqvs Semdeg gamoTqmebSi: lomi - cxovelTa
mefe; arwivi - frinvelTa mefe, akaki - saqarTvelos bulbu-
li.
`saqarTvelo beWedia bajaRlo,
da Tbilisi - Sig Casmuli badaxSi“ (griS.);
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
an: `viS, es qveyana, xmeleTis Tvali,
didi samoTxis kuTxe patara“ (ilia);
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
`Tuki cxovreba brmis ynosvaa, munjis Jinia,
mec mivabijeb da arafris ar meSinia“ (gorg.)
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
`amaoebaTa bazris uiRblo mkvidrebi, mivdivarT, miv-
divarT“ (qeb.).
mxatvrul literaturaSi gamoyenebuli originaluri
perifrazi mkiTxvels didxans amaxsovrdeba.
savarjiSo №1. waikiTxeT teqstebi da moZebneT perif-
razis magaliTebi
1. peterburgi... . xom ginaxavT peterburgi? ruseTis
gulia. marTalia, aqamdisin mTeli ruseTi fiqrobda, rom
guli moskovia, magram mTels ruseTs me gavufante eg cru
da ugunuri azri... me davamtkice, rom peterburgia mTe-
lis ruseTis guli. izleris baRi xom ginaxavT? - ginaxavT?,
maS, Tqven ganaTlebulebSi fexi CagidgamT. friad moxaru-
li var, izleris baRi? rogori baRia, ha, feriebiT savse sa-
moTxe is aris, ai! feriebi xom iciT ra aris? eg samecniero
sityvaa, iqneba ar icodeT. eg mdabiurad rom vTargmnoT, im-
asa niSnavs, rom is baRi savsea JuJunaTvalebian qalebiTa.
ginda erTs Caavle xeli, ginda meores. ai, ganaTlebas ra Se-
uZlian. Tqveni qalebi ki kacs dainaxaven Tu ara, imalebian.
ara, peterburgi ... didi qalaqia, friad ganaTlebuli, iz-
leris baRi ganaTlebis gvirgvinia, aseTi baRia, `mwu“...
199
 2. `cxovreba udabnoa, udabnoa...
veli uxnavi da urwyuli,...
cxovreba udabnoa, udabnoa...
da klde udabnoSi aRmarTuli... .
cxovreba udabnoa, udabnoa...
samoTxe samudamod dakarguli.
cxovreba udabnoa, udabnoa...
miraJTa livliva nakaduli“
3. `qari Camohkravs xeebis arfas
da Semodgomas sxva rame arc surs,
rom nekerCxlebis toti miarTvas,
seqtembers, Tavis mtirala asuls“.
4. `monastris senakT Sefarebulni
Tavsafriani saTno dedani,
deda matrona da deda ana
ori RuRuna uflis qedani“.
5. `... da myinvars, maRal zraxvaTa mefes,
maisi aliT aazambaxebs,
viT Seyvarebuls da meocnebes“.
§8. metonimia
metonimia tropis erT-erTi saxea, romelic sityvis mniS-
vnelobis gadatanas emyareba. igi `iqmneba ara msgavsi sagne-
bisa da maTi niSnebis, aramed erTimeorisgan gansxvavebuli
sagnebis siaxlovis gziT, romlebic erTmaneTTan garegan
Tu Sinagan kavSirSi arian“ (abramoviCi1970 :180).
metonimia berZnuli sityvaa da niSnavs gadarqmevas-mov-
lenis, cnebis, an sagnis erTi saxelwodebis meoriT Secvlas
maTi mezoblobis Sedegad.
200
metonimia aris is, roca erTi sagnis saxelwodebis magi-
er meore sagnis saxelwodebaa naxmari. mag.: yvela mwerali
(naweri) gadavikiTxe, momeciT Cemi xirimi (Tofi), sami jami
SevWame (saWmeli); Sen Tu am jams dalev... (Rvino).
metonimia efuZneba enobriv saSualebaTa ekonomi-
as, Semokleba-SekumSvas: nabeRlavi miyide. aq igulisxme-
ba mineraluri wyali, sinamdvileSi nabeRlavi toponimia.
`vefxistyaosnidan“ viciT, rom tariels Savi cxeni hyavda.
rusTveli xSirad metonimiiT moixseniebs am cxens: `naxa,
Savi SambTa pirsa dga sadave-ukuyrili“. aq metonimia emya-
reba sagansa da fers Soris damokidebulebas - cxenis magiv-
rad dasaxelebulia misi mTavari gamosacnobi niSani.
metonimia xSirad gvxvdeba sasaubro stilSi da komikur
efeqts qmnis: maTematika (maTematikis maswavlebeli) mo-
dis, qimia (qimiis maswavlebeli) avadaa, Tanamedrove poet-
ebi (poetebis Semoqmedeba) gadavikiTxe; modi da dagbeWdav
(dagibeWdav nawerebs), modi da gadagiReb (suraTs).
metonimia aZlierebs enis gamomsaxvelobasac da saerTo
azrsac. `metonimiis mxatvruli funqciaa gamoTqma sxarti
da lakoniuri gaxados. metonimiis dros gamoTqma moklde-
ba, ikumSeba sityvaTekonomiis wyalobiT, mtkice mxatvrul
erTeulad ikvreba da myisve aRibeWdeba mkiTxvelis cnobi-
erebaSi“ (kuxalaSvili ... 2010: 188).
metonimiis gansakuTrebul saxed miiCneven antonomazi-
as, sakuTari saxelis ganzogadebuli mniSvnelobiT gamoye-
nebas. magaliTad: kvazimodo, alfonso, otelo, TaTqariZe,
jayo, kvaWi da a. S. antonomaziis wyaroebia antikuri miTo-
logia da mxatvruli literatura.
savarjiSo №1. waikiTxeT magaliTebi, gaxazeT metoni-
miis nimuSebi da imsjeleT maTi stilistikuri funqciis
Sesaxeb; sadac saWiroa, CaasworeT:
1. soflebs vswavlobT da sadac bavSvTa kontigenti di-
dia, naRebs vxsniT;
201
 2. yoveldRiurad goga niqabaZe ar macvia, Tumca Cemi aq-
sesuari yovelTvis mikeTia;
3. yoveldRe Tu sam jams mainc SeWam, avadmyofoba vera-
fers dagaklebs:
4. farmacevtuli maqvs damTavrebuli da skolebSi sanhi-
gienas vaswavli (miSv.);
5. gadmokida rqebiT qarafze jixvi beri papas nasrolma
xirimma (miSv.);
6. da roca yirimulma iWeqa, mtris qveiT nawils erTi ja-
riskaci gamoaklda (gariy);
7. pirvel rigSi ekipaJi mainteresebs (v. baraTaSv.);
8. paskali advilad ikiTxeba, arc misi ena aris rTuli;
9. kanti wavikiTxe, magram bevri veraferi gavige;
10. axla rusTavels gavdivarT, Semdeg ki sulxan-saba un
da SeviswavloT.
§9. sinekdoqe
sinekdoqe warmodgeba berZnuli sityvidan (syn - Tan; de-
chomai - viReb). igi tropis erT-erTi saxea da niSnavs saxel-
wodebis gadatanas nawilidan mTelze. romaelebi sinekdo-
qes eZaxdnen pars pro toto-s an totum pro parte-s. `Tu metonimi-
aSi mimarTeba-damokidebulebaa piroba sityvis gadataniTi
mniSvnelobiT gamoyenebisa, sinekdoqeSi TiTqos ricxobri-
vi Sepirispireba qmnis am safuZvels. zogjer mxolobiTSi
igulisxmeba simravle, an, piriqiT, mravlobiTi aRniSnavs
erTeuls; aseve nawili - mTels da piriqiT“ (gvencaZe 1974:
47).
sinekdoqes metonimiis saxedac miiCneven: `gvarovnuli
saxelwodeba icvleba saxeobriviT, mravlobiTi ricxvi -
mxolobiTiT, mravlobiTi ricxvi-ganmazogadebeli saxel-
wodebiT (an piriqiT)“ (SCepilova 1956:130).
202
`kaliasaviT moedo
mTels aremares arabi,
qarTvelis cremliT Seivso
Cveni mtkvari da aragvi“ (abaS.).
sinekdoqesgan unda ganvasxvavoT mxolobiTi ricxvis
formaTa xmareba ganzogadebuli mniSvnelobiT, rac eq-
spresiulobas moklebulia. mag.: ZaRli adamianis megobaria.
§10. hiperbola
hiperbola warmodgeba berZnuli sityvidan (hiperbole) da
gadaWarbebas, zedmetobas, gazviadebas niSnavs. masSi mTqme-
lis subieqturi ganwyobis romelime momenti iCens Tavs. hi-
perboluri SeiZleba iyos Sedareba, metafora, perifrazi
da sxva. hiperbolebiT gansakuTrebiT mdidaria sagmiro ep-
osi, sadac gmiris fizikuri Zala Tu sxva Tvisebebi gazviad-
ebuladaa warmodgenili, realuri da fantastikuri erTma-
neTTanaa Sezrdili:
`Cveni batoni erekle
erTi patara kaxia,
jaWvis perangi Caacves,
gahkra xeli da gaxia“.
anda:
`aqeT gorasa wixlsa vkrav, iqiT gorasa Zvras vuzam,
adidebulsa dids mtkvarsa, davayeneb da Zvras vuzam,
as litrsa rkinas davReWav keviviTa da ylaps vuzam“.
erT-erT hiperbolur metaforaSi qali mzedaa warmod-
genili. amiT gamoxatulia misi momajadoebeli silamaze:
`mindvridan moxval Sen qalo, amomavali mze xaro,
netai imis dedasa, romlis mklavzedac wevxaro“ (umik.).
hiperbolizacia zogjer komikur elfers qmnis:
`cxviri aqvs muStis odena, muceli - gogrisxelao,
203
 ... eqvsi sartyeli uyide, meSvide Wiaferio,
Sevsvi da wamoviyvane, cxens momiwyvita welio,
sul erTianad SeWama qila, qoco da qvevrio“ (kotet.).
gazviadebuli Txroba SoTa rusTvelis sayvareli xer-
xia. poeti ucxo moymis Zlierebas ase warmogvidgens: `mona-
Ta xeli gamarTes mis ymisa Sesapyrobelad,
`man, glax, igini daxadna mterTaca sawyalobelad,
hkra erTmaneTsa, daxocna Tavsa xel-aRupyrobelad,
zogsa gadahkris maTraxi qve mkrdamdis gasapobelad“.
hiperbolis nimuSia:
`mtris javri gulSi midgia
Savs alazanis gubeda“ (vaJa).
hiperbola xSirad gvxvdeba poeziaSi:
`imdeni vsvi, qobuleTi tans im RviniT daibanda“
(gorg.).
`Svilo, ra uceb gamezarde,
lomis bokveriviT momeswari“ (qeb.).
hiperbola maSinaa gamarTlebuli, roca is mkiTxvels ki
ar aSorebs sinamdviles, aramed, piriqiT, xels uwyobs, rom
mkveTrad, zustad ganicados da Seimecnos igi. roca mwera-
li sagnis an movlenis xilviT Tu gancdiT zomaze metad aR-
tacebuli, gancvifrebuli an aRSfoTebulia, is hiperbo-
lis saSualebiT axerxebs mkiTxvelSic gadaitanos Tavisi
ganwyobileba da masSiac igive gancda da gageba gamoiwvios...
`hiperbola aZlierebs mkiTxvelis mier gansaxierebuli
sagnisgan Seqmnil STabeWdilebas, miRebul emocias inten-
siurad acxovelebs, amZafrebs. mkiTxvels uWirs hiperbo-
lis saSualebiT gansaxierebuli sagani Tu movlena naTlad
warmoidginos, magram masSi Caqsovili poetis emocia-aR-
frTovaneba imdenad Zlieria, rom igi aSkarad ganicdis yo-
velives. marTalia, gansaxierebuli sagani Tu movlena ar
Seesatyviseba sinamdviles, magram misi tolZalovani mainc
aris“ (zandukeli 1968: 259).
204
`Seirya mTeli ca da qveyana
ima WeqiT da ima quxiliT,
ca airia, dabnelda uceb
da wamovida setyva SxuiliT.
quxva da Weqa, elva da setyva,
arev-dareviT Rrublebis srbola,
qarTa, aw griglad radme qceulTa,
zariT da zaTqiT kldeebSi qrola, -
ese yoveli, erTad reulni,
hgvandnen ciT vlenils risxvas RvTisasa“.
aq hiperbolaSi Caqsovilia gapirovnebis, epiTetisa da
gradaciis niuansebi.
saTqmeli xSirad gazviadebulia poetur frazeolog-
izmebSic. hiperbolizaciis iSviaTi nimuSebia `visramianSi“
Senman sulTqmaman haeri gaaSavis, Senisa gulisa kvamlman
mTvare daabnelis (visr. 265:3).
§11. litotesi
litotesic tropis saxeTagania da niSnavs sagnis damci-
rebulad, dakninebulad warmodgenas: sut-kneina ise moik-
unta, rom muStis odena gaxda (ilia); Cven, uCinoni, Tqven,
CinianTa, buzad ggonivarT (iqve); roca meore vaSli SeWama,
moikakva, dapataravda, ai, am TiTiviT (iqve); aba, ra qalaqia
Tqveni qalaqi? erTi Tavidam rom gadaafurTxo, furTxi qa-
laqis boloSi daecema (iqve).
hiperbola da litotesi zogjer erTmaneTis gverdig-
verdac gvxvdeba. antiTezuroba aZlierebs STabeWdilebas:
`siciliT vkvdebi, vxarxareb da meleva qanci,
roca ekranze zvinisxela gamodis kaci
da curclisxelas kiTxulobs leqsebs“ (gorg.);
an: `zogjer bartyiviT umweo xar, zogjer arwiviviT as-
afreni“ ( qeb.).
205
 V.II. stilistikuri figurebi
§1. elifsisi
elifsisi berZnuli sityvaa da gamotovebas niSnavs. igi
ewodeba iseT gamoTqmas, romelSic garkveuli emociisa Tu
ganwyobilebis gamowvevis mizniT gamotovebulia sityva an
sityvaTa jgufi. maT adgilas tire iwereba. sityvaTa ekon-
omiis TvalsazrisiT elifsisi yuradRebas iqcevs, radgan
fraza lakoniuria da moqnili.
`amiran darejanis Ze moses uqia xonelsa,
abdul-mesia - SavTelsa, leqsi mas uqes romelsa,
dilargeT - sargis Tmogvelsa, mas ena- dauSromelsa“...
meore taepSi gamotovebulia sityva- uqia.
`gulo, ocnebas malav,
cao, lurjdeba zoli,
vaJi- daica, qalav!
qali- dagibrma Toli“.
aq gamotovebulia sityvebi - ambobs da pasuxobs.
`grZnobas oqrosa fasad hyidian,
mTavris Rimilze- patiosnebas
da daJangebul borkilze cvlian
Tavis mamulis Tavisuflebas“ (ilia);
aq gamotovebulia sityva hyidian.
elifsisi zogi mwerlis stilistikuri xerxia:
`mokvda Cemi politruki. 4 kamandiri daiWra.
22 ivlisi - vawyobT abaronas:
imave dRes hospitalSi.
25 ivlisi - eSeloni Rrma zurgSi.
aoxrebuli sadgurebi. armaviridan davrCiT orni;
30 - baqo. vapirebT TbilisSi.
31- mSobliuri qalaqi, Tbilisi“ (gelaSv.)
frazis lakoniurobiT da moqnilobiT elifsisi metad
efeqturi stilistikuri saSualebaa.
206
§ 2. gradacia
gradacia STabeWdilebaTa TandaTanobiTi gaZlierebis
xerxia, miRebuli sityvaTa Tu winadadebaTa gaerTianebis
gziT.
gradaciis mizania romelime cnebis, sagnis, movlenis
Tu Sexedulebis win wamoweva: `ai, aTas xuTasi weliwadia, am
Zal-RoniT qristianobam Segvinaxa Cveni miwa-wyali, Cveni
ena, Cveni erovneba.
1. STabeWdilebaTa TandaTanobiTi gaZlierebis mizniT
meordeba sinonimuri sityvebi:
`dRedaRam locviT, godebiT, gvemiT,
xorci sulisTvis uwamebia,
saiqiosTvis es saaqao
dauTmia da ganSorebia“ (ilia);
2. gradacias qmnis sagnis Tvisebebis an movlenis Tan-
daTanobiTi ganviTarebis aRwera;
`daesxa reti, TvalT daubnelda,
gaSra, gaSeSda zardacemuli,
erTi saSinlad SehbRavla RmerTsa
da iqve sxiv-qveS uteva suli“ (ilia).
3. STabeWdilebas aZlierebs sityvaTa gameoreba:
`Cven unda Cveni vSvaT myoobadi,
Cven unda mivsceT momavali xalxs“ ... (ilia).
4. STabeWdilebas aZlierebs gradaciisa da gameorebis
erToblioba:
`zRva Relavs da talRa napirebs askdeba,
ruxdeba Rrubeli da cremli waskdeba,
mze Cadis, iSleba dRis yvela suraTi... .
da mogoneba da tkivilic bacdeba...
bacdeba... bacdeba... “ (qeb.).
207
 §3. antiTeza
antiTeza berZnuli sityvaa da niSnavs sawinaaRmdego de-
bulebas. igi ewodeba erT winadadebaSi erTmaneTis sawina-
aRmdego movlenis, gancdis gaerTianebas.
antiTeza emyareba antonimias. antonimebi calkeuli
sityvebia, antiTeza ki - stilistikuri daniSnulebiT maTi
gaerTianeba. `es erTaderTi gza hosa da aras dapirispire-
baa“ (ilia).
antiTeza efeqturi stilistikuri xerxia. `dapirispire-
ba mimzidveli metyvelebis aucilebeli pirobaa,“ - wers ar-
istotele. misi azriT, oratoruli sityvis agebis mTavari
principi antiTezuri unda iyos.
antiTezazea agebuli xalxuri leqsebi da andaza-afor-
izmebi:
mwifes esvrodnen, mkvaxe cviodao;
maZRari mSiers purs ufcqvnida da Tan ayvedrida, ra
Rorulad Wamo;
borotsa sZlia keTilman, arseba misi grZelia;
garedan mters uyenebs Tvals da Signidan- moyvares;
SeuCvevel lxins SeCveuli Wiri jobiao;
bevris mdomi cotasac dakargavso;
moyvares pirSi uZraxe, mters - pirs ukanao;
Svili mtrulad gazarde da moyvrulad gamogadgebao.
xalxur leqsSi vkiTxulobT:
`es Cemi guli sarkea,
erTSi wvims, erTSi daria,
avtirde- Sevyri Rrubelsa,
rom gavicino - daria“ (xalx.).
antiTeza, rogorc popularuli stilistikuri figura
farTod gamoiyeneba mxatvrul literaturaSi:
`RmerTo, vin miswvdes Sengan qmnils,
mis feruTvalavs mSvenebas,
208
sibneles aqrob naTeliT,
sikvdiliT hbadav cxovrebas“ (gr. orb.);
`ratom ar ZaluZs kacTa modgmas moiqces ise,
maRali mdabals moeferos anda piriqiT“ (qeb.);
`Wkvianebi ise aWaxrakeben TavianT danaSauls, maT magiv-
rad sulelebi gaebmebian xolme maxeSi~ (gams.); ramdenadac
sazizRaria daSinebuli mamakaci, imdenad mSvenieria Sem-
krTali qali (iqve); nuravis dazogavT: nurc dids, nurc pa-
taras, nurc bebers da nurc ymawvils! (akaki).
antiTezaSi gamoiyeneba hiperbolisa da litotesis da-
pirispirebac: `yvavis baxalad ram aqcia Cveni arwivi“ (qeb.).
dapirispireba SeiZleba gamoviyenoT nawarmoebis asageb-
ad (`stumar-maspinZeli“). kontrastuli SeiZleba iyos na-
warmoebis saTauric. mag.: stendalis `wiTeli da Savi“.
antonimia gamoiyeneba oqsimoronSic (berZn. oxis - mZaf-
ri, maxvili, mWreli,  - sibriyve, sisulele, ugunureba;
sityvasityviT: gonebamaxviluri sibriyve). is antonimur
sityvaTa SeerTebaa, efuZneba enobriv da konteqstur en-
obriv antonimias.
`oqsimoroni kontrastuli cnebebis SeerTebas niSnavs
axali, moulodneli cnebis SeerTebis mizniT: cocxali le
Si, axalgazrda moxuci, Tavisufali monebi, patiosani qur-
di“ (gafrindaSvili... 2005: 99).
mxatvrul teqstSi oqsimoroni qmnis moulodnelobis
gancdas:
`am sityvaze me Tvalwin midgeba usulo adamiani, cocxa-
li micvalebuli“ (lomT.).
gansakuTrebiT eqspresiulia igi poeziaSi:
„Sen silamazis nazo grigalo, Sengan arodes momesvene-
ba“ (leon.);
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
„Tvalno lamazno, vin uZls Tqvensa Zliers basrobas,
Tu ara sWvretdes Tqvengan sikvdilSi TviT ukvdavebas“
(n. baraTaSv.).
209
 savarjiSo #1. waikiTxeT nawyveti da gaanalizeT, ra
mxatvrul saSualebebzea agebuli antiTeza:
cxovreba calke adamianisa, Tu mTelis erisa, ufro wew-
va-glejis bazaria. dRes esea mowyobili da ras izam? cxov-
reba marto aReb-micemobaa erTmaneTis Wkuisa, Tu xelis
nawvav-nadagisa, naamagar-naSromisa, naomar-narbevisa. igi
is moedania, saca WianWvelasaviT ireva didi da patara, saca
maZRari mSiers wvrilad ufxvnis, gamarjvebuli damarcxe-
buls fex-qveSa sTelavs, Zlieri uZlurs etaneba SesaWme-
lad, uZluri Zliers gaurbis da orniv ki - damwevic da gam-
qcevic- erTsa da imave dros RmerTs exvewebian- xeli momi-
marTeo (ilia).
§4. paralelizmi
paralelizmi berZnuli sityvaa da niSnavs gverdiT mde-
bares. SinaarsiT igi axlosaa SedarebasTan, kompoziciiT
ki sintaqsuri movlenaa. paralelizmi, iseve rogorc Seda-
reba, gulisxmobs msgavsi movlenebis urTierTSefardebas.
iseve rogorc SedarebaSi erTi mxare nacnobia da meore -
ucnobi, paralelizmis nawilebic SeiZleba TanabarmniSvne-
liani iyos. aq erTi sruliad damoukidebeli movlena meor-
es, aseve TavisTavads, ufro naTlad warmogvidgens. `Senman
gulman neba da Tevzman wyali poa“ (visr.114: 4).
paralelizmi gamoiyeneba sayofacxovrebo leqsis kom-
poziciur saSualebad. mag.:
`fanduri kargad iZaxebs, Tu Zalni Seuxdebian,
ZmaTa ar gaxyris cal-calke, Tu rZalni Sauxdebian“
(xevs.).
simboluri nawilia `fanduri kargad iZaxebs, Tu Zalni
Seuxdebian“, realuri nawilia:` ZmaTa ar gaxyris cal-cal-
ke, Tu rZalni Sauxdebian“.
210
paralelizmi aramarto aZlierebs emociurobas, aramed
leqsis ideur Canafiqrsac met sinaTles hfens:
`adgilze fetvi damebna, ra akrebs wiwilis meti,
me da Sensa siyvarulsa ra gahyris sikvdilis meti“.
sayofacxovrebo poeziaSi gvxvdeba mravalwevriani, Tu
SeiZleba iTqvas, kibiseburi paralelizmic, sadac gamoto-
vebulia zogierTi wevri:
`cxvaro, gamSvenebs vac-verZi, vac-verZo - Tav-rqianoba,
saxlo, gamSvenebs WurWeli, WurWelo - yanwianoba,
qalo da zalo Wkva-goni, Zma-zalSi gemnieroba“ (xevs.).
`paralelizmi xSirad reliefurad aCvenebs mkiTxvels
movlenaTa erTianobasac da uSualo Sepirispirebasac. as-
eTi saxis paralelizmebi damaxasiaTeblad aferadebs ilia
WavWavaZis Semoqmedebas“ (zandukeli 1966: 265).
`da ra ixila kvlav igi mwirma,
daucxra suli aqoTebuli,
da raRac ZaliT qalze kvlav darCa
Tvali tyvedqmnili, gaSterebuli“ (ilia).
§ 5. inversia
inversia laTinuri sityvaa da gadaadgilebas niSnavs.
igi romelime sityvaze sagangebo yuradRebis misaqcevad
gamoiyeneba. sinTezur enebSi aseTi ram dasaSvebia, magram
aris enebi, sadac sityvaTa gadaadgilebas mohyveba semanti-
kuri cvlilebani.
inversiis magaliTebia:
`ar Sehkadrebs RmerTs igi samduravs,
ar gaswiravs suls Sevedrebulsa,
viT ar ikmarebs RvTisa kurTxevas
masze guluxvad momadlebulsa“.
sityvaTa bunebrivi wyobis Secvla iwvevs siaxlis gan-
211
cdas, emociuri maxvili modis swored gadaadgilebul dasxva sityva: `Cveni akvani saqarTveloa, Cveni mama-papis
sityvaze da mkiTxvelis sagangebo yuradRebas iqcevs: saflavi saqarTveloa, Cveni enis qveyana es aris. Cvenis
`saCixeSi Seiyvana girSeli mefem“ (gams.); `yayaCoebi daaT- sityva-pasuxis gamgoni es aris, Cveni mze aq aris da Cveni
ova mwvervalebs cam“ (iqve). mTvare, Tu guli gaqvs, _ gulic aq aris, Tu siyvaruli gaq-
vs _ siyvarulic aq Tu iqneba, Torem sxvagan sada?“ (ilia).
gansakuTrebiT eqspresiulia sityvaTa ganmeoreba leq-
§ 6. gameoreba sSi:
`ver moaswreb Cais dasxmas…
gameoreba erTisa da imave sityvis Tu frazis yoveli Sem- Caidani mReris _
degi winadadebis, striqonis Tu abzacis dasawyisSi gameor- es-me,
ebaa. mas xSirad iyeneben publicistikaSi, mxatvruli lite- es _Sen,
raturis stilSi. mag.: `studenturi wlebi yvelaze saukeT- es _sxvas,
eso wlebia adamianis cxovrebaSi“; `asea Tu isea, Zalauf- da sxvas,
lebismoyvare adamianebisTvis Zalauflebismoyvare wi- dedas - araferi“ (Carkv.).
Teli feri pirvelobas aravis uTmobs“; `Sromas da garjas, leqsSi striqonis an strofis dasawyisi sityvis ganme-
codnas da xerxs veravinRa gauZlebs, Tu Sromas da garjas orebas anafora hqvia, bolo sityvisas - epifora.
codna da xerxi win ar mivagebeT, win ar davaxvedreT, win ar `saqarTvelos zeca
davuyeneT“ (ilia); `baTumi rogorc erTi cocxali arseba, saqarTvelos mTvare,
erTi pirovneba, ise miyvarda“ (g.fanj.). saqarTvelos kvnesa,
mxatvrul literaturaSi sityvaTa ganmeorebas sti- saqarTvelos mxare
listikuri funqcia ekisreba _ meordeba is sityva, romel- saqarTvelos kvnesa,
zec surs avtors mkiTxvelis yuradRebis miqceva. amrigad, saqarTvelos mxare,
sityvaTa ganmeoreba stilizaciis xerxia. mag. `arsenam mo- saqarTvelos zeca,
aswro da xelebi CasWida, CasWida da daiTria, daiTria da saqarTvelos mTvare“ (ter.).
ise moswia, kisris Zvlebi moumtvria da ZarRvebi dauwyvi- anafora gansakuTrebiT popularulia didaqtikur-fi-
ta“ (javax.). losofiuri xasiaTis Tu sayofacxovrebo leqsebSi:
`wignSi es danaxuli gvaqvs, enazedac xom gvakeria da gva- `kargi ymisa colobasa,
keria“; `modi da amisTana Wkvianuri sabuTi sxva sabuTiT kargni undan qalobani,
daurRvie Cvens darRveuls qarTvelobas“; `yoveli misi kargni adgom- dajdomani,
brwyinvalebis brwyinvale fexis brwyinvale gadadgma- kargni saqcielobani“.
zed ise lamazad aboldeboda xolme, kaci yurebiT ver gaZ-
Reboda“ (ilia).
erTsa da imave winadadebaSi SeiZleba meordebodes sxva-

212 213
 § 7. paronomazia
paronomazia erT cnebis gamoxatvaa zmnis ori formiT
(pirianiT da upiroTi), rac mkiTxvelSi emocias iwvevs. igi
moqmedebis intensivobas gamoxatavs da mis namdvilad, WeS-
maritad Sesrulebaze miuTiTebs. is axasiaTebs semitur
enebs, gansakuTrebiT ki ebrauls. es movlena dasturdeba
Zvel qarTulSic da axalSic. paronomaziiT gadmocemuli
azri metad eqspresiulia da damajerebeli:
aRarc iqneba cocxali, Tavisi sikvdiliT mokvdeboda
(miSv.); zaJigalkebs da cariel boTlebs agrovebs, magram
daZraxviT maTac aravin Zraxavs (iqve); jerjerobiT daS-
liTac aravin miSlis (iqve); lodiniT aravis veli, magram
wuxandeli xma ver damiviwynia (iqve); gagonebiT ki gamigo-
nia, magram ra! (barn.).
amrigad, paronomazia erTgvari stilistikuri xerxia,
romelic saTqmels sarwmunos da eqspresiuls xdis.
davaleba: waikiTxeT teqsti da daakvirdiT, tropis ra
saxeobebi da stilistikuri xerxebia gamoyenebuli:
rogorc sakuTar Zvals ar gavtkvirav, is ar mindoda am
krebaze gamosvla, magram xandaxan eSmaki Cagijdeba xolme
janSi da Tavis nebaze agatrokebs. ra Cemi saqme iyo sxve-
bis datuqsva-dajanjRareba, romeli solomon moZRvari
da goRa-qadagi me viyavi. aqamde, ver moviTmineo, sxva rom
metyoda, sicils davayridi. vermoTmenis Wkuaze mterma
raRa dRes damayena! mTeli cxovreba viTmen da am erTxe-
lac momeTmina. ra bzikma mikbina, TviTonac ar vici, magram
rogorc Cans, im erTxelaa kaci swored sabediswero Wku-
aze! grovdeba, grovdeba gulSi boRma-varami da im erTxel
amoxeTqavs vulkaniviT.
ra kreba iyo, raSi mainteresebda. yoveldRe iyo amna-
iri kreba Cvens klubSi. Semolagdebodnen kiserdasiebuli,
214
galstukgamobrunebuli kacebi. jer prezidiumi gaivsebo-
da, mere darbazSi daCndebodnen axalnayar skasaviT erT ad-
gilas abzuebuli msmenelebi. iqaqanebdnen, iqaqanebdnen,
oTx saaTs da iseTi saxeebiT daiSlebodnen, kacs egoneboda,
axla ki daawyves qveyana, ar unda laparakio. weliwad-na-
xevari vimuSave klubSi da samjer Tu meqneba magaTi kre-
ba-TaTbiri aqa-iq yurCakrulad mosmenili. qurdebis na-
xevar-ybiT da bebra-terminebiT naTqvams vigeb, kaco, da
am krebaze baiyuSiviT vijeqi kulisebSi. me ki ara, mgoni,
TviTonac ar esmodaT erTmaneTis. gangeb agebdnen azrs ise,
rom erTmaneTi daebniaT. ase iyo namdvilad. ise, Cvens So-
ris darCes da oratoroba nametari Sorsaa wasuli. romel
saukuneSi da romel qveyanaSi moaxerxebdnen miTxari, oTx
saaTs elaparakaT da erTi pawawkintela azric ar gaparvo-
daT; saqmes rom waadgeboda, iseTi.
es magaTi layaf-musaifi ise mawuxebda, rogorc katas qa-
Raldis fxriwini. magidas wiTel mauds rom gadavafarebdi,
scenis siRrmeSi beladis biusts davdgamdi da mikrofonebs
uzurSi moviyvandi, vijeqi CemTvis da vTvlemdi. xandaxan
taSs rom gaaxurebdnen, avwevdi Tavs da `netai Tqvens xasi-
aTs meTqi,“ - Cavilaparakebdi CemTvis.
im dRes pirvelad mimtyuna mikrofonma. Sevamowme sa-
nam kreba daiwyeboda, orive muSaobda. sami winadadeba ar
hqonda wakiTxuli momxsenebels da maincdamainc tribunis
telefoni gamoirTo, is dasawvavi. imaze ufro sazizRari
wuTi ar arsebobs, roca metribune mikrofonze TiTs uk-
akunebs da da Senken iyureba, Tavmjdomare fexze rom dgas
da imasac Senken mouRrecia kiseri, prezidiumSi msxdom-
ni dros rom iSovian da qirqils atexaven. Sen ki xafangSi
gamomwydeul virTxasaviT askdebi iqeT-aqeT. swored am
dReSi Cavvardi. mikrofons Tavi movuWire, kontaqti Se-
vamowme, Snurs gamovyevi, arsadaa gawyvetili, ra qva gav-
texo, ar vici. vstace xeli magidis mikrofons da tribunas-
215
Tan mivarbenine. dadumebuli mikrofoni orive xeliT Cav-
bRuje da droSasaviT gamovitane scenidan. momxsenebelma
kiTxva ganagrZo. me mikrofons vukirkiteb. ar gasula xuTi
wuTi, rom meore mikrofonma mozveriviT daizmuvla da is-
ari nolze Camovarda. isev sicili darbazSi, isev Cemken mo-
marTuli mwyrali saxeebi. civma oflma damasxa. vijaxire,
rac SemiZlia, magram araferi gamodis. maincdamainc Cveni
direqtori Tavmjdomareobda im dRes, gecodineba, caxo-
caZe - erTi uJmuri da ujigro kaci. Sesaxedavad miwas Zlivs
aCnia, tanad mococo da dafsxrikulia, magram raki ufrosi
mqvia, xom unda gavamwaro viRacao da maSinac ki, Cumad rom
zis, ybis Zvlebi uTamaSebs. etyoba, Signidan laparakobs,
uenod eCxubeba viRacas. sul ukmayofilo, sul kudabzu-
ebuli eg romaa, Cemi mteri iqna ase. CemsaviT patar-fuxara
kacs Tu moereva, Torem did RlavebTan, albaT, finiasaviT
kuTxeSi wkmutunebs. CemTan, icocxle, yaraman yanTelia.
weliwad-naxevari stambolSi nayidi munjiviT vemsaxure da
madloba raa, erTi sityvieri madlobac ar uTqvams. arada,
klubis saqme xom ici, rogoria. RonisZiebaao, getyvian da
morCa. risi rvasaTiani samuSao dRe! sanam sxdoma ar damTav-
rdeba, fexs ar moicvli. me Sen getyvi, aginazRaurebs vinme
zedmet saaTebs. ra da `RonisZiebebs” magaT ra gamoulevs!
RmerTma gaZleba mogces, mSvenier grZel laparaks miveC-
vieT. sityvis saZebrad jibeSi, xom xedav, xels mec ar viyof.
erTi sityviT, wamoxta caxocaZe da gamomenTo kuliseb-
Si. isedac cecxli mikidia, Sevrcxvi kaci da es kidev navTs
masxams: raSi gaZlev amxela xelfass, Se yurumsaRo, Sen.
eg mikrofoni gabaria, meti xom araferi, ase fexebzem-
kidia rogor unda iyo cocxali adamiani! sxvas rom yvela-
fers Tavi daanebo, Tavmoyvareoba mainc sad dakarge, Sen-
xela kacma. roca ar varga adamianiSvili, ar varga arafer-
Si, morCa da gaTavda. rom mcodnoda, amnairi zarali hyavdi
gamCens, rogor gagakarebdi klubs. Seni duxi ar vnaxo xva-
lidan am teritoriazeo.
216
mokled, rac rom salanZRavi sityva arsebobs, ar damak-
lo caxocaZem. dezadoriviT damafrqvia lanZRva-TaTxvis
korianteli. viTmine, viTmine, viTmine da yelSi burTiviT
rom momawva naRveli, wamovdeqi, Tavmjdomare mjiRiT gan-
ze gavwie da guldagul gavedi scenaze. tribunis siaxlo-
ves rom gavCerdi, doinji gavikeTe da darbazs mivmarTe:
`ra iyo meTqi, ra aJivJivdiT beRurebiviT, mikrofo-
ni gamoirTo, daiqca -meTqi qveyana? ise gaikvirveT da Se-
icxadeT, TiTqos sxva yvelaferi wesrigSi iyos da mikro-
fonis gamorTvam mogvWra Tavi mTel duniaze meTqi. moS-
lili araa meTqi yvelaferi? mikrofoni, Torem, guSin da
guSinwin rom muSaobda, xom wagvwieT mSromelebi asi Tum-
niT win! rad gindaT mikrofoni, umikrofonodac xom mSve-
nivrad atyuebT meTqi erTmaneTs! meTqi, rac naklebi gaig-
onebs Tqvens layafs, miT ukeTesia, nervebi mainc Seenaxeba
xalxs meTqi. sircxvili daikarga am qveyanaze, Torem tri-
bunaze dasadgomi da sxvebisTvis dasarigebeli piri ro-
mels gaqvT axla mag darbazSi-meTqi. me rom me var, marto
am mikrofons rom viyo SeCerebuli, SimSiliT damiwydebo-
da col-Svili meTqi. aqedan gasuli raRacas rom ar vCali-
Cobde, ras meyofa Tqveni mocemuli jamagiri _ 83 maneTi
meTqi! rava yvelam aiSviT da me momerieT, me damajeqiT ki-
serze meTqi. romeli cxovrobT sufTad da xelfasze, adges
aba fexze, Tu kacia meTqi! mTavari qurdebi aq brZandebiT,
darbazSi da, vin daijerebs mglis naqadagebs- balaxi rom
ukeTesia xorcze, roca TviTon mgeli balaxs pirs ar akar-
ebs meTqi. axla es direqtori rom momdga da cuRlut mowa-
fesaviT yuri amaxia, TqveniT Segulianebuli akeTebs amas,
Torem Tqven rom ar yavdeT, gavaZvrendi skamis qveS, mama-
Cemsa aqvs cxoneba meTqi. momxseniT, Torem jiRa-gvirgvi-
ni ar momxadoT da cixe-darbazebi ar damatovebinoT. ha, es
atverka, romelsac gagixardebaT da Tqven mouareT Tqvens
danjRreul mikrofonebs meTqi (r. miSvelaZe, `amrevi“).
217
 Semajamebeli testi 7. `- Cemo imedo!
savarjiSo № 1. waikiTxeT teqstebi da gamoyaviT tro- nuTu dRemde ar mogbezrda
pis saxeebi: Sens bagaSi Senive qeri,
sxvisi saxeliT monaTluli,
1. `sinamdviles ar vemduri, navnebieri?
ar yofila TiTqmis, - ras izam, baba dauZaxe,
aryofilze sayveduri Tuki daTvi Segxvda Zlieri; “
arasodes iTqmis“ (gal.);
8. `daRamda, magram me mainc stanciis gareTa var da da-
2. `Tvalno lamazno, vin uZls Tqvensa Zliers basrobas, JinebiT yurdacqvetili gonebas vadevneb Tergis Tavzexe-
Tu ara sWvretdes Tqvengan sikvdilSi TviT ukvdavebas“; laRebulis denis xuilsa. yvela dadumda da Sen ara sdumob,
Tergo! merwmuneT, me mesmis am xmagakmendils qveyanaSi Ter-
3. ` aprilis savse mTvare anaTebs, gis dauCumari Civili. arian adamianis cxovrebaSi imisTana
gazafxulis pirvel yvavilebs, wuTni martoobisa, roca bunebas Sen TiTqos Sensas agebin-
eb da igi Tavisas Sen gagebinebs, amitomac SegiZlian sTqva,
dgas alubali
rom matoobaSic arsad marto ara xar, hoi, orfexa cxove-
gazafxulis dResaswaulze,
lo, romelsac adamians geZaxian.
kaba-qaTqaTa dedofaliviT“.
am Rames vgrZnob, rom Cemis fiqrebisa da Tergis Civilis
Sua aris raRac idumali kavSiri, aris raRac Tanxmoba, guli
4. `oqrosferi Semodgoma daesizmra qars,
mitoks da mklavi miTrTis, risTvis? dros davacaloT amis
daeria baRSi xeebs, gadaTela quCa,
pasuxis micema“.
zecas TeTri Rrublebi
saswaulad uxdeba, 9. `magram kontrasti aris am bedis
TiTqos lurji kabidan gulcivi, mkacri da gamyidveli
TeTri muxli uCans“; mSieri saxiT kafeSi Sedis
bavSvebis gundi SiSvel-titveli“.
5. `oh, fiqri, fiqri... WrelqaTiba, mtanjvelic egzom, moZebneT am strofSi epiTetebi da sinonimebi.
naTeli Sublis galiaSi mborgavi Citi...
brma ocnebaTa sasaflaos nacnob ezoSi, 10. `maT natyviari akravT warbebze,
sulis darabebs rom awydeba miwyiv da miwyiv“; guli savse aqvT Sxamis wveTebiT,
am dros darbazi aris molxeniT,
6. `Cven - uCinoni, Tqven, CinianTa, buzad ggonivarT“; orkestri grgvinavs TavgametebiT“.
moZebneT am strofSi sityvaTa myari Sexameba da gan-
marteT igi.

218 219
 11. `me Zlier miyvars iisfer Tovlis
qalwulebiviT xididan fena,
mwuxare grZnoba qrolis, mimovlis
da siyvarulis ase moTmena“;
moZebneT poeturi epiTeti da aRniSneT, ras niSnavs
igi.
12. ` jer arasdros ar Sobila mTvare ase wynari!
mdumarebiT Semosili SeRamebis qnari,
qrolviT iwvevs cisfer landebs da xeebSi aqsovs,
ase Cumi, ase nazi jer ca me ar maxsovs!“
ra mxatvruli xerxia I da IV taepebSi? moZebneT poet-
uri epiTetebi
13. `aq, Cems axlos moxucis lands sZinavs mefur ZiliT,
aq, mwuxare sasaflaos vardiT da gviriliT,
efineba varskvlavebis krToma mxiaruli“...
14. `mTidam amayad gadmomzirali, -
srul saqarTvelo moCanda Sorsa,
igi moxuci mas daacqerda;
qveynis margalits maga obolsa“;
15. `saqarTvelo aqrolda, viT foTlebSi qaria,
sad arian Svilebi, qaria, ar arian“...
ris simboloa qari?
16. `laSTxverSi kaxTa awve ueno, munji zaria,
qarebi misTa CumTa naRvelTa ganekrZalvian“;
17. `cremliT ar inameba samudamo baliSi,
gaqra tanjva- wameba, rogorc Ramis zmaneba“;
220
18. `Sexede, dastkbi! Cemi Tvalebi, winaT rom feTqdnen
cvrebiT, iebiT, RamenaTevi da namTvralevi, savsea crem-
lTa SurisZiebiT“;
19. `sadRac ikeravs gamxdari qvrivi, kabas trauruls da
uRaribess“
moZebne barbarizmi.
20. `ca mowyalebiT Tavze damcqeris, ar memeteba movikla
Tavi“;
21. `erTi giorgis xeluri Znad Seikvriso, - ambobdnen
glexebi, bars dakravs, ggonia, dedamiwa unda Suagulamde
Caangrioso“...
22. `im dRis nalaparakevma aTasnair fiqris morevSi at-
riala nafotsaviT imisi Wkua da goneba“...
23. `mzem adgoma mainc ver daaswro, oTaraanT qvrivi tan-
Cacmuli da pirdabanili iyo, rom mzem maSin Zlivs amoyo
Tavi mTis wveridam da gadmohxeda qveyanas Tavis erTad er-
Tis oqrosaviT brWyviala TvaliTa“;
24. `Reles Cavida mwuxari, vardi, vardis wyliT nabani“;
25. `kaci kacsa Semovtyorcne, cxen-kacisa davdgi gori,
kaci, Cemgan ganatyorcni, brunavs viTa tanajori“;
26. `sut- kneina ise moikunta, nekisodena gaxda“ ;
27. `ubralod miyvars sityva `ubralo“
ubralod yvela miyvars ufalo,
guls tkivilebi rom davuTvalo,
221
 gavgiJdebodi albaT, ufalo!
ubralod gvtkiva guli Zalian
ubralod vtiriT an gvixaria,
ubralod is, rac Ceni bralia,
gvikvirs, Tu sxvebi rad gvabralian.
ubralod Cndeba suyvela brali,
ubralod vwuxvarT kaci Tu qali,
ubralod vxvdebiT dardisgan mTvrali,
da mere cisken miWiravs Tvali“ (qeb.);
28. `vici, rom fSavlis sofeli
wmindaa, maRal mTisao,
ena- metyveli simarTlis,
gul-mkerdi _ foladisao“ (akaki);
29. `silamaziT pepela xar xatisa,
mixvra- moxvra da qceva gaqvs katisa,
dReSi asjer Seicvlebi martiviT,
rom moxiblo guli andamatisa“ (akaki);
30. `ukuRmarTo bediswerav!
ra siberes gadamkide?
rac RimiliT miTesia,
aw cremlebiT unda vmkide?“ (akaki);
31. kvercxis naWuWSi amboxebula patara wiwila da kruxs
SehkamaTebia (gams.2);
32. idgnen gulamayi Wadrebi da iSmuSnebodnen amao zefi-
ris alersiT gulaCvilebulni (gams.2);
33. aqa-iq gabneulia Soreul ocnebasaviT TeTri, marma-
ris Rrubeli (gams.2);
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34. mTvarec gamosuliyo Rrublebis jebirebidan, rZeSi
gavlebul megrul sulguniviT TeTri (gams.);
35. gamovidnen katasaviT tanmorCil cxenebze Semsxdari
afxazebi (gams.2).
codnis Sesamowmebeli kiTxvebi
1. ganmarteT tropi da daasaxeleT misi saxeebi;
2. venis diagramiT gamosaxeT Sedarebisa da metaforis
msgavseba-gansxvavebani;
3. sad, romel stilSi gamoiyeneba epiTeti?
4. rogor gesmiT epiTetis `ara sakmazad, aramed saWmlad
gamoyeneba“?
5. daasaxeleT metaforuli epiTetebi;
6. ras efuZneba metonimia da sad gvxvdeba igi yvelaze
xSirad?
7. ra mizniT iyeneben antiTezas andazebis enaSi?
8. rodis miiCneven sityvaTa gameorebas stilistikur
xerxad da rodis Secdomad?
9. rodis da ra mizniT iyeneben hiperbolas da litotess
erTmaneTis gverdigverd?
10. ratom miiCneven metaforas poeturi niWis sazomad?
dasamuSavebeli literatura: № 3, 4, 28, 54, 55, 91, 149, 155.
223
 Tavi VI. tipobrivi Secdomebi
sityvaTxmarebaSi
zepirsa Tu weriTs metyvelebaSi mravalnair enobriv
darRvevas vxvdebiT. Secdomebs, romlebic xSirad meorde-
ba, „tipobrivs“ vuwodebT. isini ZiriTadad ori saxisaa:
I. a. sityvebis araswori gamoyeneba;
b. sityvebis semantikuri SeuTavsebloba;
g. saliteraturo enis sityvaTa mniSvnelobis gadaazri-
aneba;
d. axali sityvis Seqmnis cda;
e. erTnairi an msgavsi fuZis sityvebis gameoreba;
z. enobrivi Stampebi;
T. zedmeti sityvebis gamoyeneba;
II. a. gansxvavebuli stiluri plastebis aramotivireb-
uli gamoyeneba;
b. darRveva frazeologizmTa gamoyenebaSi;
d. anaqronizmebi;
e. emociur-SefasebiTi sityvebis aramotivirebuli ga-
moyeneba (sulimenko 1966: 33).
VI.1. sityvis gamoyeneba arazusti mniSvnelobiT
sityva zustad unda Seesabamebodes gadmosacem Sinaar-
ss. zogi sityvis arazusti mniSvnelobiT gamoyeneba sakma-
od gavrcelebuli enobrivi faqtia.
a) saxeli
mowafe da moswavle;
moswavle aris is, vinc swavlobs skolaSi an umaRles sas-
wavlebelSi. mowafe aris viRacis gawvrTnili, momzadebuli,
mimdevari. am ukanaskneli sityvis mniSvnelobiT yvelgan ga-
moiyeneba moswavle. magaliTad: arn. Ciqobavas moswavle (un
224
da iyos mowafe), moswavlis CanTa. gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT
mowafe visisme moZRvrebis an praqtikuli saqmianobis mimde-
varicaa: piTagoras mowafe, d. uznaZis mowafe.
mowafe niSnavs Segirdsac (vinc raime xelobas swavlobs
SegirdTan). mowafis da Segirdis mniSvnelobiT moswav-
lis gamoyeneba mizanSewonili ar aris.
pedagogi da maswavlebeli
pedagogi internacionalizmia, maswavlebeli ki qarTu-
li sityva, gaarsebiTebuli mimReoba. Tu gvinda dasaxele-
ba, romel sagans aswavlis esa Tu is pirovneba, maSin unda
gamoviyenoT maswavlebeli, Tu zogadad vsaubrobT, ar vu-
TiTebT, maSin _ pedagogi. ar aris swori inglisuris peda-
gogi, unda iyos: inglisuri enis maswavlebeli.
mesveuri da Tavkaci
xSirad sityva mesveurs viyenebT Tavkacis Tu xel-
mZRvanelis mniSvnelobiT. mag.: qalaqis mesveurebi; sawar-
moos mesveurebi; raionis ganyofilebis mesveurebi...
unda iyos: qalaqis Tavkacebi; sawarmoos xelmZRvane-
lebi; raionis ganyofilebis xelmZRvanelebi...
Zalisxmeva Tu Zala? mecadineoba Tu energia?
aseve Secdomaa Zalisxmevis gamoyeneba Zalis nacvlad,
mecadineobisa _ energiis magivrad, ar aris swori: Zalis-
xmevas moaxmars; udidesi mecadineoba moaxmara.
sworia: Zal_Rones moaxmars; udidesi energia moaxmara.
maRali Tu uxvi/kargi/ Cinebuli/keTili?
Tanamedrove qarTulSi, gansakuTrebiT presis enaSi,
zedsarTavma saxelma maRalma gansakuTrebuli stilisti-
kuri datvirTva miiRo. igi lamis daSordes Tavis ZiriTad
mniSvnelobas da Warb eqspresemad iqces. qegl-is mixedviT,
misi mniSvnelobebia:
maRali -1. didi simaRlis;
225
 2. didi cifrebiT gamoxatuli - maRali wneva, temperatu-
ra, Zabva;
3. wkriala xma;
4. didi, mniSvnelovani;
5. Tanamdeboba;
6. wig. sapatio, sasaxelo;
7. Rirseuli, diadi;
8. maRali grZnoba, suliT maRali.
Tanamedrove qarTulSi maRali gamoiyeneba 1. rogorc
konkretuli, ise abstraqtuli arsebiTi saxelis msazRvre-
lad, roca surT xazi gausvan sagnis sidides, gansakuTre-
bulobas, riTac devnis xmarebidan Semdeg zedsarTavebs:
kargi, keTili, Cinebuli, uxvi, didi da udidesi, ukeTesi,
saukeTeso. maRali mosavali (uxvi mosavali); maRali hono-
rari an avtoriteti (didi); maRali maCvenebeli an Sedegi
(saukeTeso).
2. xmaroben msazRvrelad iseT arsebiT saxelebTan, rom-
lebic asaxaven mniSvnelovan sazogadoebriv movlenebs,
gancdebsa da miswrafebebs. maRali garja, ndoba, miznebi.
am sityvebTan maRali zedmetia, ndoba SeiZleba iyos
mxolod didi.
3. maRali aRniSnuli stilistikuri datvirTviT xSirad
Caenacvleba zedsarTav saxels - sapatios da qmnis daStam-
pul gamoTqmebs: maRali movaleoba, jildo, stumari [unda
iyos sapatio an sapasuxismgeblo].
amrigad, sityva maRali arasworia Semdeg sityvebTan:
mosavali, honorari, stumari, avtoriteti, tempi, Sedegi,
pasuxismgebloba.
sworia: uxvi mosavali; didi honorari; sapatio stu-
mari, keTili, kargi Tvisebebi; didi avtoriteti; Cqari
tempi, kargi Sedegi; didi pasuxismgebloba...
daStampul gamoTqmebs qmnis maRali iseT saxelebTan,
rogoricaa mijna, zRude, starti.
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maRali starti, maRali mijna an maRali zRude.
religiuri da morwmune
religiuri SeiZleba iyos moZRvreba, seqta. is usulo
saganTa msazRvrelia, amitom Secdomaa metad religiuri
kacia. unda iyos: RvTismosavia, morwmunea.
martivi Tu ioli, advili? rTuli Tu Zneli?
martivi- 1. rac Semadgenel nawilebad ar SeiZleba daiS-
alos; 2. advili gasagebi, ubralo (amocana, magaliTi, wina-
dadeba). Sesabamisad, rac nawilebad iSleba, is rTulia, rac
ara- Zneli.
magari Tu mtkice, gamZle; Zlieri
magari- 1. Znelad gasatexi, Znelad dasangrevi, myari,
mkvrivi, mtkice, gamZle; 2. Zlieri, Ronieri (magari guli-
guladi, magari zurgi- Zlieri, gavleniani, magari Zili-
Rrma Zili); 3. bevri spirtis Semcveli.
mkacri da mtkice
mkacri SeiZleba iyos adamiani Tavisi xasiaTiT, misi
mniSvnelobebia ulmobeli, sastiki, amitom Secdomaa mkac-
ri woliTi reJimi an mkacri sicxe. unda iyos: mtkice wo-
liTi reJimi, didi sicxe.
b) zmna
Zalian xSirad erTmaneTis sanacvlod viyenebT zmnebs,
romelTac gansxvavebuli semantika aqvT. aseTebia: ezareba
da ejavreba; gaixada Tu gaiZro; ewia da ewvia da a. S.
ezareba da ejavreba
ezareba- risame Sesrulebis survili ar aqvs, xaliss ar
iCens sizarmacis gamo; ejavreba- sZuls.
227
 gaixada da gaiZro
gaxda niSnavs Cacmulis mocilebas, moSorebas, gaZro-
ba ki - kanis, tyavis gaclas, sasaubro stilSi - tansacmlis
gaxdasac, rac mwignobruli enisTvis Secdomadaa miCneuli.
ewia da ewvia
ewia beds; ewvia stumrad.
naxa da ipova
povna SeiZleba dakarguli nivTisa, naxva- axali filmis
an Tundac didi xnis unaxavi adamianisa.
gaigo da Seityo
gageba gonebiT wvdoma, mixvedra, gaazreba, Segnebaa,
Setyoba ki- axali informaciis miReba.
laparakobs da ambobs
laparakobs aris erTpiriani, gardauvali zmna, mas ar Se-
iZleba hqondes obieqturi piri, amitom misi gamoyeneba or-
piriani gardamavali zmnis mniSvnelobiT Secdomaa; is unda
ixmarebodes im SemTxvevaSi, roca samoqmedo obieqti ar ig-
ulisxmeba: is qarTulad laparakobs, man bevri ilaparaka
amis Sesaxeb. laparakobs zmnis orpiriani formaa gardauv-
ali elaparakeba. misi sampirianad gamoyeneba ar SeiZleba,
aseT SemTxvevaSi marTebulia uambobs (is mas simarTles).
moitana da moiyvana, hyavs da aqvs
rogorc viciT, moiyvana, hyavs miemarTeba mxolod su-
lier sagnebs, magram sulier da usulo sagnebze msjeloba
myar gamoTqmebTan dakavSirebiT am SemTxvevaSi ar gamog-
vadgeba, vinaidan myari gamoTqmebi Cveulebrivi logikis
wesebs ar emorCileba, kerZod: gvirabi, sinaTle, arxi ga-
iyvana, yveli amoiyvana, kaba welSi gamoiyvana, ricxvi xa-
228
risxSi aiyvana, amocana, magaliTi gamoiyvana, wiladebi
aTwiladebSi gadaiyvana da a.S.
meore mxriv gvaqvs: kaci weram aitana, gogona SiSma ait-
ana, manqanam kaci gaitana da a. S.
amrigad, sityvaTa swori Sexamebebia: mohyavs, mohyavda
magaliTi, ilustracia, citata; zemomoyvanili magali-
Ti, ilustracia, citata, azrebi (afridoniZe 2011: 21).
acvams da acmevs
acvams jvars, magram acmevs kabas.
gaaCnia, aqvs da moepoveba
tareba zmna xSirad umarTebulod cvlis kanonier xma-
reba, keTeba, gamoyeneba zmnebs. sworia saaTi ukeTia; saT-
vales xmarobs da ara saaTs // saTvales atarebs.
moqmedebs da aris, arsebobs, muSaobs
moqmedebs zmna xSirad cvlis aris, arsebobs, muSaobs
zmnebs.
moqmedebs: 1. eweva raime saqmianobas, akeTebs rames,
moRvaweobs… am zmnas xSirad iyeneben arsebobs, aris
zmnebis mniSvnelobiT, rac Secdomaa: muzeumTan moqmedebs
samecniero biblioTekac; skolaSi bevri sxva wrec moqme-
debs.
atarebs Tu marTavs an awyobs?
Catareba zmna umarTebulod cvlis gamarTva da mowyo-
ba zmnebsac. sworia: saRamo// konkursi gamarTa an moawyo.
Secdomaa Sexvedra/viziti Sedga. ajobebs vTqvaT vizi-
ti ar gamovida, Sexvedra gaimarTa. analogiuria: Jurna-
listad ver Sedga. unda iyos: misgan Jurnalisti ver ga-
movida.
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 gaWirvebas// marcxs ganicdis Tu uWirs// marcxdeba?
gancda adamianis emociebs ukavSirdeba, amitom stilis-
tikuri Secdomaa misi gamoyeneba iseT sityvebTan, romle-
bic ar aRniSnaven sulier mdgomareobas. mag. Secdomaa: ga-
Wirvebas ganicdis, marcxs ganicdis. sworia: marcxdeba,
uWirs.
g) saxelzmna
ganawileba Tu ganweseba?
sityva ganawilebas arasworad viyenebT, roca vambobT,
samuSaod gaanawiles. ganawileba SeiZleba fulis, qonebis...
aq ki unda iyos samuSaod gaaweses.
miniWeba da dakisreba
miniWeba SeiZleba wodebis, xarisxis, dakisreba - mova-
leobis.
dazaralebuli, daSavebuli da dazianebuli
zarali materialuri danakargia, danaklisia, dazara-
lebuli isaa, visac zarali mouvida; daSavebuli ki aris,
is, visac fizikuri ziani miayenes. dazianeba zianis miyeneba,
gafuWeba, waxdenaa; dazianebulia is, rasac ziani mouvida:
mxedvelobis dazianeba.
d) zmnizedebi
ganmavlobaSi da manZilze
Secdomaa drois monakveTebTan `manZilis“ gamoyeneba.
ara `wlis manZilze“, aramed `wlis ganmavlobaSi“, ara `mTe-
li am drois manZilze“, aramed `mTeli am drois ganmavloba-
Si“, ara `misi sicocxlis manZilze“, aramed `misi sicocxlis
ganmavlobaSi“.
230
ramdeni xani Tu ramden xans?
rogorc wesi, iTqmeba an iwereba: ori dRe grZeldeboda, sa
mi weliwadi (da ara weli) grZeldeboda. davsvaT kiTxva. ro-
gor ikiTxavT: `ramdeni xani grZeldeboda“ Tu `ramden xans
grZeldeboda?~ sworia: or dRes grZeldeboda, sam weli-
wads grZeldeboda. gamonaklisia: vaJa dRedaRam muSaobda.
savarjiSo №1. waikiTxeT magaliTebi da axseniT, aris
Tu ara sworad naxmari zedsarTavi saxelebi martivi da
rTuli:
1. siyvaruli arsebiTad erTgvarovani, martivi grZnobaa
yoveli suldgmulisaTvis erTnairad misawvdomia da gasa-
gebi;
2. maSin studentoba cota rTuli iyo (iqve);
3. gza abiturientobidan studentobamde Zalian rTuli,
emociuri da bolos warmatebuli aRmoCnda;
4. rTuli saTqmelia, ver davasaxelebT konkretul pi-
rebs;
5. cxovrebis gamartiveba arc Tu ise advilia;
6. mTavrobis argumenti martivi da gasagebia _ Tu arse-
bobs opoziciuri arxebi, unda iyos saxelisuflebo tele-
viziebic;
7. mediis Tavisufleba sakmaod rTuli sakiTxia da ram-
denime sakiTxisgan Sedgeba;
8. maT xelovnurad gavumartivebT situacias;
9. saqarTvelos mTavrobam didi samuSao gaswia investi-
rebis martivad, daubrkoleblad warsamarTavad;
10. samedicino statistikis Tanaxmad, zafxulSi iolad
SeiZleba sxvadasxva infeqciiT an virusiT daavadeba;
11. mesijSi martivad Cans adamianis damokidebuleba am
sakiTxisadmi;
12. yvelaferi Zalian rTulia da Zalian martivia (saub-
aria politikaze);
231
 13. es yvela mozardisaTvis rTulia, amitomac uZnelde-
ba klasikis Sesruleba;
14. am konkursSi asakovani profesorebis sakiTxia yvela-
ze rTuli;
15. qalma evadan Tanamedroveobamde sakmaod rTuli gza
gamoiara;
16. rogor fiqrobT, dRes kariera rTuli gasakeTebe-
lia?
17. Tevzeuli, iogurti, Txileuli am problemisagan Tav-
dacvis martivi saSualebaa;
18.Tu uaris Tqma ar SegiZlia, maSin imaze rTul saqmes
itvirTeb, vidre SegiZlia;
19. mas Zalian rTuli xasiaTi aqvs da amitomac uWirs
sxvebTan urTierToba;
20. Znelia xalxi davajero, rom politikasTan araferi
makavSirebs; ratom xdeba es da ris gamo, amis axsna Znelia.
savarjiSo №2. waikiTxeT magaliTebi, moZebneT gan-
martebiT leqsikonSi sityvaTa
zusti mniSvnelobani da arasworad SerCeuli sityva
SecvaleT adekvaturiT:
1. fulze rom problema ar mqondes, am CanTas aucileb-
lad viyiddi;
2. Tu droulad ar imkurnalebT, seriozuli problemebi
SegeqmnebaT;
3. mopovebuli maqvs ramdenime seriozuli granti;
4. mas seriozuli daxmareba aRmouCines;
5. rogorc wesi, seriozuli mwerlebi amas Tavs arideben;
6. ayvavilebuli xexili setyvam daazarala;
7. avtoavariaSi ramdenime moxucma dazianeba miiRo;
8. gakveTilze urTierTdaswrebis praqtikam gviCvena
swavlebis efeqturoba;
9. is yvelaze magari ministria;
232
11. elit-eleqtroniqsSi dReidan aqcia daiwyo: aq saoj-
axo teqnikaze yvelaze magari fasebia.
savarjiSo №3. SeadgineT winadadebebi Semdegi sityve-
bis gamoyenebiT: teqnika, produqti, praqtika, favoriti,
orbita, fronti Semdeg ki moZebneT maTi zusti mniSvnelo-
bani ucxo sityvaTa leqsikonSi da daakvirdiT, ramdenad
sworad iyenebT maT.
VI.2. sityvis (problema, dueti, avtori, starti,
finiSi) mniSvnelobis gafarToeba
leqsikuri saSualebebi didi sifrTxiliT unda gamovi-
yenoT. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba sWirdeba sityvis gada-
taniTi mniSvnelobiT, metaforulad xmarebas. metaforu-
lad naxmar sityvas an gamoTqmas eqspresema hqvia. `eqspre-
semebi yovelTvis ver aRwevs mizans, jer erTi, imis gamo,
rom yovelTvis ver aris daculi zomiereba maT gamoyene-
baSi, meorec, yovelTvis ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli sityvis
semantikuri SesaZleblobani. eqspresemad naxmari sityva,
Tuki igi TviTneburad da daukvirvebladaa gamoyenebuli,
mizans ver miaRwevs. metaforulad naxmari sityva erT kon-
kretul SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba moxdenili da moxerxebuli
iyos, arc misi mniSvneloba iyos gabundovnebuli, magram
roca igi Semdeg uamravjer meordeba... ekargeba gamomsax-
velobiTi Zala, agreTve, rac mTavaria, xSirad maxinjdeba
misi mniSvneloba“ (RvinaZe 1980: 19). sityvis farTo mniSvne-
lobiT gamoyenebis saukeTeso magaliTebia: starti, avto-
ri, dueti, problema da a. S.
sityva starti momdinareobs berZnuli sityvidan start,
romelic niSnavs im adgils Tu xazs, saidanac iwyeba spor-
tuli Sejibreba: startzea - pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT niS-
233
navs startis - dawyebis xazze yofnas; Sesityveba startis
aReba ixmareba yvelanairi sportuli Sejibrebis dawyebis
momentis aRsaniSnavad. am sityvis gamoyeneba yovlad Seuf-
erebelia iseT Temebze saubrisas, sadac sporti ar igul-
isxmeba. mag.: janmrTelobis startebi, gamofenis starti,
sagazafxulo starti.
kidev ufro gaumarTlebelia am sityvasTan epiTeteb-
is (kargi, cudi, Cinebuli, Rirseuli, tkbili) gamoyenebac:
mag.: `es tkbili startis moyvarulebs exebaT“; `tkbili
startisTvis maS ra aris saWiro?“.
sityva finiSic (ingl. finish) sports ukavSirdeba da niS-
navs Sejibrebis an distanciis ukanasknel punqts; gamoiy-
eneba iseTi sportuli Sejibrebis Sesaxeb saubrisas, roca
manZilia gadasalaxavi.
dResdReobiT am sityvis mniSvneloba ganzogadebulia
da niSnavs saerTod dasasruls. gaumarTlebelia am sityvis
xmareba arasportul Temebze saubrisas, miT ufro Tu mas
epiTetic (kargi, saamayo, sasurveli, sasaxelo) axlavs.
amrigad, sityvis metaforulad gamoyenebisas misi Zi-
riTadi mniSvneloba ar unda davamaxinjoT. igive SeiZleba
iTqvas duetis, kvartetis, avtoris da bevri sxva leqse-
mis Sesaxeb. dueti da kvarteti musikaluri terminebia da
xSirad maTi mniSvneloba ganzogadebulia: eqimebis dueti,
CempionTa dueti... isini maSinac gamoiyeneba, roca saub-
aria or an oTx adamianze, rac gaumarTlebelia.
avtori (laT. au(c)tor) aris literaturuli, mxatvruli,
musikaluri an mecnieruli nawarmoebis Semqmneli, gamom-
gonebeli. umarTebuloa gamoTqmebi: burTis, golis, dar-
tymis an kidev tortis avtori.
sagangebo yuradRebis Rirsia sityva problemis far-
To mniSvnelobiT gamoyeneba, romelsac xSirad mivyavarT
semantikis ganzogadebamde da gabundovnebamdec ki. avTan-
dil arabuli sagangebod amaxvilebs am sityvaze yuradRe-
234
bas da mis gamoyenebas Jargonuls uwodebs.
aRniSnul sityvas araerT kontestSi SevxvdebiT: kuW-
nawlavis problemebi, Zvlis problemebi, uproblemod
iyideba; mosvlaze problema aqvs, CemTan problema ar
geqnebaT, problemuri bavSvia, saproblemo darCa; yve-
laferze problemas qmnis; problema moixsna; uproble-
mod Sevida da a. S.
problema berZnuli sityvaa da sazogadod niSnavs rTul
Teoriul an praqtikul sakiTxs, romelsac axsna, Seswav-
la, gamokvleva sWirdeba. saubarSi, cocxal metyvelebaSi
igi Znelad gadasawyvet, Znelad gansaxorcielebel rames
niSnavs. cocxali metyvelebidan es cvlilebebi SeWrilia
presis, Jurnal-gazeTebis enaSi. sityva problema araerTi
leqsemis semantikas dauflebia. erT-erTi publikaciis sa-
Tauria `sayviTlos problema qalaqSi“. umjobesi iqnebo-
da yofiliyo sayviTlos daavadeba. erT-erT statias hqvia
`cofiT daavadebis problema“„aq problema zedmetia. an
kidev- `kapitalizmi Tu socializmi? problema aqtual-
uri gaxda“. ajobebda Tema an sakiTxi.
ganvixiloT sxva magaliTebic: `TargamaZis ofisi mos-
kovSia da naxva problemas ar warmoadgens“ (unda iyos:
Zneli araa// advilia).
`marTalia, mxatvars simyudrove sWirdeba, magram me xma-
urSic uproblemod mixatia“ (unda iyos: xmauric ar miS-
lis xels //arc xmaurSi meSleba xeli).
`skeiti CemTvis erTaderTi gzaa gaveqce problemebs“
(unda iyos: siZneleebs, winaaRmdegobebs, sirTuleebs, dab-
rkolebebs);
`holandieli specialistebis wyalobiT yvela proble-
ma aRmoifxvra“ (siZnele daiZlia);
`rogorc ki me Semeqmna problema, maSinve aRmoCnda, rom
CemTvis aravis ecala“ (wavawydi winaaRmdegobas; Semeqmna
sirTuleebi);
235
 `piradad me vapireb, TveSi erTxel vestumro da is prob-
lemebi movugvaro, aq rom eqmnebaT“. aq saubaria wyalmoma-
ragebis da gzebis da ara Teoriuli sakiTxebis Sesaxeb.
`14 wlis mixo Cveulebrivi biWi iyo Tavisi problemebiTa
da sixaruliT“ (unda iyos sawuxariTa da sixaruliT, an Wi-
riTa da lxiniT).
`mniSvnelovani problemebia saqarTvelos hidroener-
getikul bazarze monopolizaciis TvalsazrisiT“ (saqar-
Tvelos uZneldeba hidroenergetikul bazarze monopoli-
zacia);
`amjerad bavSvebis erTaderTi problema ganaTlebis mi-
Rebaa“ (unda iyos sazrunavi).
Tanamedrove qarTulSi sityva problema xSirad ganzo-
gadebul Sinaarss atarebs: mag.: Savi zRvis problemebi;
ekologiuri problemebi; janmrTelobis problemebi;
globaluri problemebi; religiuri problemebi, wylis
problemebi; mxedvelobis problema. zogjer Tavisuf-
lad xerxdeba maTi Secvla ufro konkretuli, qarTulis-
Tvis bunebrivi frazebiT: wylis problemis mogvareba niS-
navs, rom wyliT momarageba ar ferxdeba; janmrTelobis
problemebi xom igive avadmyofobaa. aRniSnuli sityva zog-
jer Stampadac qceula, misi amogdeba Tavisuflad SeiZle-
ba da arc azri irRveva: mag.: gomardulSi kotejebis aSeneba
migraciis problemebs SeaCerebs (unda iyos: migracias Se-
aCerebs).
zemoganxiluli magaliTebidan Cans, rom sityva prob-
lema semantikurad aviwroebs araerT Zireul qarTul si-
tyvas. esenia: sakiTxi, Tema, winaaRmdegoba, satkivari,
dabrkoleba, xarvezi, Seferxeba... problemebi maqvs - ig-
ulisxmeba finansuri, yofiTi gaWirveba. sainteresoa Sem-
degi magaliTi: `verasodes davdgebi im adamianTa gverdiT,
romlebsac miaCniaT, rom erTi kacia problema (unda iyos:
erTi kaci qmnis winaaRmdegobas, erTi kacia winaaRmdegi). an
236
kidev: problema araa, magas uproblemod gagikeTeb. ukanas-
kneli magaliTi kalkia da es movlenac sxva enaTa gavlenis
Sedegia (es sityva gabatonebulia inglisurSi, rusulSi,
TurqulSi). zemoTqmuli ise ar unda gavigoT, rom sityva
problema arsad ar gamoviyenoT, unda aRiniSnos isic, rom
amnair formaTa primati enis ekonomiurobis princips emsa-
xureba, magram TavisTavad aRebuli es movlena negatiuria.
am procesebis Sedegad sityvebis mniSvneloba viwrovdeba
da SeiZleba gaqrobamdec mivides, ris Sedegadac ena gaRa-
ribdeba da dakargavs gamomsaxvelobas.
savarjiSo №1. ipoveT, aris Tu ara Secdomebi da gaas-
woreT
1. wlis bolos bevri problema dagvigrovda;
2. es namdvilad gardatexis asakis problemebi iqneba;
3. samzareulo metad didi problemaa;
4. problemas is qmnis, rom emeritusis wodebis mosapo-
veblad profesorebma jer konkursSi unda gaimarjvon;
5. raime problema xom ar SegxvedriaT im dRis Semdeg?
6. rTuli droa da zedapirze devs uamravi problema,
Tumca jerjerobiT bolo dros Seqmnili arcerTi filmi
am problemas ar asaxavs;
7. gaTbobis problema aqvT kvaStis skolaSic;
8. gamaTboblebze problema maSin daiwyo, roca skola ga-
remontda;
9. roca yvela Sens winaaRmdegaa, mgoni, problema SenSia;
10. metad problemuri bavSvia giorgi, mudmivad avadmyo-
fobs, amitomac eqmneba problemebi swavlaSi.
savarjiSo №2. ipoveT, aris Tu ara Secdomebi da gaas-
woreT
1. ekologiur problemebs Cven xSirad zereled vucqe-
riT;
237
 2. repeticia rom daiwyeboda, saocari sevda Seipyrobda
(miSv.);
3. auaram marTlac mokle, magram ucnauri sityva Tqva
(miSv.);
4. mSoblebs ar gaugiaT Cveni ambavi (iqve);
5. mcire iyo wuTisofeli, magram raoden sikeTis moTave!
6. wleuls Cvens sofelSi maRali mosavali moiwies;
7. es kari wripiniT iReba, gasakeTebelia.
savarjiSo №3. SecvaleT arasworad gamoyenebuli si-
tyva konteqstisTvis adekvaturiT:
1. kiparisebisa da nestiani tubarozebis baRSi mkvdruli
siCume sufevda;
2. Zlivs moaswres ori saukunis manZilze sagvareulos
daSlis da dacemis narCenebis, uamravi arafris maqnisi niv-
Tis Calageba;
3. Tu damavaleben, ulaparakod daveTanxmebi (v. bara-
TaSv.);
4. egeb intuiciiT, smeniT an raRac zebunebrivi mkiTxve-
luri sensorebiT mainc migvexvedrebina mkiTxveli, rom ma-
gar teqstebs vkiTxulobT;
5. Tu sizarmace regularulia, ufro mniSvnelovan prob-
lemebs warmoSobs;
6. gemrieli sityva icoda im dalocvilma;
7. ucnauri cxovelia kenguru, saxelic ucnauri Seur-
qmeviaT (v. baraTaSv.);
8. cximebi da kibos ujredebi didi megobrebi arian;
9. rac mobiluri telefoni SeiZina, eka saaTs aRar atar-
ebs;
10. katebi RrialiT iklebdnen iqaurobas.
238
Semajamebeli testi
1. ver gaviziareb, - mSralad uTxra gamomZiebelma;
2. tkbili startisTvis maS, ra aris saWiro?
3. Tqveni swori arCevani maRali codnis miRebisa da bed-
nieri momavlis garantiaa;
4. sasmlis amerikuli varianti farTod aris tiraJire-
buli vesternebSi;
5. es sibrZne maRal filosofiasTanac gaaxlovebs da Tan
sulierad gamxnevebs;
6. Jurnalistebi am gancxadebas gulkeTili buzRuniT
gamoexmaurnen;
7. ara xar swori, saqmes marto Seni mxridan rom uyureb!
8. sacxovrebeli saxlis krizisi TandaTan gamodis mdgo-
mareobidan;
9. misi axali kostiumi magari momewona!
10. amis Semdeg sazogadoeba mas ndobas aRar gauwevs;
11. im dRes magari qari qroda;
12. daufasebelia maTi Rvawli qarTuli filosofiis is-
toriaSi;
13. xuT saaTamde dakavebuli var;
14. yoveli qarTveli valdebulia daicvas mSobliuri en
is sisufTave;
15. wels misi umcrosi Svili saqarTvelos universitet-
Si moewyo;
16. is maRalmTian raionSi gaunawilebiaT samuSaod, misi
momavali meuRlec swored iq gaicno;
17. nel-nela vuTvalTvaloT aqidan, aravin ar SegvamCnios;
18. am filmSi uCaneiSvili mTavar rols TamaSobs;
19. naTiam misi saqme droze moagvara;
20. sami saaTis manZilze unda mogitanon sabuTebi;
21. Tu es ase gagrZelda, SeiZleba qveynis ekonomika Camo-
iSalos;
239
 22. silabusSi yvela sakiTxi CaSlili unda iyos;
23. leqsikuri maragis arqona ki Tavis mxriv Jurnalistis
ganaTlebis dabal maCvenebels usvams xazs;
24. Cveni saxelovani mamuliSvilebi enis rols maRal Se-
fasebas aZlevdnen;
25. gza dabali statusidan maRal statusamde Zalian
rTuli savali gzaa;
26. dRes Jurnalistebis mier gaJRerda es arasasiamovno
informacia;
27. qarTulis pedagogi rom ase imetyvelebs, sxvebs raRa
unda vuTxraT;
28. namdvili maswavlebeli mTel Tavis Zalisxmevas unda
axmardes axalgazrda Taobebis aRzrdas;
29. sawarmos mesveurebi darwmundnen, rom am skolis mo-
wafeebs SeeZloT marTlac kargi RonisZieba CaetarebinaT;
30. moqalaqeTa dacvis saukeTeso saSualebaa maTi sof-
lad ganlageba;
31. patara giorgi manqanas atarebs;
32. Cveni organizacia kvalificiuri kadrebis naklebo-
bas ar ganicdis;
33. sasowarkveTili qvrivi guls amiTRa inugeSebda;
34. am ugemrielesi tortis avtoric is gaxlavT;
35. qarTvel xalxs gaaCnia udidesi unari qvas misces si-
cocxle.
VI.3. paronimia
saxelwodeba paronimi momdinareobs berZnuli  (ax-
los) da , (saxeli) sityvebisgan. am saxelwodebiT aR-
iniSneba SinaarsiT sxvadasxva, magram bgerobrivad msgavsi
sityvebi, romelTa gamoyenebisas xSiria aRreva. `paronimi
sityvebi yvela ganviTarebul enas SeiZleba hqondes. paro-
240
nimebad unda CavTvaloT saerTo Ziridan momdinare msgav-
sic da SemTxveviT garegnulad damsgavsebuli sityvebic,
romelTa gamoyenebisas enaSi dasturdeba aRreva. aRreva
SeiZleba davadasturoT sxvadasxva sferoSi; wignis enaSi,
publicistikaSi, moswavleTa da abiturientTa nawerebSi“
(RvinaZe1981: 64).
paronimiis mizezi SeiZleba sxvadasxva iyos. amasTan, is
gansxvavebulia calkeuli enisTvisac. ucxo sityvaTa pa-
ronimiis safuZveli SeiZleba iyos maTi mniSvnelobebis
susti codna. qarTuli, nawarmoebi sityvebisTvis paroni-
miis dros ki semantikuri niuansebis gauTvaliswinebloba,
angariSgauwevloba an isev ucodinroba. paronimiis mizezi
zogjer sityvaTa Sinaarsobrivi siaxlovec SeiZleba iyos.
a) ucxour sityvaTa paronimia
adresati da adresanti
adresati - [germ. Aadressat] 1. piri, romelsac egzavneba
werili, depeSa da misT.; 2. piri, vis saxelzec adresia Sed-
genili. adresanti - [germ. Adressant] 1. piri, romelic gzav-
nis werils, depeSas da a. S.
diplomati da diplomanti
diplomati - [frang. diplomate] _ 1. Tanamdebobis piri, ro-
melic diplomatiur moRvaweobas eweva, romelsac akisria
sxva saxelmwifoebTan urTierToba; 2. (saub. gadat. ityvian
adamianze, romelic moxerxebulad iqceva, moqmedebs;
diplomanti - studenti, romelic sadiplomo Sromas
amzadebs.
emigracia da imigracia
emigracia [laT. emigro - gadavsaxldebi] 1. iZulebiTi an
nebayoflobiTi gadasaxleba sxva qveyanaSi; 2. sxva qveyanaSi
241
cxovreba. imigracia- [laT. imigro - Sevsaxldebi] ucxoelTa
Sesvla ama Tu im saxelmwifoSi mudmiv sacxovreblad.
kampania da kompania
kampania [frang. campagne] -1 (samx.) saerTo strategiuli
mizniT gaerTianebul saomar operaciaTa erToblioba;
laSqroba; 2. muSaoba, romelic tardeba garkveul period-
Si raime mniSvnelovani sazogadoebriv-politikuri an same-
urneo amocanis Sesasruleblad. mag.: saarCevno kampania; 3.
teq. agregatis, manqanis. meqanizmis ganuwyveteli moqmede-
bis dro. mag.: brZmedis kampania; 4. xomaldis ganuwyveteli
curvis periodi.
kompania [frang. campagnie] - 1. jgufi adamianebisa, rom-
lebic erTad atareben dros; 2. kapitalistur qveynebSi sa-
vaWro an samrewvelo amxanagoba.
konfeti da kanfeti
konfeti [ital. konfetti] - ferad-feradi qaRaldis patara
wreebi, romelTac gasarTobad Tavze ayrian erTmaneTs ba-
lebsa da maskaradebze;
kanfeti-sakonditro nawarmi, tkbileuli.
noti da nota
noti [laT. nota - niSani]- 1. musikaluri bgeris pirobiTi
grafikuli niSani. notebi- aseTi niSnebiT Cawerili musika-
luri nawarmoebis teqsti; aseTi teqstebis Semcveli rve-
uli, wigni. 2. TviT bgera musikaSi, simReraSi.
nota [laT. nota - niSani, SeniSvna] - erTi qveynis mTavro-
bis werilobiTi mimarTva meore qveynis mTavrobisadmi.
penali da penalti
penali - (germ. pennal < penne-kalami) grZeli da viwro
kolofi fanqrebis, saSlelebis, saTlelebis Casawyobad;
242
penalti (ingl. penalty) - TerTmetmetriani sajarimo dar-
tyma.
teqnika da teqnologia
teqnika - manqanebis, kompiuterebis, meqanikuri iaraR-
ebisa da mowyobilobaTa erToblioba, romlebsac iyeneb-
en sazogadoebriv warmoebaSi; 2. profesiuli xerxebis er-
Toblioba (Wadrakis TamaSis teqnika); teqnologia - ned-
leulis, nakeTobaTa, naxevarfabrikatebis damuSavebis
ostatoba.
magistri- magistranti da magistrati
magistri -1. samecniero xarisxi an am xarisxis mqone pi
ri; 2. ist. Sua saukuneebSi bermonazvnuri an rainduli or-
denis meTauris tituli; am titulis mqone piri.
magistranti - piri, romelic umaRlesi saswavleblis
magistraturaSi swavlobs; magistrati - dasavleT evro-
paSi - qalaqis mmarTveloba; Zvel romSi - Tanamdeboba an am
Tanamdebobaze myofi piri.
koreqtuli/ koreqturuli
koreqtuli - swori, mosawoni, taqtiani (koreqtuli
qceva); koreqturuli - koreqturasTan dakavSirebuli
(koreqturuli Secdoma).
konieqtura da koniunqtura
konieqtura (laT. conjectura) - mixvedra, varaudi, teqstis
dazianebuli adgilebis aRdgena;
koniunqtura (conjunctura) - Seqmnili viTareba, garemoeba;
2. im niSan-TvisebaTa erToblioba, romlebic axasiaTebs sa-
saqonlo meurneobas.
243
 faqti da faqtori
faqtori - (laT. factor) - raime movlenis ganmsazRvreli
an procesis mamoZravebeli Zala;
faqti (laT. factum) - momdinare, gakeTebuli 1. rac sinam-
dvileSi moxda, namdvili, ueWveli; 2. esa Tu is monacemi, ma-
sala, raime daskvnis gamosatanad an mosazrebis dasadastu-
reblad.
b) warmoqmnil saxelTa paronimia
xelismowera da xelwera
xelismowera aris raime teqstis bolos saxelisa da gva-
ris erTad dawera. mag.: daiwyes xelmowerebis Segroveba;
axaldaqorwinebulebi xelis mowerisTanave qalaqidan ga-
emgzavrnen. xelwera aris weris, asoebis gamoyvanis Tavise-
bureba; xeli (lamazi xelwera).
uebari da uebro
uebari - wamali, malamo, saSualeba; uebro - Seudareb-
eli (megobari, adamiani, mosaubre).
stiluri - stilistikuri - stilisturi;
stiluri ama Tu im stilisa (mag.: publicisturi stilis
xarvezi); mwerlis enis Tavisebureba, maxasiaTebeli; sti-
listikuri - kategoria, Secdoma; stilisturi-alRo.
srulad da sruliad
srulad igivea, rac srulyofilad. yvelaferi srulad
Caibara; sruliad - savsebiT, sruliad ar eSinia.
sistemuri da sistematuri
sistemuri - sistemisTvis damaxasiaTebeli, sistemis mi-
xedviT; sistematuri- regularuli mecadineoba.
244
sinqroniuli da sinqronuli
sinqroniuli - lingv. sinqroniasTan dakavSirebuli,
sinqroniis Semswavleli, enis statikuri mdgomareobis aR-
mniSvneli (sinqroniuli kvleva); sinqronuli - spec. sin-
qronizmis xasiaTisa, erTsa da imave dros mimdinare, warmo-
ebuli (rxeva, Targmani).
sinonimia da sinonimika
sinonimia - lingv. sxvadasxva sityvis msgavseba mniSvne-
lobis mixedviT; sinonimika - 1. ama Tu im enis sinonimTa er-
Toblioba; 2. leqsikologiis nawili, romelic swavlobs
sinonimebs.
masiuri, masobrivi da masuri
masiuri - didi moculobis mqone, mZime (masiuri aveji);
masobrivi- mosaxleobis farTo fenebis mier ganxorciel-
ebuli ram; masuri - fizikuri masis mixedviT (masuri wona).
faqtiuri Tu faqtobrivi?
qegl-is mixedviT erTaderT swor formad miCneulia
faqtobrivi.
samwerlo da samwerlobo
samwerlo - asparezi, samwerlobo ena.
ekonomikuri da ekonomiuri
ekonomikuri - ekonomikaze damyarebuli, ekonomikasTan da-
kavSirebuli; ekonomiuri- ekonomiis momcemi, momWirneobiTi.
g) Sinaarsobrivad axlo mdgomi sityvebis paronimia
piri da pirovneba
piri - adamianis ama Tu im zogadi statusis maCvenebeli
(sasuliero an saero piri);
245
 pirovneba - adamianis individualuri Tvisebebis aR-
mniSvneli.
cneba da mcneba
cneba - erTi sityvis mniSvneloba (tolerantobis cneba);
mcneba - didaqtikuri azris (zneobrivi xasiaTis) Semcveli
winadadeba (uflis aTi mcneba).
axlobeli da maxlobeli
axlobeli - mokeTe, naTesavi; maxlobeli - punqti, af-
Tiaqi.
daRi da damRa
daRi risame kvali, niSania, damRa - saqonelze dakruli
sasaqonlo niSani an beWedi.
Seiqna da Seiqmna
Seiqna - 1. atyda, daiwyo; gaimarTa 2. cudad gaxda.
Seiqmna - gakeTda, aigo, daarsda.
Targmani da Targmna
Targmna aris moqmedeba, erTi enidan meoreze gadaReba;
Targmani ki am moqmedebis Sedegi, erTi enidan meoreze ga-
daRebuli, naTargmni (mxatvruli, mdare, Tavisufali Tar-
gmani). amrigad, Targmna aris procesi, Targmani- dargi.
calke gamoyofen paronimiis iseT sityvebs, romlebic
istoriulad paronimebs warmoadgenda, magram dRes daka-
nonebulia. mag.: movale da mevale, sacolo- sacole, gana-
Ceni da ganCineba, daaCens da daaCnevs.
gaagrZelebs Tu ganagrZobs; orive zmna niSnavs dawye-
bulis ganaxlebas, oRond gagrZeleba moqmedebis procesis
drosa da sivrceSi gaWianurebaze miuTiTebs, ganagrZva ki-
246
uwyvet moqmedebaze [muSaoba, cxovreba, Sejibreba ganag-
rZo, gza, mogzauroba gaagrZela].
SeiZleba da SesaZloa, SesaZlebelia
SeiZleba niSnavs rom nebadarTulia, SesaZlebelia, Se-
saZloa miuTiTebs albaTobaze. `SeiZleba es moxdes~ ki ara,
`SesaZloa es moxdes“.
ucxo da ucxouri
ucxo ucnobs niSnavs, ucxouri imas, rac araa mSobliuri.
savsebiT da sruliad
savsebiT gamoiyeneba dadebiTi Sedegis, daTanxmebis
dros, xolo sruliad - uaryofis dros. magaliTad: savse-
biT SesaZlebelia, sruliad SeuZlebelia; savsebiT veTan-
xmebi, sruliad miuRebelia; savsebiT samarTlianad, sru-
liad usamarTlod.
savarjiSo №1. gaasworeT Secdomebi:
1. zafxulobiT uamravi adamiani stumrobs Cvens qalaqs,
swored am faqtorma gamoiwvia Cveni daintereseba;
2. qarTuli sofeli dRes faqtiurad kulturisa da ci-
vilizaciis TiTqmis yvela sikeTes mowyvetilia; .
3. profesia fsiqologia dRes Zalian popularulia;
4. deidas arc faqtiurad swams `WriWinas“ coloba, arc
ideurad (javax.);
5. profesiad Jurnalistika avirCie;
6. romantikosebi warmoaCenen imas, rac iSviaTia, realis-
tebisTvis WeSmaritia tipuri ram;
7. metadoni erTaderTi gamosavalia imaTTvis, visac nar-
kotiki avadmyofobad eqca;
8. universiteti axal saswavlo wels ganaxlebuli teq-
nologiebiT xvdeba;
247
 9. es saswavlo programa filologiis magistrebisTvisaa
gankuTvnili;
10. ioTame SeSliliviT Seiqmna da gavarda (barn.).
savarjiSo 2. ipoveT, Tu aris Secdomebi da gaasworeT:
1. aReb-micemoba ekonomiuri politikis nawilia (qarCx.)
2. gaciebuli ar aris, angina ar aqvs, xixini ar aqvs... (qarCx.);
3. texnikuri codna SeiZleba ra gaqvT, magieraT Tqven
sworeT sjiT (lorTq.);
4. `elguja“ iyo faqtiurad pirveli didi mxatvruli ti
lo, sadac konkretulad mefis ruseTis politikis barba-
rosuli xasiaTi;
5. SiSi davZlie da gza didi sifrTxiliT ganvagrZe (javax.);
6. sanam Tinikos sxva raRacas acmevdnen da amzadebdnen,
eqimi guls umagrebda (javax.);
7. baqteriebi sinjaraSi frTxilad daluqa da saeqsper-
tizod gagzavna;
8. es ki sakvlevi sakiTxis erT-erTi damadasturebeli
faqtori iyo;
9. masSi naTlad ixateba axalgazrda mwerlis mxatvruli
aRTqmis Zala;
10. problema aqtualuria Targmnis Teoriis Tvalsazri-
siTac;
11. gavagrZelo axla pirveli siyvarulis es lamazi amba-
vi? (miSv.);
12. siyvaruli da gamarjveba erTad ewvia bednier Wabuks
(v. baraTaSv.);
13. navsadgurs araviTari meqanizacia ar gaaCnia (iqve);
14. amiT man safuZveli daudo kritikul azrovnebas;
15. xelebs nu CamouSveb da yvelaferSi gagimarTlebs;
16. am saqmeSi dedakacs lomis wili miuZRvis;
17. stumrebs maspinZelma Rame nebisa usurva;
18. CvenTan yvelaferi danasisxlad iyideba, aq ki ra iafia!
248
19. daRlili qvrivi suls ZlivsRa Rafavda;
20. am adamianidan yovelTvis dadebiTi energetika modis.
VI. 4. frazeologizmTa paronimia
madloba mouxada Tu madloba gadauxada?
`am ori gamoTqmis zmnuri nawili (uxdis) axlandel dro-
Si erTmaneTs emTxveva, radgan maT ar daerTviT mniSvne-
lobis ganmasxvavebeli elementebi: zmniswinebi, romelTac
enam Tav-Tavisi adgili miuCina. amis Sedegad miviReT, erTi
mxriv, bodiSis moxda, meore mxriv ki - madlobis gadaxda.
gvaqvs aseve madlobis moxseneba, madlobis Tqma, madlo-
bis/ madlis Sewirva, magram umarTebuloa madlobis mox-
da“ (afridoniZe 2009: 17).
paronimia sxva frazeologizmebTanac gvxvdeba, mag.:
wvlili miuZRvis - wili udevs [mcdaria: wvlili udevs,
wili miuZRvis]; Rvawli dasdo - wvlili Seitana [Secdo-
maa: Rvawli Seitana, wvlili dasdo]; pasuxismgeblobas ix-
snis- valdebulebas ixdis [arasworia: pasuxismgeblobas
ixdis; valdebulebas ixsnis]; Rirsebis grZnoba- mundi-
ris Rirseba; ar epueba- ver egueba [Secdomaa: ver epueba];
xeldasma- xelis dasma [arasworia: xelis dasxma]; suls Ra-
favs- suls Zlivs iTqvams [Secdomaa: suls Zlivs Rafavs];
danasisxlad gadakideba - mamasisxlad gayidva [araswo-
ria: danasisxlad gayidva; mamasisxlad gadakideba].
VI. 5. darRvevebi frazeologizmTa xmarebisas
cocxal metyvelebas da qarTuli presis enaSi arc Tu iS-
viaTad vxvdebiT darRvevebs frazeologizmTa xmarebisas,
kerZod, misi erT-erTi komponenti Secvlilia, uCveulo
249
konteqstSi gamoiyeneba an gafarToebulia misi mniSvnelo-
ba (amis Sesaxeb ix. m. cincaZe ... 2012).
avtorebi ajgufeben SemCneul uzustobebs:
1. Secvlilia gamonaTqvamis erT-erTi komponenti:
susti adgili// viwro adgili; sisruleSi moiyvana// ZalaSi
moiyvana; arc Rvinoa, arc marili// arc Rvinoa, arc wya-
li; wauvida saqme// moeqca saqme; moTminebidan gamoiyvana//
mdgomareobidan gamoiyvana;
2. frazeologizmi miRebulia sxvadasxva mniSvnelo-
bis gamonaTqvamTa kontaminaciiT:
zRvispira trotuari ise iyo gadatenili, rogorc ityvi-
an, nemsis yunwi ar Cavardeboda; xalxi didi xania wirvas ga-
moutanda; monopoliebis gamowvevas didi xania fexi aubes;
3. gafarToebulia frazeologizmis gavrcelebis are:
vcekvav gagania omis droidan; gagania mitingebs mo-
awyobs.
4. frazeologizmi araa gamoyenebuli Sesabamis kon-
teqstSi:
saSualebas miscems gverdi auaros moskovis mier Semu-
Savebul embargos;
5. Cans avtorTa (JurnalistTa) survili, cnobili,
tradiciuli frazeologizmi `moargon“ TavianT saT-
qmels: male, albaT, okupaciis samarcxvino muzeumis `ok-
upaciaSi“ moaqceven, Tu saerTod ar aRgaves pirisagan go-
risa; ara biznesmen hkla (saTauria) (iqve, 176: 177).
Zalian gaxSirda frazeologizmebSi (Tavi gaarTva, xeli
SeuSala, Tavi gaaneba, mxari dauWira) erT-erTi komponen-
tis gamotoveba: man am saqmes ver gaarTva (Tavi ver gaarTva);
misma moulodnelma avadmyofobam Zalian SegviSala (xels
ar amboben); Cven yvelam amas davuWireT (mxars aRar amboben)
(bregaZe 2004:19).
frazeologizmebi myari formulebia, amitom maTi tran-
sformacia darRvevaa, igi mxolod mxatvrul literatura-
Sia dasaSvebi.
250
savarjiSo №1. waikiTxeT magaliTebi, amoiwereT fra-
zeologizmebi da imsjeleT, romel frazeologizmTa
SerwymiTaa miRebuli isini:
1. es olimpiuri Cempioni parlamentSi arcerT Cxubs ar
mohklebia;
2. am qveyanam erT-erTma gauwia daxmarebis xeli Cvens qve-
yanas;
3. mis naTqvams baiburSic ar agdebs;
4. brZolis velze sikvdili iqnevs ulmobel xels, iRvre-
ba norCi sicocxle;
5. am sasikeTo brZanebas sasikeTo piri unda mohyoloda;
6. cxovrebis niris SeSla uaryofiTad moqmedebs mozar-
dis fsiqikaze;
7. amdeni muSaobiT sadacaa qanci gaZvreba;
8. elisabedi zamTrisTvis mzadebas zafxulidanve iWers;
9. pretenzia erTi yuriT moismina, meoreTi daiviwya;
10. am mizezebma kvali daasva qarTul prozas da poezias.
savarjiSo №2. waikiTxeT magaliTebi, amoiwereT fra-
zeologizmebi, miuwereT Sesabamisi mniSvnelobani da
daakvirdiT, xom araa isini transformirebuli:
1. eqimebi yuridan yurSi uSvebdnen gubernatoris wuwuns
(miSv.);
2. Sveicarulma gamgem Tavisi kvali vera da ver daatyo
fermas (miSv.);
3. rava gekadrebaT `ra unda CvenSi gaficvaso“ -, qva aag-
do da Tavi SeuSvira (miSv.);
4. Sen qe mixvdebodi, unagirze da cxenze Wipi gaqvs miWri-
li (miSv.);
5. rac meti drois mtveri daeyreba am ambavs, TqvenTvisac
ukeTesia da CvenTvisac (miSv.);
6. Sevxede Tu ara gamomZiebels, imedis wyali gadamesxa
(miSv.);
251
 7. axalma xelobam kmayofileba ver mianiWa (miSv.);
8. sacodavi suls Zlivs Rafavs;
9. Rirs ki amisTana umniSvnelo rameze danasisxlad gada-
kideba?
10. iseT raSebze isxdnen, Tvali zed dagrCeboda (barn.);
11. qveynis simdidre Calad mimaCnia uSenod (barn.)
12. exla giCveneb, rom fefena biabrud gaxdas aravis Se-
arCens (iqve);
13. trfobis sabeliT miaba is darikom da mere ra mokled!
(iqve);
14. Zalas vervin ixmarebs Cemze, radgan sikvdili xelTa
maqvs (iqve);
15. ganaTlebuli adamiani xar da ver Segignia, rom mxo-
lod eCooba, Tavisken Tla, mxolod TavisTvis zrunva da
sxvisi miwasTan gasworeba arc sakadrisia, arc sasargeblo
(barn.).
16. mis nawerebSi uamravi stilisturi Secdomebia;
17. Cveni yofa yiraze dadga aramarto politikurad, ek-
onomiurad da socialurad;
18. araviTari simdidre magas ar aqvs;
19. Tavmoyvare kaci Rirsebis Selaxvas ver epueba;
20. am programis farglebSi ucxo enebis Seswavlas yvela-
ze meti krediti eTmoba.
VI.6. darRvevebi sinonimTa xmarebisas
v. Tofuriam sagangebo yuradReba miaqcia Tanamedrove
qarTulSi gamokveTil erT tendencias - wmindasa da suf-
Tas sinonimebad gamoyenebas da enaSi mcdari Sesityvebe-
bis gaCenas: `sufTa xma; `sufTa gamarjveba“, `sufTa guli“
da sxva mravali.. yovelTvis unda gvaxsovdes, rom sufTaa,
rac araa binZuri, WuWyiani, rasac mtveri, talaxi, WuWyi, qo
252
ni, Jangi da msgavsi ram ar aqvs, da Tu aqvs, baniT, recxviT,
wmendiT moscildeba, higienuri saSualebiT moSordeba.
wmindaa ucodveli, faqizi, Seureveli, Seuryvneli, kamka-
ma, darCeuli“ (Tofuria 1972).
Sesabamisad, marTebuli Sesityvebebia: erTi mxriv: wmin-
da gamarjveba, wminda grZnoba, wminda guli, wminda ena,
wminda qarTuli, wminda mogeba, wminda movaleoba, wmin-
da savane, wminda sanTeli, wminda taZari, wminda fici,
wminda wyaro, wminda xma; meore mxriv: sufTa ezo, sufTa
zewari, sufTa logini, sufTa oTaxi, sufTa perangi, suf-
Ta fexsacmeli, sufTa xeli, sufTa qaRaldi, sufTa wera,
sufTa WurWeli.
aseve umarTebulod cvlis gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT
naxmari sityva zedapiruli zereles. orive sityva Tavi-
anTi Zireuli mniSvnelobebiT axlos dgas erTmaneTTan da
orives antonimia Rrma, magram maTi sinonimebad gamoyene-
ba gaumarTlebelia, radgan: zedapirulia (spec.) is, rac 1.
rac zedapirzea, zedapirs exeba; gadataniT igivea, rac ze-
rele.
zerele aris zeda fenebSi, zeviT myofi, zeviTa; gadata-
niT: iseTi, rac saqmis arsebiT mxares ar exeba, araarsebiTi,
araseriozuli, fuqsavati (amis Sesaxeb vrclad ixileT ko-
baxiZe 1989: 304-308). sworia zerele codna da ara zedapi-
ruli.
a. arabuli miiCnevs, rom sinonimTa swori SerCeviT mivaR-
wevT stilistikur gamomsaxvelobasac da enasac vixsniT
gaRaribebisgan: `sinonimuri erTeulebis nakleboba, maTi
saerTo fondis Semcireba ara mxolod sxvadasxva xasiaTis
teqstis `damWlevebas“, aramed enis saerTo gaRaribebasac
iwvevs“ (arabuli 2005:221). amrigad, sinonimTagan konteq-
stis Sesaferisi sityvis amorCeva metad mniSvnelovania.
253
 davaleba. ipoveT, aris Tu ara Secdomebi da gaasworeT
1. ai, es aris sufTa qarTuli xasiaTi;
2. igi modis samSobloze Tavdadebuli samsaxurisTvis
sisufTavisTvis;
3. sufTa xelebiT da sufTa guliT movedi Tqvenamde;
4. sufTa safeTqelze erTi xali ejda, sabediswero xali
(javax);
5. mas zedapiruli codna hqonda, vercerT sakiTxSi siR-
rmiseulad ver erkveoda;
6. Cemo kargo, perangi ucabedad gamerRva, wminda Zafi
aiRe da momikere, gTxov.
7. gulgriloba misi udidesi nakli iyo: yvelafers zeda-
pirulad akeTebda;
8. mxolod ariTmetikas ver dasZlia da jer-jerobiT
sufTa qarTulsac ver moeria (javax.);
9. Tormeti wlis igori wyalSi Sevarda da sufTa, damuSa-
vebuli mklavuriT gacura;
10. misi azrovneba zedapirulia, mas kritikuls ver da-
arqmev.
VI. 7. `yurebadi~ tipis formebi
Tanamedrove qarTulSi farTodaa gavrcelebuli sawyi-
sis viTarebiTi brunvis formisgan nawarmoebi mimReobebi:
cnobadi, yurebadi, anazRaurebadi, kontrolirebadi da
a.S. maT aqvT momavali droisa da erTgvari kategoriulob-
is, aucileblobis gageba: daklvadi aris is, rac unda daik-
las, daikvleba, ganxrwnadi aris is, rac unda gaixrwnas, ga-
ixrwneba [iv. imnaiSvili]. aseTi formebi uxvad gvqonda Zvel
qarTulSi daSdomadi (fasi), dacvivnebadi (yvavili), gan-
xrwnadi (xorci), cnobadi (xe), Wamadi (saWamadi, SeWamadi).
teqnikur terminologiasa da mTel samecniero stilSi
254
am tipis formebi Zalian produqtiulia, mkvlevrebi sagan-
gebod miuTiTeben ad/d mawarmoeblis sityvasawarmoebeli
funqciis gaaqtiurebaze [a. SaniZe, r. RambaSiZe, g. kvaracxe-
lia]. aseTi formebi saliteraturo enaSic gamoiyeneba da
mas aqvs stilistikuri Seferilobac: gansjadi saqme, amoR-
ebadi Tanxa, ganviTarebadi qveynebi, mogvarebadi prob-
lema, Sesrulebadi moTxovnebi, mirTvadi gza, anazRaur-
ebadi dro, maRalanazRaurebadi samuSao, marTvadi adami-
ani, SeTavsebadi wamali (alkoholTan) kontrolirebadi
teritoria, cnobadi saxe, yurebadi filmi, SeRwevadi sfe-
ro, araprognozirebadi situacia, milevadi specialoba
da mravali sxva...
axalgaCenili formebi araerTgvarovnebis gamo iyofa
jgufebad:
I. ganxorcielebadi (proeqti, programa, idea, Canafiq-
ri), gakeTebadi (saqme, samuSao, telegadacema), Sesruleba-
di (dapireba, gegma, Canafiqri), mogvarebadi (urTierToba,
problema, konfliqti), axsnadi (qmedeba, movlena, nabiji),
moswrebadi (samuSao, saqme).
II. am tipis formebSi Cans sxva mniSvnelobac. gayidvadia
produqti, romelic ara Tu SeiZleba gaiyidos, aramed kar-
gad gaiyideba, gasavliania, bevri myidveli eyoleba; yure-
badi SeiZleba iTqvas araTu karg filmze, aramed iseTze,
romelsac bevri mayurebeli hyavs. aq wamyvania mayureblis
simravleze miTiTeba. smenadi musika - aq ki msmenelTa sim-
ravlea dominanturi; kiTxvadic iseTi nawarmoebia, ro-
melsac bevri mkiTxvelis hyavs. abiturientebisTvis wera-
dia is Tema, romelsac bevri irCevs dasawerad.
III. am jgufSi erTiandeba iseTi formebi, romlebSic moqme-
deba ganxorcielebis procesSia. mag.: moxmarebadia produq-
ti, romelic ukve moixmareba (da ara momavalSia SesaZlebeli
misi Sesruleba) da Tan bevri momxmarebeli hyavs. moTxovnad
produqtSic asaxulia moTxovnis intensiuroba.
255
 am tipis formebi sxvadasxva Sinaarsobrivi elferiT
farTodaa gavrcelebuli Tanamedrove qarTulSi. `xSiri
xmarebis gamo zogs eCveva Cveni smena, zogi uCveulod da
ucnaurad gveCveneba, aseTebia: yurebadi, kiTxvadi, migri-
rebadi, minelebadi, moTmenadi da a. S. romlebic gvesmis
teleekranidan, kaTedrebidan da romlebic TandaTan if-
arToeben gavrcelebis ares“ (cincaZe... 2009:16).
gazeT `saqarTvelos respublikaSi“ (28. 05. 2008 w.) daib-
eWda mkiTxvelis werili, sadac enobriv darRvevaTa Soris
dasaxelebulia am tipis formebic: `moTmenadi, ganxorci-
elebadi, warmodgenadi“ da a. S. gansakuTrebuli kritikis
sagnad iqca `yurebadi filmi“ (ix. `literaturuli saqar-
Tvelo“, 1-7. 02. 2002).
Tanamedrove qarTulSi dasaxelebul formaTa gaCena
ukavSirdeba ramdenime mizezs:
1. SesaZleblobis gamoxatvis survils (enaSi warsuli da
momavali drois mimReobebi da zmnis piriani formebi yo-
velTvis ver gamoxataven aRniSnul niuanss, ris gamoc am
formebs posibiliturebs uwodeben);
2. gamosaxatavi Sinaarsi vrceli konstruqciebiT ki gad-
moicema, magram ekonomiurobisaken swrafva erTwevra er-
Teuls aniWebs upiratesobas;
3. gasaTvaliswinebelia ucxo enaTa gavlenac. bevr evro-
pul enaSi Sesabamisi semantikis gamosaxatavad kompaqturi
mimReoburi formebi arsebobs“ (omiaZe 2009: 166).
aRniSnuli sakiTxisadmi araerTgvari damokidebuleba
aqvT mkvlevrebs da mkiTxvelebs. mecnierTa umravlesoba
amgvar formaTa gavrcelebas uaryofiT enobriv tendenci-
ad miiCnevs (n. naTaZe; m. cincaZe, baramiZe).
mkvlevrebs ar gamohparviaT is faqtic, rom amgvari for-
mebi xSirad sruliad gansxvavebul semantikas gadmogvcems.
mag.: ganviTarebadi ganviTarebis procesSi myofs aRniS-
navs sazogadod, magram masmediis enaSi igi ganviTarebulis
256
antonimadaa gamoyenebuli: `saqarTvelos... ganviTarebad,
ufro sworad ki ganuviTarebel qveynad miiCneven“; `gan-
viTarebad qveynebSi informaciaze moTxovna ufro metia,
vidre ganviTarebul qveynebSi“ (cincaZe ... 2009:15).
aqve unda ganvixiloT kontrolirebadi teritoriac.
kontrolirebadi niSnavs ukve gakontrolebuls an kon-
trolqveS myofs: es teritoria ruseTis mier kontro-
lirebadia.. mtrisgan kontrolirebad haerSi SevafrineT
TviTmfrinavi (iqve, 15). rac Seexeba cnobad saxes, is ukve
nacnobs niSnavs. man nacnobic Caanacvla da cnobilic.
mkvlevrebi xSirad eZeben gamosavals da gvTavazoben uk-
eTes variantebs. zogi formis mniSvneloba SeiZleba vnebi-
Ti gvaris momavali drois mimReobiT gadmoices, ase maga-
liTad: amoRebadis nacvlad ajobebs gamoviyenoT amosaR-
ebi, gansjadis nacvlad_ gansasjeli.
amosaRebi da amoRebadi, gansasjeli da gansjadi mniS-
vnelobiT gansxvavebulia.
pirveli calebi mxolod momavali drois semantikas Se-
icavs, meoreni ki _ amasac da SesaZleblobasac. gasayidsa
da gayidvads Soris sxvaoba ufro didia, amitom ukanaskne-
li formebis Secvla gaumarTleblad gveCveneba.
zog SemTxvevaSi Tavisuflad SeiZleba zmnis pirian for-
maTa gamoyeneba. mag.: yvelaferi iqneba asrulebadi - yvela-
feri asruldeba; gza mirTvadi iqneba samxreTis gzasTan...
miuerTdeba samxreTis gzas. es ganxorcielebadi iqneba -
es ganxorcieldeba. migvaCnia, rom zemodasaxelebul maga-
liTebSi amgvar formaTa gamoyenebis araviTari saWiroeba
ar arsebobs. momaval droze aq iqneba zmnac miuTiTebs. Tu
enis ekonomiurobis principiT vxelmZrvanelobT, aq piri-
qiT, uxvsityvaoba gamodis.
Zveli qarTuli enis teqstebSi amgvar formaTa semanti-
ka savsebiT naTelia, isini kontrasts qmnis: `daamtkicnis
ufalman yovelni dacemadni da aRhmarTnis dacemulni“
257
(fsalm. 144, 14); Setyueba Cas anu yofilTa saqmeTaTvis anu
yofadTaTvis“ (Satb. kreb. 231, 4); `anu viTar emsgavsos gan-
xrwnadi uxrwnelsa da Secvalebadi Seucvalebelsa?“
(iqve, 93, 20).
amgvar formaTa mimarT gasaTvaliswinebelia araerTi
niuansi: `rekomendebuli alternativebi yovelTvis adek-
vaturi ar aris: xan wamyvani semantikuri niuansia dakargu-
li, xan kidev mravalkomponentiani struqturaa SemoTava-
zebuli“ (omiaZe 2009: 166)
amrigad, dResdReobiT esoden farTod gavrcelebul
yurebadi tipis formebSi ramdenime semantikuri jgufi
SeiZleba gamoiyos. zogi maTgani enis ekonomiurobis prin-
cips emorCileba, magram zogierTis Sinaarsi erTob gabun-
dovnebulia, aSkarad ucxouria, an xelovnuri, qarTuli en
is bunebisTvis Seusabamo, TumcaRa Zalian moduri da popu-
laruli. maTi Secvlisas yuradReba unda mieqces imas, rom
romelime niuansi ar gamogvrCes mxedvelobidan; aRniSnul
konteqsts romeli forma ukeT miesadageba, amas didi dak-
virveba sWirdeba. jer semantikaa gasaTvaliswinebeli, Sem-
deg ki - ekonomiurobis principis dacva.
savarjiSo № 1. waikiTxeT magaliTebi, imsjeleT, aR-
niSnul konteqstSi sworad aris Tu ara gamoyeneuli -ad
sufiqsiani formebi; Tu saWiroa, SecvaleT isini zmnebiT
1. Cemi brendi cnobadi da moTxovnadia;
2. es cota rTuli proceduraa, magram Sesrulebadi;
3. dasaxuli RonisZiebebi unda iyos praqtikuli, droSi
gansazRvruli da miRwevadi;
4. Cvens universitetSi Jurnalistikis specialoba mile-
vadia;
5. es teritoria ruseTis mier kontrolirebadia;
6. situacia araprognozirebadi gaxda;
258
7. alerteki SeTavsebadia alkoholTan, amitom mkurna-
lobis procesSi SegiZliaT dalioT kaTxa ludi an erTi Wi
qa Rvino;
8. Cems ZmisSvils giorgi hqvia, qarTul tradiciebTan as-
ocirebadi saxeli;
9. k. buaCiZis naTeli xsovnis gamoxatva advilad axsnadia;
10. Cems TanamSromels feTqebadi xasiaTi aqvs, amitom
yvela erideba masTan urTierTobas.
VI.8. darRvevebi Serwymulsa da
rTul winadadebebSi
Serwymul winadadebaSi gasaTvaliswinebelia: 1. sityva-
Ta wyoba; 2. wevrTa erTgvarobis dacva; 3. CamoTvlis dam-
Tavrebis gamoxatva; 4. Tandebulis marTebulad xmareba; 5.
kavSiris sworad gamoyeneba.
rTul Tanwyobil winadadebaSi gvxvdeba Semdegi saxis
stilistikuri Secdomebi: 1. Tanwyobil winadadebaSi martiv
da Serwymul winadadebaTa Soris Tanadroulobis darRveva;
2. am winadadebaTa arasworad dalageba; 3. mTavari wevrebis
- qvemdebarisa da Semasmenlis bunebrivi wyobis Secvla rTu-
li Tanwyobili winadadebis Semadgenel nawilebSi.
savarjiSo № 1. waikiTxeT magaliTebi da aRniSneT, ra
tipis darRvevebia mocemul winadadebebSi:
1. haagaSi Zalian uyvarT da afaseben yvavilebs (v. bara-
TaSv.);
2. arsad Canda napiri, zRva, talRebi, qari da sicxe (iqve);
3. orSabaTs yvelani iq viqnebiT, anu Cven, mosamsaxure
personali, radgan RonisZieba davgegmoT;
4.modioda lamazad, tanis rxeviT, welSi gamarTuli,
tankenari (miSv.);
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 5. gamwarebuli nadiri xan wylidan amoxteboda, mere
TiTqos daiRalao, wylis zedapirze gawva (v. baraTaSv.);
6.yvela gogonas surs lamazad gamoiyurebodes, magram
zRvars ar unda gadavcdeT;
7.es is qalia, romelic aristokratiul Tvisebebs aras-
dros Ralatobda;
8. yvela qalis cxovrebaSi dgeba momenti, roca grZnobT,
rom Tqvens Tavs raRac xdeba;
9. zogierTTan mec damirekavs, magram xmas ar viRebdi;
10. am yvelafers moqalaqeebi qmnian, anu, Cven, sazogadoeba.
Semajamebeli testi
1. romeli araa swori: a. fuli aqvs b. fuli gaaCnia g.
fuli moepoveba d. azri gaaCnia
1.a, b 2. a, d 3. a, b, g 4. b, g. 5. a 6. b.
2. romelia araswori gamoTqma a. axali ambavi gamagebi-
na b. axali ambavi Sematyobina g. axali ambavi macnoba d.
cudi ambavi gavige
1.a, b 2. a, d 3. a, b, g 4. b, g. 5. a 6. b.
3. romelia swori Sesityveba: a. proeqtis avtori b. pi-
cis avtori g. teqstis avtori d.xaWapuris avtori
1.a, b 2. a, g 3. a, b, g 4. b, d. 5. g 6. b.
4. romelia araswori: a.miwis aTviseba; b. fondis aTvi-
seba g. farTobis aTviseba; d.masalis aTviseba
1.a, b 2. a, g 3. a, b, g 4. b, g. 5. a 6. b, d
5. koreqturuli SeiZleba iyos a. qceva b. Secdoma g.
moqmedeba d. naweri
1. a, b 2. a, g 3. a, b, g 4. b, g. 5. a 6. b.
260
6. warmoeba SeiZleba a. tansacmlis b. qslis g. selis d.
sursaTis
1. a, b 2. a, g, d 3. a, b 4. b, g, d. 5. a 6. b.
7. romelia swori a. inglisuri enis pedagogi b. ingli-
suri enis maswavlebeli g. qarTuli enis pedagogi d. in-
glisuris maswavlebeli
1.a, b 2. a, g 3. a, b, g 4. b, g. 5. a 6. b.
8. romel winadadebaSia zedmeti ambavi? a. amas ar un
da bevri ambavi b. xval getyviT mis ambavs g. amis gakeTeba
ar aris ioli ambavi; d. yvelas ewyina misi gardacvalebis
ambavi
1.a, b 2. a, g 3. a, b, g 4. g, d 5. a 6. g.
9. romel winadadebaSia gamoyenebuli sityva atarebs
arasworad? a. Cveni bevri leqtori saTvales atarebs b.
Cveni organizacia saaxalwlo zeims yovelwliurad at-
arebs g. universiteti konkurss atarebs d. elene Tavis
pirmSos sul xeliT atarebs
1.a, b 2. a, g 3. a, b, g 4. b, g. 5. a 6. b.
10. romelia araswori a. maRali kedeli b. maRali stu-
mari g. maRali fasi d. maRali kibe
1.a, b 2. a, g, d 3. b, g 4. b, g, d. 5. a 6. b.
11. romelia swori: a. Semosavals zrdis b. Semosavals
amravlebs g. Semosavals adidebs d. STamomavlobas am-
ravlebs
1.a, b 2. a, d 3. a, b, g 4. b, g. 5. a 6. b.
261
 12. ra SeiZleba iyos wminda? a. wigni b. miwa g. ezo d. wyaro
1.a, b 2. a, g 3. a, b, d 4. b, g. 5. a 6. b.
13. romeli araa wmindas mniSvneloba? a. Seureveli b.
viwro g. Seuryvneli d. gaurecxavi
1.a, g 2. a, b 3. a, b, g 4. b, g. 5. d 6. b
14. amocana SeiZleba iyos a. advili b. ioli g. Zneli d.
rTuli
1. a, g 2. a, b 3. a, b, g 4. b, g. 5. d 6. b.
15. masiuri SeiZleba iyos a. aveji b. oqro g. gamosvla
d. wigni
1.a, b 2. a, g 3. a, b, g 4. b, g. 5. d 6. b.
16. romelia swori: a. zerele codna b. zerele xvna g.
zedapiruli msjeloba d. zedapiruli codna
1.a, g 2. a, b 3. a, b, g 4. b, g. 5. a 6. b.
17. romelia araswori: a. ioli saqme b. advili saqme
g.rTuli xasiaTi . d. Zneli xasiaTi
1.a, g 2. a, b 3. a, b, g 4. b, g. 5.d 6. b.
18. romelia araswori? a. seriozuli granti b. serioz-
uli daxmareba g. seriozuli kaci d. seriozuli sayveduri
1. a, b 2. a, g 3. a, b, d 4. g, d. 5. a. 6. d.
19. romelia araswori? a. unaris amaRleba b. kvalifi-
kaciis amaRleba d. xelfasis amaRleba d. jebiris amaR-
leba
1. a, b 2. a, g 3. a, b, g 4. b, g. 5. d 6. a, b.
262
20. romelia swori? a. warumateblobas ganicdis b. uf-
ulobas ganicdis g. naklebobas ganicdis d. marcxs ga-
nicdis
1. a, b 2. a, g 3. a, b, g 4. b, g. 5. a 6. a, b, d;
21. romelia swori: a. miRwevis avtori b. teqstis avto-
ri g. scenaris avtori d. tortis avtori
1. a, b 2. a, d 3. b, g, d 4. b, g. 5. d 6. a, b, g.
22. romelia araswori? a. saocari gemo b. saucxoo gemo
g. ucnauri gemo d. momwaro gemo
1. a, b 2. a, g 3. a, b, g 4 a, g. 5. d 6. a, b, d;
23. romelia araswori? a. wminda adgili b. wminda fici
g. sufTa guli d. sufTa dafa
1. a, b 2. a, d 3. b, g, d 4. b, d. 5. g 6. a, b, g.
24. romeli araa sufTas mniSvneloba? a. ganbanili b.
WuWyiani g. faqizi d. spetaki
1. a, b 2. a, g 3. a, b, g 4. b, d 5. b 6. a, b;
25. romelia swori? a.saSineli msuqani b. saSineli mxe-
ci g. saSineli zarmaci d. a. saSineli ampartavani
1. a, b 2. a, g 3. a, b, g 4. a, g. 5. b 6. a, b, d;
26. rogori ar SeiZleba iyos codna? a. zerele b. zeda-
piruli g. safuZvliani d. myari
1. a, b 2. a, g 3. a, b, g 4. a, g. 5. b 6. a, b;
27. romeli SeiZleba iyos sufTa? a. ezo b. kaba g. wera
d. guli
1. a, b 2. a, g 3. a, b, g 4. a, g. 5. d 6. a, b, d.;
263
 28. romelia swori: a. Rvawli dasdo b. wvlili Seitana;
g. Rvawli Seitana d. wvlili dasdo
1. a, b 2. a, g 3. a, b, g 4. a, g. 5. b 6. a, b;
29. romelia araswori: a. mamasisxlad gayida b. dana-
sisxlad gadaekida; g. mamasisxlad gadaekida d. danasis-
xlad gayida
1. a, b 2. a, g 3. a, b, g 4. g, d. 5. b 6. a, b;
30. romelia araswori: a. suls Zlivs iTqvams b. suls
Rafavs g. suls Zlivs Rafavs d. suls ver iTqvams
1. a, b 2. a, g 3. a, b, g 4. a, g 5. g 6. a, b.
VI.9. p l e o n a z m i
winadadeba azrs zedmiwevniT zustad, lakoniurad da
sxartad unda gamoxatavdes. masSi ar unda iyos zedmeti
sityvebi.
zedmetia sityva, romelic imeorebs sxva sityvis mniS-
vnelobas ise, rom arc azustebs da arc xsnis mas. sityvaTa
aseT umizno gamoyenebas mravalsityvaobas, uxvsityvaobas,
fuWsityvaobasac uwodeben. uxvsityvaobis gavrcelebuli
saxeebia: pleonazmi da tavtologia.
pleonazmi berZnuli sityvaa pleonasmos da niSnavs wi-
nadadebaSi erTisa da imave cnebis gadmosacemad erTnairi
mniSvnelobis, logikurad zedmeti sityvebis gamoyenebas.
amrigad, erTisa da imave sagnis dasaxasiaTeblad logi-
kurad zedmeti, erTnairi mniSvnelobis sityvebis gamoyene-
ba stilistikuri xarvezia.
pleonazmis gamoyeneba miuTiTebs sityvis mniSvnelobis
ucodinrobaze. metyvels ar esmis sityvis mniSvneloba, am-
itomac iyenebs mis gverdigverd imave semantikis leqsemas.
264
pleonazmebia: 1. zeviT avida, qveviT Cavida, SigniT Se-
vida. asvla TavisTavad niSnavs qvemodan zemoT moZraobas,
iseve rogorc Casvla-zemodan qvemoT gadaadgilebas, anda
Sesvla - garedan SigniT svlas. am zmnebSi mimarTulebas
zmniswini gamoxatavs, amitom maTTan zedmetia amave seman-
tikis zmnizedebiT gadmocema. analogiuria: saxls irgvliv
Semouara. aq zedmetia `irgvliv“, radgan imave semantikas
gadmogvcems `Semouara“.
pleonazmebia: `odnav Semwifda“ an `Zalian gadamwif-
da“. Se zmniswini odnaobas gamoxatavs“, gada ki - gadaWarbe-
bas, amitom aq zedmetia zmnizedebi: odnav da Zalian.
2. aqve unda davasaxeloT iseTi gamoTqmebic, sadac erTi
da igive semantika (romelime moqmedebis mimarTuleba) gad-
moicema saxelis Tandebuliani formiTac da zmnizediTac:
`SigniT saxlSi aRaravin iyo“, `ymawvili zed Robeze am-
Zvraliyo“.
3. pleonasturia kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxeli Semdeg
magaliTebSi: man am saqcieliT Tavisi Tavic gailanZRa da
mSoblebic Searcxvina“. unda iyos - Tavi gailanZRa. zmnaSi
amazeve miuTiTebs saTaviso qcevis niSani „i“ -c. Secdomaa
aseve: „igi Tavisi fexiT wavida saxlSi“. unda iyos - fexiT
wavida an TviTon wavida.
pleonazmebia: „es wigni Cemi sakuTari biblioTekidan wa-
moviRe“; „es Cemi piradi mosazrebaa“. sityvebi - „Cemi“, „pi-
radi~, „sakuTari“ kuTvnilebaze miuTiTebs da erTi rome-
lime unda davtovoT.
4. pleonasturia piris nacvalsaxelTa gamoyenebac,
radgan zmnis forma qarTulSi pirebs organulad gadmog-
vcems: `Sen me es saqme male gamikeTe“ an `me Sen amas gamogig-
zavni“. aq Sen da `me“ nacvalsaxelebi zedmetia, subieqti da
obieqti zmnaSi piris niSnebiTaa gamoxatuli (ga-m-i-keTe-
Sen, me, is; gamo-g-i-gzavni-me, Sen, mas).
5. pleonazmebs qmnis zedsarTavi saxelis ufroobiTi xa-
risxis formebis gamoyeneba. mag.: Zalian ulamazesi, ufro
265
uaresi, ufro ukeTesad da a. S. aq zedmetia sityvebi: ufro,
Zalian, radgan zedsarTavi saxelis ufroobiTi xarisxis
formebi: ulamazesi, uaresi an ukeTesi amave semantikaze
miuTiTebs.
6. pleonazmis erT-erT wevrad xSirad gvxvdeba kompozi-
ti: `pirveli pirmSo“; `mTavari dedaqalaqi“. pirmSo pir-
veli Svilia, dedaqalaqi ki - mTavari qalaqi (ar arsebobs
mTavari da aramTavari dedaqalaqi).
pleonazmebia: `moxuci dedaberi, `xanSi Sesuli mxco-
vani“ anda `xandazmuli moxuci“.
7. pleonasturia gamoTqmebi: `pirveli debiuti“, „pir-
veli premiera“, adgilobrivi aborigeni“, `mkvidri abor-
igeni“, `moulodneli siurprizi“, `sasiamovno siurprizi“,
`axalgazrda Tineijeri“. Secdomas ucxo sityvaTa semanti-
kis ucodinroba udevs safuZvlad. stilistikuri xarvezis
am tips zogjer farul tavtologiasac uwodeben.
premiera (frang. premiere) Teatraluri piesis, operis,
baletis pirveli warmodgenaa, amitom masTan sityva „pirve-
lis“ gamoyeneba umarTebuloa, iseve rogorc `debiutTan“,
romelic aseve franguli sityvaa (debut) da misi ZiriTadi
mniSvneloba Teatrs ukavSirdeba, magram semantika gafar-
Toebulia da niSnavs sazogadoebriv asparezze pirvel ga-
mosvlas.
aborigeni laTinuri warmoSobis saerTaSoriso sityvaa
(ab origene-dasabamiTgan, Tavidan); Tavdapirvelad aborig-
ens uwodebdnen laTinelebiT dasaxlebul mxares - laci-
ums. Semdgom am sityvam gaifarTova mniSvneloba da ama Tu
im qveynis mkvidri mosaxleobis zogad saxelad iqca.
amrigad, es sityva TavisTavad Seicavs adgilobrivis se-
mantikas da Secdomaa masTan `adgilobrivis“ an `mkvidris“
gamoyeneba. zogjer es cneba daSlilia da sinonimuri wyvi-
lebi - `mkvidri“ da `adgilobrivi“ meqanikurad Serwymia
erTmaneTs -`adgilobrivi mkvidri“. aq orive sityva qar-
Tulia da erTsa da imave Sinaarss gadmogvcems.
266
pleonasturi Sesityvebebis erT-erT komponentad xSi-
rad gvxvdeba auto-Ti Sedgenili kompozitebi. berZnuli
autos igivea, rac TviT, Tavisi. mag.: avtobiografia, avtog-
rafi, avtomanqana, avtoportreti.
avtobiografia vinmes mier sakuTari cxovrebis, Tavga-
dasavlis aRweraa, avtografi ki aris - 1. nawarmoebis xel-
naweri, avtoris xeliT Sesrulebuli, an 2. xelmowera; av-
toportreti - mxatvris mier daxatuli sakuTari portre-
ti; avtomanqana - kerZo, sakuTari manqana, amitom maTTan
kuTvnilebis aRmniSvneli sityvebis gamoyeneba zedmetia.
avtobiografiasTan aseTi sityva maSinaa aucilebeli, Tu
igi sxvas ekuTvnis: man Tavisi avtobiografia moitana.
siurprizi (frang. surprise) moulodneli saCuqari an sa-
siamovno ambavia. am sityvaSi Serwymulia orgvari semanti-
ka: moulodneli da sasiamovno, amitom pleonasturia: mo-
ulodneli, kargi an sasiamovno siurprizi.
pleonasturia `patara an axalgazrda vunderkindi“.
vunderkindi (germ. Wunderkind - saocari bavSvi) araCve-
ulebrivi niWis mqone bavSvia, amitom masTan Secdomaa pata-
ras an axalgazrdis gamoyeneba.
VI.10. tavtologia
tavtologia erT winadadebaSi, abzacsa Tu axlo kon-
teqstSi erTisa da imave sityvis an Tqmis, ganmartebis Tu
msjelobis ramdenjerme gamoyenebaa.
tavtologia metyvelebis siRaribis niSania. igi TiT-
qos azrs arafers vnebs, magram enas arTmevs silamazesa da
sicxades. igi advilad dasaZlevi stilistikuri xarvezia,
magram yvelaze metadaa gavrcelebuli. tavtologiurad
gamoiyeneba TiTqmis yvela metyvelebis nawili. mag.: `mas
warmatebebi usurves rogorc pirad cxovrebaSi, ise sazo-
267
gadoebriv cxovrebaSi“. am winadadebaSi tavtologiur-
adaa gamoyenebuli sityva `cxovreba“. unda iyos: `rogorc
pirad, ise sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi“.
`es ambavi iqca rogorc garTobis sagnad, ise sayovelTao
ganxilvis sagnadac. unda iyos: `rogorc garTobis, ise sayo-
velTao ganxilvis sagnad“ `maT imsjeles rogorc calkeuli
saenaTmecnero sakiTxebis, ise organizaciuli sakiTxebis
Sesaxebac“. unda iyos: …`rogorc calkeuli saenaTmecni-
ero, ise organizaciuli sakiTxebis Sesaxebac“.
tavtologia Tavidan rom aviciloT, sityva sinonimiT an
nacvalsaxeliT unda SevcvaloT.
savarjiSo № 1. gaasworeT Secdomebi:
1. avadmyof pacientebs am klinikaSi axali meTodebiT
mkurnaloben;
2. nino Tavis TanatolebSi yvelaze ulamazesia;
3. giorgi samSeneblo firmis mTavar menejerad daniSnes;
4. am movlenebis mTavari epicentri atlantikis okean-
eSia;
5. es sruliad moulodneli siurprizi gangebas mivawere;
6. am proeqtiT bevr socialurad gaWirvebul adamians
gauwies daxmareba;
7. qalbatoni manana kargi avtoritetiT sargeblobs ko-
legebSi da nacnob-megobrebSi;
8. giorgim Tavisi sakuTari avtomanqaniT wagviyvana wve-
ulebaze;
9. am stilis funqciuri daniSnulebaa komunikacia;
10. metismetad ecodeboda dedas am gansacdelisTvis Ta-
visi pirmSo Svili.
savarjiSo №2. ipoveT, aris Tu aris Secdomebi da ga-
asworeT:
1. axalgazrda ymawvili cxovrebis auxsnelma paradoq-
sebma mTlad daabnia;
268
2. am saqcieliT man Tavisi Tavic Seircxvina da sakuTari
mSoblebic Searcxvina;
3. samSoblos siyvaruli Cveni yvelaze wmindaTawminda
movaleobaa;
4. es perangi Cems perangze odnav mozrdilia;
5. axalgazrda Tineijeri dRes debiutantia- pirvelad
gamodis scenaze;
6. abo misabaZi magaliTi unda gamxdariyo rwmenaSerye-
uli qarTvelebisTvis;
7. bolodroindel xanebSi kidobanSi obmodebul sulis
purs iSviaTad Caxedavs vinme;
8. brZolaSi daRlils Tavisi piradi simarTlis rwmena
dahkargvoda;
9. Cemi xasiaTis cud maxasiaTeblad vTvli imasac, rom mi-
Wirs sxvebisTvis Secdomis patieba;
10. ojaxis idiliiT Seqmnil garemoSi Zalian mSvidi ad-
amiani gavizarde.
savarjiSo №3. gaasworeT Secdomebi:
1. es wamali uebroa, bevr daavadebas Svelis;
2. rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetsa da erzrumis
aTaTurqis universetets Soris memorandumi gaformda;
3. sxvadasxva gemos aRmqmeli receptorebi enaze sxvadas-
xva adgilas aris moTavsebuli;
4. kanoni yvelasaTvis uzenaesi unda iyos, aravin ar unda
arRvevdes kanons da Tu aseTi ram moxda, damnaSave kanonis
dacviT unda isjebodes;
5. aq ikveTeba misi potenciuri SesaZleblobebi;
6. es misi specifikuri Taviseburebaa;
7. patara baiebi gemrielad ilukmebodnen;
8. bolo dros saqarTvelos jandacvis sistemaSi gan-
viTarebulma sakadro cvlilebebma TviTmmarTvelobiTi
cvlilebebi ganapiroba;
9. im dRes mTavari sefe sityvac TviTon Tqva;
10. saRamoze bevri sasacilo kuriozi gavixseneT.
269
 savarjiSo №4. waikiTxeT magaliTebi da gaasworeT
Secdomebi: aRniSneT, ra tipisaa isini:
1. ucxouri kapitalis mozidva qveynebs gamoiyvans mZime
ekonomikuri krizisidan;
2. zogjer aseTi muSaobis Sedegi efeqtiania;
3. avtors gansakuTrebiT axarebs mTieli kacis myari
tradicia, rom gaufrTxildes bunebas;
4. adamiani mxolod mondomebiT SeiZleba gaxdes Tavisi
saqmis namdvili profesionali;
5. codnasa da energias uSualod uZRvnis momavali axal-
gazrda Taobis swavla-aRzrdis saqmes;
6. misi muSaobis stilisaTvis ucxo iyo piradi an kerZo
interesebidan gamomdinare moqmedebebi;
7. Jurnal-gazeTebSi misi aTeulobiT samecniero da pub-
likaciuri statia ibeWdeboda;
8. nino maTematikosia, xolo zviadi ki - meqanikosi;
9. ufro xerxianada scnes, moetacnaT qali sadme soRan-
luRidan dawyebuli vidre iaRlujamdis (barn.);
10. aRmosavleTi gvicinis, bnel wyvdiads suli xdebao
(xalx.).
testi № 1.
1. romelia araswori: a) Zalian umniSvnelovanesi b) Za-
lian mniSvnelovani g) yvelaze mniSvnelovani d) yvelaze
umkacresi
1. a 2. a, d 3. a, b, g 4. d 5. b, g 6. a, g
2.romelia swori: a) momavali weli b) momavali bedi g)
momavali sasiZo d) momavali sarZlo.
1. a 2. a, b 3. a, b, g 4. d 5. b, g 6. a, g.
3.romelia pleonazmi: a) rTuli sakiTxi; b) rTuli da-
valeba; g) rTuli labirinTi; d) Zneli davaleba
1. a 2. a, b 3. a, b, g 4. g 5. b, g 6. a, g.
270
4. romelia umarTebulo: a) efeqturi saSualeba b)ef-
eqturi xerxi g)efeqturi Sedegi d) arcerTi pasuxi araa
swori.
1. a 2. a, b 3. a, b, g 4. a, d 5. b, g 6. g.
5. romelia swori: a) yvelaze ulamazesi b) yvelaze la-
mazi g) yvelaze umSvenieresi d) yvelaze maRali.
1. a 2. a, b 3. a, b, g 4. d 5. b, g 6. b, d.
6. romelia araswori: a) xelaxla dawera b) xelaxla ga-
dawera g) xelaxla daibana d) xelaxla gadaixada
1. b 2. a, b 3. a, b, g 4. d 5. b, d 6. a, g.
7. romelia marTebuli: a) odnav momcro b) odnav mopa-
tarao g) odnav patara d) odnav mcire
1. a 2. a, b 3. a, b, g 4. g 5. b, g 6. a, g.
8. romelia marTebuli: a) odnav motkbo b) odnav mot-
kbilo g)odnav tkbili d) odnav modido
1. a 2. a, b 3. a, b, g 4. g 5. b, g 6. a, g.
9. romelia swori: a) yvelaze utkbilesi b) yvelaze ut-
kbesi g) yvelaze tkbili d) Zalian utkbesi.
1. g 2. a, b 3. a, b, g 4. d 5. b, g 6. a, g.
10.romelia marTebuli: a) mTavari eqimi b) mTavari cen-
tri g) mTavari epicentri d) mTavari sazrunavi
1. a 2. a, b 3. a, b, g 4. d 5. b, g 6. a, d.
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 testi № 2
1. romelia umarTebulo a) adgilobrivi mcxovrebi b)
adgilobrivi aborigeni g) adgilobrivi mosaxleoba d)
adgilobrivi mkvidri
1. a 2. a, b 3. a, b, g 4. d 5. b, g 6. a, d.
2. romelia swori:a) pirveli premiera b) pirveli debi-
uti g) pirveli respodenti d) pirveli mercxali
1. a 2. a, b 3. a, b, g 4. d 5. b, g 6. g, d.
3. romelia umarTebulo:a) ZiriTadi koncefcia b) Ziri-
Tadi xazi g) ZiriTadi Semosavali d) ZiriTadi problema
1. a 2. a, b 3. a, b, g 4. d 5. b, g 6. a, d.
4. romelia pleonazmi: a) odnav gadidda b) odnav Seic-
vala g) odnav moizarda d) arcerTi pasuxi araa swori
1. a 2. a, b 3. a, b, g 4. g 5. b, g 6. a, d
5. romelia marTebuli: a) piradi avtobiografia b) pi-
radi saqme g)piradi avtografi d) arcerTi pasuxi araa
swori
1. a 2. a, b 3. a, b, g 4. d 5. b, g 6. a, d
6. romelia pleonazmi: a) yvelaze lamazi b) yvelaze Zve-
li g) yvelaze saukeTeso d) arcerTi pasuxi araa swori
1. a 2. a, b 3. a, b, g 4. d 5. b, g 6. a, d
7. romeli araa pleonazmi a) piradi avtomanqana b) pir-
veli pirmSo g) pirveli mekvle d) pirveli saswavlebeli
1. a 2. a, b 3. a, b, g 4. d 5. b, g 6. a, d
8. romelia swori: a) Zalian gadaWarbebuli b) Zalian ga-
damwifebuli g) Zalian gadaxrili d) Zalian gaSavebuli
1. a 2. a, b 3. a, b, g 4. d 5. b, g 6. g, d
272
9. romelia pleonazmi a) odnav moSlili b) odnav moxa-
luli g) odnav Semwifebuli d) odnav moTuSuli
1. a 2. a, b 3. a, b, g 4. g 5. b, g 6. a, d.
10. romelia marTebuli a) kargi avtoriteti b) cudi
avtoriteti g) kargi siurprizi d) arcerTi pasuxi araa
swori
1. a 2. a, b 3. a, b, g 4. d 5. b, g 6. a, d
VI.11. Stampi
Stampi iseTi sityvaa an sityvaTa SenaerTia, romelic
ucvlelad ixmareba zepirsa da weriTs metyvelebaSi. igi
xSirad gamoiyeneba oficialur-dokumentur stilSi. ma-
galiTad: awarmoebs miRebas, axdens Sefasebas, krebam da-
saxa garkveuli RonisZiebani; saTanado simaRleze dgas;
brZola gamoucxades; daxmarebas uwevs; jerovani yu-
radReba eqceva, gamoyeneba aqvs, zrunvas ar iCens, zrda
mimdinareobs, brZolas awarmoebs.
msazRvrelebi: garkveuli da saTanado xSirad ufun-
qcioa.
Zalian xSirad gavigonebT araswor frazebs: fizikur
varjiSs eweva; autanel Sromas eweoda; samuSaos saWiro si-
zustiT ar eweva... sworia: fizikurad ar varjiSobs; aut-
anel pirobebSi Sromobda; samuSaos saWiro sizustiT ar
asrulebs...
ar aris swori: efeqtianobis // Sromis nayofierebis//
xelfasis amaRleba... sworia: efeqtianobis zrda, Sromis
nayofierebis zrda, xelfasis gazrda. Zalian xSirad Stam-
purad xSirad gamoiyeneba axdens zmna: Semowmeba //Setana//
aRzrda moaxdina. magaliTad: droulad moaxdina wesrigSi
moyvana; moaxdines Sxamqimikatebis Setana; bavSvis aRzrdas
273
moaxdenen. sworia: droulad moawesriga; Sxam_qimikate-
bi Seitanes; bavSvs aRzrdian.
Stampuria aseve gamoTqmebi: awarmoebs miRebas; mimdi-
nareobs darigeba; axdens Sefasebas. warmoeba niSnavs ma-
terialuri sagnebis damzadebas, Tumca ukanasknel xans mas
zogadi moqmedebis aRsaniSnavadac iyeneben: molaparakeba
// gamoZieba // mosavlis aReba awarmoa, rac Secdomaa. swo-
ria: sworia: iRebs, miiReba, rigdeba, afasebs, moelapar-
aka, gamoiZia, mosavali aiRo.
qarTuli aqtiuri formebis enaa, amitom bunebrivia at-
kina, daWra da ara tkivili miayena an Wriloba miayena. ri
si gamartivebac saWiroa, unda gavamartivoT:magaliTad,
aviRoT `gasul wels“. sjobs `SarSan“. `momaval wels“
sjobs `gaisad“. eseni mainc da mainc Secdomebi ar aris,
Tumca stilis TvalsazrisiT, `gasul wels“ ukeTesia dav-
weroT mxolod maSin, roca `SarSan“ Zalian xSirad gvxvdeba
da tavtologiaa asacilebeli). `mimdinare wels“, an `wels“
sjobs `wleuls“. `wels“ SeiZleba davweroT TariRis aRniS-
vnisas, mag., 2013 wels, magram mimdinare wels sjobs `wle-
uls“. aris gamonaklisebic: mimdinare wlis bolos, gasuli
wlis bolos, momavali wlis bolos.
Stampebi metyvelebas moqnilobas, silamazes ukargavs,
aqveiTebs metyvelebis gamomsaxvelobas, amZimebs winadade-
bas arafrismTqmeli sityvebiT, amitom maT ar iyeneben sasa-
ubro stilSi. aq daculia frazis bunebrivi mdinareba.
savarjiSo №1. waikiTxeT qvemomoyvanili winadadeba-
ni da Stampebi SecvaleT marTebuli formebiT:
1. sadazRvevo kompaniebi sxvadasxva mizniT Tanxebis
srulad anazRaurebas ar axdenen;
2. wignis avtori wuxs, roca aseTi wonasworobis darRve-
va adamianis xeliT xdeba;
3. iq mxolod xmeli totebisagan an waqceuli xeebisgan
xdeba gawmenda;
274
4. qarxanam fuladi saxsrebis mobilizaciis saqme dro-
ulad moaxerxa;
5. mokle droSi ganaxorcieles sasoflo_sameurneo
kulturebis aReba;
6. uamindobam daaziana eleqtrogadamcemi xazebi, axla
mimdinareobs aRdgena;
7. mosaxleobam Sinagan saqmeTa saministros xeli Seuwyo
danaSaulis gaxsnis saqmeSi;
8. gvalvam mniSvnelovani zarali miayena mosaxleobas;
9. sakrebulos gadawyvetilebiT xeebis moWras axorci-
elebs soflis gamgeoba;
10. aq uxvadaa mlaSe wylebi, saidanac Zvelad xelovnu-
rad awarmoebdnen marilis miRebas.
VI. 12. kalki
kalki franguli sityvaa niSnavs 1. sagangebod damuSave-
bul gamWvirvale qaRalds an qsovils, romlis saSualebiT-
ac iReben naxazis pirs; livs; 2. aseT masalaze gadaRebul
naxazis pirs; 3. (lingv.) sityva an gamoTqma, romelic ageb-
ulia sxva enis sityvis an gamoTqmis mixedviT.
kalki sxva enis sityvis an gamoTqmis sityvasityvi-
Ti Targmania. kalki hqvia raime dokumentis zust aslsac.
erTi enis kalkirebuli erTeuli meore enis struqturu-
li aslia. ar arsebobs ena, romelSic kalki araa, igi misi
cvlileba-ganviTarebis mudmivi da aucilebeli Tanam-
gzavria. kalki, Cveulebriv, Targmnis procesSi SemoiW-
reba xolme. bevri maTgani qarTulma enam SeiTvisa. aseT-
ebia: Jangbadi (кислород), wyalbadi (водород), TviTmfrina-
vi (самолет), airwinaRi (противогаз), wyalqveSa (подводный)
TviTkritika (самокритика); gramatikuli terminebi: nac-
valsaxeli (местоимение), damateba (допольнение), garemo-
eba (обстоятельство), gansazRvreba (определение) qvemdebare
275
(подлежащее) da a.S. miuxedavad qarTuli samwerlobo enis
monoliTurobisa da mdidari, mravalsaukunovani tradi-
ciebisa, sxvadasxva enasTan kontaqts da amis Sedegad gaCe-
nil kalkebs sakmao sarbieli hqonda. msesxebeli enisTvis
sxva enis kalkebi SeiZleba ase Tu ise misaRebi da sasargeb-
loc iyos, an kidev sruliad miuRebeli da Seuferebeli.
kalki zogjer enis Sinagan SesaZleblobaTa wyarodac SeiZ-
leba iqces. qarTulSi kalkirebis gziTaa Semosuli iseTi
sityvebi, rogoricaa _ Tanamzraxveli, Tanamdeboba, zed-
wodeba, garemocva, winamZRvari, winamorbedi, winaswar-
metyveli, pirmSvenieri, mxolodSobili da a.S.
kalki maSinaa dasaSvebi, roca Semodis axali cneba, rom-
lis Sesabamisi mimReb enaSi ar iZebneba.
qarTuli aqtiuri formebis enaa. swored am Tvisebis wya-
lobiTaa qarTuli fraza moqnili da saxovani. zmnis piriani
forma azrs sxartad gadmogvcems, maSin roca sxva enebi up-
iratesobas aniWeben upiro formebs: sawyissa da mimReobas.
farTod gavrcelebuli kalkebia: gayidvaSia, xmarebaSia,
SexebaSia, SetevaSia. gayidva, xmareba, Sexeba, Seteva moq-
medebis aRmniSvneli saxelebia. moqmedebis saxelebi for-
mobrivadac da mniSvnelobiTac ufro axlos dgas zmnebTan,
vidre saxelTan. davakvirdeT sityvebs: gayidva-Si, xmare-
ba-Si, Sexeba-Si, Seteva-Si... pirveli nawili aris moqmedebis
saxeli (gayidva, xareba, Sexeba, Seteva), xolo meore nawili
_ -Si Tandebuli. Tandebuli umetesad arsebiT saxels da-
erTvis.
reklamaSi xSirad gavigonebT `ukve gayidvaSia“ (`в
продаже“). esa Tu is Jurnali da gazeTi, wamali Tu produq-
ti. sportuli komentatorebi xSirad amboben :`SetevaSia“
esa Tu is fexburTeli, rac aseve Secdomaa. Tu surT ori
msgavsi sakiTxis an movlenis dakavSireba, amboben:`es ori
sakiTxi SexebaSia“. sworia: `iyideba ukve“ `utevs“ `exeba“...
amis mizezi aris rusuli gamoTqmis sityvasityviT gadmo-
tana qarTul enaSi.
276
amgvar kalkebs yovelTvis moepovebaT Sesabamisi Se-
satyvisi qarTul enaSi: gayidvaSia_ iyideba an yidian; Sexe-
baSia _ exeba; xmarebaSia _ ixmareba; SetevaSia _ utevs. ru-
sulis kalkia sakiTxis dayeneba (поставить вопрос). qarTulia
- sakiTxis dasma. sakiTxi dasva da ara sakiTxi daayena an wa-
moayena. aseve rusulis kalkia `CaTvla“ mosazrebis Sesaxeb
(считать). ase mimaCnia, ase miiCnevs da ara ase vTvli da ase Tv-
lis. kalkia aseve rame RonisZiebis Catareba. yriloba, kon-
certi Tu arCevnebi ki ar tardeba, aramed ewyoba an imarTe-
ba: moewyo koncerti, gaimarTa arCevnebi..
rusulis kalkebia aseve gadarekva (перезвонить), gada-
beWdva (перепечатать), gadafaseba (переоценить), gadajgufe-
ba (перегруппировать). `gada“ zmniswini miuTiTebs moqmedebis
ganmeorebaze, xelaxla Sesrulebaze. es funqcia qarTu-
lisTvis organuli ar aris da igi am zmniswins rusuli enis
gavleniT ganuviTarda. gadarekva faqtobrivad niSnavs xe-
laxla darekvas: gadmomireke [axla xom me girekav mere
Sen damireke].
kalkuria aseve mTvral mdgomareobaSi, arafxizel mdgo-
mareobaSi yofna (в пьяном состоянии, в нетрезвом состоянии).
qarTulisTvis bunebrivi frazebia: mTvralia, araa fxize-
li. kalkia `saubari midis“ (речь идет). unda iyos: saubari
aris, saubari mimdinareobs. aqve unda davasaxeloT `faq-
ti saxezea“ (факт на лицо).unda iyos: faqtia, TvalsaCinoa,
aris…... `raSia saqme“ в чем дело“ -s kalkia.
`adgili aqvs“ Sesityveba rusulis gziT Semosuli kal-
kia (имеет место) da niSnavs raime faqtis dadasturebas, ra-
ime SemTxvevas. igi qarTulisTvis bunebrivi imitomac araa,
rom sawyiss ukavSirdeba: adgili aqvs klebas, matebas xar-
jvas, dazianebas da a. S. umjobesia: iklebs, imatebs, ixar-
jeba, ziandeba …
`gagebiT ekideba“ rusuli с пониманием относится _s pir-
dapiri Targmania. moqmedebiT brunvaSi dasmuli saxeli
viTarebis garemoebis funqcias asrulebs. qarTulisTvis
277
ufro bunebrivia msgavs konteqstSi viTarebiT brunvaSi savarjiSo № 1. miuwereT kalkebs da Stampebs qarTu-
dasmuli saxelis -zmnizedis gamoyeneba. umjobesia: gulis- lisTvis bunebrivi Sesatyvisebi
xmierad ekideba.
qarTuli zmnisTvis niSandoblivia unebliobis gamo-
filmis gaxmovanebaze
xatva. ukanasknel xans Zalian gavrcelda uxeSi kalki `dav- muSaobdnen
karge“. adamiani gangeb ki ar kargavs rames, ramed ekargeba
uyuradRebobis an sxva raime mizezis gamo, amitomaa, ufro kanoni ZalaSi Sevida
bunebrivi zmnebi: daekarga, dahkargvia. analogiuria da-
vagvianec. unda iyos damagvianda. amrigad, unebliobis ga- asparezobaSi xuTive
sportsmeni monawileobda
moxatva qarTuli zmnis specifikaa da igi sxva enaTa niSan-
doblivi formebiT ar unda SevcvaloT.
es sakiTxi yvela
sakmaod gavrcelebulia gamoTqma: `Secdoma dauSva“ studentamde unda daviyvanoT
(Он допустил ошибку). misi Sesatyvisebia: Secdoma mouvida
an Secdoma gaepara. damnaSave ayvanilia
kalkuria ori wlis ukan, ukana weli da a. S. wina viTa- patimrobaSi
rebis gamosaxatavad qarTulSi gamoiyeneba sityva win da
ara ukan, rogorc es rusulSia: два года назад. sworia ori wels yvelaze metma
pirvelklaselma
wlis win [Sdr. wina weli].
gaiara registracia

aTi welia qorwinebaSi imyofeba

sisruleSi moiyvana Seasrula, aRasrula
wesrigSi moiyvana moawesriga am welSi evropaze gavediT

Secdoma dauSva Secdoma mouvida// gaepara mas korufciaSi adanaSauleben

SecdomaSi Sevida Secda
damnaSave miecema sisxlis
saswavlebelSi moewyo saswavlebelSi Cairicxa, Sevida samarTlis pasuxismgeblobaSi

yuradRebis gareSe uyuradRebod babuaCemi pensiaze gavida

samuSaod gaanawiles samuSaod gaaweses
ziani miayena daaziana
xmarebaSi SemoiRes gamoiyenes

278 279
 savarjiSo №2 miuwereT kalkebs da Stampebs qarTu- 4. wesrigSi moiyvanes samuzeumo eqsponatebi, arqivi (v.
lisTvis bunebrivi Sesatyvisebi baraTaSv.);
5. mas ukan mxolod orjer viyavi winwkilaReleSi (miSv.);
daxmareba aRmouCina
6. samagierod, me politikuri moRvawe var da meti Sor-
smWvreteloba maqvs (miSv.);
mosaxleobaze 7. aRSfoTebaSi mohyavs qmris uvicobas (gariy.);
dakisrebuli 8. xsovnaSi isev ise damrCa moelvare Savi TvalebiT (iqve);
valdebuleba
9. eqimi saqmis kursSi unda CavayenoT;
saqme imaSia, rom 10. samocdaaT weliwads ukan kidev oci generali mogema-
tebaT (ilia).
deputati sityvaSi gamovida

larTan mimarTebaSi VI.13. atrofia

dolari gaZvirda

Tavi unda Seikavon atrofia samedicino terminia da niSnavs romelime or-

TanamSromlobaze ganos dasustebas, gadagvarebas, gadataniT ki risame unar-
is daClungebas, dakargvas. stilistikaSi atrofia niSnavs
TavdebSi Caudga sityvis grZnobis dasustebas, mis araswor da umarTebulo
gamoyenebas. atrofiis nimuSebia: CurCuliT gadasZaxa,
muq ferebSi daxata cudi avtoriteti, usiamovno siurprizi, avi bedi, sir-
saubari mSvid
biliT seirnobs...
tonSi warimarTa sityva saocari gansacvifrebels, sakvirvels niSnavs;
sastiki ulmobeli, daundobeli, Seubralebelia; saSine-
pirdapir kavSirSia li _ SiSismomgvreli. stilistikurad gaumarTlebelia:
saSinlad unda, saSinlad moswons; saocrad ar moswons,
zrunvas ar iCens saocrad ar uxdeba; sastikad ar moswons da a.S. saSinlad
uyvars; saocrad ar uxdeba; sastikad ar moswons.
savarjiSo №3. gaasworeT Secdomebi: ar aris swori: autanlad moswonda; autanlad minda
1. aRmoCnda, rom igi srul wesrigSi kidev ar iyo (v. bara- mand yofna; autanlad undoda wasvla...
TaSv.); sworia: Zalian moswonda; Zlier minda mand yofna; metis-
2. win ramdeni rame aris mosalodneli (v. baraTaSv.); metad undoda wasvla..
3. kaco, SecdomaSi ar Semiyvano da udanaSaulo adamiani ar aris swori: saocrad ar uxdeba; saocrad aintereseb-
ar daisajos (gariy.); da; saocrad gauxarda.

280 281
 sworia: sruliad ar uxdeboda; Zalian ainteresebda; Za-
lian gauxarda.
atrofiis magaliTebia aseve: sastikad irRveva; sastikad
icaven; sastiki buCqnari..
sworia: metismetad irRveva; mkacrad icaven; xSiri, ga-
uvali buCqnari...
wyaloba, Semweoba, meoxeba dadebiTi semantikis sityve-
bia. maT xSirad umarTebulod iyeneben uaryofiTi seman-
tikis sityvebTan: avadmyofobis wyalobiT; udardelobis
wyalobiT. Tu saTqmelisadmi ironiuli damokidebuleba
ar igulisxmeba, Secdomaa: uyuradRebobis wyalobiT; da-
udevrobis wyalobiT; ukontrolobis wyalobiT; uamindo-
bis wyalobiT.
unda iyos: uyuradRebobis gamo; daudevrobis gamo; uk-
ontrolobis gamo// Sedegad; uamindobis gamo.
savarjiSo №1. gaasworeT Secdomebi:
1. ninos saSinlad mounda sayvareli adamianis naxva;
2. ereklem CurCuliT gadasZaxa megobars;
3. saocrad momwons eleganturi Cacmuloba;
4. amis meti raRa unda! kargi avtoriteti daimkvidra
ucxo qalaqSi, maRal stumarad Tvlian iq.
5. es filmi ganwirulia warmatebisTvis;
6. misi daudevrobis wyalobiT yvelaferi wyalSi Caiyara;
7. aRmoCnda, rom am qalbatonma saocari xumroba icoda;
8. gamwarebuli qvrivi Tavis av beds dastiroda;
9. romeli ufro Znelia: keTili saqmis Cadena Tu _ avisa?
10. barbares sastikad moSivda, is saSinlad daiRala.
savarjiSo №2.gaasworeT Secdomebi
1. gonebagafantulobis wyalobiT yvelgan moscarvoda xeli;
2. im dros TbilisSi saSineli gaWirveba iyo;
3. dRemde mocvis damzadeba kustarulad xorcieldeba;
282
4. mefe bolomde darCa qristianuli orTodoqsaluri
marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoebis erTguli;
5. win mravali aseTi Sejibreba gvelis;
6. studentebi gacvliTi programis farglebSi praqti-
kas baTumis universitetSi gaivlian;
7. angelozuri sawyisi Tavdapirvelad yvela adamianSia
Casafrebuli;
8. isini pasuxismgebelni arian TavianTi saqmianobis Sede-
gebze;
9. ganaTlebis politika orientirebulia samarTlian-
obis, efeqtianobisa da realurobis ganxorcielebis piro-
bebze dayrdnobiT;
10. profesiis arCevisas saWiroa codnisa da SesaZleb-
lobebis SesabamisobaSi moyvana.
savarjiSo №3. gaasworeT stilistikuri Secdomebi:
1. es faqti sauniversiteto cxovrebis umniSvnelovanesi
sakiTxis fundamentaluri aRrevaa;
2. Cvenma aqtivistebma Camoayalibes klubi `oxunjebis“
saxelwodebiT;
3. eseni arian saSineli glexebi (lorTq.);
4. yvelaferi gakeTdeba saqonlis xarisxis srulyofis
mimarTulebiT;
5. hidroenergetikuli resursebis flobis Tvalsazri-
siT saqarTvelo marTlac mdidari qveyanaa, magram aramiz-
nobrivad xdeba misi gamoyeneba;
6. Turqulma mxarem Tanxmoba gamoacxada saqarTvelos
damoukideblobis mxardaWeraze;
7. ekas politikaSi wasvlaze Zmas saSineli reaqcia hqonda;
8. universiteti axal saswavlo wels ganaxlebuli teq-
nologiebiT xvdeba;
9. Jurnal-gazeTebSi misi aTulobiT samecniero da pub-
likaciuri statia ibeWdeboda;
10. male es mowyobiloba warmoebaSi CaeSveba.
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 VI.14. paraziti sityvebi
sityva-parazitebi zepirmetyvelebis naklia, mxolod
cocxal metyvelebaSi gvxvdeba. roca mosaubre enis leqsi-
kur fondSi ver poulobs saWiro sityvas, saTqmeli uwyde-
ba, xarvezis Sesavsebad imeorebs xmovnebs anda warmoTqvams
akviatebul sityvebs: maSasadame, ese igi, gesmis, aa, ee. as-
eTi sityvebi azrobrivad ar miesadageba gadmosacem Sina-
arss, maT azrobrivi kavSiri ar aqvT saTqmelTan.
sityva-parazitebis daZleva sityvaTa maragis gamdidre-
biTaa SesaZlebeli. es ki aucilebelia metyvelebis kultu-
ris asamaRleblad.
gaasworeT Secdomebi:
1. saqmes bolomde rom daamTavreb, gadmomireke!
2. am korpusis funqciuri daniSnuleba iqneba garToba da
dasveneba;
3. qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonze dayrdnobiT
vgebulobT, rom wminda niSnavs Seurevels, xalass, sufTas,
spetaks, umwikvlos, iTqmis adamianze;
4. gaxdomis msurvelTa Secdoma imaSi mdgomareobs, rom
maT cnobierebaSi gaxdoma asocirebulia SimSilobasTan;
5. T. buaCiZem qarTul kulturas SeunarCuna qarTuli
filosofiisTvis damaxasiaTebeli maRali filosofiuri
gemovneba;
6. viTxovT eTerSi sasaubrod erT saaT dros;
7. dandalos xidi sofel dandalos amSvenebs;
8. gomarduli baTumidan yvelaze uaxloesi zamTris ku-
rorti iqneba;
9. `SuSanikis wameba“ dawerili iqna SuSanikis gardacva-
lebidan varsqenis mokvdinebamde periodSi;
10. mas Semdeg, rac kokaini evropaSi Seitanes, mis gavrce-
lebas win aRudga eklesia;
11. narkomani pacienti mudmivi kontrolis qveS unda iyos;
284
12. adamianis organizmi isea mowyobili, rom yvela Semad-
geneli komponenti kavSirSia erTmaneTTan;
13. narkotikebis momxmarebelTa sruli aRricxvis war-
moeba SeuZlebelia;
14. ekologiuri samarTali farTo kompleqsuri problemaa;
15. aRmoCnda, rom dedamiwis biosfero imyofeba radiaq-
tiuri naleqebis gavlenis qveS;
16. am problemebis gadawyvetis efeqturoba bevrad gan-
sazRvravs kacobriobis kacobriobis xvalindeli dRis beds;
17. globaluri cvlilebebis Seuferxeblobis Sedegad
dedamiwam SeiZleba arseboba Sewyvitos;
18. klimatis cvlilebebs zogjer atmosferuli cvli-
lebebic ganapirobebs;
19. gazrdili temperaturisa da Semcirebuli naleqebis
pirobebSi niadagi gamoSreba, rac gaarTulebs sasoflo-
sameurneo kulturebis moyvanas;
20. epidemiam Tavis pikur dones miaRwia;
21. mcenareebi mniSvnelovan rols asruleben atmosfe-
ruli naxSirorJangis raodenobis Semcirebis saqmeSi;
22. mkvlevarma Tavis monografiaSi bevri saintereso sa-
kiTxis analizi mogvca;
23. Sromismoyvareoba sazogadod damaxasiaTebelia aqa-
uri glexisTvis;
24. Cenma kolegebma Tavi unda Seikavon opoziciur par-
tiebTan TanamSromlobaze;
25. aqaur viTarebas avtori metad muq ferebSi gvixatavs;
26. es organizacia axla mosavlis aRebas awarmoebs;
27. Cems megobars mxedveloba ar uvarga da saTvales at-
arebs;
28. mainteresebs, Cems mezobels ra kavSiri aqvs am saqmesTan?
29. nino da nana maswavleblebia, xolo daviTi da lali ki
eqimebia;
30. yvelaze ukeTesi saWrisi gamitexavs Turme;
31. isini pasuxismgebeli arian TavianTi saqmianobis Sede-
gebze;
285
 32. Tavad ruseTi eleqtroenergiis imports Cveni qvey-
nidan iRebs;
33. rom giTxraT, finansur policiaSi Cemi Tavia amovwu-
re meTqi, ar viqnebi marTali;
34. nini qmris gadawyvetilebas yovelgvari yoymanis ga-
reSe emorCileboda xolme;
35. man ver SeZlo codnisa da praqtikuli SesaZleblobe-
bis SesabamisobaSi moyvana;
36. samuSaoebis dasrulebis Semdeg mwyobrSi Seva wyalsa-
deni sistema;
37. xarjebis xarjvasTan araviTari Sexeba ar mqonia;
38. am naSromma bevri kritika ganicada;
39. arada, regionisTvis gardauvali samedicino-profi-
laqtikuri RonisZiebebia saWiro jandacvis sistemis mxriT;
40. sportsmens gulis SekumSvis sixSire normaSi 50-55 un
da hqondes;
41. gamonayari TiTqmis mTeli saxis ares moicavda;
42. regionisTvis gardauvali samedicino profilaqti-
kuri RonisZiebebia saWiro;
43. Tu dazaralebulma ar iCivla, saqmis aRZvra ar xdeba;
44. am proeqtebis dafinanseba universitetis bazaze xde-
ba administraciis mier;
45. mosaxleobis pozicia am delikaturi sakiTxis ir-
gvliv araerTgvarovania;
46. prezidenti bodrums sasaTbure meurneobis gacnobis
mizniT ewvia;
47. amis Semdeg SavebSi Cacmuli dadis;
48. rom didia Sansi maTi interesebi erT sqemaSi Cajdes;
49. im dRidan igi CvenSi kargi avtoritetiT sargeblobda;
50. sxva partiebisTvis miuRebelia misi gadayenebis sa-
kiTxis dayeneba;
51. igi oficialuri vizitis farglebSi inglisSi miem-
gzavreba;
52. is imitom moevlina adamianebs, rom Tavisi cxovrebis
magaliTze eCvenebina mimtevebluri siyvaruli;
286
53. gasul kviras vaJa-fSavelas gamzirze mersedesis mar-
kis avtomobilma Setakeba moaxdina amave markis avtomo-
bilTan, policiam devna ganaxorciela damnaSavisadmi, mag-
ram igi am wuTamde mimalvaSia;
54. rac Seexeba gamomwvev mizezebs, es iyo gaugebrobebis
mTeli jeris Sedegi;
55. wyaltubos saavadmyofos mTavari eqimi axdenda fex-
mZime qalebis mSobiarobas da SemdgomSi Cvil bavSvTa ga-
yidvas;
56. gogonas TvalebSi mSobliuri nostalgia ubrwyinavda;
57. jer kidev Riad rCeba eleqtroenergiis tarifebis
regulirebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi;
58. es Cvens amocanebSi ar Sedis;
59. SeiZleba es procesebi gamovides kontrolidan;
60. filialis saaqcio kapitali TiTqmis mTlianad meTa-
uri kompaniis kuTvnilebaa;
61. yoveli wlis dasawyisSi informacias vgebulobT, Tu
ramdeni studenti unda mivlindes universitetSi;
62. ganaTlebis politika orientirebulia samarTlian-
obis, efeqtianobis da ganxorcielebis realurobis prin-
cipebze dayrdnobiT;
63. adamians dabadebidanve yovelTvis Tan axlavs sikvdili;
64. me arasodes ar waval Jurnalistikidan;
65. trenaJorebi da dieta Cemi Janri araa;
66. am maRaziaSi yvelafers iafSi iyidi, sami cali winda
larSi mogiva;
67. aqamde Tqveni ideebi sayovelTao mxardaWeriT ar
sargeblobda;
68. Cems Tavs yovelTvis xelovnebaSi vxedavdi;
69. dietaze dajdoma imas SeuZlia, visac myari nebisyofa
aqvs;
70. mzrunvelobamoklebul bavSvTa problema nomer pir-
veli sazrunavia;
71. Jurnalistebi saubarSi uamrav Secdomas uSveben, ro-
gorc gramatikuls, ise stilurs;
287
 72. am programis farglebSi araerTi saintereso Sexved-
ra Sedga;
73. Cveni viziti am kviraSi ar Sedga, momavali kvirisTvis
gadaido;
74. maRalmTiani raionebis bevr soflebSi xalxi mZime ma-
terialur gaWirvebas ganicdis;
75. direqtorma Tavisi sakuTari pozicia daafiqsira am
siaxlis mimarT;
76. sazogadoebam SeSfoTeba gamoTqva am saSineli inci-
dentis gamo;
77. saswrafo samsaxuris muSakebma droze gauwies daxma-
reba dazaralebulebs;
78. axla amis gakeTebis saSualeba ar gvaqvs;
79. axla ukve Semdgari deda da maswavlebeli aRarafrad
Tvlis imas, rom saqmisadmi erTgulebas ewireba Tavisuf-
leba da axalgazrdoba;
80. am matCSi Cvenma gundma marcxi ganicada;
81. Cvens mezoblad udidesi giganturi sastumro Sendeba;
82. pirvel rigSi unda moxdes misi Sexvedra saqarTve-
losTan;
83. faqti saxezea, aqauri adgilobrivi mkvidrni gagebiT
ekidebian kanonis moTxovnebs;
84. saqme imaSia, rom aseTi pirobebi me saerTod ar mawyobs;
85. universitetis proreqtori sityvaSi gamovida enis
siwmindis dacvaze;
86. wyalgayvaniloba ukve wesrigSi moiyvanes, axla saub-
ari midis mimdebare teritoriebis ganaSenianebaze;
87. niSadurs gamoyeneba aqvs medicinaSi da kosmetologiaSi;
88. zafxulis periodSi mamapapiseul saxlSi visvenebT;
89. konferenciis yoveli monawile registraciaSi unda
gatarebuliyo;
90. arafxizel mdgomareobaSi myofi mZRoli amis Sesaxeb
sarwmuno cnobebs ver mogvcems;
91. damnaSavis monaTxrobs eWvis qveS ayenebdnen;
92. am arasasiamovno incidentis dros ori dacvis Tanam-
288
Sromeli daiWra;
93. xuTive Jiuris wevrma maRali Sefaseba misca baTumel
konkursants;
94. moswavleebis mier yvelaze rTuli davalebebi amox-
snil iqna;
95. es dRe Zalian ar miyvars;
96. saomar situacias swori Sefaseba misces ucxoelma eq-
spertebma;
97. gamosasvlel dReebSi mSoblebTan mivemgzavrebi
xolme;
98. mxedvelobaSi unda viqonioT pirovnebis pirovnuli
Taviseburebani;
99. rom adgeba, maSinve yavas dalevs xolme;
100. vidre manqana remontSia, manamde versad ver waval;
101. Zalian mSvidi qalia eleonora, nervebi mudam wes-
rigSi aqvs;
102. rac rom mogivida, Sen TviTon xar bralSi;
103. rom davbadebulvar, babuaCems Tofi samjer gausro-
lia Turme;
104. sityvis dalagebis stilistikur daniSnulebasTan
uSualo kavSirSia iribi an pirdapiri wyoba;
105. yvelafers ise dawerda xolme, nabeWdi gegoneboda;
106. es qvabi axalia, jer xmarebaSi ar maqvs;
107. ori kaba SeviZine, erTi gamosasvleli, meore- yovel-
dRiuri;
108. yoveldRiuri rutina damRleli da mosabezrebelia;
109. am daavadebis mkurnaloba ZiriTadSi medikamento-
zuria, iSviaT SemTxvevebSi - qirurgiulic;
110. siamaye tutucia da mudam zeviT TavaRerili dadis;
111. cximebis gadaWarbebuli raodenobiT miReba qoles-
terinis dagrovebas axdens;
112. yovelive aman wamlekavi zegavlena iqonia xalxis
metyvelebaze;
113. am ambavma yvela moZraobaSi moiyvana, TviT yvelaze
uzarmacesic ki;
289
 114. konkursantma mTavari gran pri miiRo;
115. banki iZleva 15 % mogebas larSi;
116. usworo Tqmebi, ucxour yaidaze agebuli winadade-
bebi amaxinjebs enas;
117. bostneuls bazarze vyidulob, mxolod mwvanilebs
vTesav bostanSi;
118. axla gzaSi var, saxlSi rom mival, movnaxav da Tu vna-
xe, gadmogirekav;
119. erTob udardeli kacia zviadi, araferze zrunvas ar
iCens;
120. axlaa mimdinareobs yvelafris gadayvana avtomatur
marTvaze;
121. studenturi organizacia 50- ze met moxalises iT-
vlis;
122. kepian quds rom atarebs, swored isaa misi vaJi;
123. davaleba momces, gavigo, sad imalebian patara onav-
rebi;
124. siyvaruloba da suliskveTeba yvelaze ukeTesad
qarTul sufraze gamoixateba;
125. meore dRes guduia cota SegvianebiT, magram mainc
gavida samuSaod (dad.);
126. SemdegSi xSirad igonebda am Tavis pirvel nabijs
(dad.);
128. Cveneburi maswavlebeli yvelaze usawylesia amqvey-
nad;
129. nel-nela sxvadasxvagvar qvelmoqmedebasac eweoda
da studentobis xom didi damxmare iyo (dad.);
130. karga xmamaRali yayani gamovida (dad.);
131. aseTi myar sintaqsur formulebs dRes stilistur
Secdomebad Tvlian;
132. esec Cvevis ambavia (miSv);
133. gaunaTlebeli adamianebis angariSze isini kapikebad
yidulobdnen miwebs da mere maRal fasebSi yiddnen (v. bara-
TaSv.);
134. saWiro Seiqmna ramdenime danadgaris warmoebaSi CaSveba;
290
135. mxedvelobaSi unda iqonioT, rom gayidvaSi jer ar-
cerTi ekzemplari araa;
136. igi emociebiT gamowveul aRSfoTebas ver malavda;
137. Tu cxraTavianma devma mogitaca, nervuli stresi
dagemarTeba, meti araferi! (miSv.);
138. rac ufro asakSi Sevida, sulierad ufro dabeCavda
(k. lorTq.);
139. ngrevaSia es Cixi da Cems ZmiSvils gadavucvale sa-
burTaloze erToTaxianSi (miSv.);
141. isini Tavisufali arian imaSi, ganagrZon Semoqmede-
biTi saqmianoba;
142. am saqmis kursSi ukve unda iyoT; amaze me Tqven ori-
ode wlis win gauwyeT;
143. vaxSmis ukan rad waicden? (ilia);
144. erT-erTi sakiTxi, rac dagvrCa gansaxilveli, aris
Seferxeba wyalmomaragebis sitemaSi;
145. madloba minda mogixadoT im RvawlisTvis, rac Tqven
SeitaneT Cveni saswavleblis aRmavlobis saqmeSi.
146. gasaocari bedi swvevia am wigns (gams.2);
147. laslasiT garbodnen sivrceSi camdis alanZuli
mTebi (gams.2);
148. mTeli Cemi sicocxle cxenebis movlis ambavi mainte-
resebda (gams.2);
149. yoveli adamiani am qveyanaze wawydeba sakuTari cxov-
rebis wyalobiT (gams.2);
150. SesTxova wylis sulebs, mwed hyoloda mis rZals
mSobiarobis, garjis, abreSumis miyvanis saqmeSi (gams.2);
151. man gasaocari sinaTliT daamtkica Tavisi simarTle;
152. adgilobrivi mosaxleoba, rasakvirvelia, stumar-
Tmoyvareobas gauwevs ucxo stumrebs;
153. damnaSaves samudamo patimroba ergo;
154. natos pozicia saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi ucvle-
lia;
155. mTavaria misi miswrafebebi da SesaZleblobebi Sesa-
bamisobaSi modiodes;
291
 156. odnav mogvianebiT misi gamosworebac moxda;
157. maT sruli sicxadiT uCvenes xalxs kompetenturoba;
158. arsebuli mdgomareoba maT daCqarebiT unda Seiswav-
lon;
159. im sofelSi qviani riye iyo da siaruli gagvirTulda;
160. daxeul konkebSi Semosils etyoboda, erT dros dar-
baiseli qali unda yofiliyo;
161. mayari bedauri cxenebiT movida;
162. am xelnaweris pirvel dedanSi ramdenime fragmenti
waSlilia;
163. sinoptikosTa winaswari prognoziT ianvris bolom-
de cudi amindia mosalodneli;
164. orsulma bunebrivad naturaluri tansacmeli unda
ataros;
165. biZaCems enamaxvili ena aqvs;
166. es sufTa sisxlisaaa?- vkiTxe Cems gverdiT (miSv.);
167. Cveni sadgomis fanjrebidan sCanda sakmaod uwmin-
duri ezo (barn.);
168. ratom gitydebi ici? sxva kaci Canxar, sufTa da gem-
rieli;
169. maSin movixedav, deda-Svilis duetSi mSfoTvare xma
rom gaereva (iqve);
170. is-is iyo, manqanaSi unda Cavmjdariyavi, rom saocrad
nacnobma melodiam ukan momaxeda.
savarjiSo № 1. waikiTxeT teqsti da ipoveT Secdomebi;
aRniSneT, ra tipisaa isini da gaasworeT
I. gamoTqmas gedis simRera aseve ukavSireben ezopis sa-
xels. mas ukana fonad daedo mtkiceba, TiTqos sikvdilis uk
an gedi mRerodes. gedis simRera gvxdeba esqile da ciceron-
Tanac. sxvaTa Soris, uamrav zoologebs miaCniaT, rom sik-
vdilis win gedi marTlac gamocems raRac musikalur xmebs.
adreuli Sua saukuneebis raindul literaturaSi cno-
bilia romanebis cikli mefe arturze da mrgvali magidis
raindebze. am ciklis erT erT romanSi jadoqari merlini
292
arturis mamas daJinebiT urCevs Camoayalibos mgvali ma-
gidis raindTa orderi. misi wevrebi mefesTan wveulebis
dros mgval magidas una Semojdomoden da amrigaT, acil-
ebuli iqneboda usiamovno dava an Suri ufro ukeTesi adgi-
lis gamo. mgvali magida diplomatiuri eTiketicaa, rac sa-
gangeboT usmevs xazs moTaTbireTa erTnair Tanabar ufle-
bebs. fTiani gamoTqma mgvali magida miCneuli iqna azrTa
imgvari gaziarebis simboloT, sadac yvelas aqvs ufleba
dabkolebis gareSe gamosTqvas Tavisi piradi Sexeduleba.
II. barambo mravalwliani mcenarea limnis damaxasiaTeb-
eli surneliTa da datotvili fesuriT. xarobs buCqnareb-
Si, meCxer tyeebSi, balaxovan da qvian adgilebSi, gzis piras.
nedleulad xdeba foTlebisa da Reros kenweros gamo-
yeneba. mis SemcvelobaSi Sedis 0,3 procentamde eTer-zeTi,
tanini.
xalxur medicinaSi barambos gamoyeneba xdeba iseTi da-
avadebebis dros, rogorebicaa: nervozi, nervuli gulis-
cema, klimaqsi, dismenoria, melanxolia, bronxuli astma,
pir Rebineba orsulobis dros. avicena barambos iyenebda
Tavis tkivilis sawinaaRmdegod.
barambo gamoiyeneba, rogorc damamSvidebeli, spazmo-
lituri saSualeba. igi aris madis gamaumjobesebeli, ku-
Wis wvenis sekreciis gamaZlierebeli. barambos gamoyenebis
dros avadmyofs exsneba xuTvis SegrZneba, sustdeba, an sul
ispoba taxikardiis movlenebi da tkivilebi gulis areSi,
klebulobs gulis sixSire, dabla swevs sisxlis wnevas.
mas iyeneben muclis areSi simZimis SegrZnebis, piris
RruSi cudi sunisa da kbilis tkivilis dros, agreTve nev-
rozuli mdgomareobis drosac, rasac Tan axlavs Tavbrus
xveva.
barambos nayenis misaRebad 2 sufris kovzi nedleuli
moaTavseT mominanqrebul WurWelSi, daasxiT 400 ml mdu-
Rare wyali, zemodan daaxureT Tavsaxuri, gaaCereT, gawu-
reT. erTi dRis doza miiReT mTeli dRis manZilze. nayeni
Senaxul unda iqnas bnel, gril adgilas ara umetes 2 dRisa.
293
 saqarTveloSi didi mowonebiT sargeblobs germanuli
preparati `novo-pasiti~, romlis SemadgenlobaSic Sedis
barambo.
garda samkurnalo Tvisebebisa, barambo ganTqmulia, ro-
gorc Taflovani mcenare. barambos foTlebs sasiamovno
surnelis gamo iyeneben kulinariasa da parfiumeriaSi.
III. adgilobriv (teritoriul) dialeqtikasa da „klasob-
riv“ dialeqtikas anu Jargonebs Soris ZiriTadi gansxvave-
ba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom adgilobriv dialeqtebs Tavian-
Ti gramatikuli wyoba da ZiriTadi leqsikuri fondi aqvT,
xolo Jargonebs ki _ ara. gramatikuli wyoba Jargonebs
saerTo_saxalxo enisa aqvT mTlianad. kiTxva imaSia, ra mi-
marTebaSia erTi dialeqtis gramatikuli wyoba da leqsi-
kuri fondi meorisasTan? saerTo_saxalxo enasTan erTad
dialeqtizmebic arseboben, magram maT imorCilebs da maT-
ze batonobs saerTo_saxalxo ena. igi saerTo da gasagebia
tomebisa da xalxebisaTvis. aqedan gamomdinare, gansxvaveba
saerTo_saxalxo enasa da dialeqtebs Soris arsebobs, mag-
ram es gansxvaveba saerToobisa da gasagebis farglebs ar
SeZleba scildebodes, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi saerTo_sa-
xalxo ena gagebinebis saSualebad gamosadegi aRar iqnebo-
da dialeqtze molaparakeTaTvis.
IV. jer kidev Zalian uZveles droSi solomonis taZaris
mTavar SesasvlelTan mTlianobaSi iyo gamosaxuli dRe da
Rame, angelozi da demoni, qali da mama- kaci.
qali da mamakacis erToba, misi mTlianobaSi warmosaxva
harmoniis Taviseburi simboloa. Zala am erTobisa yvelaze
udidesia, simdidre auwereli, xolo brZnuli arsi- ojaxi,
misi sameba: deda, mama da Svili, adamianis modgmis gameoreba
bunebaSi da droSi SenarCuneba.
berZnuli miTi gvamcnobs, ro zevsma sxva tomTa Soris
Seqmna androginebis tomic, romlis yoveli TiTeuli wevri
erT droulad qalic iyo da kacic, sul mokle xanSi es to
mi dawinaurda. igi imdenad gamorCeuli gaxda silamaziTac,
vaJkacobiTac da gonebiTac, rom RmerTebic ki SeSfoTden
294
androginebma Cvenc ar gvajobon, aqidan ar gagvaZeon da
Cveni adgiliTiTon ar daikaono. sworad amitom, RmerTebma
zevss STaagones, rom androginebi mas olimpodan Camogde-
bas upirebden. gamZinvarebulma zevsma am tomis yvela wevri
Suaze gaxliCa da maTi nawilebi dedamiwis sxva da sxva mxa-
reebSi mimofanta, raTa isini arasdros aRar SeerTebuliy-
vnen. im droidan yoveli nawili eZebs mis dakargul naxe-
vars, raTa klav SeuerTdes mas da aRidginos erTiani mTli-
anoba. sworad es swrafva aris ltolva siyvarulisa.
aki yovelTvis uWirda adamians axsna imisa, Tu ratom Se-
uyvarda mainc da mainc es piri da ara sxva, amden adamianSi
ratom mainc da- mainc erTisken aqvs bunebrivi miziduloba.
`biologiuri maRniti“ moqmedebas iwyebs mxoloT maSi, roca
adamiani alRoTi xdeba, rom sworad es aris is erTaderTi,
visTanac mas SeuZlia harmoniuli mTlianobis Sedgena. es er-
Tad erTi wyviladi refleqsia, radgan moqmedebisTvis saWi-
roebs or arsebas _ mdedrsa da mamrs, dedakacsa da mama kacs.
adamianTa Soris urTierToba marto oden bunebrivi in-
stiktebis doneze ar myardeba. instiqti aris mxolod mexa-
nizmi, romelic warmoqmnis Sinagan impulss _ survils. ur-
TierTobis procesSi ki sabolo sityva ekuTnis adamianis
fsixikas. ori adamiani erTmaneTs uaxlovdeba sulieradac
da xorcieladac. yalibdeba cxovrebis axali modeli, zne-
obrivi normebi, gansazRvruli qcevebi, emociuri foni. ro
ca adamiani qorwildeba, unda flobdes informacias am sa-
kiTxebis irgvliv, raTa male SeeTvisos mis partniors.
fsixologiuri harmonizaciis gzaze erTerTi sirTulea
e. w. `niRabis“ problema. adamiani sazogadoebriv cxovreba-
Si yovelTvis TamaSobs garkveul rols, romelic garkve-
uli niRbis tarebas moiTxovs. am niRbis iqeT adamiani ar-
avis axedebs. satrfos winaSe mijnuris roli daqorwine-
bisTanave sruldeba. mijnuris niRabis tareba erTgvarad
momqancvelicaa da adamiani mas iSorebs, radgan daisvenos.
iSorebs iseT wreSi, rogoric ojaxia, radgan niRbis tareba
savaldebuloT aRar miaCnia.
295
 V. udidesi SemoqmedebiTi niWiT dajildoebuli geniosi
adamianebi xSirad araadekvaturni arian. isini sxvagvarad
aRiTqvamen ferebs, xmebs, geometriul figurebs da dro-
is dinebas. am movlenis pirveli aRmomCeni italieli sasa-
marTlo fsiqiatri da kriminalisti Carlz lombrozoa. am
sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi is werda: `me Seviswavle mogonebe-
bi mama - baxze, Sopenze, mendelsonze, Caikovskize da dav-
rwmundi imaSi, razec adre veWvobdi _ niWs fsiqikuri jan-
mrTeloba ewireba. gamoCenili piris tvini uiSviaTesi unik-
alurobaa. saqme imaSia, rom gamoCenili geniosebi waramara
sxva realobebSi gadadian, iqidan isrutaven srulyofile-
bas, romelsac saCuqrad Cven gvCuqnian. uniWieres genioseb-
Tan urTierToba Zalian umartivesia, magram rodesac maT
SemoqmedebiTi wva emarTebaT _ nuravin nu miekareba. ojax-
is wevrebTan mimarTebaSic ki gaucxoeba ewyebaT, konfliq-
turni da uRmerToni xdebian. isini SemoqmedebiTi aRmaf-
renisaTvis TavianT sakuTar Tavsac ki Seswiraven.
codnis Sesamowmebeli kiTxvebi
1. SeadgineT winadadebebi Semdegi sityvebis gamoyene-
biT: bevri, mravali, uamravi;
2. rodis ekargeba eqspresemas Zala?
3. rodisaa sityva problemis gamoyeneba kanonzomieri
da rodis Secdoma?
4. ra Sedegi mohyveba sityvis mniSvnelobis gafarToebas?
5. ra aris sityvaTa pleonasturad gamoyenebis mizezi?
6. romel stilSia Stampebis gamoyeneba niSandoblivi?
7. rodisaa kalkireba dasaSvebi?
8. rogor unda aviciloT Tavidan tavtologia?
9. ratomaa kalkebi davkarge da davagviane?
10. rodis ar miiCneva Secdomad sizarmacis wyalobiT
tipis formebi?
dasamuSavebeli literatura: № 7, 14, 18, 23, 47, 48, 51, 58,
65, 67, 73, 75, 121,148.
296
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 SemoklebaTa ganmartebani 22. xevs.: a. SaniZe, qarTuli xalxuri poezia, 1-li, xevsu-
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 SUMMARY
Stylistics is very important philological discipline, the branch of Lin-
guistics, which has not lost its significance so far. It becomes more neces-
sary in the course of time; the art of expressing one’s ideas in better way
is becoming more important, as stylistic mistakes can be met in the speech
of people of any age and profession. Incorrectness of journalists’ speech is
especially vivid and regretful. We say “regretful” as special attention was
paid to stylistics from antique period, but today it has become something
secondary. This is the pathos of the present book which will be useful for
everybody who is sure that knowledge of stylistics is very important in
order to increase standard of speech; for school-leavers, students and teach-
ers.
“Stylistics” is a multifunctional book. The questions of General Sty-
listics are discussed in Chapter I: short history of Stylistics, the fact that
Stylistics was established as a branch of Linguistics in the second half of
XX century, but there were discussions of styles even in B.C. Style was
the most important means for influence and persuasion in antique period.
All public problems were solved at public meetings in ancient Greece and
Rome, where the orators had leading role. The solution of the problem de-
pended on how convincing his speech was. Properness was even more im-
portant than the contents. In the Middle Ages Rhetoric continued antique
traditions. It was influenced by literature in XVIII century and Poetics was
influenced by antique Rhetoric. It was almost impossible to master poetry,
therefore only oral speech was the subject of Rhetoric.
In the Middle Ages and in the period after it the samples of speech art
were generally the subject of Stylistics. Therefore, it was considered to
be the discipline studying the language of fiction. “Language of Poetry”,
special power of speech have gradually become the subject of research of
Poetics.
Synonymy as source of stylistics, its relation to other disciplines is dis-
cussed in the same chapter. The essence of style is defined, its original and
contemporary meanings, the attempt to study the nature of language style;
definition of language and stylistic norms, stylistic minimum and maxi-
mum are also studied here.
Chapter II is dedicated to necessity of functional style differentiation
310
and such question as mixing of style boundaries; mixing of colloquial and
formal styles, not keeping scientific and colloquial style boundaries is very
acute problem and points to the low literacy level. Lexical, morphological,
syntactic characteristics of styles are given here, and also stylistic features
and problems connected to each of them. It is necessary to avoid the last
ones.
Chapter III is dedicated to functions of lexical means (synonymy, ant-
onymy, dialectisms, archaisms, etc.) and their stylistic function in the Geor-
gian language.
The questions of grammar Stylistics are given in Chapter IV: appli-
cation of parallel morphological and syntactic means for the purpose of
reaching higher level of expressiveness. Particularly, the question how
words with different suffixes for the purpose of giving different stylistic
colouring differ from each other, prefix, voice, parallel forms of Participles
are discussed.
The questions of artistic Stylistics: figures of speech (comparison, epi-
thet, metaphor, and allegory), stylistics functions, stylistic figures, ellipse,
gradation, etc. and their application are discussed in Chapter V.
Chapter VI is dedicated to analysis of typical mistakes. Separate ex-
amples of violation of lexical norms, pleonasm, tautology, calques, etc.
are given here. Different questions are discussed from the viewpoint of
synchrony and diachrony, their causes and ways how to avoid them are
explained; actual questions of modern literary Georgian language by means
of which we discuss existing state and develop our own point of view are
given.
Each chapter is followed by different exercises, knowledge checking
questions, tests and the list of literature to be worked on.
The illustrating material is taken from works of Georgian classics, jour-
nalists’ speeches, television broadcasts and Georgian press. As for works
of Georgian classics, one must take several things into consideration: first,
it is not justified to evaluate works of previous century according to the
norms of modern literary Georgian language; second, such forms may have
specific function in the text.
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