GNSS Modernisation and

Future Developments
Professor Terry Moore

Professor of Satellite Navigation

Nottingham Geospatial Institute
The University of Nottingham
Global Navigation
Satellite Systems (GNSS)
• NAVSTAR Global Positioning System (or simply GPS)
– The only operational system at the moment
– Owned and funded by US DoD, operated by US Air Force
– Your in-car SatNav uses over $32B of US military hardware!
• GLONASS
– Russian (military) system with increasing global coverage
• Galileo
– Coming soon!
• COMPASS (BeiDou)
– Chinese (military) system with planned global coverage
– Still early days.
• Regional
– IRNSS, QZSS
GPS Status
September 2011

• 33 satellites on-orbit
– 10(+1) Block IIA, 12 Block IIR, 7(+1) IIR-M, 1(+1) IIF
– (4 Residual Status)
• Only three satellites launched in the last two years
– SVN50, IIR-M-8, PRN 05, 17 Aug 09, E6 (operational)
– SVN62, IIF-1, PRN 25, 28 May 10, B5 (operational)
– SVN63, IIF-2, PRN 01, 16 Jul 11, D2A (commissioning)
• Upcoming Launches
– Expected three launches per year
– Launch on expected requirement
(not to upgrade capability)
GPS Satellite Locations
April 2011
GPS User Range Error
(URE) History

N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

7 Signal-in-Space User Range
Error (URE), meters

Error is the difference

between a GPS satellite’s
navigation data (position and
6 2001 SPS Performance Standard clock) and the truth,
(RMS over all SPS SIS URE) projected on the line-of-sight
to the user

5
URE (m)

2008 SPS Performance Standard

SISRange

4
(Worst of any SPS SIS URE)
User

3
RMS
RMS Signal-in-Space

2 1.6
1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9
1

0
1990 1992 1994 1996 1997 2001 2004 2006 2008 2009
Selective Availability (SA)
GPS Modernisation

1995 2005-2016 2010-2018 2014 - 2021

GPS IIA GPS II R / IIR-M GPS IIF GPS III

• Standard Service
• Single frequency • IIA/IIR capabilities
(L1) plus • IIR-M capability • Backward compatible
• Coarse acquisition • 2nd civil signal plus • 4th civil signal (L1C)
code navigation (L2C) • 3rd civil signal (L5) • Increased accuracy
• Precise Service • M-Code (L1M & • 12 year design life • Increased integrity
• Y-Code (L1Y & L2M)
L2Y)

Legacy Architecture Evolution Next Generation

Control Plan Control Segment
System (AEP) (OCX)
GPS Civil Modernisation
Signal Evolution

L5 L2 L1
C/A
1st Civil
Block II/IIA/IIR
L2C C/A

2nd Civil
Block IIR-M
I5 L2C C/A

3rd Civil
Q5
Block IIF L2C C/A
L1C
I5

4th Civil Q5
Block III
1176 MHz 1227 MHz 1575 MHz
GPS Modernisation
Schedule

• Second civil signal L2C

– Designed to meet commercial / scientific needs
– Higher accuracy through ionospheric correction
– 1st launch: Sep 2006 (IIR-M); 24 satellites: ~2016
• Third civil signal L5
– Designed to meet demanding requirements for safety-of-life
– 1st launch: Mar 2009 (IIR-M / IIF); 24 satellites: ~2018
• Fourth civil signal “L1C”
– Designed with partners for GNSS interoperability
– Begins with Block III
– 1st launch: ~2014; 24 satellites: ~2021
GPS III Payload Evolution
GPS Operational Control
Segment (OCS)

Alaska

England
Schriever AFB
S Korea
Vandenberg AFB Colorado
California USNO
Cape
Hawaii Canaveral
Bahrain
Kwajalein

Ecuador
Tahiti
Ascension Diego Garcia

Argentina S Africa

Australia
New
Zealand
Ground Monitor
Antenna Master Control Station OCS Monitor Station
Station
Alternate Master Control Station NGA Monitor Station
Master Control Station Ground Antenna Future Monitor Station
(Schriever AFB)
Improvements to
Operational Control Segment

USAF

AII

5 USAF Stations 5 USAF + 6 NGA

Stations
Architecture Evolution Plan

• Replaced legacy OCS

• Distributed system replaced 1970s’ mainframes
• Transition successfully completed Sept 2007
• Increased capacity for monitoring of GPS signals
• Increased worldwide commanding capability
Next Generation Advanced
Control Segment (OCX)

• Controls more capable constellation, and

monitors all GPS signals
• $1.5B contract awarded 25 February 2010
• Capability delivered incrementally to reduce
risk
• Preliminary Design Review scheduled for June
2011
• Full Capability by ~2016
GLONASS & GPS

GLONASS Parameter GPS

24 Number of Satellites 24

3 Orbital Planes 6

64.8º Inclination 55º

19,100 km Orbit Altitude 20,233 km

1597-1617 MHz L1:1575 MHz
1240-1260 MHz RF Frequency L2: 1227 MHz
FDMA CDMA

Ground repeat
8 day ground
Ground Tracks 4 mins earlier
repeat
each day

511 kbits/sec C/A Code 1023 kbits/sec

5.11 MHz P Code 10.23 MHz

P,V,T Ephemeris Keplerian

Keplerian Almanac Keplerian

GLONASS Constellation
September 2011

Slot 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08
Plane 1 01 -04 -06 * -05 01 -04 05 06

Slot 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Plane 2 -02 -07 00 -01 -02 -07 00 -01

Slot 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Plane 3 04 * -03 03 02 04 -03 * 03 02

• 27 in constellation, 23 operational
• 1 commisioning, 3 maintenance or spare ( ) *
• Full constellation (24 satellites) 1996
• Last launch 26 Feb 11 (Glonass K), Dec 2010 launch failed
• Next Launch, scheduled for 1 Oct 2011, one Glonass M
• Future launches, Oct three Glonass M, Dec one Glonass K
GLONASS
Modernisation
GLONASS
1982-2008
GLONASS-M
2003 onwards
GLONASS-K
2011 onwards
GLONASS-KM

Life-time 4.5 ys

Life-time 7 years
2nd civil signal
Design &
Development phase Requirement
Life-time >10 yrs definition
3rd civil signal (L3)
CDMA
GLONASS
Constellation

GLONASS deployment milestones:

– 18 satellites in constellation – 2008
– 24 satellites in constellation – 2010
GLONASS Modernisation
Launch Program
GLONASS
Development Programme

• GLONASS-K flight test (Feb 2011)

• Accuracy improvement plan
• Ground control segment modernization
Ground control network extension
System time and orbit improvement
Monitoring network outside Russia
• New signals on GLONASS-K (including CDMA)
• Interoperability with GPS and future GALILEO
Signals, Geodesy system, Time system
• Further modernization based on new satellites
• GLONASS Programme funding 2008-2020
Additional 67 BRub approved for 2008 -2011
New Federal Programme Extension for 2012 - 2020
Compass / BeiDou
September 2011

• Originally BeiDou military system

• Ultimately global civil / mil capability
• Medium Earth Orbits (21,550km)
• First satellite launched in 2007
• Last launch 26 July 2011 (IGSO)
• 8 Satellites launched
1 MEO, 4 GEO, 4 IGSO
• Compass - 1. Operational 2012
Regional, passive positioning.
12 SVs, 5 GEO, 3 IGSO, 4 MEO
China & nearby areas.
• Compass – 2. Operational 2020
Global, passive positioning.
24 MEO, 3 GEO, 3 IGSO (30 SVs).
Compass / BeiDou
Signals
Quasi Zenith Satellite System
QZSS

• QZSS is designed so that at least one satellite (of the three) can
always be observed at high elevation angles (>60°) in Japan
• Three inclined geosynchronous orbits, with same ground track
• First launch Sept 11 2010 – “Michibiki” operational June 11
Quasi Zenith Satellite System
QZSS - Signals
Indian Regional Navigation
Satellite System
IRNSS
• IRNSS planned as independent system around Indian region
• Seven satellites, 3 GEOS and 4 IGSO
• 10 cm over land, 20cm over oceans
• Launch schedule, 2011 - 2014
GNSS Frequencies
Contact Details

Professor Terry Moore

Director of the NGI
Nottingham Geospatial Building
The University of Nottingham
Triumph Road
Nottingham
NG7 2TU

Telephone: +44 (0) 115 951 3886

Fax: +44 (0) 115 951 3881
Email: terry.moore@nottingham.ac.uk
WWW: www.nottingham.ac.uk/iessg