Seminar Global Positioning System Main

seminar report 2008-2009 global positioning system
INTRODUCTION
Today , the development of the science and technology is rapid.To

compete with this , an individual must utilize innovative intelligence.
Now the whole world are running to discover latest technics for each and
every field. The Global Positioning System (GPS)is anapplication of
computer and microcontroller technology.Today’s fast growing life
standards demands such a navigation system.The main purpose of GPS is
the military navigation and tracking.
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation

system made up of a network of 24 satellites placed into orbit by the U.S.
Department of Defense. GPS was originally intended for military
applications, but now available for civilian use also.
GPS is changing the lifestyle of newgeneration and having its

influence in almost all areas such as military ,agriculture, aerospace ,
reserch, industrial etc. It is now widely used for navigation using cell
phones and in vehicles. Also to track the path , GPS is used.
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Dept. of Tool & Die Engineering
HISTORY OF GPS
 1940 - LORAN & DECCA – Radio Navigation( Ground based )

 1960 - Transit - U S Navy- five satellites
 1967 - Timation -U.S.Navy- for time info
 1970 - Omega Navigation System-1st satellite based radio navigation
 1983 - First version of GPS tested
 1989 - GPS satelites setting to 1993
 1993 - GPS is ready to use only for military
 1997 - GPS is ready to use for public also , but not clear signals
 2000 - GPS is available to civilians in clear form.
Main inspiration for the GPS came when the Soviet Union launched the
first Sputnik in 1957. A team of U.S. scientists led by Dr. Richard B.
Kershner were monitoring Sputnik's radio transmissions. They discovered
that, because of the Doppler effect, the frequency of the signal being
transmitted by Sputnik was higher as the satellite approached, and lower
as it continued away from them. They realized that since they knew their
exact location on the globe, they could pinpoint where the satellite was
along its orbit by measuring the Doppler distortion.
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How it workS
24 GPS satellites circle the earth twice a day in a very precise orbit
and transmit signal information to earth. GPS receivers take this
information and use triangulation to calculate the user's exact location.
Essentially, the GPS receiver compares the time a signal was transmitted
by a satellite with the time it was received. The time difference tells the
GPS receiver how far away the satellite is. Now, with distance
measurements from a few more satellites, the receiver can determine the
user's position and display it on the unit's electronic map.
24 satelites revolving earth
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A GPS receiver must be locked on to the signal of at least three

satellites to calculate a 2D position (latitude and longitude) and track
movement. With four or more satellites in view, the receiver can determine
the user's 3D position (latitude, longitude and altitude). Once the user's
position has been determined, the GPS unit can calculate other
information, such as speed, bearing, track, trip distance, distance to
destination, sunrise and sunset time and more.
Although four satellites are required for normal operation, fewer

apply in special cases. If one variable is already known (for example, a
ship or plane may have known elevation), a receiver can determine its
position using only three satellites. Some GPS receivers may use
additional clues or assumptions (such as reusing the last known altitude,
dead reckoning, inertial navigation, or including information from the
vehicle computer) to give a degraded position when fewer than four
satellites are visible.
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principles
A GPS receiver calculates its position by precisely timing the signals

sent by the GPS satellites high above the Earth. Each satellite continually
transmits messages containing the time the message was sent, precise
orbital information. It might seem three satellites are enough to solve for
position, since space has three dimensions. However a very small clock
error multiplied by the very large speed of light the speed at which satellite
signals propagate results in a large positional error.
The receiver uses a fourth satellite to solve for x, y, z, and t While

most GPS applications use the computed location only and effectively
hide the very accurately computed time, it is used in a few specialized
GPS applications such as time transfer and traffic signal timing.
Using messages received from a minimum of four visible satellites, a

GPS receiver is able to determine the satellite positions and time sent. The
x, y, and z components of position and the time sent are designated as
xi,yi,zi,ti ; Knowing the indicated time the message was received tr, the
GPS receiver can compute the indicated transit time, tr-ti. of the message.
Assuming the message traveled at the speed of light, c, the distance
traveled, can be computed as . (tr-ti)c . GPS receiver is on the surface of a
sphere centered at the position of a satellite. Thus we know that the
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indicated position of the GPS receiver is at the intersection of the surfaces

of four spheres ( If no error )
A circle and sphere surface in most cases of practical interest intersect

at two points, although it is conceivable that they could intersect at one
point—or not at all. Another figure, Surface of Sphere Intersecting a
Circle at Two Points, shows this intersection. The two intersections are
marked with dots. Again trilateration clearly shows this mathematically.
The correct position of the GPS receiver is the intersection that is

closest to the surface of the earth for automobiles and other near-Earth
vehicles. The correct position of the GPS receiver is also the intersection
which is closest to the surface of the sphere corresponding to the fourth
satellite. (The two intersections are symmetrical with respect to the plane
containing the three satellites. If the three satellites are not in the same
orbital plane, the plane containing the three satellites will not be a vertical
plane passing through the center of the Earth. In this case one of the
intersections will be closer to the earth than the other. The near-Earth
intersection will be the correct position for the case of a near-Earth
vehicle. The intersection which is farthest from Earth may be the correct
position for space vehicles.)
The method of calculating position for the case of no errors has been
explained. One of the most significant error sources is the GPS receiver's
clock. Because of the very large value of the speed of light, c, the
estimated distances from the GPS receiver to the satellites, the
pseudoranges, are very sensitive to errors in the GPS receiver clock. This
suggests that an extremely accurate and expensive clock is required for the
GPS receiver to work. On the other hand, manufacturers prefer to build
inexpensive GPS receivers for mass markets. The solution for this
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dilemma is based on the way sphere surfaces intersect in the GPS

problem.
System Details
There are 3 main segments in a GPS system. They are
1. Space segment(SS).
2. Controll Segment(CS).
3. User Segment(US).
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Space Segment(SS)
The space segment (SS) comprises the orbiting GPS satellites, or

Space Vehicles (SV) in GPS parlance. The GPS design originally called
for 24 SVs, eight each in three circular orbital planes, but this was
modified to six planes with four satellites each. The orbital planes are
centered on the Earth, not rotating with respect to the distant stars. The six
planes have approximately 55° inclination (tilt relative to Earth's equator)
and are separated by 60° right ascension of the ascending node (angle
along the equator from a reference point to the orbit's intersection). The
orbits are arranged so that at least six satellites are always within line of
sight from almost everywhere on Earth's surface.
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A GPS Satelite- Space segmant
Orbiting at an altitude of approximately 20,200 kilometers about 10

satellites are visible within sight (12,600 miles or 10,900 nautical miles;
orbital radius of 26,600 km (16,500 mi or 14,400 NM)), each SV makes
two complete orbits each sidereal day. The ground track of each satellite
therefore repeats each day. This was very helpful during development,
since even with just four satellites, correct alignment means all four are
visible from one spot for a few hours each day. For military operations, the
ground track repeat can be used to ensure good coverage in combat zones.
As of March 2008, there are 31 actively broadcasting satellites in the

GPS constellation. The additional satellites improve the precision of GPS
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receiver calculations by providing redundant measurements. With the

increased number of satellites, the constellation was changed to a
nonuniform arrangement. Such an arrangement was shown to improve
reliability and availability of the system, relative to a uniform system,
when multiple satellites fail.
GPS Satelite sending signal to control station
Control segment
The flight paths of

the satellites are tracked by
US Air Force
monitoring stations in
Hawaii, Kwajalein,
Ascension Island, Diego Garcia, and Colorado Springs, Colorado, along
with monitor stations operated by the National Geospatial-Intelligence
Agency (NGA). The tracking information is sent to the Air Force Space
Command's master control station at Schriever Air Force Base in Colorado
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Springs, which is operated by the 2nd Space Operations Squadron (2

SOPS) of the United States Air Force (USAF).
There are 3 stations for the control segment. They are
• A)Master Controll Stations (MCS)
• B)Monitor Stations(MS)
• C)Ground Antennas(GA)
Master Controll Stations
Its located near Colorado Springs in US.They receives the signals

from Monitor Stations and pass it to antennas.They are the intermediator
between the Monitor Stations and Antennas. The Demodulation and
transmission of signals are done here.
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Monitor Stations
There are 6 Monitor Stations all over world. They

receives signals from satelites & pass to Master Controll Stations. They
can receive the modulated signal. They are the one for the maintenance of
the Satelite and for the control.
Ground Antennas
They receives demodulated signals from MCS and transmits to air

and receivers receives those signals. Thus the desired result will be shown
in the display .
USER segment
The user's GPS receiver is the user segment (US) of the GPS. In
general, GPS receivers are composed of an antenna, tuned to the
frequencies transmitted by the satellites, receiver-processors, and a highly-
stable clock (often a crystal oscillator).
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They may also include a display for providing location and speed
information to the user. A receiver is often described by its number of
channels: this signifies how many satellites it can monitor simultaneously.
Originally limited to four or five, this has progressively increased over the
years so that, as of 2007, receivers typically have between 12 and 20
channels
Gps receivers
GPS Signals
Each GPS satellite continuously broadcasts a Navigation Message at

50 bit/s giving the time-of-week, GPS week number and satellite health
information (all transmitted in the first part of the message), an ephemeris
(transmitted in the second part of the message) and an almanac (later part
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of the message). The messages are sent in frames, each taking 30 seconds
to transmit 1500 bits.
Transmission of each 30 second frame begins precisely on the

minute and half minute as indicated by the satellite's atomic clock
according to Satellite message format. Each frame contains 5 subframes of
length 6 seconds and with 300 bits. Each subframe contains 10 words of
30 bits with length 0.6 seconds each.
Words 1 and 2 of every subframe have the same type of data. The
first word is the telemetry word which indicates the beginning of a
subframe and is used by the receiver to synch with the navigation
message. The second word is the HOW or handover word and it contains
timing information which enables the receiver to identify the subframe and
provides the time the next subframe was sent.
Words 3 through 10 of subframe 1 contain data describing the

satellite clock and its relationship to GPS time. Words 3 through 10 of
subframes 2 and 3, contain the ephemeris data, giving the satellite's own
precise orbit. The ephemeris is updated every 2 hours and is generally
valid for 4 hours, with provisions for updates every 6 hours or longer in
non-nominal conditions. The time needed to acquire the ephemeris is
becoming a significant element of the delay to first position fix, because,
as the hardware becomes more capable, the time to lock onto the satellite
signals shrinks, but the ephemeris data requires 30 seconds (worst case)
before it is received, due to the low data transmission rate.
The almanac consists of coarse orbit and status information for each
satellite in the constellation, an ionospheric model, and information to
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relate GPS derived time to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). Words 3

through 10 of subframes 4 and 5 contain a new part of the almanac. Each
frame contains 1/25th of the almanac, so 12.5 minutes are required to
receive the entire almanac from a single satellite.[23] The almanac serves
several purposes. The first is to assist in the acquisition of satellites at
power-up by allowing the receiver to generate a list of visible satellites
based on stored position and time, while an ephemeris from each satellite
is needed to compute position fixes using that satellite.
All satellites broadcast at the same two frequencies, 1.57542 GHz

(L1 signal) and 1.2276 GHz (L2 signal). The receiver can distinguish the
signals from different satellites because GPS uses a code division multiple
access (CDMA) spread-spectrum technique where the low-bitrate message
data is encoded with a high-rate pseudo-random (PRN) sequence that is
different for each satellite. The receiver knows the PRN codes for each
satellite and can use this to reconstruct the actual message data. The
message data is transmitted at 50 bits per second. Two distinct CDMA
encodings are used: the coarse/acquisition (C/A) code (a so-called Gold
code) at 1.023 million chips per second, and the precise (P) code at 10.23
million chips per second. The L1 carrier is modulated by both the C/A and
P codes, while the L2 carrier is only modulated by the P code.[24] The
C/A code is public and used by civilian GPS receivers, while the P code
can be encrypted as a so-called P(Y) code which is only available to
military equipment with a proper decryption key. Both the C/A and P(Y)
codes impart the precise time-of-day to the user.
SIGNAL STRUCTURE
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L1 (1575.42 MHz): Mix of Navigation Message, coarse-acquisition

(C/A) code and encrypted precision P(Y) code, plus the new L1C on
future Block III satellites.
L2 (1227.60 MHz): P(Y) code, plus the new L2C code on the Block
IIR-M and newer satellites.
L3 (1381.05 MHz): Used by the Nuclear Detonation (NUDET)

Detection System Payload (NDS) to signal detection of nuclear
detonations and other high-energy infrared events. Used to enforce nuclear
test ban treaties.
L4 (1379.913 MHz): Being studied for additional ionospheric

correction.
L5 (1176.45 MHz): Proposed for use as a civilian safety-of-life (SoL)

signal (see GPS modernization). This frequency falls into an
internationally protected range for aeronautical navigation, promising little
or no interference under all circumstances. The first Block IIF satellite that
would provide this signal is set to be launched in 2009
Sources of errors
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User equivalent range errors (UERE) are shown in the table. There is
also a numerical error with an estimated value, , of about 1 meter. The
standard deviations, , for the coarse/acquisition and precise codes are also
shown in the table. These standard deviations are computed by taking the
square root of the sum of the squares of the individual components (i.e.
RSS for root sum squares). To get the standard deviation of receiver
position estimate, these range errors must be multiplied by the appropriate
dilution of precision terms and then RSS'ed with the numerical error.
The main sources are

1. Signal arrival time measurement
2. Atmospheric effects
3. Multipath effects
4. Ephemeris and clock errors
5. Geometric dilution of precision computation (DOP)
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Sources of Interference
There are mainly two sorces.
1. Natural sources
2. Artificial sources
Natural sources
Since GPS signals at terrestrial receivers tend to be
relatively weak, natural radio signals or scattering of the GPS
signals can desensitize the receiver, making acquiring and
tracking the satellite signals difficult or impossible.
Artificial sources
In automotive GPS receivers, metallic features in
windshields,such as defrosters, or car window tinting filmscan
act as a Faraday cage, degrading reception just inside the car.
Man-made EMI (electromagnetic interference) can also disrupt,

or jam, GPS signals. In one well documented case, the entire
harbor of Moss Landing, Calif. was unable to receive GPS
signals due to unintentional jamming caused by malfunctioning
TV antenna preamplifiers. Intentional jamming is also possible.
Generally, stronger signals can interfere with GPS receivers
when they are within radio range
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DIFFERENTIAL GPS
The idea behind all differential positioning is to correct bias errors

at one location with measured bias errors at a known position. A reference
receiver, or base station, computes corrections for each satellite signal.
Because individual pseudo-ranges must be corrected prior to the
formation of a navigation solution, DGPS implementations require
software in the reference receiver that can track all SVs in view and form
individual pseudo-range corrections for each SV. These corrections are
passed to the remote, or rover, receiver which must be capable of applying
these individual pseudo-range corrections to each SV used in the
navigation solution. Applying a simple position correction from the
reference receiver to the remote receiver has limited effect at useful ranges
because both receivers would have to be using the same set of SVs in their
navigation solutions and have identical GDOP terms (not possible at
different locations) to be identically affected by bias errors.
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APPLICATIONS OF GPS
 Agriculture (proper soil selection , Fertilizer application)

 Aviation (to view roots and air ports , pads etc)
 Environment (mapping , weather forecast )
 Transportation (vehicle tracking,personal )
 Marine (Root navigation,prediction of risks)
 Military (target navigatn,mapping,routing)
 Rail (passage navign,building up of new tracks)
 Space (Space research,forecasting)
 Surveying ( for survey purposes)
 Timing (for accurate time calculation)
 Industial ( for selecting plant locations , transportation , etc. )
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CONCLUSION
The GPS is now changing the way we live , standards and

very useful. There should be more and more applications for GPS in the
future years. Also its available in any part of the world. GPS functionality
has now started to move into mobile phones en masse. The first handsets
with integrated GPS were launched already in the late 1990’s, and were
available for broader consumer availability on networks such as those run
by Nextel, Sprint and Verizon in 2002 in response to US FCC mandates
for handset positioning in emergency calls. Capabilities for access by third
party software developers to these features were slower in coming, with
Nextel opening up those APIs upon launch to any developer, Sprint
following in 2006, and Verizon soon thereafter.
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REFERENCE
1. 1999 Federal Radionavigation Plan, February 2000

Washington, US Dept.of Defence.
2. GPS Std Positioning Service Specification, 2nd Edn
June1995. onlinefrom U.S Coast Guard Navign Center
3. GPS Joint Program Office. 1997. ICD-GPS-200:
GPS Interface Control Document. ARINC Research
4. Hoffmann-Wellenhof, B. H. Lichtenegger, & Collins.
1994. GPS: Theory and Practice. 3rd ed.New York.
5. Leick, Alfred. 1995. GPS Satellite Surveying. 2nd. ed. New
6. http://www.nasa.com/globalpositioningsystem
7. http://www.wikipedia.org/search#gps#articles.php
8. http://www.aero.org/publications/crosslink/summer2002/01.html.
9. http://www.icao.int/cgi/goto_m.pl?icao/en/trivia/kal_flight_007.htm.
10. http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/gps/gif/oplanes
11 http://www.google.com/imagesearch/gps
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12. http://www.navstar.com/cgi/goto_m.pl?icao/en
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seminar report 2008-2009 global positioning system

Today , the development of the science and technology is rapid.To

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation

GPS is changing the lifestyle of newgeneration and having its

 1940 - LORAN & DECCA – Radio Navigation( Ground based )

24 satelites revolving earth

A GPS receiver must be locked on to the signal of at least three

Although four satellites are required for normal operation, fewer

A GPS receiver calculates its position by precisely timing the signals

The receiver uses a fourth satellite to solve for x, y, z, and t While

Using messages received from a minimum of four visible satellites, a

indicated position of the GPS receiver is at the intersection of the surfaces

A circle and sphere surface in most cases of practical interest intersect

The correct position of the GPS receiver is the intersection that is

dilemma is based on the way sphere surfaces intersect in the GPS

There are 3 main segments in a GPS system. They are

The space segment (SS) comprises the orbiting GPS satellites, or

A GPS Satelite- Space segmant

Orbiting at an altitude of approximately 20,200 kilometers about 10

As of March 2008, there are 31 actively broadcasting satellites in the

receiver calculations by providing redundant measurements. With the

GPS Satelite sending signal to control station

The flight paths of

Springs, which is operated by the 2nd Space Operations Squadron (2

There are 3 stations for the control segment. They are

• A)Master Controll Stations (MCS)

Master Controll Stations

Its located near Colorado Springs in US.They receives the signals

There are 6 Monitor Stations all over world. They

They receives demodulated signals from MCS and transmits to air

Each GPS satellite continuously broadcasts a Navigation Message at

Transmission of each 30 second frame begins precisely on the

Words 3 through 10 of subframe 1 contain data describing the

relate GPS derived time to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). Words 3

All satellites broadcast at the same two frequencies, 1.57542 GHz

L1 (1575.42 MHz): Mix of Navigation Message, coarse-acquisition

L3 (1381.05 MHz): Used by the Nuclear Detonation (NUDET)

L4 (1379.913 MHz): Being studied for additional ionospheric

L5 (1176.45 MHz): Proposed for use as a civilian safety-of-life (SoL)

The main sources are

There are mainly two sorces.

Man-made EMI (electromagnetic interference) can also disrupt,

The idea behind all differential positioning is to correct bias errors

 Agriculture (proper soil selection , Fertilizer application)

The GPS is now changing the way we live , standards and

1. 1999 Federal Radionavigation Plan, February 2000

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